Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...

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iii 3.2.4 Markets ............................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.2.5 Livestock ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.6 Non-Timber Forest Products...................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.7 Hunting and Fishing ..................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.8 Mining ............................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.9 Charcoal Production ..................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2.10 Labor ............................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.11 Other Livelihood Activities ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.3 CHANGES IN LAND USES AND LIVELIHOODS ............................................................................................................. 34 3.3.1 Impact of the Wars (1989-2003)................................................................................................................. 35 3.3.2 Increasing Cash Crop Cultivation ............................................................................................................... 35 3.3.3 Demand for Labor and Availability............................................................................................................ 35 3.3.4 Decreasing Fallow Periods ........................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.5 Women‟s Evolving Roles ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.3.6 Climactic Variability ...................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36 4.0 Rights and Rules Governing Land and Natural Resources ..................................................................... 37 4.1 CUSTOMARY TENURE ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.1 Access to Land for Farming and Housing ................................................................................................ 37 Inheritance and Inter-vivos Gifts .................................................................................................................................. 40 Borrowing .................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Strangers and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)...................................................................................................... 45 Women’s Access and Rights to Farm Land and House Spots ...................................................................................... 46 4.1.2 Rules for Managing Lands ........................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3 Rules Governing other Natural Resources ............................................................................................... 50 Life Trees .................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Bush and Forest Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Water and Fishing ...................................................................................................................................................... 54 Livestock ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Minerals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.4 Compliance with Customary Rules ............................................................................................................ 55 4.2 STATUTORY TENURE: TRIBAL CERTIFICATES, DEEDS, CONCESSIONS, AND STATE LAND RIGHTS .................. 57 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
iv 4.2.1 Statutory Tenure Claims by Clan Citizens ................................................................................................. 58 4.2.2 Statutory Tenure Claims by Outsiders and the Government ................................................................ 61 Deeds .......................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Concessions and licenses ............................................................................................................................................... 62 Government claims ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 4.3 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 63 Women’s Land Rights ................................................................................................................................................. 64 Life Trees .................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Statutory Claims ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 5.0 Land Governance Institutions in Liberia ................................................................................................... 67 5.1 CUSTOMARY GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................................. 67 5.1.1 Elders .............................................................................................................................................................. 67 5.1.2 Chairmen ........................................................................................................................................................ 68 5.1.3 Chairladies ...................................................................................................................................................... 68 5.1.4 Family Heads .................................................................................................................................................. 68 5.1.5 Quarter Chiefs ............................................................................................................................................... 68 5.2 STATUTORY GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................................................. 69 5.2.1 Chiefs ............................................................................................................................................................... 69 Town Chiefs ................................................................................................................................................................ 70 General Town Chiefs/Zonal Chiefs/Sectional Chiefs .................................................................................................. 70 Clan Chiefs ................................................................................................................................................................. 70 Paramount Chiefs ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 5.2.2 District Commissioners and Superintendents .......................................................................................... 71 5.3 OTHER GOVERNANCE AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................................................... 71 5.3.1 Cultural Societies ........................................................................................................................................... 71 5.3.2 Religious Organizations ................................................................................................................................ 72 5.3.3 Community Based Organizations ............................................................................................................... 72 5.3.4 Governmental Agencies ............................................................................................................................... 72 5.3.5 NGOs and International Organizations .................................................................................................... 73 5.3.6 Mining Authorities ........................................................................................................................................ 73 Mining Agent .............................................................................................................................................................. 73 Mining Chairman ....................................................................................................................................................... 73 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
Page 1 and 2: LAND POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPO
Page 3 and 4: LIBERIA LAND POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL
Page 5: ii 1.0 Introduction ...............
Page 9 and 10: vi 7.3.2 Courts ...................
Page 11 and 12: viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Ma
Page 13 and 14: x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CDC CF
Page 15 and 16: xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report s
Page 17 and 18: xiv game for both sale and consumpt
Page 19 and 20: xvi manage tree crops where these a
Page 21 and 22: xviii In the clans we visited, stat
Page 23 and 24: xx DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS Di
Page 25 and 26: xxii Recommended measures include t
Page 27 and 28: xxiv Remove land and governance au
Page 29 and 30: 2 This chapter begins with a presen
Page 31 and 32: 4 1.2 LAND TENURE AND RURAL LIVELIH
Page 33 and 34: 6 (Renner, 1931). Initially lacking
Page 35 and 36: 8 1.3 HISTORY OF LAND TENURE IN LIB
Page 37 and 38: 10 Certificate is merely a permit t
Page 39 and 40: 12 however, rights granted to commu
Page 41 and 42: 14 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This ch
Page 43 and 44: 16 Figure 2.2: FEWS-NET map of Libe
Page 45 and 46: 18 In each case, after completion o
Page 47 and 48: 20 3.0 LAND USE AND LIVELIHOODS Thi
Page 49 and 50: 22 Upland Rice Cultivated in each o
Page 51 and 52: 24 money quickly. However, they als
Page 53 and 54: 26 3.2.2 Trees In addition to food
Page 55 and 56: 28 large rubber farms ranging from
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30 tasks assigned to women and vice
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32 3.2.7 Hunting and Fishing In mos
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34 bush and fell trees on a farmer
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36 men‟s focus on life tree culti
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38 from one or more patrilineages,
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40 Figure 4.1: Access to land for f
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42 Figure 4.2: Children’s acquisi
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44 Figure 4.3: Profile of borrowing
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46 he/she is fully integrated as a
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48 widows will sometimes marry a ma
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50 Several communities have rules g
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52 Bush and Forest Resources In all
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54 Water and Fishing Access to wate
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56 Other factors cited for contribu
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58 Figure 4.6: Presence of differen
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60 bush resources largely follows c
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62 In Ylan, some land is held under
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64 the majority of studied clans, t
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66 We also found that, in the clans
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68 In some clans such as Upper Work
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70 Town Chiefs Town Chiefs represen
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72 dispute resolution. 55 While in
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74 such as Clan and Paramount Chief
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76 some women who held positions as
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78 could rely. This in turn produce
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80 community sometimes encounter re
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82 rubber on adjacent land, as well
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84 In other clans, including Ding a
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86 Disputes over Mining Mana Clan c
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88 7.0 DISPUTE RESOLUTION Dispute r
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90 7.2.2 Chairladies In Dobli, Gban
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92 7.3.4 Disputes between Clans/Dis
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94 In some clans, the abundance of
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96 8.2.2 Scale of Ownership Claims
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98 If communities anticipate that t
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100 The importance of documenting c
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102 The current land tenure sys
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104 10.0 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS In
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106 communities. Instead, we sugges
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108 apply for fee simple tenure. Th
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110 tenure unit. Instead, this role
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112 Tribal Certificates and Deeds R
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114 REFERENCES SECONDARY SOURCES Ak
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116 Wallace, Carolyn Gamiao and Rol
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118 DATE TIME ACTIVITY March 23, 20
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120 ANNEX 3: NORTHEAST TRANSECT, DO
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122 ANNEX 5: TOWN MAP, SAYKLEKAN CL
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124 ANNEX 7: HISTORICAL MATRIX, YLA
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126 ANNEX 9: DOBLI DISPUTE LETTER C
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128 ANNEX 11: TRIBAL CERTIFICATE FO
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130 ANNEX 13: SEASONAL CALENDARS, M
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132 ANNEX 14: COMMUNITY FOREST BY-L
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134 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERI
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136 b. A family or individual shall
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138 a. Standing Rules Tree
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140 The amount of rattan collecte
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142 o o o o o o o Antelope Hippo
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144 Any community member or gro
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146 U.S. Agency for International D
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