Why is it better - psflibrary.org

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
SETTING OUT - FOUNDATION - CONCRETE WORKS - WALLS - ROOF - FLOOR - SERVICES

Author :
Ekart Hartmann dan Heinz Unger
Editor :
Octaviera Herawati
Photos by :
Ekart Hartmann
Published by :
World Bank Office, Jakarta
PNPM Support Facilities (PSF) Office
Jalan Diponegoro No. 72
Jakarta 10310
Phone : (62-21) 3148175 (hunting)
Fax : (62-21) 31903090
Website : www.worldbank.org
All, or any part of this book may be reproduced for training needs
For Further information, please contact :
Octaviera Herawati
Phone : (62-21) 3148175
Fax : (62-21) 31903090
Email : oherawati@worldbank.org

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
Housing Construction
Indonesia has experienced a number of natural disasters in the recent past that have damaged
or destroyed large numbers of residential housing. Major reconstruction efforts by
local, national and international agencies were initiated, and because of many homeless
families, speedy completion was an important factor.
The need for speed can sometimes lead to low quality workmanship. However, it has been
shown that poor construction techniques waste materials, time and efforts; they may make
the house uncomfortable, and at the worst, may cause the structure to be unsafe. Costly
repairs and early replacement are serious consequences of poor construction practice.
On the other hand, good quality housing makes for happy occupants, and has important
economic benefits in terms of a longer lifespan and savings in materials and construction
costs. If a house is well built, the owners are also much more likely to make further investments
in expanding and improving their basic core houses.
A lot has been learned in the many recent reconstruction projects, in terms of both, good
and bad examples of house construction. While the bad examples are obvious and speak
for themselves, the good examples show how much can be achieved by making serious
efforts, using good experience, common sense and some technical training.
Considering the above mentioned, this book is made to complete the existing standard
manual for housing that have been published by the government or other institution. The
book presented is simple and easy to understand because each picture are complimented
by simple explanation.
It is also hoped that the book will be used not only for disaster reconstruction programs
but that housing construction in general will benefit from the good and bad practice examples
that are being presented. The book is intended not only for builders, contractors
and their technical staff, but should also be perused by bureaucrats, managers, staff of multilateral
and bilateral assistance agencies, international and Indonesian NGOs active in the
housing and community sectors, and lastly but not least, the beneficiaries themselves.
Hence, the book should be distributed widely and should be made available to all who ask
for a copy; it could also be adapted for training in house construction.
i

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Scott Guggenheim who had the original idea and arranged the funding, Ekart Hartmann
(with help from Heinz Unger) who prepared the technical pages, Octaviera Herawati who
managed the efforts (including coordination of inputs, management of production until
publication, and also the translation into Bahasa Indonesia), the many technical staff
who provided reviews and suggestions, such as Saleh Siregar, Purnomo Sutantyo, Eka Hasfi
Adha, Festina Lavida. Special thanks to Victor Bottini and Sentot Satria who keep supporting
this book. Also the layout artist and printing company, and anybody else, including
admin and support staff who may have done a lot of work ……..
ii

Contents
INTRODUCTION
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
i
ii
BAD
GOOD
SETTING OUT Setting out 1 3
FOUNDATION Excavation 7 8
Rock 10 14
Concrete 19
CONCRETE WORKS Concrete Production 21
Formwork 23 30
Reinforcement 41 53
Beams, Columns 66 75
Slab 82
WALLS Materials 83 84
Construction 85 93
Windows & Doors 97 99
Plaster 105
ROOF Roofing materials 107 109
Aluminium 112 113
Wood 116 121
FLOOR Construction 131
SERVICES Electricity 135 138
Water & Sanitation 139 140

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
12 Important Rules

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
12 Important Rules

Chapter 01
Setting Out

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Setting out
Rubbish and rotting
plants not removed
Boards without
straight edges
Clean up site before setting out
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 01 Setting Out BAD
1

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Setting out
Dispose of plants
How can I do it better
Why
2 BAD
Chapter 01 Setting Out

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Setting out
Setting out
Clear ground of all
plants and rubbish
Why is it better
1m
Alternative:
Chapter 01 Setting Out GOOD
3

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Setting out
nails on the board
Boards set at
foundations
design of building
Why is it better
Alternative:
4 GOOD
Chapter 01 Setting Out

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Setting out
the width of the
foundation…
Chapter 01 Setting Out GOOD
5

Chapter 02
Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Excavation
too shallow
No boards for strings
Roots of plants not
disposed of
Bottom of trench has to be levelled
How can I do it better
and waste
Why
Chapter 02 Foundation BAD
7

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Excavation
No boards for strings
too shallow
Roots of plants not
disposed of
Why is it better
Alternative:
8 GOOD Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Excavation
Depth depending on
soil at the site
Boards for setting
out strings
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 02
Foundation
GOOD
9

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
too shallow
not embedded
Rock layer of foundation is not embedded in concrete
How can I do it better
Why
10 BAD
Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
should not be in a
straight line
Strings from setting
out
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 02 Foundation BAD
11

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
too shallow
embedded
How can I do it better
Why
12 BAD
Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
settlement of the
foundation
Movement of
foundation
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 02 Foundation BAD
13

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
Movement of
foundation
Why is it better
Alternative:
14 GOOD Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
Sand or lean
Strings for
setting out
Why is it better
foundation beam
Alternative:
Chapter 02
Foundation
GOOD
15

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
setting out the
Why is it better
Alternative:
16 GOOD Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
Height of foundations
Why is it better
foundation
Alternative:
Chapter 02
Foundation
GOOD
17

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Rock
Why is it better
Alternative:
18 GOOD Chapter 02 Foundation

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Concrete
foundation
Strings of Set
Single foundations instead of stripfoundation
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 02
Foundation
GOOD
19

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Concrete
Rebars have to be
supported
foundations
Why is it better
Alternative:
20 GOOD Chapter 02 Foundation

Chapter 03
Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Concrete Production
Cement Sand Gravel
Water
Good quality
concrete beams
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
21

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Concrete Production
Why is it better
Alternative:
22 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Cover
to rebars
Rebars are in a
straight line
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
23

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
How can I do it better
Why
24 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
large
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
25

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
between these beams
How can I do it better
Why
26 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Beam supports are essential before
How can I do it better
strength
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
27

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Support
needed here
How can I do it better
strength
Why
28 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Cast all
lift
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
29

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
supports
Why is it better
Alternative:
be
30 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
supports
not more than
Why is it better
Alternative:
be
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
31

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Why is it better
Alternative:
32 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
together
Why is it better
not be dropped from a great height
Alternative:
separate
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
33

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
on top
walls
Why is it better
Alternative:
separate
34 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
right angles to
right angles
Why is it better
Alternative:
separate
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
35

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Why is it better
Alternative:
36 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
37

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Roof beam
Supports for
beam forms
Why is it better
Alternative:
38 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Roof beam
Beam supports
intervals
Why is it better
strength
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
39

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Formwork
Beam support
Why is it better
design strength
Alternative:
40 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
red
green
overlap
should overlap
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
41

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
shall overlap
with the rebar
right angle
rebars
How can I do it better
Why
42 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
End of rebar
must have a
outlines of the
rebars
rebars in the same plane
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
43

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars for
Column
Rebars for
foundation
beams
overlap to
other rebars
Rebars for
foundation
beams
Strings for
setting out
How can I do it better
Why
44 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars must
other
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
45

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars must
other
Design
dimension of
Rebars must
other
How can I do it better
Why
46 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
MUST NOT be
less than the design
NOT
Rebars must be
How can I do it better
the roof beam
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
47

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Column rebars
must be straight
How can I do it better
up to the roof beam
Why
48 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Column rebars
must be straight
Rebars are not
How can I do it better
roof beam
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
49

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
How can I do it better
Why
50 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
How can I do it better
Why
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
51

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Bottom
slab
Rebars without
How can I do it better
Why
52 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars sorted and
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
53

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
with double wire
Why is it better
Alternative:
54 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Column
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
55

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Why is it better
Alternative:
56 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
per design
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
57

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
with the rebars of
foundation
between ties
Why is it better
Alternative:
58 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Column rebar
on beams
between ties
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
59

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars bent into
footing about
Why is it better
Alternative:
60 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
assembled rebars
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
61

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Support from two sides
at right angle
Column rebars
Support from two sides
at right angle
foundation
Why is it better
Alternative:
62 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Column rebars
Supports at
right angle
Supports at
right angle
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
63

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
roof ring beams
Why is it better
Alternative:
64 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Reinforcement
Rebars for
roof ring beams
Rebars of lintel
ring beam
to lintel ring beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
65

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Lintels missing
Columns were
How can I do it better
Why
66 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
of the
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
67

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Rebars must
be vl
d
How can I do it better
WHY
68 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
on
n
bears
Design load bearing
n
n
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
69

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
How can I do it better
WHY
70 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
No Cover
on rebars
No Cover
on rebars
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
71

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
How can I do it better
WHY
72 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Rebars twisted
Not enough
mp
aggregates
No bonding between
foundation and beam
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 03 Concrete Works BAD
73

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Continuation
n
ng post
of truss is
Should be
in the
same spot
How can I do it better
WHY
foundation
74 BAD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
A solid stone
foundation
foundation
beams are
t
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
75

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Fill must be
compacted
Foundation beams
Brickwork foundation
Foundation beams
Stone foundation
Why is it better
Alternative:
76 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Base for the
floor slab
Column
and
beams
are well
built
Beams of the
foundation grid
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
77

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
between roof ring
is important
Roof ring beam
Columns
are well
built
Lintel beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
78 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Outer edge
of column
Inner edge
of column
Column built with formwo
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
79

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
Why is it better
Alternative:
80 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Beams & Columns
lintel beam
g
rebars
Roof beam will be
m
Lintel beam
over windows
s
Why is it better
meters
Alternative:
Chapter 03 Concrete Works GOOD
81

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Slab
Elevated slab
Why is it better
elevated slab
Alternative:
82 GOOD
Chapter 03 Concrete Works

Chapter 04
Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Materials
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
83

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Materials
storage
standard dimensions
Why is it better
Alternative:
84 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
s
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
85

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
How can I do it better
WHY
86 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
not level
Horizontal
Line
not level
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
87

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
were used
laid level
and with
Design width
Edge of
laid level
and with
How can I do it better
WHY
88 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
s
are too wide
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
89

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
alternative to
How can I do it better
WHY
90 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Design width
of columns
Edge of wall
Beam is sagging
after
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
91

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Load of the wall above
distribute load
better when laid
Center line
this side
How can I do it better
WHY
92 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
m
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
93

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
beams 3m
s
m
Why is it better
Alternative:
94 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Column
with
s
for walls
60 cm
a board for ease of
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
95

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
embedded in
Columns
Why is it better
Alternative:
96 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
Supports
Door frames
d
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
97

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
be laid in two
s
frames
Edge of wall
before window
installation
How can I do it better
WHY
98 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
Door frames
s
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
99

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
supports
s
Why is it better
Alternative:
100 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
e
r
Supports
below
frame to
be filled
after wall
is finished
Why is it better
wall
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
101

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
Louvres above window
Corner brace
keeps frame
rectangular
NO lintel
beam
Supports
outside
building
Spacer
Why is it better
walls
Alternative:
102 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
Rigid
triangle
before building
the walls
Supports
outside the
building
Supports
ground
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
103

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Doors & Windows
Lintel
Lintel included in roof beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
104 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Plaster
resistant plaster
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 04 Walls GOOD
105

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Plaster
resistant plaster
Why is it better
Before painting the plaster have to be dried out
Alternative:
106 GOOD
Chapter 04 Walls

Chapter 05
Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Roofing Materials
to the purlins
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 04 Walls BAD
107

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Roofing Materials
used
Nail on top of
roof ridges
How can I do it better
WHY
108 BAD
Chapter 04 Walls

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Roofing Materials
Corrugated steel sheets
sheets
Why is it better
Start at the bottom end to mount the sheets
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
109

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Roofing Materials
top edge of the
sheets
purlins
Why is it better
Alternative:
110 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Roofing Materials
Nailed to purlin
Rubber seal
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
111

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Aluminum Construction
Rafter
No truss
the ring roof
beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
112 BAD
Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Aluminum Construction
s
Rafter
Ridge Board
Why is it better
Roof truss frames of aluminum are lightweight and do not rust
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
113

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Aluminum Construction
Rafter
to roof ring
beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
114 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Aluminum Construction
Rafter
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
115

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
not
the rafter to the
wall
supported on entire
length of the wall
How can I do it better
WHY
116 BAD
Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Rafter
ring beam
e
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 05 Roof BAD
117

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Rafter
Cross Beams
nailed together onl
roof ring beam
How can I do it better
WHY
118 BAD
Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Cross beams
alternative to
angle struts
t
How can I do it better
WHY
members are tied together
Chapter 05 Roof BAD
119

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Rafter
t
post
should bethe other
d
How can I do it better
on top of
WHY
120 BAD
Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
timber
trusses
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
121

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Cross
beams
m
t
Bottom tie beam
t
Bolts for good
s
Why is it better
Alternative:
122 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
t
h
with bolts
Why is it better
Alternative:
None
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
123

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
s
s
Why is it better
None
Alternative:
124 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
s
and roof ring beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
125

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
Rafter
s
roof beam
roof beam
Why is it better
Alternative:
126 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
through the tie beam and rafter
Bent rebars
the ring roof beam
Why is it better
rigid truss frame
Alternative:
ring beam
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
127

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
n
rafters
Why is it better
Alternative:
128 GOOD Chapter 05 Roof

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Wood Construction
mounted on a
wooden rafter
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 05
Roof
GOOD
129

Chapter 06
Floor

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
r
m
water resistant
Sand
Why is it better
foundations
Alternative:
Chapter 06 Floor GOOD
131

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Why is it better
Alternative:
132 GOOD
Chapter 06 Floor

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Why is it better
Alternative:
Chapter 06 Floor GOOD
133

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction
Well executed floor
slab construction
Why is it better
Alternative:
134 GOOD
Chapter 06 Floor

Chapter 07
Services

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Electricity
r
elements
n
How can I do it better
later on
WHY
Chapter 07 Services BAD
135

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Electricity
through beams
good
distribution line
How can I do it better
WHY
136 BAD
Chapter 07 Services

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Electricity
sharp edge of
g
e
g
How can I do it better
WHY
Chapter 07 Services BAD
137

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Electricity
Cable installed in
r
with plaster
installed in
plaster wall
Why is it better
Alternative:
138 GOOD Chapter 07 Services

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Water & Sanitation
Pipe
outlets
Never penetrate a beam with a larger pipe
How can I do it better
Set water and sanitation pipes below natural ground level
WHY
Chapter 07 Services BAD
139

THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Sanitation
nd Chamber for
1 st Chamber for
settling of sludge
house
or drain
manhole
Why is it better
Vent pipe is needed
Alternative:
140 GOOD Chapter 07 Services