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Figure 10.1 Type of offence by suspects classified by police as drug users, 2002-2007 70 % 60 50 40 30 20 10 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Property crimes Violent theft/extortion Other violent crime Opium Act Vandalism/public order offence Road Traffic Offences Sex crimes Other crimes 63% 58% 56% 53% 50% 49% 12% 11% 10% 8% 8% 8% 22% 23% 24% 25% 26% 29% 19% 22% 23% 24% 25% 21% 23% 23% 23% 22% 23% 24% 10% 10% 11% 11% 11% 12% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 10% 11% 11% 11% 10% 11% Suspects may be accused of more than one type of crime. Source: HKS, KLPD/DNRI. The WODC Recidivism Monitor illustrates developments in the population of prolific offenders among drug-using suspects. The most recent surveys containing information about problem use date from 2003 and 2005 (Tollenaar, 2008). The number and percentage of drug users among prolific offenders declined between 2003 and 2005. This drop is due to a lower number of users with a primary opiate problem. • Nearly three-quarters of prolific offenders had problems with substance use or gambling, on the basis of the fact that they were registered with the outpatient addiction services. There was no change in this proportion between 2003 and 2005. Often more than one substance is used. • There was however a drop in absolute numbers between 2003 and 2005. In 2005, there were a total of 4,113 prolific offenders with problem drug use or a gambling addiction. • Three-quarters have a primary drug problem (not alcohol or gambling). There was a decline in this proportion. 10 Drug users in the criminal justice system 215
• In some two-thirds of cases opiates or crack/cocaine are the primary problem substance; in 5% of cases the problem drug is cannabis. There was a decline in the percentage that had a primary problem with opiates, whereas cocaine/crack and cannabis were more frequently the primary problem. The decline in overall crime in the Netherlands, in particular the marked drop in property crimes appears to be partly attributable to the drop in criminality among primary opiate users (Van Ooyen, 2009). Drug problems among detainees • Research from 2007 shows that 38% of detainees reported problem drug use in the year prior to custody (Oliemeulen et al., 2007). One third are risk users of cannabis, 19% are problem cocaine users and 12% are problem opiate users. The use of (unprescribed) sedatives was also often problematic (in 15% of cases). • More recently, Bulten & Nijman (2009) published the results of research conducted among 191 randomly selected adult male detainees in a penitentiary institution in Vught. The Mini international neuropsychiatric interview was used to establish conditions such as the prevalence of drug addiction in the past year. Detainees were examined during the initial phase after arrival in custody. It was established that 29.8% (within a margin of 23.3 to 36.3 percent) of the detainees had battled a drug addiction during the past year. The type of drug was not specified. • A comparison with research conducted among representative samples of detainees in the period from 1997 to 2007 suggests that the percentage of detainees with a drug problem remains unchanged (Van Ooyen, 2009). 10.3 Interventions for drug users in the criminal justice system In this section the following are discussed: • The clients and activities within probationary aftercare • Behavioural interventions during detention • Treatment as an alternative to prosecution and sanctions • The measure ‘Placement in an Institution for Prolific Offenders’ (ISD). Probationary Aftercare of addicts Since 2002 information has been available from the Patient Monitoring System (CVS) of the Probationary Aftercare Service for Addicts. • In 2007, there were over 17,000 addicts in probationary after care, and in 2008 over 18,000. The number is increasing (table 10.1). • The average age is 37.6 and 92% are male. • Nearly three-quarters were born in the Netherlands. A large proportion (over 70% have no steady job, half are single or have no stable living situation. 4% did not 216 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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