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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J., Harrison, L., Erickson, P. (2006). Cross-National Differences in Drugs and Violence Among Adolescents: Preliminary Findings of the DAVI Study. Journal of Drug Issues, 36: 597-618. Adviescomissie Drugsbeleid (2009). Geen deuren maar daden: nieuwe accenten in het Nederlands drugsbeleid. Den Haag: Ministeries van VWS, Jusititie en BZK. AIHW (2008). 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Canberra: AIHW. Anderson, P., Baumberg, B. (2006). Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective: a report for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies. Benschop, A., Harrison, L.D., Korf, D.J., Erickson, P.G. (2006). Different Concepts of Ethnicity in a Cross-Atlantic Study of Violence and Drug Use among Deviant Youth. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 12: 61-78. Benschop, A., Nabben, T., Korf, D. (2009). Antenne 2008: trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Bieleman, B., Goeree, P. (2001). Coffeeshops in Nederland: aantallen en gemeentelijk beleid in 2000. Groningen: Intraval. Bieleman, B., Kruize, A., Nienhuis, A. (2006). Monitor alcoholverstrekking jongeren 2005: naleving leeftijdsgrenzen 16 en 18 jaar Drank- en horecawet: metingen 1999, 2001, 2003 en 2005. Groningen: Intraval. Bieleman, B., Beelen, A., Nijkamp, R., De Bie, E. (2008). Coffeeshops in Nederland 2007: aantallen coffeeshops en gemeentelijk beleid 1999-2007. Groningen: Intraval. Biesma, S., Snippe, J., Bieleman, B. (2004). Harddrugsgebruikers geregistreerd: aard, omvang en mobiliteit van problematische harddrugsgebruikers in Rotterdam. Groningen-Rotterdam: Intraval. Biesma, S., Van Zwieten, M., Snippe, J., Bieleman, B. (2006). ISD en SOV vergeleken: eerste inventarisatie meerwaarde Inrichting voor Stelselmatige Daders boven eerdere Strafrechtelijke Opvang voor Verslaafden. Groningen-Rotterdam: Intraval. Biesma, S., Beelen, A., Hofman, M., Nijkamp, R., Schaap, F., Bieleman, B. (2009). Inventarisatie problematische harddrugsgebruikers: Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen, Heerlen en Utrecht. Groningen-Rotterdam: Intraval. Bijl, R.V., Ravelli, A. (1998). Psychiatrische morbiditeit, zorggebruik en zorgbehoefte: resultaten van de Nederlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 76(8): 446-457. Boekhout van Solinge, T. (2001). Op de pof: cocaïnegebruik en gezondheid op straat. Amsterdam: Stichting Mainline. Boerman, F., Grapendaal, M., Mooij, A. (2008). Nationaal dreigingsbeeld 2008: georganiseerde criminaliteit. Zoetermeer: KLPD-dienst IPOL. References 253
Bolman, C., De Vries, H., Van Breukelen, G. (2004). Evaluatie van C-MIS, een protocol om hartpatiënten te helpen te stoppen met roken. TSG: Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 82(7): 416-425. Bonneux, L.G.A., Looman, C.W.N., Coebergh, J.W. (2003). Sterfte door roken in nederland: 1,2 miljoen tabaksdoden tussen 1950 en 2015. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 147(19): 917-921. Breemer, J.N., De Jong, W.M., Krummacher, N., Wolter, R. (2009). Pilotproject Actief Testen in de GGZ en maatschappelijke opvang 2007-2008: evaluatierapport. Rotterdam: GGD rotterdam-Rijnmond. Bulten, E., Nijman, H. (2009). Veel psychiatrische stoornissen onder gedetineerden op reguliere afdelingen van penitentiaire inrichtingen. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 153(A634): 1-6. Buster, M., De Fuentes Merillas, L. (2004). Problematische druggebruikers in Amsterdam Zuidoost. In: P. Tichelman, A. Janssen, A. Verhoef (red.). Jaarrapportage Volksgezondheid Amsterdam 2003, p. 163-173. Amsterdam: GG&GD Amsterdam. Buster, M., Witteveen, E., Tang, M.J. (2009). Schatting problematische druggebruikers in Amsterdam. Amsterdam: GGD Amsterdam. CAM (2008). Risicoschatting cannabis 2008. Bilthoven: RIVM. CAM (2009). CAM quick scan rapportage levamisol. Bilthoven: RIVM. CAS (2005). Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians’ use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Williams, B., Braithwaite, A., Poulton, R., Craig, I.W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol.Psychiatry, 57(10): 1117-1127. CBO (2004). Richtlijn Behandeling van Tabaksverslaving. Utrecht: Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg CBO. CBS (2009a). StatLine: gezondheid en welzijn: zelfgerapporteerde leefstijl: zware rokers onder rokers. Voorburg/Heerlen: CBS. CBS (2009b). StatLine: gezondheid en welzijn: zelfgerapporteerde leefstijl: gebruik alcoholhoudende dranken (12+): zware drinker. Voorburg/Heerlen: CBS. CBS (2009c). StatLine: gezondheid en welzijn: zelfgerapporteerde leefstijl: gebruik alcoholhoudende dranken (12+): drinkt nooit alcohol. Voorburg/Heerlen: CBS. CBS (2009d). Verbetering gezonde leefstijl stagneert: CBS persbericht PB09-020. Voorburg/Heerlen: CBS. CBS (2009e). Jaarrapport 2009 Landelijke Jeugdmonitor. Den Haag/Heerlen: CBS. Chavannes, N.H., Kaper, J., Frijling, B.D., Van der Laan, J.R., Jansen, P.W.M., Guerrouj, S., Drenthen, A.J.M., Bax, W., Wind, W. (2007). NHG-Standaard Stoppen met roken. Huisarts en wetenschap, 50(7): 306-314. CIV (2009). Jaarverslag 2007-2008. Utrecht: CIV. 254 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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