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Table 5.5b Ecstasy use among school-goers aged 15 and 16 in a number of EU member states, Norway, Switzerland and the US I . Survey years 1999, 2003 and 2007 Country 1999 2003 2007 Ever Ever Recent Ever US I 16% 13% 9% 11% Austria - 4% 4% 8% Germany III - 5% 3% 5% Denmark II 4% 4% 3% 5% Belgium IV - 2% 1% 5% France 2% 3% - 4% Italy 2% 3% 2% 4% Spain II - 4% 3% 3% Switzerland - 3% 2% 3% Ireland 3% 1% 0% 3% Greece 1% 0% 0% 3% U.K. 8% 3% 2% 2% Portugal 3% 3% 2% 2% Netherlands 2% 1% 1% 2% Sweden 1% 1% 1% 2% Norway 3% 2% 1% 1% Finland 1% 1% 0% 1% Percentage of ever users and past year users (recent). - = not measured. I. The US did not take part in the ESPAD, but conducted comparable research. II The data for Spain and Denmark are less representative. III Germany only for 7 federal states. IV Belgium in 2007 only for Flanders Source: ESPAD. 5.6 Treatment demand Outpatient addiction care The National Alcohol and Drugs Information System (LADIS) registers the number of people seeking treatment from (outpatient) addiction care services, including the addiction probation and aftercare services and the addiction clinics that are merged with the outpatient addiction care services (Ouwehand et al., 2009; IVZ, 2009). (See Appendix A: LADIS clients.) In 2008, an organization for addiction care held special clinical consultations in three locations in the west of the Netherlands for users of ‘party drugs’. Data from clients who availed of these consultations are only added to the LADIS addiction care data registration if treatment or follow-up is initiated. In total from August 2008 through September 2009, 58 intakes averaging one and a half hours were completed. 5 Ecstasy, amphetamine and related substances 117
Ecstasy • The number of (outpatient) addiction care client with Ecstasy as a primary problem rose until 1997 (Figure 5.2). This increase was partly due to the expansion of possibilities for addiction care services to register problem Ecstasy use. After 1997 the number dropped until 1999, when it levelled off. Between 2005 and 2008 the number of primary Ecstasy clients dropped by over one third (35%). Between 2007 and 2008 there was a decline of 20%. • Per 100,000 inhabitants aged 15 and older, LADIS registered only 1.4 primary Ecstasy clients in 2008 – considerably fewer than for most other drugs (62 for cannabis, 72 for cocaine, 94 for opiates). • The percentage of Ecstasy problems in the entire treatment demand for drugs has remained low in recent years: below 1%. • In 2008 nearly one quarter of primary Ecstasy clients (23%) were newcomers. They were registered for the first time in 2008, and had not been registered previously with (outpatient) addiction care for a drugs problem. • The majority of primary Ecstasy clients also had problems with another substance (76%). • There are more clients who cite Ecstasy as a secondary problem than as a primary problem. After a drop between 1997 and 1999 the number of these clients rose again between 2001 and 2005, followed by a further decline in the following years. Between 2007 and 2008 the number of secondary Ecstasy clients dropped by 14%. In 2008 the primary problem for these secondary Ecstasy clients was mainly cocaine or crack (32%), followed by cannabis (22%), amphetamine (22%) or alcohol (18%). 118 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69: and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77: The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78: • Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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