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• Among clubbers in Amsterdam, ever use increased from 10.4 percent in 1998 to 17.8 percent in 2003, followed by a slight drop to 15.7 percent in 2008. Current use rose from 2.4 percent in 1998 to 4.2 percent in 2003 and 4.7 percent in 2008. Two percent of clubbers had used GHB on the evening in question (Benschop et al., 2009). • At dance parties in 2008, 14% of those who approached the Unity information stand had used GHB in the past month; six percent had used it on the evening in question (Benschop et al., 2009).However, since Unity targets alcohol and drug users, it is therefore likely to attract relatively many current users. • The findings of qualitative research suggest that from the late 1990s, GHB use was gaining in popularity among the trendy socialising set in Amsterdam. This rising trend stabilised around 2003, after which the drug appeared to decline in popularity in this group. However, in 2008 it was asserted that some Amsterdam social circles were literally ‘awash with’ GHB (Benschop et al., 2009). Panel members of the Antenna Monitoring station estimate that GHB is here to stay. GHB is also used in the social scene outside Amsterdam, often in a very risky way. • In recent years, GHB appears to be increasing in popularity particularly among groups of youths in the provinces, particularly in locations outside the regular social scene (De Jong et al., 2008). Daily use has also been observed in some groups of problem youngsters, who might previously have been regarded as experimenting. • The Trendwatch monitor of 2006/2007 describes GHB addicts who take a bottle cap of GHB every four hours (2-2.5 gram dissolved in 5 ml water). By contrast, recreational users tend to limit their use to the weekend (Nabben et al., 2007b). • In 2008/2009 substance use was examined among attendees at eleven national and regionally organised large-scale parties and festivals (Trimbos Institute/University of Amsterdam, 2010). - For GHB, rates of 14% for ever use and 5% for current use were found. - During the evening in question, 3% of all attendees had used GHB, but this varied considerably between events (range: 0 to 20%). • In the same survey in 2008/2009, substance use among clubbers and disco-goers was studied in large and medium-sized municipalities in five regions of the Netherlands: North (Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe), East (Gelderland and Overijssel), Central (Utrecht, Flevoland), West (Noord- and Zuid-Holland) and South (Noord- Brabant, Zeeland, Limburg). - The percentage of clubbers that had ever used GHB varied from 8.4 percent in West to 3.9 percent in North. - The percentage of current GHB users varied from 2.2 percent in region West to 1.1 percent in South. - On the basis of these regional data, a national estimate of this substance use among clubbers is being drawn up. These data were not available for this Annual Report, but will be included in the final report of the social scene survey. 6 GHB 135
GHB use is more common among juveniles in care than in their peers in mainstream education. • Ever use of GHB among juveniles in care varies from 2% among 12 and 13 year olds to 7% among 16 year olds (Table 6.2) (Monshouwer et al., 2008). • The percentage of juveniles in care who have ever used GHB is comparable to that for pupils in special education (see Tables 6.1 and 6.2). Table 6.2 GHB use in special groups Special group Location Year Age (years) Socialising juveniles and young adults Usage (%) Ever Current - Bar-goers Amsterdam I 2005 Avge. 27 10.0% 1.5% - Coffee shop clients - Disco-goers Nijmegen 2005/2006 German- 2005/2006 Dutch border area I Avge. 27 Avge. 21 9% 2.5% 2% 1% - Bar-goers Zaandam 2006 12 – 44 (Avge. 21) 12 – 17 18 – 24 25 – 44 6.0% 2.2% 4.0% 1.6% 2.1% - Clubbers and disco-goers Amsterdam 2008 Avge. 25 15.7% 4.7% - Attendees at parties and festivals Nationwide I 2008/2009 Avge. 24 14.3% 4.6% Problem youth - Juveniles in care Nationwide 2007 12 – 13 14 – 15 16 2.0% 6.0% 7.0% Percentage of ever and current (last month) users). Various groups were surveyed, with their corresponding age group categories. I. Low response. Sources: Antenne; Tendens, Iriszorg; Trendwatch; Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use, Trimbos Institute; Social Scene survey (Uitgaansonderzoek), Trimbos Institute/University of Amsterdam; EXPLORE, Trimbos Institute/Utrecht University. 6.4 Problem use There is a lack of precise data about the total number of GHB users in the Netherlands. Some sources suggest that the number is rising, both in terms of acute problems and chronic addiction problems. Even people who use GHB frequently only for a short period, such as a few weeks, can develop dependency on the drug. Quitting the drug abruptly can lead to a withdrawal syndrome, with symptoms such as excessive sweating, sudden anxiety attacks and tachycardia (Van Noorden et al., 2009). These symptoms generally arise within hours 136 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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