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Hard drugs Drugs on list I of the Opium Act. These drugs constitute an unacceptable public health risk. Hard drugs include, for instance, heroin, cocaine, crack, ecstasy and amphetamine. Hepatitis A highly contagious disease in which the liver is damaged by the hepatitis virus. The hepatitis virus occurs in various forms: hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. HBV is the hepatitis B virus, and HCV is the hepatitis C virus. ICD International Classification of Diseases. The ICD is the diagnostic classification system of the World Health Organisation (WHO) for somatic illnesses, accidents and mental disorders. Causes of death are also registered in ICD codes. The ICD-9 is the ninth and the ICD-10 is the tenth version. See also appendix C. Immigrant, foreign, ethnic Owing to differences in definitions, figures on non-nationals are not always comparable. Some definitions are: According to the Ministry of the Interior, the Association of Municipalities of the Netherlands (VNG), the Dutch National School Survey, the Antenna-monitor and the most common definition in this Annual Report (unless otherwise indicated), “immigrant” means an inhabitant of the Netherlands who was born abroad, or at least one of whose parents was born abroad. According to Statistics Netherlands (CBS): “immigrant” is an inhabitant of the Netherlands, at least one of whose parents was born abroad, despite the country of birth of the person himself or herself. According to GGD Amsterdam: “immigrants” are inhabitants who were themselves born abroad. According to LADIS: “immigrants” are clients who in their own experience have a cultural origin that is outside the Netherlands. Inpatient addiction care Addiction care for which the client is admitted to an institution. LADIS Client Client of (outpatient) addiction care some of whose data about background, treatment demand and treatment received are registered anonymously with LADIS, the National Alcohol and Drugs Information System. Clients are registered with addiction care for many kinds of help varying from therapeutic treatment to support in the form of debt restructuring, obtaining methadone, probation and aftercare or monitored access to a users’ area. Clients who no longer avail of the treatment after some time are automatically deleted and are no longer included in the list of clients. The Ladis system corrects for duplication. Each person is included only once in the list of clients. Appendix A Glossary of Terms 225
Mellow Type of music at raves that is more melodious and less heavy than hardcore music. Misuse Problematic use of a substance that does not (yet) constitute addiction. Misuse is established by diagnostic classification systems such as the DSM and the ICD. Characteristics of misuse are: neglect of duties at home, at school or at work, use in dangerous situations (such as driving under the influence), coming into contact with the law and continuing with use despite the problems that it induces. Narcotics General, collective term for drugs. Native Dutch According to the Ministry of the Interior, the Association of Municipalities of the Netherlands (VNG), the Dutch National School Survey, the Antenna-monitor and the most common definition in this Annual Report (unless otherwise indicated), “native Dutch” means someone who was born in the Netherlands and both of whose parents were born in the Netherlands. Outpatient addiction care Addiction care for which the client is not admitted to an institution. For inpatient addiction care, the client is admitted to an institution. Parkstad Limburg The conglomeration of South Limburg municipalities of Brunssum, Heerlen, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Nuth, Onderbanken, Simpelveld and Voerendaal. (The municipality of Nuth has since withdrawn from the collaboration). Party drugs Drugs used by some revellers at parties and raves, such as ecstasy, amphetamines, cannabis, GHB and LSD. Polydrug use Use of several drugs by a drug user, such as heroin and cocaine. Primary diagnosis The main illness for which a patient is admitted to hospital. Primary problem If someone has problems with two (or more) substances, then the primary problem is the substance that causes the most problems. The other substance is the secondary problem. 226 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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