Gender Equality and Female Empowerment - Scotland Malawi ...

Scotland Malawi Partnership 

Gender Equality and 

Female Empowerment 

1st November 2011 

Event Report 

Supported by

02 Scotland Malawi Partnership Gender Equality and Female Empowerment 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The Scotland Malawi Partnership is grateful to everyone who 

made the ‘Gender Equality and Female Empowerment’ event 

such a success: speakers, delegates, and SMP staff and 

interns. All contributions, whether from the platform or the 

floor were thoughtful and lively, and the event organisation 

was first class. 

There was also a genuine air of solidarity among all the 

participants. Securing gender equality is still an ambition for 

both countries, and there is clearly much we can learn from 

each other about how best we can achieve genuine equality. 

We would like to pay particular thanks to the two women who 

travelled thousands of miles to take part. The Hon. Dr. Jean 

Kalilani MP, chair of the Women’s Parliamentary Caucus in 

Malawi, and Minister for Health, and an inspiration to women 

everywhere. Professor Ishita Mukhopadhyay, Director of 

the Women Studies Centre at the University of Calcutta is 

a leading expert in women and politics and her insights 

were invaluable. 

Finally our thanks to Karen Gillon for chairing the event. Karen 

is a great champion for equality, social and economic justice 

and of course for Malawi, a country she loves. Her knowledge 

of the issues and commitment to the values that underpin the 

Scotland Malawi Partnership, helped make the day such a 

great success. 

Susan Dalgety 

On behalf of the Scotland Malawi Partnership 

Board of Directors 

© Claire Foottit 

Contents 

1 Executive Summary ................................................. 03 

2 Preamble ................................................................. 04 

3 Millennium Development Goals ............................... 05 

4 Conference Presentations ....................................... 07 

4.1 Gender and the MDGs ...................................... 07. 

4.2 Case studies: women and political 

representation ................................................... 08 

4.2.1 The Scottish context ............................... 08 

4.2.2 The Malawian context ............................. 09. 

4.3 Case studies: women in education 

and employment ............................................... 10 

4.3.1 The Scottish context ............................... 10 

4.3.2 The Malawian context: young girls in 

education .......................................................... 11 

4.3.3 The Malawian context: second 

opportunities for women in rural Malawi ........... 12 

4.4 The economics of gender equality and female 

empowerment: case studies of India 

and Malawi ........................................................ 13 

5 Participatory Workshops .......................................... 15 

5.1 The MDGs and gender policy ........................... 15 

5.2 Political representation and decision-making .... 15 

5.3 Culture and sexuality ........................................ 16 

5.4 Gender and education ...................................... 17 

6 Plenary Feedback .................................................... 19 

7 Conclusion: Moving Forward ................................... 20 

8 References .............................................................. 21 

9 Appendices .............................................................. 22 

9.1 Appendix 1: Stakeholders Consulted ................ 22 

9.2 Appendix 2: 1st November Event Delegates .... 22 

9.3 Appendix 3: Event Feedback ............................ 24


1 SUMMARY 

EXECUTIVE 

The Scotland Malawi Partnership’s one day conference on ‘Gender equality and female 

empowerment’ explored the contribution of Scotland-Malawi links towards Millennium 

Development Goal 3 (MDG 3). The following key findings were identified: 

• Gender inequality persists in both Scotland and Malawi: there are a number of 

similarities in the gender challenges faced by these two nations. It is valuable to share 

experience and learning. 

• Marked gender inequalities in Malawi are exacerbated by obstacles to reproductive 

health, educational attainment and political representation. 

• Female role models are critical in helping re-imagine the potential of women’s 

broadened roles and responsibilities both in Scotland and Malawi. 

• The MDGs are important for tackling gender inequality at an international level – 

but grassroots activity to implement such commitments is crucial. 

• Positive action within the political sphere can help encourage greater female 

representation at all levels of decision-making. 

Millennium Development Goal 3 

– PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY 

AND EMPOWER WOMEN


2 PREAMBLE 

The 2011 Global Community Links Series (four one-day 

conferences organised by the Scotland Malawi Partnership 

and sponsored by DfID) examined the contribution of 

Scotland-Malawi community links to the Millennium 

Development Goals. A consultation exercise with Scotland 

Malawi Partnership members and other stakeholders identified 

the priority areas for this series (Appendix 1). 

[A] very interesting event, [I am] 

looking at the subject from raised 

angles now. Global Concerns Trust 

sends tools to Malawi and we could 

look at a means to promote this for 

women as well as men. 

SMP Member 

‘Gender equality and female empowerment,’ the final in the 

Global Community Links series, focussed on work in Scotland 

and Malawi with respect to Millennium Development Goal 

3 – to promote gender equality and empower women. The 

event was attended by Scotland Malawi Partnership members, 

national and community organisations, Scottish Government 

representatives, policy makers and sector professionals from 

both Scotland and Malawi (Appendix 2). 

The conference had three main objectives: 

Community Development); Dr Lore Gallastegi (Education 

Staff Tutor, The Open University); and Professor Ishita 

Mukhopadhyay (Senior Lecturer, Calcutta University) 

Four workshops explored Scotland-Malawi links to MDG 3 

in critical areas of debate, including: the MDGs and gender 

policy; political representation and decision-making; culture 

and sexuality; and gender and education. Finally, the plenary 

session brought together threads of discussion from the day, 

identifying areas in which the Scotland Malawi Partnership 

could support existing links to be strengthened and new 

partnerships developed. 

This report outlines the key commitments of the MDGs (in 

particular MDG 3), summarises the conference presentations 

and workshops, and highlights key recommendations arising 

from the conference in relation to promoting gender equality 

across Scotland-Malawi community links. 

Very valuable sharing on Malawi 

and Indian experiences, enhanced 

my learning as a student and 

Malawian so I have something to 

take back home. 

Event Participant 


• To highlight contemporary priorities and challenges 

in Malawi and Scotland regarding gender equality and 

female empowerment; 

• To share knowledge and experience between related 

projects to support existing links, and develop further 

collaboration, between Scotland and Malawi; 

• To raise awareness of MDG 3 to promote gender 

equality, and encourage community groups and 

organisations to mainstream such commitments in 

their Scotland-Malawi engagements. 

The conference opened with a series of presentations 

detailing current challenges and opportunities for promoting 

gender equality, both at an international and national level. 

All speakers highlighted the contribution of Scotland-Malawi 

links in this area. The Scotland Malawi Partnership welcomed 

contributions from: Dr Claire Duncanson (Lecturer, Department 

of International Relations, The University of Edinburgh); 

Claudia Beamish MSP; Hon. Dr. Jean Kalilani (Chair of the 

Women’s Parliamentary Caucus, Malawian Parliament, and 

the Minister for Heath); Lesley Irving (Equality Unit, Scottish 

Government); Kate Armstrong (Programme Officer, Link


3 DEVELOPMENT GOALS 

THE MILLENNIUM 

In 2000 the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were 

adopted by the international community to unite efforts in 

meeting the needs of the world’s poorest people by 2015. The 

United Nation’s Millennium Declaration aimed to harness the 

global community’s efforts in 8 key categories: 

Goal 1: 

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and 

Hunger 

Goal 2: 

Achieve Universal Primary 

Educations 

Goal 3: 

Promote Gender Equality and 

Empower Women 

Goal 4: 

Reduce Child Mortality 

Goal 5: 

Improve Maternal Health 

Goal 6: 

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria And 

Other Diseases 

Goal 7: 

Ensure Environmental 

Sustainability 

Goal 8: 

Develop A Global Partnership 

For Development 

The realisation of the goals 

was a commitment to free all 

men, women, and children from 

the abject and dehumanizing 

conditions of extreme poverty. 

(UN, 2000) 

As the 2015 deadline edges ever closer, countries across 

the world have been making a concerted effort to accelerate 

the progress of the MDG targets. In the UK, the Department 

for International Development (DfID) has taken seriously 

the UK’s adoption of the MDGs as the framework in which 

international development assistance is budgeted (DfID, 

2010). The Scottish Government too has committed 

to mainstreaming the MDGs in all its international 

development funding and engagements, including with 

Malawi (Scottish Government, 2008). The Government of 

Malawi’s ‘Malawi Growth and Development Strategy’ also 

explicitly references a strong alignment between its own 

government-led poverty reduction strategy, and the MDGs 

(Government of Malawi, 2006). 

The means to achieving the MDGs are varied In combating 

extreme global poverty, the role of community linking is 

celebrated as a significant contributing factor towards 

the realisation of the MDGs. It is in this vein that the 

Scotland Malawi Partnership has encouraged its members, 

representing the estimated 85,000 Scots each year actively 

involved in Malawi links, to embed the commitments of the 

MDGs across their partnerships. 

United Nations’ MDG Report 2010 indicates that while the 

global economic crisis has undoubtedly slowed progress 

towards the MDGs there has been some progress towards 

the promotion of gender equality. While there is still more 

that needs to be done, some of the progress already made 

can be attributed to the unification of efforts made possible 

through the global framework of the MDGs. 

I have updated my broader 

knowledge and understanding on 

“gender equality.” I will forward 

and use in our own local authority 

programme. 

Charles Fawcett, Healthy lifestyle 

Project

06 Scotland Malawi Partnership Gender Equality and Female Empowerment


4 Presentations 

Conference 

4.1 Gender and the MDGs 

key points 

• MDG 3 has raised gender 

equality up the international 

agenda. 

• Gender policy and the 

MDGs have received mixed 

support. 

• Gender equality is not a 

discrete ‘issue’ but must 

involve an integrated 

approach. 

Dr Claire Duncanson 

Lecturer, International Relations 

The University of Edinburgh 

The inclusion of MDG 3 within the international targets to 

reduce poverty is an impressive achievement for organisations 

that advocate for women rights. As a powerful symbol of 

success in raising gender equality up the international agenda, 

MDG 3 is a significant goal. However, there are both strengths 

and weaknesses in the MDG approach to tackling gender 

inequality. 

Gender challenges are not beyond MDG 3. A number of the 

MDGs explicitly address gender issues, particularly focusing 

on maternal mortality in Goal 5, the most dramatic of health 

inequalities globally. Across Sub-Saharan Africa children are 3 

to 10 times more likely to die within two years of their mother’s 

death. In Malawi the maternal mortality rate sits at 810 deaths 

per 100, 000 live births, compared to the UK’s 7 deaths per 

100,000 live births (UNICEF, 2009).While such a focus on 

gender equity in relation to measurable health outcomes is to 

be encouraged, the MDGs can be critiqued for not capturing the 

broad and integrated reality of poverty experienced by women. 

Presenting gender equality as a discrete issue detracts from 

the feminist insight which is that gender is a form of inequality 

that cuts across every aspect of development. Separating 

gender inequality (MDG3) from poverty (MDG1) depoliticises 

MDG1. MDG1 focuses on women within poor households, as 

opposed to gender disadvantage per se (Jackson 1998), thus 

ignoring gender dynamics within the household that are as 

much an issue for women as material need. In other words, 

MDG 1 focuses on women’s condition (poverty), rather than 

women’s position (inferior), and thus eliminates relations of 

power from the picture. Overall, the MDGs do little to challenge 

the mainstream neoliberal focus on growth, rather than 

redistribution, which many argue has been a key part of the 

problem of poverty in the Global South. 

Despite these concerns, most feminist development scholars 

agree that the MDGs are important for tackling poverty and 

gender inequality. A rights-based approach, building on the 

achievements of Cairo and Beijing,which focuses on the 

empowerment of women at a grassroots level, has the potential 

to make the MDGs work for women. 

Contact Details 

Email: cduncan4@staffmail.ed.ac.uk 

Link to presentation 

© Claire Foottit


4.2 Case studies: women and political 

representation 

4.2.1 The Scottish Context 

key points 

• Only 39% of Scottish parliamentarians are 

women. 

• Patriarchy and tradition are barriers to more 

women participating in Scottish politics. 

Claudia Beamish 

MSP 

MDG 3.3 pledges to 

increase, by 2015, ‘the 

proportion of seats held 

by women in national 

parliaments’. Presently 

women make up only 

17% of parliamentarians 

worldwide. In the Scottish 

Parliament only 45 seats out 

of 129 seats are currently 

held by women, 38.8% of 

the parliamentarians. The 

Scottish Labour Party has 

the highest level of female 

representation with 45.9%. 

Across Scotland only 22% of 

local councillors are women. 

Barriers to women parliamentarians participating in Scottish 

politics include strong and established male networks, which 

appear impenetrable and resistant to reform. 

In the first Scottish Parliament since devolution, 50% of Labour 

MSPs were female, largely due to the process of twinning which 

saw Scottish Labour join constituencies together to ensure they 

had an equal number of male and female candidates. 

However, since then there has been no specific measures to 

ensure equality and, while female representation on the Labour 

benches remained at or above 50% in 2003 and 2007, it has 

now slipped back to around 46%. At the 2011 Scottish Parliament 

elections, only 4 out of 37 new constituency candidates were 

women. Encouraging women to join politics in the first instance 

needs to be fostered, creating a space where women can come 

together to support other women. However, it is also essential 

that their male-counterparts are equally as supportive. Positive 

action to create opportunities that enable equal representation 

within Scottish political parties is to be encouraged across the 

political spectrum. At the grass roots level of constituency parties, 

half of the elected officer posts have to be held by women. A 

commitment to positive action, based on thorough consultation, 

and the vigilance to monitor progress, is needed to return to the 

situation in 1999, and maintain it. 

• Positive action to create more equitable 

gender representation is being considered 

by a number of Scottish political parties. 

• Scottish MSPs have a lot to learn from 

Malawian MPs who are working across party 

divides to promote gender equality. 

Updates on progress toward the 2015 MDG target indicate that 

while gaps are narrowing in terms of access to education, access 

to jobs on equal conditions and representation in the political 

sphere, there is still some way to go if we are to achieve gender 

equality. Scotland has much to learn from Malawi where women 

parliamentarians from across political parties have come together 

to advocate for greater women representation and positive action 

towards that. 


Email: claudia.beamish.msp@scottish.parliament.uk 


Link to Claudia’s blog post on 

gender equality 

© Claire Foottit


4.2.2 The Malawian Context 

key points 

• Legislation is an important 

element in creating a gender 

equal society. 

• The Women’s Parliamentary 

Caucus acts to raise 

the profile of women in 

leadership, and advocate 

on behalf of women in their 

constituencies. 

• Support for women in 

political positions is 

important. 

Hon. Dr. Jean Kalilani MP 

Chair of the Women’s Caucus 

and Malawi Minister of Health 


According to the Malawi 

Gender and Development 

Index, Malawi has an overall 

rating of 0.639 (with 0= 

inequality, 1= equality) (GoM, 

2010). According to this index, 

women in Malawi experience 

greater equality regarding 

social power, with an average 

index of 0.926, followed by 

economic power at 0.724, but 

experiencing low political power 

with an index of only 0.266. 

The Government of 

Malawi is committed to the 

empowerment of women, 

recognising them to be 

intrinsic to the development 

of the nation. This is reflected 

in the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi which enshrines, 

‘women [to] have the right to full and equal protection by the 

law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the 

basis of their gender or marital status.’ 

However, in reality, women in Malawi face a significant degree 

of discrimination on the basis of their gender. For example, 

Malawian women are significantly underrepresented in political 

and leadership positions, with the majority undertaking ‘care 

provider’ roles. There are a number of factors which have 

contributed to this inequality, including: 

• Traditional roles and responsibilities for women; 

• Disproportionally less educational opportunities for women 

than men; 

• Disproportionally less employment opportunities for women 

than men. 

In an effort to address such gender inequality the Government 

of Malawi has sought to create a legislative environment 

sympathetic to such challenges. While the Malawi Growth and 

Development Strategy integrates international gender equity 

commitments in to its national strategy, including MDG 3, the 

Government of Malawi is also exploring a number of new 

legislative developments which will seek to further enshrine 

gender equality. The Gender Equality Bill, drafted for debate in 

parliament in November 2011, seeks to close the gap between 

men and women in Malawi. Reviews of gender policy are also 

underway, reflecting cross-cutting issues such as HIV and 

AIDS prevention and management. 

However, gender equality will not only be the product of 

legislative reform. Public female role models can also inspire 

a changing cultural framework in which traditional roles 

and responsibilities can be re-negotiated. One such way 

of making visible national commitments to gender equality 

is through greater representation of women in high profile 

political positions. 

The presence of women in the Malawian Assembly has 

continually increased, from 5.65% in 1994 to 22.85% in 

2009. Three of the 20 Ministers and almost half of the Deputy 

Ministers are women. Since 2004 the number of women 

contesting for electoral positions has also increased. In 2004 

136 women contested for elected positions, and 27 were 

elected. In 2009 this increased to 237 women contesting, with 

43 being elected. In 2009 there was also a female presidential 

candidate, coming fifth out of seven contenders. Much of this 

increase in representation was also the result of the ‘50:50’ 

campaign, supported by a number of development partners 

and adopted by a number of high profile campaigners. The 

highest women parliamentarian representation is in the ruling 

Democratic Peoples Party, where 57 of the 193 seats are 

occupied by women. 

Support for women parliamentarians once elected is, 

© Claire Foottit


however, limited. In an effort to bolster the enthusiasm, 

but relative inexperience, of the women parliamentarians 

a Women’s Parliamentary Caucus has therefore been 

established. Working in partnership with the Active Learning 

Centre in Glasgow, the caucus encourages peer-support, 

creating an environment in which the needs of women in the 

constituencies can be represented. It also seeks to develop 

the women MPs skills to influence public debates and policy. 

Through strengthening the Women’s Caucus, the political 

profile of women MPs will be raised in the process. 

Most recently, the following challenges for women were 

identified by the Women’s Caucus as priority areas for action 

in their constituencies: 

• Reproductive health 

• Access to clean & safe water 

• Income Generation & Microloans Program 

• Access to justice 

The Active Learning Centre will continue to support the Women’s 

Parliamentary Caucus as they explore how best to address these 

issues. The development of such programs will help to realise 

the aspirations of women and girls in Malawi. New legislation, 

greater support for current women parliamentarians and focus on 

community-led leadership and empowerment for women can be 

seen to contribute towards this end. 


4.3 Case studies: women in education and 

employment 

4.3.1 The Scottish Context 

key points 

• Girls and boys typically 

elect to take on genderstereotyped 

courses. 

• Women are still 

underrepresented within 

Science, Technology, 

Engineering and 

Mathematics Sectors (STEM). 

• Toolkits in schools are 

helping children to address 

gender stereotypes. 

Lesley Irving 

Equality Unit, Scottish Government 

In the UK patterns emerge 


in the courses that are 

typically chosen by boys and 

girls. Girls are shown to be 

more likely to take up art, 

languages, and humanities 

subjects, while boys take 

up geography, physical 

education, and information 

technology. Following 

the ‘Scottish Survey of 

Achievement’, it was shown 

that girls had better reading 

attainment than boys in 

2009, and in 2008 there was 

limited evidence that boys 

performed better than girl in 

mathematics. In 2007 boys 

were doing better than girls in 

some areas of science. Efforts 

are underway to ensure that 

choices relating to education and employment are open to 

equal consideration by both girls and boys. 

Gender equality in Scotland remains a significant area of focus. 

The development of the ‘Curriculum for Excellence’ has created 

a framework in which to further advance gender equality 

messaging. For example, ‘The Career Box’ is a resource 

used with children between 3 to 18 years old, to encourage 

questioning around the assumptions related to the jobs women 

and men do. The ‘Be What You Want’ materials are used in 

schools to challenge gender stereotypes, produced by the 

Close the Gap partnership. 

In 2009, 55% of all college students in Scotland were female; 

with courses such as medicine, law and some sciences 

being the most popular for women. Men, however, are still 

better represented in engineering and physical sciences. It 

is estimated that increasing the participation of women in the 

UK global market could be worth £15-£23billion (1.3-2% of 

GDP). Women working in science, technology engineering and 

mathematics (STEM) currently accounts for at least £2billion. 

There is need for improved strategy to further develop this. The 

pay gap between men and women is reducing more in Scotland 

than in other parts of UK, at 7.2% in 2010 down by 4.7% since 

2007, compared to 10.2% in 2010 across a UK average. 

In developing a strategy to increase female participation across 

various sectors and ensure equal opportunities, it is important 

however to note that there are many issues that influence the 

employment decisions of women, including ethnicity, family, 

disability, etc. and these should not be overlooked. 

The Scottish Government is continuing to support, through the 

‘Close the Gap Partnership’, efforts to reduce pay inequalities 

and is offering support to the Scottish Women’s Resource 

Centre as it encourages more women in to STEM. 


Email: Lesley.Irving@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 

Link to presentation


4.3.2 The Malawian Context: young girls 

in education 

key points 

• Only 38% of 

Malawian pupils who 

complete Standard 8 

are girls. 

• There are a number 

of barriers to girls 

completing school. 

• LCD is supporting a number of initiatives 

to overcome these barriers, including 

strengthening Female Teacher Networks and 

Mother Groups. 

Kate Armstrong 

Link Community 

Development 


Link Community Development 

(LCD) works in partnership 

with communities, schools 

and governments in 

sub-Saharan Africa to 

overcome the obstacles to 

quality primary education. 

In Scotland, LCD works 

especially closely with 

partners in Malawi, and for 

the last three years, through a 

Scottish Government- funded 

programme, has focused 

on improving girls’ access 

to education in Dedza and 

Mulanje districts. LCD also 

raise awareness of global development challenges in Scottish 

schools through their Link Schools Programme. 

Although access to the first year of primary school is almost 

universal, only 32% of the children who enrol for standard 1 

complete the full 8-year cycle of primary schooling. In Dedza 

district it is as low as 18%. Girls’ enrolment declines more 

rapidly than boys’ as they move to upper classes, especially in 

rural schools. By the end of the primary cycle, girls constitute 

just 34% of the Standard 8 enrolment. 

The following barriers were identified as constraints to girls 

completing their education: 

• Poverty: Many families rely on children’s labour to meet the 

basic needs of the household – and this means withdrawing 

children from school. The division of labour within the 

household means that girls are more likely to be withdrawn 

from school to support the household by caring for younger 

siblings or performing other tasks, such as fuel and water 

collection, while their mother is at work. 

• The cost of school: Despite the introduction of free primary 

education, there are hidden costs in sending children to 

school which parents are often unable to meet. Malawian 

households tend to spend between 7.5-13% of their total 

expenditures on education, and this is a major factor in 

students’ high dropout rate. 

• Preferential bias: If a choice has to be made to send only 

some children to school, boys are more likely to be sent 

than girls. 

• Illness: Malawi’s national prevalence of HIV infection 

among adults (15–49 years) was estimated at 14% in 2003, 

translating into almost 900,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS. 

As well as being most vulnerable to infection (more than four 

times as many women as men are reported to have AIDS 

among those 15–19 years old) girls are also likely to take 

on the role of caring for family members infected with and 

affected by the disease. 

• Security: There has been an increase in gender-based 

violence in rural areas and sexual harassment of girls by male 

teachers and fellow students. Parents are often reluctant to 

send young girls to distant schools because of fears for their 

safety on the journey to and at school. 

• Teenage pregnancy: Malawi has one of the highest rates of 

teenage pregnancy in the Commonwealth (with a fertility rate 

of 158.9 / 1000 girls aged 15-19 years). Within school, girls 

are vulnerable to sexual harassment by male teachers and 

boys. Families’ concerns about girls falling pregnant outside 

of marriage once they reach puberty leads many to withdraw 

girls from school either to enter an early marriage (often 

against their will) or to reduce the risk of pregnancy as a 

result of sexual activity with fellow pupils and teachers. A new 

policy by the Malawian government allows girls to return to 

school after giving birth, but many pupils are unaware of this 

right and often schools interpret the policy differently, meaning 

that it is not consistently applied. 

LCD is supporting a number of projects in Malawi to address 

these barriers: 

• Supporting schools to build safe, private toilets to improve 

girls’ safety at school. 

• Supporting schools to establish Female Teacher Networks 

to promote girls’ education. These are designed to provide 

support and encouragement to female teachers who are role 

models for their female students. 

• Supporting Mother Group members, selected from the 

communities around the school, to work with families to 

demonstrate the value of educating their daughters. 

Mother Groups operate small scale income generating activities 

to provide resources such as notebooks, uniforms and soap so 

that children from poor households can attend school. 


Email: Kate@lcd.org.uk 



4.3.3 The Malawian Context: second 

opportunities for women in rural Malawi 

key points 

• Only 10% of students are 

taught by female teachers in 

rural areas of Malawi. 

• Training of local community 

female teachers within their 

local community schools is 

proving a successful initiative, 

with high retention rates. 

• Combining academic study 

with practical experience 

has been shown to be an 

effective training model. 

Dr Lore Gallastegi 

FAWEMA/TESSA 

and the Open 

University Scotland 


Across Malawi’s rural schools 

there is a disproportionately 

high percentage of female 

pupil drop outs. Only 10% of 

the primary children are being 

taught by female teachers, 

and a low number of suitably 

qualified female applicants 

are registering on teacher 

training courses. Such slim 

representation demonstrates 

the extent of gender inequality 

both at a pupil, and also 

teacher level. 

In an effort to contribute to 

increasing numbers of female teachers in Malawi, and creating 

positive female role models, the Open University’s ‘Malawi 

Access to Teaching Saltire Scholarship’ (MATSS) programme 

was established. The aims of the programme are to: 

• Improve the visibility of women in education – as educators 

and learners – in rural communities; 

• Increase the numbers of suitably qualified and motivated 

women applying to teacher training or teaching assistant 

programmes in rural areas; 

• Improve understanding and skills of head teachers and 

teachers in managing additional adult helpers in their 

classrooms. 

The key features of the programme are that it combines 

academic study with structured school experience practice. 

Much of the focus is on the local school and community, 

maximising support from local networks and knowledge bases. 

It’s aimed at empowering women in their own communities 

so they take responsibility for their own study and are role 

models for others. Through this, peer support is particularly 

encouraged. 

MATSS is established across 4 districts, and currently has 488 

scholars enrolled. The majority of scholars are aged between 

20 and 35. The programme has been well received in schools 

and communities. Pressures from family, peers, the community 

and home responsibilities, have all presented challenges 

forsome of the participants. However overall the Open 

University-supported programme has successfully supported 

committed and resilient women with an interest in supporting 

children in their communities and becoming teachers for their 

local schools. 


l.gallastegi@open.ac.uk 



4.4 The economics of gender equality and 

female empowerment: case studies of 

India and Malawi 

key points 

• Gender inequality is entrenched by poverty. 

• The political empowerment of women can 

enable women leaders to influence policy 

decisions and contribute to poverty alleviation. 

• The success of India’s grassroots female 

empowerment movement and Malawi’s 50:50 

national campaign offer lessons regarding 

the promotion modalities of gender equality. 

Professor Ishita 

Mukhopadhyay 

The University of 

Calcutta 

Gender inequality is visible 

through unequal attainment 

in terms of health, education 

and income. It is a barrier to 

human development in areas 

including: reproductive health 

(maternal mortality ratio, 

adolescent fertility rates); 

empowerment (parliamentary 

representation); and in 

the labour market (female 

labour force participation). 

Patriarchal systems reinforce 

gender inequality through 

unequal access to basic 

resources. 


Gender inequality varies across the world, however, Malawi is 

one of the highest gender unequal countries, with reproductive 

health, educational attainment, and political empowerment 

contributing to gender inequality. Poverty adds further to the 

disparity between men and women, therefore reinforcing 

gender inequality. It follows therefore that attaining MDG 3 is 

one of the ways of addressing other MDGs. 

One such means to address the reciprocal relationship 

between poverty and gender inequality is through the political 

empowerment of women, bringing women into leadership with 

the power to influence policy decisions so that poverty can 

be addressed. Attitudes to gender inequality are changing, 

with increasing support for affirmative action such as quotas. 

Taking examples from both Malawi and India demonstrates 

how increasing women’s participation in the political sector 

can contribute towards poverty reduction. 

In Malawi the 50-50 Campaign increased the number of 

female MPs, and has led to the establishment of the Women’s 

Parliamentary Caucus, the enactment of Domestic Violence 

Bill, and the drafting of a Gender Equality Bill. All of this 

has contributed towards negotiating an enabling political 

environment in which women parliamentarians can advocate 

on behalf of women in their constituency. The challenge of 

a lack of training, advocacy, lobbying, communication and 

assertive skills, and the socio-stereotypes that only men are 

leaders, remain present obstacles. However, with increasing 

number of women parliamentarians such obstacles are being 

addressed. 

In India one-third of seats in rural Local Governments 

(Panchayats) are for women, although India is still debating 

the merits of one-third reservation for women in Parliaments. 

At the local community level microfinance and self-help groups 

have worked as an instrument to reduce poverty, and women 

representatives actively adopt leadership positions in order to 

implementation the schemes. 

While India has something to learn from Malawi in terms of 

national level politics, the leadership of women shown at the 

community level in India demonstrates the power of local 

activism to inspire cultural change. 

However, global challenges remain. The root of gender 

inequality is economic inequality and poverty, these areas 

must be addressed. The world is not divided as far as a 

gender-poverty trap is concerned. Whether in Scotland, 

Malawi or India progress towards achieving gender equality 

remains a priority. Political empowerment of women is one of 

the ways to achieve this. 


Email: imukhopadhyay@hotmail.com 


Unity will be the source of our struggle towards ending poverty, and 

achieving gender equality 

Professor Mukhopadhyay’



5 WORKSHOPS 

PARTICIPATORY 

Four workshops examined MDG 3 in relation to four critical areas of strategic interest 

identified during the consultation. Each workshop identified some of the challenges and 

contentions, but also the opportunities for consolidating current links, and developing further 

areas of partnership between Scotland and Malawi. The points raised in the discussions 

represent the wide and varied views of those participating in the workshops, and are initial 

suggestions for further discussion and practice. 

5.1 The MDGs and gender policy 

Facilitated by Emma Austin, 



In addressing the question of the relationship between the 

MDGs and gender policy there was general support for 

the MDGs as a unifying common goal, but concern that 

gender equality had become a discrete target, rather than an 

integrated framework. The challenge of implementation of 

MDG 3 was also raised, and the difficulty of monitoring and 

evaluating gender equality outcomes. Ultimately, regardless 

of international commitments or national legislation, the 

promotion of gender equality needs to be carried through into 

action, through local empowerment and ownership. 


Email: info@scotland-malawipartnership.org 

5.2 Political representation and decisionmaking 

Facilitated by Susan Dalgety, 


and Hon. Dr. Jean Kalilani MP 

Women’s Caucus, Malawi 

Understanding patriarchy is important in promoting gender 

equality. Within a patriarchal system women are perceived to 

be sub-ordinate. In the context of gender equality, however, 

both men and women are designated of equal worth and 

claimants of equal rights. Establishing such an ideology in 

reality is a challenge. Action and advocacy to bring about such 

change will take a variety of forms. 

Within the political sphere it was suggested by the workshop 

participants that positive action is an effective policy 

prescription. A quota system for example, creates an avenue 

in which women can access structures of power. This enables 

women to challenge the status quo ‘power over’ by men, 

and take hold of ‘power to’, making decisions and instigating 

change which promotes gender equality. In Malawi, while 

women and youth are key to successful political campaigns, 

the party system is still relatively male-dominated. However 

with growing number of female Malawian MPs, such 

established networks are being challenged. 

Support for female MPs from the Women’s Parliamentary 

Caucus is key to women’s lobbying and policy influence. In 

Scotland and Malawi further cross-party work needs to be 

encouraged to ensure that women parliamentarians are not just 

pigeon-holed in to the ‘soft issues’ but women are included in 

decisions, for example, on governance and finance. Economic 

inequality after all will further perpetuate gender inequality. 

However, female empowerment and leadership is also 

necessary at the local level. Inequalities are integrated, and 

so there is need for a cultural change, empowering women to 

take on leadership roles and making decisions that promote 

gender equality. Supporting community activity to campaign 

against structural inequalities is therefore vital. 


Email: susandalgety@hotmail.com


5.3 Culture and Sexuality 

Facilitated by Bregje de Kok, 

Institute for International Health and 

Development, Queen Margaret University 

This workshop reflected on the influence of culture on 

sexuality in Malawi. Participants were encouraged to 

think about sexuality as consisting of four aspects: sexual 

partnerships; sexual behaviours; sexual meanings; sexual 

drive and enjoyment (Dixon-Mueller, 1993). These aspects 

differ according to cultural context and gender; e.g. sexual 

behaviours such as having multiple partners will be 

interpreted differently if performed by a man or woman. 

Choices available (e.g. concerning partnerships) also differ 

per context and gender. 

In the group discussion, SMP members identified the following 

key factors as of critical influence: 

• A broadly patriarchal culture: women in many cultures 

perceived to be subordinate to men, and so limited in choice 

in issues relating to sex. 

• Traditional ceremonies and practices: for example female 

initiation, where at times girls are expected to have sex with 

an older man ( ‘fisi’ ; hyena). 

• Men are permitted multiple sexual partners, but women 

are not. 

• Taboo around sexual practices. 

• The church: abstinence and heterosexual orientation are 

proposed to be the acceptable norm. 

The local interpretation of ‘gender equality and women 

empowerment’ in Malawi was then discussed. The following 

varying considerations were proposed: 

• Sex can be used for material gain, and so can improve the 

socioeconomic status of a woman. 

• The act of sex, including sex in exchange for material gains, 

can be both empowering for women if it’s done by choice, 

but if it is obligatory due to poverty or sexual abuse, then it 

is disempowering for women. 

• For women, ethnicity and socio-economic status 

influence the choices available to women in terms of 

their sexual activity. 

• The meaning of gender equality and empowerment depends 

on context and an individual’s perspective, and it’s difficult 

for outsiders to judge if something is empowering or 

disempowering. 

• Work alongside power bodies to broaden everybody’s 

perspective on sexuality, including sexual orientation, in an 

effort to reduce discrimination. 

• Including aspects of sexuality in rights education, including 

attention for the training needs of human rights educators. 

• Observe the present situation and tread carefully, identifying 

the places where the power lies. 

• Include attention for men and their sexuality and, support 

the education of men as well as women on issues of gender 

empowerment. 

Such activities must be approached in an integrated and 

united manner. As such, promoting gender and sexual 

equality necessitates working between the government, 

community leaders, the church and other key groups within 

the community. Further reflection and discussion is needed to 

identify meaningful ways of addressing culture and sexuality in 

the light of the MDGs. 

For further information on the topic of culture and sexuality 

SMP members were invited to contact Bregje de Kok, who had 

facilitated the discussion. 


Email: bdekok@qmu.ac.uk 


Finally, initial reflections were offered on how the Scotland 

Malawi Partnership can incorporate matters relating culture 

and sexuality as they support Scotland-Malawi links. 

Workshop participants made the following suggestions: 

• Encourage open and further discussion amongst 

the membership about this topic, as this would aid 

understanding. 

• Encouraging members to consider such matters as they 

work alongside their Malawi partners. 

• Continue promoting girl education in Malawi, though one 

needs to be aware of the limitations of this strategy too, for 

example if there are no jobs for the educated girls.


5.4 Gender and education 

Facilitated by Dr Lore Gallastegi, 

The Open University in Scotland 

The following constraints to female access to learning in 

Malawi were noted: 

• Cost of education 

• Future employment opportunities 

• Cultural expectations around roles and responsibilities 

A number of differences in female education between 

Scotland and Malawi were noted, especially with regards 

cost and cultural expectations. However future employment 

opportunities and income disparity was seen to be an area 

where girls in Malawi and Scotland may find a degree of 

shared experience. 

Recommendations were made of how gender disparities could 

be tackled. These included: 

• Efforts to encourage school and education to be highly 

valued. 

• Communicating positive messaging to young girls and 

women from home about the value of education. 

• Working through mixed groups- working together, gender 

mainstreaming, raising awareness of challenges. 

• National legislation promoting quotas and gender 

mainstreaming. 


Email: l.gallastegi@open.ac.uk 

© Claire Foottit



6 FEEDBACK 

PLENARY 

Lessons for the Scotland Malawi 

Partnership: 

• Gender inequality is a current challenge both for Scotland and Malawi. Addressing it requires women to be 

actively involved in decision-making at all levels. 

• Equality at the political level is important for equality across society. Instituting formal structures through 

positive action such as parliamentary quotas will increase the number of women in political roles. Increasing 

the number of women in such front-line positions enables them to better advocate for equal rights of men and 

women. Once in such positions, support is crucial if they are to maximise their impact. 

• Participation in primary and secondary education is critical in helping girls and women know and claim their 

rights, and in increasing access to job opportunities. 

• Addressing gender inequity is a community movement, requiring the participation of both men and women. 

Women and men both need to be part of discussions and action relating to gender equality. 

• The SMP offers a space in which members can consider mainstreaming gender equality across their 

partnerships. This process raises awareness of the challenges, and also the opportunities to address the 

structural, economic or social obstacles to gender equality.


7 FORWARD 

CONCLUSIONS: MOVING 

The ‘Gender equality and female 

empowerment,’ event hosted by the 

Scotland Malawi Partnership, aimed to: 

• Highlight contemporary 

priorities and challenges 

in Malawi and Scotland 

regarding gender equality 

and female empowerment. 

• Share knowledge and 

experience between related 

projects to support existing 

links, and develop further 

collaboration, between 

Scotland and Malawi. 

• Raise awareness of MDG 3 

to promote gender equality, 

and encourage community 

groups and organisations 

to mainstream such 

commitments in their 

Scotland-Malawi 

engagements. 

Together, the presentations, workshops and plenary feedback 

succeeded in addressing the above objectives in turn. Dr 

Kalilani closed the meeting reflecting on how encouraged 

she was by the good work she had heard about. She felt 

particularly strongly that there seemed to be overwhelming 

support for positive action, such as parliamentary quotas, seen 

to be critical for the empowerment of women in Malawi. She 

articulated her gratitude to the SMP for hosting the event, and 

spoke of her hope that the partnership would continue growing 

from strength to strength. She petitioned for continued support 

for female politicians in Malawi in order to build the capacity 

of political structures, and hoped that the Scotland-Malawi 

relationship will continue to flourish. 

Progress towards bridging the gender gap, whether in 

Scotland or Malawi, needs partnership and support between 

men and women, amongst communities and at a national 

legislative level. As was demonstrated at this event, there 

is much to learn from one another.In an effort to continue 

such discussions, the SMP is therefore launching a Member 

Forum on Gender Equality. This forum will be open to all SMP 

members and interested external stakeholders; it will aim to 

strengthen Scotland-Malawi people-to-people links through 

active, informed and sustained two-way dialogue. Each forum 

will actively seek input from Malawian civil society to inform 

discussions, and it is hoped that outcomes will be framed 

around the Government of Malawi’s overarching Growth 

and Development Strategy, and towards achievement of the 

MDGs. Further details on the SMP Member Forum of Gender 

Equality can be found on the SMP website. 

[this event will help us]…‘rethink 

and strengthen ways in which 

Malawians can be empowered to 

effect their own change, and inform 

the approach we take to future work 

in child protection. 

Fiona Christie, Stenhouse Primary 

School. 

conference, while there is still progress to be made, the steps 

which have already been taken have been for the benefit of 

both Scots and Malawians. Further strengthening of Scotland- 

Malawi links will help contribute to the realisation of MDG 3-to 

promote gender equality and empower women. 


As has been shown, the MDGs play a critical role in 

harnessing international efforts to reduce mortality and 

improve livelihoods across the world. The Scotland Malawi 

Partnership seeks to support many community partnerships 

between Scotland and Malawi that are contributing towards 

this important end. As was celebrated throughout this one-day


8 REFERENCES 

Department for International Development (2010), 

‘The Outcomes of the UN MDG Summit,’ 

accessed at: www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/newsletter-sp-ed-outcomes-un-mdg-summit.pdf, 

on 13th September 2011 

Government of Malawi (2006), 

’Malawi Growth and Development Strategy 2006-2011,’ 

accessed at: www.malawi-invest.net/docs/Downloads/Malawi%20Growth%20&%20Development%20Strategy%20 

August%202006.pdf, 


Scottish Government (2008), 

‘Scottish Government International Development Policy,’ 

accessed at: www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/05/06144819/2, 


United Nations (2000), 

‘The Millennium Declaration,’ 

accessed at: www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm, 


United Nations (2010), 

‘The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2010,’ 

accessed at: www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf 

on 13th September 2011


9 APPENDICES 

9.1 APPENDIX 1: 

STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED FOR GENDER 

EQUALITY AND FEMALE EMPOWERMENT EVENT 

Name 

Kate Armstrong 

Mphatso Nguluwe 

Chris Hegarty 

Dr Lore Gallastegi 

Patricio Kulemeka 

Professor Hilary Homans 

Praise Ijalasi 

Patrick J.Benny 

Suteny Mwafulirwa / Jefferson Milanzie 

Tony 

George Nedi 

Organisation 

Link Community Development 

Livingstonia Synod AIDS Programme 

Christian Aid 

The Open University 

Play Soccer Malawi 

Centre for Sustainable International Development 

Real Life 

UNAIDS Malawi 

Youth Achievers for Development 

Young Activists Initiative Organisations 

Nancholi Youth Organisation 


1ST NOVEMBER EVENT DELEGATES 

Name Organisation Email 

Anderson Kadzombe Walani akadzombe@hotmail.com 

Anne Hepburn 

SMP Member 

Bobby Anderson Opportunity International worldexchange@mac.com 

Bregje de Kok Queen Margaret University bdekok@qmu.ac.uk 

Bunmi Agoro Scotland Malawi Partnership info@scotland-malawipartnership.org 

Caster Bondo Queen Margaret University casterbondo@yahoo.co.uk 

Charlie Ager Scotland Malawi Partnership charlie@scotland-malawipartnership.org 

Charles Fawcett North Lanarkshire Healthy Lifestyles Project h.lifestyle@coatbridge.n-lanark.sch.uk 

Claire Foottit Event Photographer claire@foottitbydesign.com 

Dr Claire Duncanson The University of Edinburgh c.p.duncanson@ed.ac.uk 

Claudia Beamish MSP Scottish Parliament Claudia.Beamish.msp@scottish.parliament.uk 

Danny Phillips 

Danny Wight 

Active Learning Centre 

MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit d.wight@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk 

Professor David Dewhurst The University of Edinburgh 

d.dewhurst@ed.ac.uk 

David Hope-Jones The Scotland Malawi Partnership david@scotland-malawipartnership.org 

Della Rea 

johndellarea@yahoo.co.uk 

Doosur Zasha Queen Margaret University DZasha@qmu.ac.uk 

Eileen Henderson Global Concerns Trust eileenhenderson@btinternet.com 

Emma Austin Scotland Malawi Partnership events@scotland-malawipartnership.org


Name Organisation Email 

Elizabeth Chihuri Loveness JZ Charity Trust ezchihuri@yahoo.co.uk 

Rev. Evelyn Hope Friends of Malawi Guiding Association eh10863@gmail.com 

Eze Nwosu CSID ezenwosu2001@yahoo.com 

Fiona Chrisie 

Stenhouse Primary School 

Fiona Buchanan Scottish Women’s Aid fiona.buchanan@scottishwomensaid.org.uk 

Geoff Earl SMP Member portygeoff@gmail.com 

Gillian Nkhalamba Queen Margaret University gnkhalamba65@yahoo.com 

Hannah Graham Scottish Government 

Heather Morgan CSID h.morgan@abdn.ac.uk 

Hendricks Mgodie Queen Margaret University hendricks2007@yahoo.co.uk 

Isabelle Uny UNESCO iuny@unesco.org.uk 

Prof Ishita Mukhopadhyay Women’s Studies Research Centre 

imukhopadhyay@hotmail.com 

Jane Carnall Equality Network Jane@equality-network.org 

Jane Forster 

j.forster43@virginmedia.com 

Hon. Dr.Jean Kalilani Minister of Health, Malawi 

Jennie Chinembiri Church of Scotland jchinembiri@cofscotland.org.uk 

Jennifer Buchan 

jenniferbuchan@hotmail.com 

Jo Spiller The University of Edinburgh jo.spiller@ed.ac.uk 

Karen Gillon 

karenngillon@aol.com 

Kate Armstrong Link Community Development Kate@lcd.org.uk 

Lesley Irving Equality Unit, The Scottish Government Lesley.Irving@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 

Lore Gallastegi Open University l.gallastegi@open.ac.uk 

Lorna Kettles Scottish Women’s Convention Lorna.Kettles@scottishwomensconvention.org 

Luckson Matende HIV Scotland matende.luckson@hotmail.com 

Margaret Griffith Glasgow Trefoil Guild 

Mara Menzies Toto Tales maramenzies@gmail.com 

Marlene Galashan SMP Director Marlene.Galashan@stenhouse.edin.sch.uk 

Martha Mballah 

sade2m@yahoo.com 

Martyn Edelsten SMP Member martyn.edelsten@ed.ac.uk 

Maureen Watt MSP maureen.watt.msp@scottish.parliament.uk 

Morag MacPherson Dochas Education Trust morag_macpherson@btinternet.com 

Mukami McCrum Scottish Government Mukami.McCrum@scotland.gsi.gov.uk 

Muriel Cassie 

muricassie@yahoo.co.uk 

Niki Kandirikirira Engender Niki@engender.org.uk 

Rachel Adamson 

radamson@sfc.ac.uk 

Rita Hopper Sense Scotland rhopper@sensescotland.org.uk 

Shirley Brown World Mission shibrown@talktalk.net 

Susan Dalgety SMP Director susandalgety@hotmail.com 

Susanna Kujanpaa CSID 

Tanusree Chakaravarty Women’s Studies Research Centre tchakraborty31@gmail.com 

Zoe Clements 

zoeclem@hotmail.com



Event Feedback 

Comments included: 

Thanks for this opportunity to get to grips with and discuss the situation 

in Malawi. Really good to have such a chance to engage with Malawi 

and to compare and contrast. Good also to talk about issues of gender 

in a gender-friendly environment as well as in a different (but not so 

different) context. 

Heather Morgan, CSID 

Informative and educational 

Charles Fawcett, Healthy Lifestyle Projects 

Overall feedback on key aspects of the day: 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

Excellent 

Very Good 

Good 

Average 

Poor 

0 

Speakers 

Presentations 

Program 

Content 

Networking 

Opportunities 

Venue 

Food 

Content of 

Workshops 

Organisation 

Number of respondent


We asked delegates to rate their knowledge before and after 

the event of: Gender equality and female empowerment as a global 

development issue. 

40% 

50 

40 

Before 

After 

of respondents 

said their 

knowledge of 


and female 

empowerment 

as a global 

development issue 

had improved. 

Percentage 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Poor Average Good Very Good Excellent 

Knowledge Ranking 

We asked delegates to rate their knowledge before and after the 

event of: Activities promoting gender equality in Scotland and Malawi. 

57% 

60 

50 

Before 

After 


said their 

knowledge 

of activities 

promoting 


in Scotland 

and Malawi had 

improved 

Percentage 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 


Knowledge Ranking


We asked delegates to rate their knowledge before and after 

the event of: The Millennium Development Goals. 

37% 

60 

50 

Before 

After 


said their 

knowledge of 

the Millennium 

Development 

Goals had 

improved. 

Percentage 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 


Knowledge Ranking 

As a result of coming to this 

event, delegates said they 

would consider adopting 

the following, in an effort 

to address Millennium 

Development Goal 3 


Become involved in 

an international link 

Volunteering 

Making a public statement 

Campaigning / lobbying 

Learning more 

Strengthen an 

international link 

Fundraising 

Joining a community project


The following statements were made to comment on the 

impact this event would have on delegates Malawi work: 

very valuable sharing on Malawi and Indian experiences, enhanced 

my learning as a student and Malawian so I have something to take 

back home. 

Blessing Kachale, QMU 

I have links with a community organisation (Active Youth initiative for Social 

Enhancement) in Bangwue, where I helped developed gender awareness 

training. I will feedback some of the issues discussed today to the 

volunteers still working on the program to ensure today’s discussion feeds 

into their work 

Rachel Adamson 

…brought out was the balance that is required that gender issues involves 

male and female and how care must be taken not to leave the boys feeling 

like nothing is been done for them in schools 

it was good to hear from Malawians especially in the workshops and will 

encourage me to tell others. Networking is always very useful and thanks to 

the supporters of this event for enabling this 

Supports our work to take into account the wider context of gender equality 

in the Malawian context and thereby making our project more effective. 

greater knowledge on what is happening in Malawi, and will help inform how 

we work and interact with colleagues in Malawi. 

Jennie Chinembiri, Church of Scotland 

I will report to my project team and use the learning to inform our future 

work in Malawi. 

Lore Gallastegi, The Open University 

reinforces need to continue to work to support Malawi.

www.scotland-malawipartnership.org 

Address: Room 3/7, City Chambers, City of Edinburgh Council, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ 

Tel: 0131 529 3164 Fax: 0131 529 3168 E mail: info@scotland-malawipartnership.org 

A company limited by guarantee (SC294378) and a registered Scottish charity (SC037048)

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