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Sarawak Biodiversity Centre - NRE

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MYB IOD SEMINAR 2012<br />

T RANSFORMING TK RELATED BIODIVERSITY TO<br />

B IOECONOMY POTENTIAL- 19 DEC 2012, HOTEL ROYALE CHULAN,<br />

K UALA LUMPUR


OUTLINE OF THE TALK<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Introduction to SBC<br />

Traditional knowledge and natural products library<br />

A few progressive projects with potential impact on<br />

bioeconomy<br />

A TK documentation effort in combination with<br />

science and biodiversity to promote ecotourism in<br />

an indigenous community-Long Iman, Mulu<br />

Remarks


SBC’S VISION AND MISSION<br />

VISION<br />

<br />

To be the centre of excellence for biodiversity<br />

research and sustainable utilisation<br />

MISSION<br />

<br />

To discover and harness <strong>Sarawak</strong>’s biodiversity<br />

resources through research and development for<br />

the benefit of <strong>Sarawak</strong> & mankind


CORE ACTIVITIES AT SBC<br />

<br />

<br />

Facilitate Traditional Knowledge Documentation<br />

among <strong>Sarawak</strong>’s indigenous communities<br />

Part of life and heritage<br />

Many ethnic groups and TK is slowly lost<br />

Information is important as leads for discoveries<br />

Passing on to the next generation<br />

R&D/Bioprospecting Programmes<br />

Discover new applications<br />

Develop applications for commercial purposes<br />

Sustainable


DOCUMENT TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE USE OF THE<br />

BIODIVERSITY FOR AN APPLICATION


O VER THE YEARS MANY ETHNO- PLANTS HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED<br />

- POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALS, HERBAL<br />

PRODUCTS, PERSONAL CARE ETC.<br />

Use<br />

No of Plants<br />

collected<br />

Use<br />

No of Plants<br />

collected<br />

Medicine 1149 Fish poison 29<br />

Food 482 Dye 28<br />

Ritual 78 Repellent 28<br />

Building Material 76 Food for animal 20<br />

Craft 69 Wrapper 20<br />

Shampoo 62 Health care 16<br />

Poison 54 Source of vitamin 11<br />

Antidote 46 Animal stimulant 10<br />

Drink 42 Fire wood 10<br />

Fragrance 41 Cigarette 8<br />

Flavour 38 Cloth 1


Extracts are Routed for Rapid Screening Collaboration


Pharmaceutical<br />

Herbals<br />

ON-GOING TK RELATED<br />

BIODIVERSITY PROJECTS<br />

Bio-economic impact<br />

High<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Functional ingredients<br />

<strong>Biodiversity</strong> makes scents! Essential oils and<br />

capturing scents<br />

Opportunities of linking TK related biodiversity to<br />

ecotourism –experience at Long Iman<br />

Middle<br />

Sustainable


Silvestrol-an interesting anticancer compound from Borneo<br />

• In 2004, Dr. Douglas Kinghorn (Ohio State<br />

University) together with collaborators<br />

described silvestrol, a compound isolated<br />

from a plant collected in Central<br />

Kalimantan.<br />

Aglaia sp.<br />

Aglaia silvestris (corr. A. foveolata)<br />

Local name: Langsat Kelawit.<br />

• Forest Department <strong>Sarawak</strong><br />

collaborated with Australian company<br />

and compound CBL316 was patented<br />

from Aglaia leptantha.


Dioxanyloxy group<br />

O<br />

OCH 3<br />

Cyclopenta[b]benzofuran backbone<br />

OCH 3<br />

HO<br />

O<br />

O<br />

HO HO<br />

H<br />

OH COOCH 3<br />

O<br />

Silvestrol<br />

OCH 3<br />

M.W. 654.23


SILVESTROL: RESEARCH IN PROGRESS AT PRE-<br />

CLINICALS TOWARDS HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS<br />

In vitro<br />

<br />

<br />

Various types of cancer cell<br />

line<br />

Unique mechanism of action<br />

in cancers<br />

Evaluation<br />

Animal cancer models<br />

In vitro human leukemia<br />

blood cells<br />

<br />

<br />

Cell type selectivity<br />

Overcome drug resistance in<br />

cancers<br />

Issues<br />

Supply<br />

Difficult to synthesize<br />

Toxicity<br />

Efficacy in humans<br />

others


UNDERLYING IMPORTANCE-<br />

IP PROTECTION TO CLAIM OWNERSHIP<br />

SILVESTROL’S PATENT IS WORLD WIDE<br />

<br />

<br />

PATENT TITLE : “Therapeutic<br />

compounds and methods”<br />

PATENT NO.US 6,710,075 B2<br />

ASSIGNEE<br />

<br />

The Government of the State of<br />

<strong>Sarawak</strong>, Malaysia<br />

FILING DATE :Nov. 8, 2002<br />

COUNTRIES/ REGION COVERED BY PATENT<br />

<br />

<br />

USA, Canada, Japan, Australia<br />

European Union (11 countries)<br />

LICENSE TO OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY<br />

June 2012<br />

<br />

To develop as a therapy for cancers


FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS AND<br />

BIODIVERSITY<br />

<br />

<br />

Definition: Ingredients that<br />

provide some health benefits<br />

above and beyond basic<br />

nutrition; sweeteners, antioxidant,<br />

vitamins<br />

Can be sourced from plants<br />

Sweeteners<br />

Sugar<br />

Salt


COLLABORATION TO SEARCH FOR NEW<br />

SWEETENERS, SALT/MSG REPLACEMENT, FLAVOURS<br />

AND TASTE MODIFIERS


EXAMPLES OF TK PLANTS FOR FLAVOUR/TASTE MODIFIERS<br />

Lemba Kumang (Curculigo<br />

latifolia)<br />

Community Claims:<br />

Fruits are eaten and also as an<br />

antidote to prevent drunkenness<br />

R & D Findings:<br />

Contain curculin (taste<br />

modifying activities )<br />

Potential Products:<br />

Natural sweetener<br />

Lemuntin (Melastoma sp.)<br />

Community Claims:<br />

Young shoots are cooked<br />

with bitter vegetable to ‘kill’<br />

bitter taste<br />

Fruits are eaten and gives<br />

bluish black colouring<br />

Daun Tubu (Pycnarrhena<br />

borneensis)<br />

Community Claims:<br />

Leaves are mixed with<br />

vegetable or tapioca leaves<br />

when cooking to replace MSG


<strong>Biodiversity</strong> makes Scents”<br />

Essential oils<br />

Fragrances<br />

Flavours<br />

Spices


PROJECT: TO DEVELOP AND COMMERCIALIZE<br />

MEDICINAL & AROMATIC OILS FROM SARAWAK’S<br />

BIODIVERSITY<br />

Aim of the project<br />

<br />

<br />

Inventory of <strong>Sarawak</strong>’s indigenous plant species that<br />

produce medicinal and aromatic oils<br />

Create a repository of these oils with their usage and<br />

chemical information for research and collaboration<br />

Commercialize products from the oils and creating a value<br />

chain back to the community<br />

<br />

156 types of essential oils and analyze their chemical<br />

compositions


A TK PLANT WITH COMMERCIAL<br />

POTENTIAL<br />

TENEM / PAHKAK (Litsea cubeba)<br />

Habitat:<br />

• Grows wild in the highland areas – Penrissen,<br />

Bario, Long Semadoh & Ba’Kelalan Highlands<br />

• Used by Bidayuh, Kelabit & Lun Bawang<br />

communities<br />

Community Claims:<br />

•Fruits are used as a cooking condiment and to<br />

relieve stomachache<br />

•Leaves are placed on mattresses for people to lie<br />

on to relieve backaches<br />

R & D Findings:<br />

•Essential oil with good anti-microbial properties<br />

Traditional and scientific claims!


Fruits<br />

Citronellal<br />

D-limonene<br />

Diversity of<br />

Chemicals in Essential Oil of Pahkak<br />

Leaves<br />

Eucalyptol<br />

Phellandrene<br />

Terpineol<br />

Bark<br />

Citronellal<br />

Eucalyptol<br />

Isopulegol<br />

Stem<br />

Eucalyptol<br />

Citronellal<br />

D-limonene<br />

Terpineol


VARIETY OF TOOTHPICKS IN THE MARKET INFUSED WITH<br />

ESSENTIAL OILS GAVE US AN IDEA FOR PAHKAK!<br />

Menthol, Cinnamon oil,<br />

Tea Tree Oil, Peppermint Oil,<br />

Spearmint Oil, Oil of<br />

Seed Fennel<br />

Made in<br />

USA<br />

USD2.75<br />

Mint Oil, Tea Tree Oil,<br />

Cinnamon Oil<br />

Made in<br />

USA<br />

USD1.99<br />

RM8.45/ box of 100 sticks<br />

= RM0.085/pc<br />

RM6.00/ box of 35 sticks<br />

= RM0.171/pc<br />

Made in<br />

Sweden<br />

SEK25<br />

Made in<br />

Australia<br />

USD3.28<br />

0.13 mg Sodium Fluoride<br />

Per toothpick<br />

PEG-6, Tea Tree Oil,<br />

Cinnamon Oil, Menthol<br />

RM11.65/ box of 125 sticks<br />

= RM0.093/pc<br />

RM9.80/ box of 100 sticks<br />

= RM0.098/pc


Finding an Application for Pahkak<br />

Antibacterial Properties<br />

20 mm<br />

8 mm<br />

Porphyromonas gingivales<br />

Porphyromonas gingivales<br />

Streptococcus mutans<br />

Streptococcus mutans<br />

Negative Control: Without<br />

Pahkak Oil<br />

With Pahkak Oil<br />

Negative Control: Without<br />

Pahkak Oil<br />

With Pahkak Oil


Bench Marking Inhibitory Activity of Products<br />

Against Oral Pathogens<br />

No.<br />

Sample<br />

Inhibition Zone on<br />

Periodontal Pathogens<br />

SM<br />

PG<br />

1 Litsara TM + ++++<br />

2 Tea Tree Therapy TM ++ +++<br />

SM = Streptococcus mutans (tooth decay)<br />

PG = Porphyromonas gingivales (gingivitis and bad breath)<br />

+ = 3 – 18 mm diameter of inhibition zone<br />

++ = 19 – 37 mm diameter of inhibition zone<br />

++++ = 38 – 56 mm diameter of inhibition zone<br />

+++++ = 75 – 90 mm diameter of inhibition zone


Intellectual Properties are filed to<br />

Protect Interests<br />

• Patented oral care product (Litsara TM Toothpick).<br />

• Geographical Indicator (<strong>Sarawak</strong> Litsea).<br />

• Trademark (Litsara TM ).


Future Development of Additional Applications of<br />

Pahkak Essential Oil<br />

Pahkak<br />

Essential Oil<br />

Toiletries<br />

Repellents<br />

Disinfectants<br />

Soaps<br />

Shampoo<br />

Mosquito<br />

Sand fly<br />

Hand wipes<br />

Sanitizers


WHY START WITH TOOTHPICKS…..<br />

A N I DEA TO CREATE A VALUE C HAIN FOR A C OTTAGE<br />

I NDUSTRY AND PROMOTE COMMUNITY’S PARTICIPATION<br />

Contract Farming<br />

Potential Benefits:<br />

•Sale of raw material<br />

•Sale of essential oil<br />

•Royalty<br />

•IPRs<br />

•Sales of Products<br />

Sustainable Collection<br />

Steam Distillation<br />

Healthcare Product<br />

Development


PROGRESS OF PAHKAK WORK SO<br />

FAR….<br />

Inventory the plant distribution in <strong>Sarawak</strong><br />

R & D<br />

Developed some prototype products<br />

Propagation research<br />

Material Safety Data Sheet<br />

Trademark registration<br />

Geographical Indication registration<br />

New Use Patent application<br />

Next step is to look for an international market


Next Project: How to Capture a Scent from a flower...<br />

Trapping floral volatiles of Hedychium. Coronarium<br />

Kaiser R. et al


IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL IN A SCENT<br />

FROM GC-MS<br />

No<br />

Hedychium coronarium flowers<br />

Compounds RT (min) Quality<br />

(%)<br />

Area (%)<br />

1 Butyl aldoxime, 2-methyl-, syn- 3.804 81 13.96<br />

2 Butyl aldoxime, 3-methyl-, syn- 4.040 87 5.2<br />

3 Eucalyptol 7.524 98 12.75<br />

4 Benzoic acid, methyl ester 9.672 91 13.36<br />

5 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- 9.919 97 45.5<br />

6 Indole 17.925 94 5.15<br />

7 Benzoic acid, 2-amino-, methyl<br />

ester<br />

19.713 94 4.08<br />

Scents reconstruction: Givaudan Corporation, Switzerland<br />

The goal is to produce a line of fragrances from <strong>Sarawak</strong>’s <strong>Biodiversity</strong>


“LONG IMAN, MULU:<br />

TK RELATED BIODIVERSITY,<br />

SCIENCE, NATURE TRAIL AND<br />

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY GARDEN”-<br />

PACKAGE FOR ECOTOURISM


ABOUT LONG IMAN, MULU<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Long Iman is located along the bank of Tutoh river, a 30 mins<br />

boat ride from Gunung Mulu National Park (GMNP), a World<br />

Heritage site.<br />

The Penan community at Long Iman is one of the first<br />

indigenous groups that has successfully documented their<br />

knowledge on plant uses with <strong>Sarawak</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Centre</strong><br />

(SBC). Project started since 2002.<br />

The Penans traditionally led a nomadic livelihood in the<br />

forests. Knowledge of the forests is bountiful.


WHAT DO THEY HAVE <br />

Interpretative Building & A Community Garden<br />

Knowledge of useful plants<br />

Tourists from Mulu<br />

Community that has<br />

interests in preserving their<br />

traditional knowledge<br />

A scenic waterfall and boat ride to the<br />

village<br />

Handicrafts


WHAT CAN BE DONE…<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

To create an eco nature trail at Long Iman connecting the<br />

village to a scenic waterfall<br />

To improve and expand the existing Long Iman Community<br />

Garden of useful plants incorporating scientific information<br />

To highlight Long Iman as a venue of rich culture and<br />

knowledge of biodiversity to eco-tourists<br />

Combination of TK, biodiversity, ecotourism and science to bring<br />

income that are sustainable to the community


Participants and speakers at the Traditional Knowledge Documentation Workshop 2012<br />

19-22 Nov 2012


CLOSING REMARKS<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

Traditional knowledge related biodiversity provide many<br />

opportunities and ideas to develop bio-based economy<br />

The bioeconomy should bring benefits to the communities to<br />

sustain their livelihood and conserve biodiversity as well<br />

IP protection is important to ensure that rights are retained<br />

There are long- and short-term project plans, from<br />

pharmaceuticals to personal care products, so that the end- point<br />

can be achieved within a reasonable time<br />

Ecotourism can contribute to the bioeconomy because TK,<br />

biodiversity and science can be combined to make a good story<br />

and a fulfilling experience for tourists


THANK YOU<br />

QUESTIONS<br />

CONTACT US AT<br />

<strong>Sarawak</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Centre</strong><br />

KM20, Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh<br />

93250, Kuching, <strong>Sarawak</strong><br />

Tel: +6 082 610610 Fax: +6 082 611535<br />

Email: biosar@sbc.org.my<br />

URL: www.sbc.org.my

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