Geological Survey of Finland - Geologian tutkimuskeskus

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND
GTK
A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4

Vision
Geology will contribute to sustainable growth
and wellbeing.
Mission
The GTK produces and disseminates geological
information for use in promoting the controlled
and sustainable use of the Earth’s crust.
The GTK maps and researches the Earth’s crust
and its natural resources, is responsible for providing
a national geological information service, produces
services required by customers and operates
actively in international projects.
Sections of Archaean bedrock (over 2,500 million years old)
in a diabase vein. Photo: Jorma Paavola, GTK
The GTK in brief
• The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
is a national geological research centre operating
under the Ministry of Trade and Industry
• Established in 1886
• Based in Espoo, Kuopio and Rovaniemi
• Staff resources of 836 person-years in 2004
• Total cost of operations amounted to
EUR 55.4 million in 2004
• Income from contract services was
EUR 10.25 million
• The activities were guided by
two strategic programmes:
• bedrock and raw materials
• land use and environment.
CONTENTS
Director General’s review 2
Message from the Board of Directors 3
Bedrock geology and resources 5
Land use and environment 11
Geoservices 17
International activities 21
Information management 26
Finance and administration 28
Index maps 34
GTK publications and reports in 2004 37
Staff publications in 2004 43
Organization and management 51
Board of Directors 52
Scree formation at Ryläys. Photo: Tapio Väänänen, GTK
Front cover: One of a group of 15-metre high stone columns at Otava near Mikkeli, collectively known as Otava’s ‘stone church’. One of the columns
has a large cave at the foot of it.
Inside front cover: Kaarnavuori is a granite cliff about 50 metres high at Anttola in Mikkeli. It is popular with climbers. 1 • GTK 2004
Photos: Jari Väätäinen, GTK

Geology as a basis
for sustainable
growth and welfare
GTK has special expertise in mapping the Earth’s crust and
its natural resources. Because of our committed and highly
skilled staff, our expertise in the sector is unique, even by
international comparison. Our aim is to ensure the availability
and sustainable use of raw materials required by industry
and society at large. The GTK also helps to promote costeffective
and environmentally sound land use and creates
opportunities for industrial development and employment
in the sector and balanced regional development.
In addition to our unique expertise, proactive networking
both in Finland and internationally is a critical success factor.
One of the most important new forms of collaboration is
the cooperation agreement on airborne geophysics between
the GTK and the British Geological Survey. In addition to
European Geological Surveys, the GTK cooperates with
institutes in the USA, Canada and Australia. Cooperation
projects were continued with VSEGEI, the All-Russian
Geological Research Institute based in St Petersburg, using
its well-equipped isotope geology laboratory. The GTK
also strengthened university-level cooperation and other
research collaboration in Finland by joining NorNet, the
Northern Environmental Research Network. The purpose
of the network, which is coordinated by the University of
Oulu, is to promote cooperation between research institutes
in the sector.
The mineral processing laboratory in Outokumpu was
integrated into the GTK’s operating organization. This
expertise has created new opportunities for the GTK,
enabling it to provide companies in the mining sector
with a more efficient service. The laboratory will also
be actively developed into an environmental engineering
research establishment.
Target-oriented work continued according to plan
During 2004, the GTK continued its work in line with
the performance targets agreed with the Ministry of Trade
GTK 2004 • 2
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
Director General’s review
and Industry. Demand for the GTK’s products and services
increased on 2003 and it exceeded its revenue target both
for chargeable services and jointly financed operations.
Revenue financing and other external funding covered
26% of expenditure. The good financial performance was
largely the result of increased mining activity in Finland and
significant export projects in Mozambique and Tanzania.
Demand for research services focusing on the environmental
impact of mining was also greater than before.
Research on raw materials focused on the exploration of
precious and base metals, industrial minerals and rocks,
and research on peat. The GTK reported on two new commercially
attractive ore exploration sites to the Ministry
of Trade and Industry. It was also active in developing the
operating environment for the minerals industry by producing
new mapping and research data, especially on bedrock
areas with high raw material potential. The distribution of
new claim reports over the Internet began in conjunction
with the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
A significant proportion of the aggregate and groundwater
projects in the Land Use and Environment division were
carried out with joint funding. Mapping operations focused
on the areas that are of key importance for industry and land
use planning. Development of the natural-resource accounting
system, an important tool for aggregate management,
as part of the GTK’s management system continued in
conjunction with the environmental authorities. Geological
values were examined in national projects, such as in the
studies carried out in connection with the World Heritage
List application for the Kvarken region.
Expanding the GTK’s online services continued with the
introduction of a peat research data service, which will be
useful for both peat producers and individual land owners.
The GTK web pages registered nearly half a million hits for
the year under review, and the GTK’s visibility in the media
increased compared to the previous year. The GTK was also
an active participant in the national ‘Year of Finnish Stone’
campaign, which aimed to increase awareness of the natural
stone industry and to promote the use of stone.
EU-funded projects and projects carried out as part of the
debt-conversion arrangements between Finland and Russia
formed a key part of the GTK’s international research
activity. Conversion funding was used to drill a 2.5 km
deep research borehole in the Outokumpu area, which will
provide a large amount of new data on the structures and
temperatures of the Earth’s crust, and its bedrock groundwater
and gas content. Understanding the conditions in
deeper regions of the bedrock is also important for research
on the disposal of nuclear waste.
Revising the strategy
In 2004 the GTK prepared a new vision and strategy and
organizational reforms to support them. The reforms will
improve management and control at the GTK, help it focus
on its core activities and clarify the division of responsibilities
between its units. Changes to the organizational structure
and responsibilities were carried out in the Geoservices Unit
and in information management and international project

Message from the Board of Directors
exports. A new nationwide service unit was created to take
care of the GTK’s administrative functions.
Work on the GTK’s strategy will enter an advanced stage
in 2005. The GTK will focus more clearly on its role as a
leading expert on natural resources in the Earth’s crust and
the sustainable use of these resources and on its role as a
national geoinformation centre committed to ensuring the
availability and diversified use of geological information
in society at large.
One significant reform was the decision by the Ministry
of Trade and Industry to give a stronger regional focus to
the GTK’s operations by establishing a Western Finland
regional unit in Kokkola. The GTK now has a comprehensive
network of operations which will help to strengthen
regional development still further. At the same time the
GTK is shaping its regional activities to better meet the
challenges and opportunities in the regions.
Highly skilled and committed staff are a key strength at
the GTK. At the end of the year, the GTK carried out a
personnel survey in which staff attitudes, and the current
state of the workplace communities and the organization
were assessed, so that development measures can be focused
correctly. The survey provided GTK staff with an
opportunity to have a say in the development of operations
at every level of the organization. The results of the study,
which were completed in spring 2005, give an indication
of the areas with the greatest need for improvements.
Raising awareness of geology among people of all ages
During the year under review, the GTK campaigned to
raise people’s awareness of geology and related issues. The
Kuopio unit was made responsible for the service offered
to the public whereby GTK experts identify geological
samples submitted to them. To encourage people’s interest
in geology, an in-depth user’s guide to rock and mineral
identification was published.
The GTK continued its cooperation with Metsähallitus and
the Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA) in setting
up several geological exhibitions at information centres in
national parks and other protected areas.
A comprehensive scientific publication on the Quaternary
deposits and soil types of northern Finland, and their
origins and use was produced during 2004 and published
in March 2005.
The Espoo unit concentrated on creating a new type of
geological exhibition to inform people of all ages interested
in geology about the origins of the Earth and its phenomena
in an exciting way. The exhibition will open up a new world
especially to schoolchildren, because geology is not taught
at school. The exhibition also provides information about
the GTK and its work.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the Ministry
of Trade and Industry, all our stakeholders and clients and
the GTK’s staff for their excellent cooperation over this
past year. By working together we can make our vision a
reality and ensure that geology contributes to a basis for
sustainable growth and welfare.
Elias Ekdahl
Growth in the metal
markets is advantageous
for the GTK
The revival of the world economy in 2004, due principally
to the unparalleled growth in China’s economy, has had a
positive impact on the GTK’s operating environment. China’s
industrial production was up by about 16% on the previous
year’s figure, and its consumption of metals rivalled that of
Europe, which for decades has been the world’s leading user
of metals. The global increase in industrial production was
4.5%. By contrast, Europe’s industrial production was up by
only a modest 1.7%.
After a long slump the metals markets began to pick up at the
end of 2003, and growth continued to be strong during 2004.
A good example of the revival in demand for metals is copper,
the global demand for which was up by 7%. The demand
for copper in Europe was up by only 2%, but in China by as
much as 14%. Production growth lagged behind the increase
in consumption, producing a sharp rise in the price of copper,
from about USD 1,750 per tonne in early autumn 2003 to about
USD 3,270 per tonne at the end of 2004.
Traditionally, major prices increases resulting from raw-material
shortages have led to considerable growth in exploration
investment and in the utilization of known sites. The sharp
increase in capital flows on the world market in 2004 meant
that there was considerable capital looking for new investment
targets; these included new opportunities for providing finance
for companies engaged in mineral exploration.
Global investments in mineral exploration amounted to USD
3,800 million, up by 58% on the previous year. In Europe too,
investment was up, reaching EUR 110 million, an increase of
31%. In Finland, investment was EUR 31 million and in Sweden
EUR 27 million. Investment focused on the Fennoscandian
region, which formed a significant European exploration
zone. Some 31 companies are actively engaged in mineral
exploration in Finland. The majority of these are foreign companies,
which make use of the GTK’s services and data. The
GTK’s order book was in fact very healthy in 2004. It looks
as though investment in mineral exploration will continue to
be strong in 2005.
Tom O. Niemi
Chairman
3 GTK 2004

GTK 2004 • 4

Bedrock geology and resources
Exploration continued at record levels
The function of the Bedrock Geology
and Resources division is to map and
research Finnish bedrock geology and
its resource potential and to produce
geological information and services
for society as a whole and the GTK’s
stakeholders. The aim is to promote
the sustainable use of ores, industrial
minerals and natural stone from
Finnish bedrock and to be actively
involved in creating conditions that
are conducive to industrial development
in the sector.
The Horsmanaho talc quarry in a chromium-rich
area at Polvijärvi. The fissure in
the rock has acted as a channel for water
to flow from the ground surface above. The
pictured fissure is more than 10 metres
high. Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
In 2004, the GTK played a role in improving the operating conditions for the minerals
industry by producing new data and improving ways in which information
is interpreted, particularly concerning bedrock areas with the best raw material
potential, and by making geological information more widely available.
Active search for metalliferous ores
Exploration activity in Finland was at record levels. About 30 exploration companies
have active operations in Finland; most of these are foreign companies.
The increased activity has led to an increase in the demand for geological data,
expertise and services, and all the exploration companies in practice make use
of the GTK’s databases and expertise.
In accordance with its strategy, the GTK focused on the initial stage of the
mineral exploration process, which requires advanced geoscientific competence,
the latest methods and diverse use of geoinformation. The aim is to produce
basic information about mineral reserves in Finnish bedrock, develop exploration
methods and locate new areas of mineral potential. All new discoveries
are reported to the Ministry of Trade and Industry so that they can be sold to
operators in the industry for further investigation and possible mining operations.
The Kettukuusikko gold deposit in Kittilä, which was surveyed by the
GTK, was sold in an international tendering process to the US company Taranis
Resources, which began further surveys of the deposit. The higher world market
price of nickel has also led the industry to conduct further surveys in a number
of mineral deposits previously found by the GTK, with the aim of beginning
mining activity. The GTK appointed a new research professor with the task of
developing survey and exploration methods for precious metals. This post is
based in Rovaniemi.
In the exploration of metalliferous ores, the focus was on gold, which currently
offers the best chances for new mining and in which the industry is also showing
the most interest. The most important gold exploration projects were in the
eastern parts of Kittilä; in the vicinity of the Porttipahta and Lokka reservoirs;
in Kuhmo and the Kalajoki-Nivala-Reisjärvi area; and in the Forssa-Huittinen
area. The aim is to find new areas with gold potential. A number of new mineral
deposits were identified for future surveys. The multi-year research project on
the Kuhmo greenstone belt was concluded, having identified various gold and
nickel prospects, and an excellent basic information pack was prepared on the
area’s geology for the use of exploration companies working in the area.
Investigation of the potential for platinum group elements (PGEs) in the
layered intrusions in northern Finland was concentrated in Koillismaa, where
two disseminated deposits of PGE-nickel-copper were found. The potential for
appinite ore in the central Lapland granitoid area was also investigated. A new
zinc deposit model for the area around Vihanti was completed and its suitability
for exploration will be tested over the next few years.
5 • 2004 GTK

Active role for GTK in industrial minerals exploration
A sample of the rock is taken by splitting it apart.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
This bedrock site at Pernaja was
discovered in 1999. The products
from the quarry include highquality
aggregate for asphalt.
Photo: Mika Räisänen, GTK
In 2004, industrial minerals exploration focused on pigment minerals, namely calcite,
ilmenite and kaolin, and also on pegmatites containing rare elements, mainly
lithium. To assist in planning the GTK’s exploration strategy, a report was compiled
on Finnish industrial minerals production and the need for exploration. The report
concluded that the GTK’s active role in the exploration and survey of new deposits
is essential for continuity and growth in industrial minerals production. Besides the
mineral potential, the industrial need and the location are also taken into account in
selecting new sites. Efforts are focused on those areas where new mining industry
activity is already being established.
Exploration for calcite was conducted in southwestern Finland. Most significantly,
the surveys of the wollastonite-rich carbonate stone at Kalkkimäki in Nummi-Pusula
were completed and a report submitted to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. The
reserves of this centrally located deposit, amounting to approximately 7 million
tonnes, include pure calcite marble, calcite-dolomite marble and wollastonite-calcite
marble. The known reserves of wollastonite-calcite at Kuovila in the municipality of
Pohja grew considerably as a result of the boreholes made in 2004; the deposit was
found to run vertically to a depth of at least 150 metres. In addition, west of Kuovila,
a section of calcite stone 150 metres wide was located at Kiimasuo. Amounting to
almost 100 million tonnes, the Kuovila calcite deposit will be a key domestic raw
material reserve in the future for the ever growing production of microcalcite. It
should also be possible to obtain wollastonite as a by-product of calcite.
Carbonate stone was also found in boreholes made in the Rajakangas area in Virtasalmi,
where the extent of a large deposit of calcite-dolomite rock was determined.
At Sievi, borehole drilling reached the parent rock of the long-known dolomite
boulders. This discovery may attract agricultural lime production to the area.
Ilmenite surveys were undertaken at Lumikangas in Kauhajoki, where magnetic
and gravimetric measurements and boreholes revealed more than 200 million tonnes
of apatite-ilmenite-magnetite gabbro with a mineral ore content of about 20%.
The main area of Kaolin exploration during the year was at Vittajänkä in Salla,
where terrain surveys were completed. The size of the kaolin deposit was estimated
to be over 10 million tonnes, with a kaolinite content of 30%. Preliminary beneficiation
tests indicate that the whiteness of the kaolin is about 80%, which is sufficient
for use as a filler in paper-making.
Exploration surveys for spodumene-containing lithium pegmatite were begun in
the Kaustinen area. The aim is to support the mining activity being developed there,
which has been stimulated by the growing demand for lithium batteries in computers
and electric vehicles. The choice of location was determined by the plentiful
boulder strips of spodumene stone, most of which were found in mineral surveys
conducted by Suomen Mineraali Oy in the 1960s.
GTK expertise available to network partners
The GTK began a minerals industry development project in eastern and northern
Finland. This project focuses principally on the planning of major collaborative
projects and the improvement of networking in northern Scandinavia and northwest
Russia. The project period is 2004-2006, and the GTK’s project partners are the
Regional Council of Lapland, the Council of Oulu Region and the NorNet collaboration
network of the University of Oulu.
Preliminary interpretation of the high-quality material from the FIRE project on
GTK 2004 • 6

Bedrock geology and resources
deep seismic reflection sounding was completed during the year. The project work,
which was undertaken as part of the debt-conversion funding arrangements between
Finland and Russia, revealed completely new information on the deep structure of
the Earth’s crust in Finland. The results will be useful in, for example, surveys of
mineral potential. In Outokumpu, drilling was begun on a research borehole of record
depth, for which debt-conversion funding is also being used. In this project, the
GTK has commissioned the Russian state-owned deep-drilling specialist NEDRA
and the trading house Machinoimport to drill a research borehole to a depth of 2.5
km during 2004-2005. The Outokumpu area was selected as the research location
because it is one of the most important and most interesting mineral areas in Finland.
Until now, deep drilling has extended to a depth of only about 1,150 metres.
The borehole will be used to study the deep structures revealed by the seismic
sounding performed in the area. The purpose of the GTK’s deep drilling project is
not mineral exploration, however, but basic research of the bedrock and use of the
borehole as a ‘deep laboratory’.
The GTK presented and marketed Finland’s mineral potential to the industry and
developed its stakeholder relationships during 2004. A key event during the year was
the world’s leading mineral exploration conference, the Prospectors and Developers
Association’s (PDAC) annual meeting, which was held in Toronto, where the GTK
had its own stand for the tenth successive conference.
Regional mapping programmes
Bedrock surveys focused on the Kainuu-Kuusamo region, where work continued
on supplementing the regional 1:250 000 mapping database. In Lapland, mapping
for two 1:100 000 map sheets were completed to enable publication of the maps.
The mapping target for the year was exceeded, and by a much greater amount than
anticipated, thanks to the number of seasonal trainees. The transfer of the large
volume of survey data held by Outokumpu Oyj to the GTK’s databases continued
in line with the agreement made. These datasets will add considerably to the coverage
of bedrock mapping, especially in areas of mineral exploration interest. To
make it easier to use the map data, all publications in Explanation to the maps of
Pre-Quaternary rocks, Geological map of Finland 1:100 000 were made available
over the Internet in the form of PDF files.
The programme of aerial geophysical surveys proceeded well and the year’s target
was exceeded by 40%. This raised the programme’s surface-area coverage to 86%.
In addition, condensed grid measurements were made in areas of mineral potential
in the GTK projects at Kaustinen, Vihanti and Sodankylä, in accordance with the
objective set for this. The programme of regional gravity measurements proceeded
as planned, and the measurements were used to investigate, for example, the layer
intrusions in Koillismaa and the structure of the arch complex in southern Finland
and to aid industrial mineral deposit surveys in central Ostrobothnia.
Bedrock geology and resources
2004 2004
planned implemented
Claims related to mineral exploitation 13 16
Significant exploration sites reported to the
Ministry of Trade and Industry 4 2
Aerogeophysical surveys, line km
- mapping programme 40,000 56,000
- condensed grid measurements 15,000 15,293
Gravimetric surveys, km 2 2,000 2,038
Bedrock mapping, km 2 1,500 3,350
Bedrock maps 1:000 000 4 3
Bedrock observations 5,000 10,312
The drilling tower for the deep borehole at Outokumpu.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
7 GTK 2004

Finland’s deepest borehole drilled in Outokumpu
> In April 2004, the GTK began drilling
work at Outokumpu on a research
borehole of record depth. The drilling
was completed in February 2005, a little
ahead of schedule. The borehole depth
was 2,516 metres.
The drilling contractors were the Russian
state-owned drilling specialist NEDRA
and the trading house Machinoimport,
which were responsible for the technical
aspects of the drilling. The project
The deep borehole drill at Outokumpu.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
was based on an agreement between
the Governments of Finland and Russia
regarding Russia’s partial payment of the
state debts of the former Soviet Union
in the form of scientific equipment and
research services.
Outokumpu is one of the most important
and interesting mineral areas in
Finland, although the actual mining of
metalliferous ores was discontinued at
Outokumpu in the 1980s. The bedrock in
the Outokumpu area has been surveyed
and drilled extensively. The previous
deep drilling went down to only about
1,150 metres. The aim of the GTK’s deep
borehole project was to carry out basic
research on the bedrock and to use the
borehole as a ‘deep laboratory’. The deep
borehole project is a research project
which will be of use in modelling the
structures of the Earth’s crust in general
and especially in investigating the deep
structure of the Outokumpu section and
studying the composition and origin of
the bedrock groundwater.
Deep borehole research explains
structure of Outokumpu
bedrock
One of the principal research objectives
of the borehole project was to investigate
the properties of the particular rock
layer in Outokumpu that has been reflecting
seismic waves very strongly.
The borehole drill breached this stratum
at a depth of 1.3-1.5 km. It emerged
that the seismically reflective stratum
is similar to the rock strata associated
with the Outokumpu metalliferous ores.
Similar reflective strata appear in eastern
Finland across a wide area around Outokumpu.
This observation is significant
and demonstrates that seismic reflection
surveys can be used to directly locate
types of rock that are promising for
minerals exploration.
The groundwater conditions in the deep
borehole proved to be very interesting.
The rock’s hydraulic conductivity was
particularly great in the top 500 metres,
but diminished rapidly beyond that. At
a depth of over 1,000 metres, only a
small amount of bedrock groundwater
could be pumped for sample-taking.
The results nevertheless show that the
groundwater in the Outokumpu bedrock
has a high salt and gas content. The gas
is mainly methane and is of no economic
significance, but the observation is scientifically
very interesting. The origin of
the gas is still not known.
The deep borehole project consisted not
only of drilling but also a whole range
of geophysical measurements in the
22-centimetre diameter borehole. Measurements
taken included the electrical
conductivity, density, magnetic properties,
temperature and composition of the
rock, with the aid of various geophysical
soundings. The temperature at the base
of the borehole is about 40°C.
Research to continue through
international cooperation
The Outokumpu deep borehole remains
open following completion of the drilling
project so that it can be used as a
‘deep laboratory’ for various geophysical
and geological measurements for some
years to come. The research includes
more detailed studies of the bedrock
groundwater conditions, the pumping of
water samples from the fracture zones,
and investigation of any organic activity in
the bedrock. The detailed structure of the
bedrock will also be investigated using
the combined interpretation of borehole
soundings and geophysical ground-level
measurements. The stress state of the
rock is also of interest to researchers.
The drilling cores raised from a depth of
over 2 km broke up into short sections,
which is the result of powerful stresses
in the bedrock.
The deep borehole and its samples will
be used in an extensive international
research project over the next few years.
The project will be led by the GTK and
will involve the participation of research
groups from research institutions, universities
and businesses based in seven
different countries.
GTK 2004 • 8

Bedrock geology and resources
Crushed stone is of considerable
importance to the economy and society at large
> In November, the doctoral dissertation
of geologist Mika Räisänen was
examined at the University of Helsinki.
The dissertation states that if more attention
is paid to the geological properties
of aggregates, this will lead to greater
productive, environmental and financial
benefits.
Aggregate is crushed stone that is used
as a construction material either bound
in asphalt or concrete, or loose in, for
example, structural layers in roads,
subsurface drainage and railway track
ballast.
Aggregate is therefore of considerable
importance for the nation’s infrastructure.
In terms of tonnage, the aggregate
industry is Finland’s biggest industrial
sector: an annual total of about 90 million
tonnes of aggregate is consumed in
Finland, or about 18 tonnes per inhabitant.
The quality of aggregates depends
on their geological properties, such as
their mineral composition and structure,
but also on the crushing process and
the intended use. The same aggregate
may a high-quality construction material
in asphalt, but a poor-quality material in
concrete. The quality of aggregates is
ultimately related to their
geological properties,
however. Mika Räisänen’s
doctoral dissertation investigates
the problems
involved in mapping and
testing aggregates and in
environmental and licensing
issues, and considers
aggregate quality in terms
of wear and tear and dust
formation.
Publication: Mika Räisänen,
‘From outcrops to
dust – mapping, testing
and quality assessment
of aggregates’, academic
dissertation, University of
Helsinki, 2004. Publications
of the Department
of Geology D1, ISSN
1795-3499, ISBN 952-
10-2145-4.
Blocks of stone at Taivassalon
Graniitti Oy’s granite
quarry at Kivelä in the
municipality of Luumäki.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
The ‘Year of Finnish Stone’
> The ‘Year of Finnish Stone’ was celebrated
in 2004. The idea came from the
Finnish Natural Stone Association, which
also launched the publicity campaign. In
a variety of ways the campaign raised
the profile of the natural stone sector
and increased awareness of the uses
for natural stone and interest in geology
in general. The campaign was also
successful in encouraging operators
in the sector to improve their publicity
material. A variety of training and development
activities were also organized
during the year. The GTK was involved
as a key player in many different events,
presenting its broad range of expertise
on natural stone.
Closer and more extensive cooperation
was also developed during the year, involving
partners in Finland and abroad, all
with the purpose of raising awareness of
natural stone among both professionals
and the general public, including all ages.
As part of its contribution to the ‘Year
of Finnish Stone’, the GTK arranged a
number of exhibitions on natural stone
and also competitions for schoolchildren
on the subject. It also participated in Nordic
Stone 2004, an international fair held
in Turku, and in an international seminar
on natural stone held in Oulu. A design
competition for the courtyard of the
GTK’s Kuopio office was also organized
in conjunction with various partners.
Identifying different rocks at the Geology
Day in Nunnanlahti. Photo: Nike Luodes
9 • GTK 2004

GTK 2004 • 10

Land use and environment
Continuing land-use surveys
produce diversity of data
The land use and environment
division covers the mapping and
surveys of Quaternary deposits
and their natural resources and
research in environmental geology.
The aim is to produce information,
applications and services for
decision-making, land use planning,
industry and commerce so that the
supply of raw materials and land
use can be secured on the basis of
sustainable development.
The Kellolähde natural
spring at Hämeenkoski.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
The activities of the Land Use and Environment division as a whole in 2004
met the targets set for the year. The strong focus on stakeholders and customers
meant that it was possible to carry out a high proportion of projects through
joint funding. A record eleven new jointly funded projects were begun during
the year, which, together with the increased demand for studies on the environmental
impact of mining activities, demonstrates the strengthening role of
the GTK as an impartial expert in environment issues concerning the Earth’s
crust. Concentrating the GTK’s mapping and exploration activities in areas of
greatest importance for business and land-use planning ensured that the benefit
and impact of this work could be maximized.
In research work the emphasis was on key areas of importance for society at
large and for industry. The GTK was able to report the presence of 158 million
m 3 of productive peat in 2004, thereby helping to secure raw material reserves
for the peat industry.
Additional data was produced on the reserves of extractable land resources
in areas around the main population centres, and the assembly of a naturalresource
accounting system for aggregates continued in collaboration with the
environmental authorities. Structural surveys were made in groundwater areas
in the form of joint research in conjunction with partners at a number of different
locations. The GTK played an active role in international cooperation at
EU level and with Finland’s neighbouring regions. The extensive environmental
geochemistry mapping project focusing on northwestern Russia was completed
during the year. The project’s international importance is illustrated by the fact
that its final results were published by the international publisher Elsevier.
Mapping
Surficial mapping at 1:20,000/1:50,000 was conducted on the basis of a national
needs assessment for areas of land-use importance, namely coastal areas
in southern Finland and the Vaasa and Oulu regions. The mapping target was
exceeded by a wide margin, particularly due to the good results achieved in
the Kvarken region.
Marine geology mapping and sounding fell significantly short of the target
on account of the operational testing of a new research vessel acquired in
conjunction with the Navy.
The multi-annual project for producing digitized soil data at a standard scale
for the whole country continued as planned, in collaboration with MTT Agrifood
Research Finland and the Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA).
The Ministry of the Environment is also contributing to the project funding.
The project is based on the shared use, analysis and interpretation of soil data
from different sources, with the aid of modern geographic information and
image-processing technologies. The end result will be a uniform digital dataset
concerning stable ground and unstable surficial material, and the characteristics
of both of these. The data will serve a variety of land-use, field cultivation and
forest management uses in Finland. The resulting data will also be stored in
11 • 2004 GTK

the EU’s European Soil Bureau information systems for EU soil conservation and
other purposes.
The final report of Phase I of the three-year KallioINFO development project
providing information for building in urban areas and growth centres in the Helsinki
sub-region was approved and Phase II begun. The aim of the project is to develop a
geological information system and the data models required for it, and an operating
system allowing customers to obtain geological data over the Internet. The KallioINFO
project is part of the Competitive Rockbuilding development programme run by the
National Technology Agency of Finland (TEKES) and covers nine municipalities in
the Helsinki sub-region, each of which is also contributing to the project funding.
The main aim of Phase II of the project is to develop and test a national drilling
information system (Ground Survey Register).
Work continued on the GEONAT mapping project covering the land and sea areas
of Sweden and Finland in the geologically unique Kvarken region. The aim of the
project is to support land-use and environmental management decisions concerning
the region in both countries and to further the efforts to have the region named as
a new World Heritage Site for geological reasons. The project is part of the EU’s
Interreg IIIA programme.
Susiluola cave is on the northern side
of Susivuori hill at an altitude of 116.5
metres above sea level. Although it
is located in Kristiinankaupunki, it is
owned by the adjacent municipality of
Karijoki. The GTK is involved in studying
the rocks found in the cave.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
Taking soil samples from
a field in Kirkkonummi.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
Resources of surficial Quaternary deposits
The collaborative work with the Ministry of the Environment and the Finnish Environment
Institute (FEI) on natural-resource accounting for aggregates continued,
although it was delayed due to resource problems at the FEI. The delay does not,
however, affect the planned completion schedule for the system (ready for use in
2007), although completion of the work concerning the system’s licence and extraction
notifications was postponed until 2006. Under a separate agreement, the GTK
is responsible for the assembly and maintenance of a natural-resource accounting
system in its own information management. The accounting system operates via
the internet and serves a wide range of users, from aggregate producers to public
authorities and citizens. The purpose of the system is to secure aggregate supplies
needed by society and to improve the efficient use of materials in accordance with
the principles of sustainable development.
Fieldwork for the mapping of peat reserves was carried out in eastern Finland,
Ostrobothnia and western Lapland. The suitability of these regions was confirmed at
a peat survey coordination meeting organized by the Ministry of Trade and Industry,
which was attended by representatives of both the peat industry and peat producers.
Some 97% of the mapping target set for 2004 was achieved. Peat-reserve mapping
results were published for six municipalities, as targeted. The reported volume of
peat fit for production exceeded the target significantly. A new section was opened
on the GTK website for the purpose of presenting peat data and reports, and this
immediately became popular with users. The GTK played a key role at the 12 th IPS
International Peat Congress, entitled ‘Wise Use of Peatlands’, held in Tampere on
June 6-11, 2004.
The GTK continued the mapping of esker aquifers of greatest significance for
water supplies and located near built-up areas. This was based on joint funding and
was conducted in a coordinated manner with the environmental authorities and
water cooperatives. The GTK’s role is to use geological and geophysical methods
to investigate the geological structure of the aquifers and the groundwater storage
and flow conditions that form a basis for the sustained use of the aquifer and for
other land-use planning. The extensive structural study of the Vihanninharju esker
and the groundwater analysis were completed during the year. A risk survey of the
Lintharju esker aquifer in Suonenjoki was carried out and the firing range there
found to be a significant risk to the groundwater quality. Work to develop the firing
range’s purification methods will continue at the Outokumpu Mineral Processing
Pilot Plant; the project is jointly funded with the Ministry of the Environment and
the Finnish Defence Forces. Following the pilot project at Hyvinkää and Kempele,
a hydrogeology research project was begun.
GTK 2004 • 12

Environmental geology research
Environmental geology research on the use of raw material reserves continued to
be very actively pursued. The industry’s demand for studies on the environmental
impact of mining was particularly high. Work continued on the project to improve
the environmental conditions at the former sulphide mines in eastern Finland and
to develop remediation solutions there. Research on peatland growth rates and
greenhouse gas emissions also continued during the year in collaboration with
the University of Joensuu and the University of Helsinki. The project is part of a
four-year research programme led by the Ministry of Trade and Industry entitled
‘Greenhouse gas emissions from peatland and from the use of peat in Finland’, the
aim of which is to produce scientifically competent results for national emissions
calculations.
The three-year consortium project entitled ‘Environmental technology in mining’
continued under the direction of Outokumpu Oyj and with funding from the National
Technology Agency of Finland (TEKES). The other project participants are the
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) and the Finnish Road Administration.
The aim of the project is to develop mine-closure technology and expertise that
has export potential.
Among the studies on regional land use carried out during the year, work continued
on the PERMAFROST project. The project is part of the research on the final
disposal of nuclear waste and is being carried out within an international research
network in collaboration with power companies. Work on the KUNTO project (a
tool for preventing water pollution in forest ditching) continued in 2004 as part of
the environmental cluster further research programme. Work also continued on two
EU-funded research projects: SEAREG (Sea Level Change and Spatial Planning in
the Baltic Sea Region) and ESPON-HAZARDS (The Spatial Effects and Management
of Natural and Technological Hazards in General and in Relation to Climate
Change). Five new projects with partial EU funding were also started during the
year, all of them concerning the subjects of land use and the environment.
Work on the Barents Ecogeochemistry project and the FOREGS (Forum for
European Geological Surveys) Geochemical Baseline Mapping Programme, two
extensive international mapping projects focusing on the state of the environment,
proceeded to the concluding phases as scheduled. The final report on the Barents
Ecogeochemistry project, carried out under the direction of the GTK and in conjunction
with various Russian organizations, was completed during the year. The
international publishing company Elsevier published the results as an impressive
geochemical atlas. The Europe-wide FOREGS geochemical mapping project proceeded
to its reporting stage. A wide-ranging investigation on the presence of arsenic
in the Finnish environment and its environmental impact and risks was completed
and published in the autumn.
A book entitled Jääkaudet (Ice ages), covering the history of the ice ages in Finland
and the creation of the country’s Quaternary deposits and its landscape, was
published in 2004.
Land use and environment
Erratic boulder at Mäkrä.
Photo: Tapani Tervo, GTK
Artificial groundwater is obtained from
the lake water held in this reservoir by
letting it soak into the ground.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
Land use and environment
2004 2004
planned implemented
Groundwater reserves, availability assessments 10 9
Peat inventory, km 2 300 291
Reported marketable amount of peat, million m 3 90 158
Surficial mapping 1:20,000/1:50,000, km 2 1,500 2,117
Marine geological mapping, km 2 700 250
Marine geological sounding, line km 1,000 400
Marine geological assessments 6 13
Environmental assessments 75 48
13 GTK 2004

Two doctoral dissertations on groundwater were completed at the GTK during 2004.
High-quality dissertations
on groundwater
Groundwater affected
by many factors
> The doctoral dissertation by Ulpu
Väisänen Lic.Phil. was on the subject
of groundwater and the factors affecting
it. The study compared the factors
affecting groundwater in the Rovaniemi
region with those affecting groundwater
in western Nicaragua. The dissertation
was examined in the Department of
Geology at the University of Oulu.
Groundwater quality and the factors affecting
it were studied in the Rovaniemi
region of northern Finland and in Nicaragua.
The groundwater conditions were
compared in these two regions, which
differ considerably in terms of their geology,
climate and land use. The Finnish
bedrock is old, in places over 2,700 million
years old. It is covered by soil strata,
which were created over a period of 2-3
million years. The soil strata in Nicaragua
are composed in many places of old,
thick layers of detritus and also eroded
material that has reformed into layers.
Nicaragua also has many volcanoes
and various soil strata created from the
products of their eruptions. The research
demonstrated that the groundwater in
the Rovaniemi region was virtually in a
natural state and, for the most part, of
good quality, whereas in Nicaragua the
pollution of groundwater and surface
water is a major problem. The soil has
become impoverished and both land
and waters are polluted as a result of
insufficient diversity in cultivation and
the earlier almost exclusive practice of
cotton farming and the plentiful use of
pesticides.
Groundwater quality has
improved in southern Finland
> Geologist Birgitta Backman’s doctoral
dissertation examines changes in
groundwater quality, particularly acidification,
in the period 1969-2002 in the
Lammi and Hämeenkoski municipalities
in southern Finland. Groundwater quality
was monitored regularly at eight different
sites. These sites were wells for
Groundwater quality in Nicaragua is affected by the bedrock, soil, climate and human activity.
This well near Télica volcano was being used by 87 families after a hurricane destroyed
the area’s other wells. Photo: Ulpu Väisänen, GTK
household water and natural springs in
sand and moraine districts. Samples
were taken six times a year until 1994
and four times a year thereafter. The
GTK is still continuing this sampling.
The dissertation was examined at the
University of Helsinki.
The samples were analysed for 26 different
water quality variables. By the
end of 2002, a total of 1,319 samples
had been analysed. The changes occurring
in the areas studied during the
research period, such as construction,
felling, ditching and new land uses,
were recorded. The changes affecting
wider areas, for instance changes in
emissions, deposition and fertilizer use,
A concrete-lined well 6 metres deep on a
moraine slope in Jahkola village in Lammi.
Its water quality has been monitored since
1969. Photo: Arto Pullinen, GTK.
were analysed on the basis of statistical
data. Significant changes were found in
the groundwater quality at the research
locations over the 33-year period of
continuous monitoring. Some of these
changes were common to all monitoring
sites and some were specific to particular
sites. Significant changes occurred
in the water’s pH values and sulphate
concentrations and in the alkalinity
values and heavy metal concentrations
that indicate the buffer capacity. The
groundwater quality improved considerably
in the 1990s. However, at the start
of the new century the pH values did fall
briefly once again.
The doctoral dissertations
are available in written form:
Väisänen, Ulpu 2004: Groundwater and
factors affecting its quality: examples
from the Rovaniemi district of northern
Finland and western Nicaragua. Geological
Survey of Finland, Bulletin, 400. 145
p., 5 apps. ISBN: 951-690-874-8. Price
27 euros (incl. VAT), plus P&P.
Backman, Birgitta 2004: Groundwater
quality, acidification, and recovery trends
between 1969 and 2002 in South Finland.
110 p., 8 apps. ISBN: 951-690-895-0.
Price 22.50 euros (incl. VAT), plus P&P.
These publications can be ordered from
the GTK’s offices in Espoo, Kuopio or
Rovaniemi, tel. +358 20 550 2450 (Espoo),
+358 20 550 3250 (Kuopio) and
+358 20 550 4131 (Rovaniemi).
GTK 2004 • 14

The geology of the kvarken
archipelago is unique
Land use and environment
The GTK-led GEONAT project is investigating sustainable land-use planning and environmental management in the Kvarken region.
Photo: Municipality of Mustasaari
> Finland’s Kvarken Archipelago is
estimated to comprise about 6,550
islands and islets and 2,840 kilometres
of coastline. An area with little variation
in elevation Kvarken is nevertheless
geologically rich and varied. Traces left
by the ice ages are characteristic of
Kvarken, making the area unique. Since
the end of the last Vistula Ice Age the
land has been rising about 8-9 mm a year.
About 100 hectares (1 km2) of new land
rises from the sea every year. It has been
estimated that by the year 4000, a new
isthmus will have arisen between Finland
and Sweden, turning the Bay of Bothnia
into the ‘Bothnian Lake’, Europe’s largest
fresh-water basin.
The extensive mosaic of De Geer moraine
and transversal moraine formations
make Kvarken geologically unique. The
extensive boulder fields and rock fields
(‘devil’s fields’) and the littoral shingle
deposits covering the tops of low hills
are characteristic of the area. The glacial
striations and grooves on the surface of
glaciated bedrock surfaces are also a
legacy of the last Ice Age and indicate
that the flow direction of the glacier
altered by as much as 90 degrees. The
most common type of bedrock is the socalled
Vaasa granite. The Söderfjärden
meteorite crater, which is about 520
million years old, is located at the edge
of the area.
There are signs nearly everywhere of
old settlements that have advanced
along with the land uplift, together with
signs of fishing and seafaring. Old stone
seamarks or cairns originally placed on
rocky shorelines are nowadays in the
midst of dense forest. There are also
hollows created among the rocks, where
fishermen and sealers would spend their
nights huddled under sailcloth to protect
themselves against the wind and rain.
The geology of the region is being studied
in a three-year EU project, GEONAT
(Geological information and nature
values for the sustainable development
of the Kvarken area). The project is
coordinated by the GTK, with the Geological
Survey of Sweden (SGU) as its
principal partner. The project is receiving
funding from the Interreg IIIA Kvarken
Mitt-Skandia programme, the Regional
Council of Ostrobothnia, the City of
Vaasa, the municipality of Mustasaari
and the Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage
Services, Western Finland). The aim is
to promote sustainable land-use planning
and environmental activities and
achieve a status as UNESCO world
Heritage site.
For further information on the GEONAT
project, go to http://www.gtk.fi/tutkimus/geonat.
15 • GTK 2004

GTK 2004 • 16
Sampling taking using a precussion drill
on the research vessel Geola in the Archipelago
Sea. This is part of the VALKO
project. Photo: Aarno Kotilainen, GTK

Geoservices
Increased demand
for a wide range of geoservices
The Geoservice Centre is a contry
wide service unit within GTK that
provides chemical laboratory services,
mineral processing research
services, geophysical ground,
marine and airborne measurement
services, and sampling services
for the GTK and outside clients.
The GTK’s geoservices provides
for clients a convenient ‘one stop’
service, with high international
quality standards.
The service portfolio was enlarged significantly after merging the Mineral
processing laboratory in Outokumpu to GTK Geoservices from the beginning
of the year 2004.
Demand for analysis, survey and sample services within the GTK increased
substantially on 2003. In spite of the simultaneous strong growth in external
demand, it proved possible to produce services reasonably reliably and in line
with internal service agreements. Commissioned services and jointly funded
projects for external clients and stakeholders totalled about EUR 6.1 million, out
of which just under a third was for the new operating area of mineral processing.
The domestic and foreign mining and exploration companies formed by
far the largest customer group. Income from overseas projects reached around
EUR 0.5 million.
Mineral processing was integrated into the GTK’s operations
The integration of the Outokumpu–based mineral processing laboratory into
the GTK’s operating organization went smoothly. Joint projects were launched
and the quality system was standardized. The long-term development plan for
the laboratory was finalized and some of the recommendations contained in it
were already put into effect during 2004 by bringing forward some of the most
important investments. This was possible because operations generated more
revenue than had been anticipated. However, a shortfall in research resources
prevented some of the development measures at the mineral processing laboratory.
Research resources were almost completely tied up by the dramatic
increase in orders since 2003.
The demand for chemical analysis increased considerably both internally and
externally. The total number of samples for analysis increased by 42% on 2003
(from about 90,000 samples to 130,000 samples). In addition to the laboratories
in the GTK’s main offices, the mining laboratory at Sodankylä continued its
operations and its production increased compared to the previous year. The
GTK employs about 20 full-time staff in Sodankylä in laboratory work, sample
preparation,sampling and related services.
International interest in airborne geophysics
International cooperation and networking in airborne geophysics continued
and became concrete along with the conclusion of an agreement for developing
the sector and related technology together with the British Geological
Survey (BGS). The Joint Airborne Geoscience Capability (JAC) cooperation
was launched in stages during the year. The first joint project was carried out
at the end of 2004 in Scotland and preparations for the TELLUS project, to be
carried out in 2005-2006 in Northern Ireland, were also completed. The GTK
is responsible for managing the JAC and provides expert assistance during a
transition and training perod for national airborne geophysical surveys carried
out by the BGS.
Ownership of the Twin Otter aircraft was transferred from Finnair to the BGS
in September, though Finnair continued to manage flight operations. GTK
provides the geophysical instruments for the aircraft. Under the agreement,
the GTK will coordinate JAC participation in EUFAR (European Fleet for
17 • 2004 GTK

Airborne Research).
The GTK was able to complete more of its domestic mapping programme than
anticipated. The results of the airborne mapping project in Tanzania were handed
over to the customer and were also presented to other stakeholders in a seminar in
Dar es Salaam in March 2004. The environmental geophysics project in Kyrgyzstan
was completed and the results were handed over to the customer.
Scheduled operations continued as planned
Cooperation with the Finnish Naval Research Institute continued as planned. The
first sailing season of the jointly owned Geomari research vessel was spent on testing
the vessel and its equipment.
As the Geoservice Centre’s own production a total of about 31,000 m of rock
drilling was produced for the GTK’s projects. This exceeded the target by 1,000 m.
About 27,000 m of drilling was commissioned from external operators, being about
8,000 m below the target. However, as a result of price increases the appropriation
reserved for outsourced services was used in full.
The expansion of the laboratory information management system to cover the
mineral processing laboratory was begun. The development of the integrated quality,
safety and environmental management system (IMS) continued as a GTK pilot
project. The final version of the IMS handbook was completed. Preliminary environmental
and safety aspects have been identified and classified. Due to a shortage
in resources the project is still slightly behind schedule.
During the year under review, the GTK transferred to a vehicle leasing arrangement
and managed to sell most of its vehicle stock.
Using the classic Fire Assay method, ore samples are smelted at approx. 1,100 °C and then taken out of the furnace and poured from the
crucibles into moulds at the Geolaboratory in Rovaniemi. In 2004, the laboratory performed about 65,000 of the Fire Assay determinations for
gold, palladium and platinum, mainly for mineral and mining companies operating in Finland. Photo: Reijo Lampela, GTK
GTK 2004 • 18

Geoservices, case studies
GTK releases its Tanzanian
airborne survey data
> The wide-ranging airborne geophysical
data collected by the GTK in Tanzania
in 2003 was presented to the customer
on March 3, 2004 in Dar es Salaam at
a seminar organized by the GTK and
the Tanzanian Ministry for Energy and
Minerals. The Finnish Embassy in Dar
es Salaam was one of the organizers of
the event. The seminar was attended by
Daniel Yona, the Tanzanian Minister for
Energy and Minerals, Gray Mwakalukwa,
the Commissioner for Minerals in Tanzania,
Leo Marboli from the World Bank,
and nearly one hundred representatives
of the mining industry operating
in Tanzania. Representatives from the
GTK at the seminar included staff who
participated in the project and senior
management.
The Geological Survey of Tanzania will
sell the data to mineral exploration
companies and the survey results have
already aroused considerable interest.
The areas surveyed border Tanzania’s
main gold production areas and may
increase the already feverish prospecting
activity in this east African country.
Tanzania is Africa’s third largest gold
producer, and the country also has
other significant mining activity, such
as diamond mines.
Photo: Kai Nyman, GTK
Europe-wide cooperation through networking
> The European Fleet for Airborne Research
(EUFAR) is a cooperation network
funded by the European Union’s sixth
framework programme and its aim is to
promote and coordinate the research
use of aircraft equipped with European
scientific research instruments. EUFAR
is one of the Integrated Infrastructure
Initiatives.
The cooperation network comprises
22 universities and research institutes,
which manage a total of 23 research
aircraft. Together with the BGS, the
GTK is the only organization within this
group that provides measurements for
research from the Earth’s crust. The other
research institutes that are part of the
network concentrate on research into
the composition and properties of the
atmosphere.
EUFAR’s aim is to develop European
research cooperation based on airborne
surveys. Cooperation is based on the exchange
of information, joint development
work, construction of common systems,
and raising awareness in scientific community
of the potential use of airborne
surveys. The initiative promotes the
use of research equipment by making
it available to research groups without
any equipment of their own, and also
promotes the development of airborne
research equipment. EUFAR has a fleet
of 23 aircraft from which customers
can select an aircraft fitted with suitable
equipment for collecting research
data. Help is also provided in the planning
of surveys and the processing of
data.The funding for the implemented
projects comes from the EU and national
resources.
19 • GTK 2004

GTK 2004 • 20

International cooperation
GTK’s expertise was
exploited internationally
In its international cooperation the
GTK concentrated on projects in
neighbouring areas, projects in Africa
funded by the Nordic Development
Fund and the World Bank, and
research projects and regional
development projects funded
by the European Union.
Bedrock mapping team in Tanzania studying
the Biharamulo horizontal sandstone strata
in the northwest of the country.
Photo: Petri Virransalo, GTK
The joint Finnish-Russian Barents project was completed as planned and a
final report produced. The end result of the project, the Geochemical Atlas of
the Eastern Barents Region, was published as a special volume of the Journal
of Geochemical Exploration.
The drilling of the deep borehole at Outokumpu proceeded according to plan
and was concluded at the beginning of 2005. The results of the deep seismic
reflection sounding project FIRE (Finnish Reflection Experiment) were presented
in a number of countries, including Canada and Germany, and The International
Geological Congress in Florence. Negotiations on a project to continue this
work were a success and it may be possible to carry out the project in 2006.
The contract projects currently underway in Africa continued as planned.
At the end of the year, the mapping of the LOT 2 area in Mozambique was
concluded and the focus was shifted to the mapping of the northern part of the
area under the LOT 3 project. The industrial mineral and geochemical project
agreement for Mozambique was signed.
The Tanzanian projects went ahead as planned. The airborne geophysical survey
data prepared by the GTK was presented, handed over and published in Dar es
Salaam. The annual follow-up meeting for the geophysical and geochemical
mapping project was held in Dodoma in November. The petrophysical laboratory
ordered for Tanzania was completed.
The groundwater project in Hungary, the LIFE project RAMAS (Radiometer
for Atmospheric Measurements at Summit), and the two Sixth EU Framework
Programme projects ARMONIA (Applied Multi Risk Mapping of Natural
Hazards for Impact Assessment) and BIOSHALE were launched in 2004 and
proceeded as planned. The GTK-led consortium (MÁFI, SMARAGD-GSH,
ELGOSCAR-2000, Hungary; HGN, Germany; BRGM, France) won the invitation
to tender for the PHARE project for assessing the condition of Hungary’s
groundwaters (‘Survey on the chemical status of groundwaters, Hungary’. The
project will end in October 2005. The inception report and the first technical
report were delivered to the Hungarian Ministry for the Environment and Water
as scheduled at the end of December.
A training project for seven Ethiopian geoscientists was organized at the GTK
during August-September. The training was provided by GTK specialists in different
fields at the Espoo and Rovaniemi units. The project received excellent
feedback from the Ethiopians.
Cooperation on isotope analysis using the joint Nordic NORDSIM instrument
continued, and analytical cooperation with VSEGEI, the All–Russian Geological
Research Institute, got under way.
The GTK and the British Geological Survey (BGS) established a cooperation
body, the Joint Airborne Geoscience Capability (JAC), by combining their
airborne survey equipment and expert resources. The aim is to provide both
partners with a cost-effective and up-to-date expert body that will acquire highly
accurate airborne survey data for their strategic research programmes. The JAC
is the first example of a cooperation body between two European geological
surveys with the aim of carrying out wide-ranging geoscientific cooperation.
21 • 2004 GTK

The interdisciplinary three-year GEONAT project (Geological Information and
Nature Values for the Sustainable Development of the Kvarken Area) continued in
conjunction with the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU). An important result of
this project has been the inclusion of the Kvarken archipelago in the Finnish Government’s
list of proposals for World Heritage Sites. Project staff also took part in
the drafting of the ‘Kvarken Archipelago’ World Heritage application to UNESCO,
and produced a geological appendix report and maps for the wide-ranging document
compiled for the Ministry of the Environment.
The EU-funded research programmes ARMONIA, ENVRISK ESPON-HAZARDS,
EUROSEISMIC, NANET, PERMAFROST, SEAREG and WATERTOOL progressed
according to plan. Obtaining national co-financing as part of the funding procedures
of EU programmes went more smoothly than the previous year, as funding rules had
become well-established and more expertise in this area was obtained.
Mr. Sudian Chiragwile recording his
observations in the Kahama mapping
region in Tanzania, August 2004.
Photo: Aimo Ruotsalainen, GTK
Maruvuko Msechu (GST) using a
Finnish geology hammer. The hammer
is being used to take rock samples in
the Kahama region in Tanzania.
Photo: Fadhil Moses, GST
(Geological Survey of Tanzania)
Project exports
Export projects were undertaken in six countries, and total invoicing for the ten or
so projects reached more than EUR 4 million.
Work continued on two extensive geological mapping projects in Mozambique that
will come to an end in 2006. By the end of 2004, the area mapped covered about
two thirds of the area (185,000 km 2 ) in the centre and northwest of the country,
where work started in 2002, and half of the 240,000 km 2 in southern areas, where
work started in 2003.
The airborne geophysics and geochemical mapping project being carried out in
western and southwestern Tanzania will continue until 2007. The project will place
particular emphasis on training staff of the local geological survey and on updating
information management and laboratories. The projects in both countries are funded
by the respective governments, the International Development Association (IDA)
of the World Bank and the Nordic Development Fund (NDF). A tailored training
programme for key personnel of the Ethiopian Ministry of Mining and Energy
and the Ethiopian Geological Survey was organized at the GTK’s offices during
August-September. The two participating groups were trained in modern mineral
exploration methods and geoinformation management. The programme comprised
lectures, exercises and site visits.
In Hungary, the GTK started its first significant project funded with European
Union cooperation assistance (EuropeAid), which was also an important start in the
water sector. The aim of the project is to make it easier for the country to comply
with the EU Water Framework Directive.
The GTK has been establishing contacts over several years with countries in Central
Asia through its airborne geophysics service. An airborne project was produced
for the Republic of Kyrgyzstan’s environment and emergencies ministry, the aim of
which was to assess the environmental effects of the Kara-Balta mine.
Additional resources have been channelled into developing cooperation with
Finland’s neighbouring areas principally. There are around ten projects being carried
out, the majority of which are jointly funded research projects, chiefly coming
under EU R&D framework programmes and the LIFE programme. The export of
consultancy services is increasing. Two projects for exploiting soapstone were carried
out in western Russia; one in Karelia bordering the Finnish region of Kainuu
(EU/Interreg) and the other in the Kostamuksha area (EU/Tacis CBC). A feasibility
report into marble deposits at Ruskeala and the northwest Russian mineral resources
development project were also produced with Interreg funding.
A regionally funded EU project was carried out as a Fennoscandinavian cooperation
undertaking with the aim of promoting the natural stone industry of the Nordic
countries and the northern areas of Greenland. Key sections of a wide-ranging network
project for the European mining industry sectors were also managed through
GTK 2004 • 22

International cooperation
Fennoscandinavian cooperation.
The large projects undertaken in Africa over the last few years have further strengthened
the GTK’s market position in the geological and geophysical mapping sectors.
This will help the GTK to procure additional projects in the coming years because
most of the sectoral programmes of the World Bank Group and EuropeAid that
demand geological expertise in the period up to 2020 will be carried out in African
countries. The demand for the GTK’s services in Finland’s neighbouring areas is
also on the increase, with its new EU-funded projects acting as references.
GTK’S EXPORT PROJECTS 2004
Project Client Funding Source Duration Invoicing *)
EUR million
for 2004
and total
MOZAMBIQUE:
Geological mapping of Ministry of Mineral NDF/IDA 10/2002 - 1.0
the country’s central and Resources and Energy 12/2006 (4.3)
northwestern areas (LOT 2)
MOZAMBIQUE:
Geological mapping of the Ministry of Mineral NDF/IDA 10/2003 - 0.7
country’s southern areas (LOT 3) Resources and Energy 12/2006 (2.0)
TANZANIA:
Geophysical and Ministry of Energy NDF/IDA 07/2003 - 0.9
geochemical mapping and Minerals 07/2007 (3.7)
TANZANIA:
Airborne geophysical Ministry of Energy NDF/IDA 06/2003- 0.4
survey and Minerals 03/2004
ETHIOPIA:
Training programme Ministry of Mining Finnish Government 08/2004 - 0.04
for geoexperts and Energy and World Bank 09/2004
Taking samples and recording
geological information on a rock
outcrop in a granite area in
Kahama, northern Tanzania.
Photo: Seppo Lahti, GTK
HUNGARY:
Chemical quality National Agency for EuropeAid 10/2004 - 1.0
assessment of groundwaters Regional Development 11/2005 (1.7)
REPUBLIC OF KYRGYZSTAN:
Airborne geophysical Ministry of the Ministry for Foreign 04 - 0.14
survey of specific targets hätätilaministeriö Affairs of Finland 09/2004
RUSSIA:
Four neighbouring area projects Local geological EU/Interreg 2003- 0.3
concerning developing the use organizations and Tacis CBC 2006 (0.5)
of raw materials and
in e.g. Karelia
environmental matters
and Kola region
SWEDEN:
Airborne geophysical survey Mining company - 2004 0.74
*) includes advance payments by GTK to external partners.
Valuable information on the subsoil
bedrock was obtained from
geophysical terrain measurements
made in the Kahama region of
Tanzania in support of bedrock
mapping. The white cylinder in the
picture is a magnetometer sensor.
Photo: Aimo Ruotsalainen, GTK
23 • 2004 GTK

Summary on the GTK’s most important international
scientific cooperation projects and cooperation partners per sector:
Geological mapping
• GEONAT EU:an interdisciplinary three-year mapping project financed with Interreg funding was launched at
the beginning of the year in the Kvarken region in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU).
• ARMONIA EU (Applied Multi Risk Mapping of Natural Hazards for Impact Assessment): the aim of the project is
to collect data on the current state of EU Member States’ planning systems and to assess how natural hazards have
been taken into account during different planning stages and elsewhere in spatial planning. The GTK’s role is to
collate information in Finland.
Applied geophysics
• Spetsgeofizika, Russia: Deep Reflection Seismic Survey in Finland (FIRE). As a continuation of the cooperation,
the GTK prepared a proposal for HIRE, a precise reflection sounding project for ore deposits, to be made part of
the new debt-conversion programme between Finland and Russia.
• SVEKALAPKO 3-D project, funded by the Academy of Finland, was completed at the end of October.
The state of the environment and sustainable development
• Barents Ecogeochemistry: regional geochemical sampling in Russia, Finland and Norway, in the western part of
the project area. S/C Mineral, Arkhangelskgeolrasvedka, Central Kola Expedition and S/C Mireko (formerly
Poljarnouralgeologia).
• FOREGS: the GTK’s Foregs ftp-server was set up for the use of the Geochemistry Working Group. Completed maps
and other documents will be placed on the server. So far, 20 countries have acquired a user ID and password. Final
maps of the elemental content of waters and humus were completed, and the databases of other materials were
finalized after a quality assurance process.
• The European seismic metadata and information centre: the EUROSEISMIC project held its concluding meeting in
Paris at the end of November. The database contains metadata on European marine geology and can be accessed
via the Internet www.eu-seased.net.
• EUFAR European Fleet for Airborne Geoscience: a European remote sensing consortium consisting of 15 research
organizations.
• ENVRISK/INTAS strategy development for long-term pollution control in regions of extreme environmental risk:
seminars and meetings were held in Russia, Georgia and Armenia. The project’s final report was delivered in
August.
• SEAREG/Interreg IIIB: sea level change affecting spatial development in the Baltic Sea region.
• European Environment Agency, EEA, European Topic Centre/Terrestrial Environment, ETC/TE: the GTK hosted
the European Environment Agency’s expert meeting on assessment methods for contaminated land on September
30 - October 1.
• Permafrost (GTK, SKB, Posiva, Nirex, OPG).
Minerals and materials research, environmental cooperation
• The NEDRA and Machinoimport deep borehole project in Outokumpu: Finland joined the ICDP programme
(International Continental Scientific Drilling Programme).
• NORDSIM, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History), Stockholm: work at the Nordsim
laboratory continued within the framework of the agreement signed in 2003.
• The All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), St Petersburg: cooperation has started and zircon SIMS
analyses have been carried out with the SHRIMP ion probe (Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe).
• Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Petrozavodsk and Apatity.
• Geological Survey of Estonia.
Promoting the minerals industry
• James Cook University, Economic Geology Research Unit: the Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi zone, the central Lapland
greenstone belt, and iron oxide-copper-gold deposits in Lapland.
• University of Queensland, Department of Earth Sciences: a structural geology study of southern Finland.
• CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation): joint research on komatites and mafic
volcanic rocks in Finland; modelling the Outokumpu ore deposits.
Water supply
• Hungary: a GTK-led consortium (MÁFI, SMARAGD-GSH, ELGOSCAR-2000, Hungary; HGN, Germany; BRGM,
France) will carry out part of the PHARE project to assess the state of Hungary’s groundwaters (‘Survey on the
chemical status of groundwaters, Hungary’).
• University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Water-Rock Interaction Project.
GTK 2004 • 24

Networking
GTK:n domestic
cooperation network
GTK’s international
cooperation network
Academy of Finland
Association of Finnish Extractive Resources Industry
Association of Finnish Peat Industry
Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäjärvi CUPP
Consultative Committee on Excavation Work
Consultative Committee on GIS
Consultative Committee on Quaternary Mapping
Continental Shelf Working Group
Coordination Group for Finnish Antarctic Research
Culminatum (Helsinki Region Centre of Expertise)
Delegation of the Finnish Academies of Science and Letters
Federation of Finnish Learned Societies
Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
Finnish Environment Institute SYKE
Finnish Forest Research Institute METLA
Finnish Geodetic Institute
Finnish Graduate School in Geology
Finnish Institute of Marine Research
Finnish National Committee for Geology
Finnish National Committee for Polar Research
Finnish National Committee of Geodesy and Geophysics
Finnish National Committee of the International Peat Society
Finnish Natural Stone Association
Finnish Naval Research Institute
Finnish Road Administration
Finnish Stone Center
Finnminers’ Group
FINPRO
FUNET/CSC
Geological Society of Finland
Gold museum
Green Net Finland
Helsinki University of Technology
INQUA National Committee
Institute of Seismology
Kuopion Food Safety Center
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
National Board of Antiquities
National IPCC Group
National Technology Agency TEKES
NorNet Northern Environmental Research Network
Otaverkko
Pro-GIS
Regional Council of Lapland
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory
University of Helsinki
University of Joensuu
University of Kuopio
University of Oulu
University of Turku
VTT
Åbo Akademi University
Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW)
CSIRO, Australia ,the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation
Department of Geology University of Dar es Salaam
EC/Nuclear Fission/ Natural Analogue Working Group (NAWG)
EuroGeoSurveys (EGS) The association of the Geological Surveys
of the European Union
Eurolab
European & International Federation of Natural Stone Industries
European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL)
European Environment Agency (EEA / ETC-TE)
European Science Foundation (ESF)
Forum of the European Geological Surveys (FOREGS)
Geological Survey of Ghana
Geoscience Information Consortium (GIC)
International Airborne Geophysics Safety Association (IAGSA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Consortium of Geological Surveys (ICOGS)
International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP)
International Geosphere – Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC)
International Lithosphere Programme (ILP)
International Mineralogical Association) (IMA)
International Peat Society (IPS)
International Science Initiative in the Russian Arctic (ISIRA)
International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA)
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
James Cook University Australia
Karelian Research Centre (KaRC)
Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
NATO / Environmental Issues Associated with Nuclear Disarmament
Nordic Arctic Research Programme (NARP)
Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence dating (NLL)
NORDSIM, Nordic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer
OECD / Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
ProGEO, European Association for the Conservation of the Geological
Heritage
Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC)
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
The All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI)
The U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of the interior of
the United Sates of America
UN ECOSOC, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
University of Greifswald Germany
25 • 2004 GTK

Geoinformation
widely available on the internet
The main aims of the GTK’s information
management is to secure
the availability and long-term accessibility
of geoinformation and
to provide efficient IT services.
The objectives are achieved by developing customer-oriented information services,
using coherent and modern information management solutions, having information
required security measures and by systematically developing expertise and procedures.
This will involve close cooperation with mapping and research operations.
The dissemination of the research results and other geological information to their
users and to the public is an essential part of information management.
Solutions aimed at more efficient oinformation processes and more accessible
data remain the core of the GTK’s information management development activity.
Technical solutions for the completely updated information management system
for geological data have been designed as part of the GeoKernel project. The
GeoKernel system covers all aspects of the information production process from
field work to map production and the dissemination of information. Solutions were
found for all the key technical questions during 2004, and the project moved to the
implementation phase.
The GIC meeting in Denver was one of the venues at which GeoKernel technology
was presented to an international audience. There was also international cooperation
in connection with the Multilingual Thesaurus, the international conceptual data
model and comments on the INSPIRE draft directive.
Internet services extended
Most of the material produced by the GTK is available on the Internet in accordance
with the established objective. The GTK’s map services on the Internet were
extended to include data on peat resources, which is now available alongside the
Quaternary map library, the Geoimage bitmap collection and the Exploration Info
package. The Peat Map displays the GTK’s peat research information by municipality
via a map user interface.
The distribution of new claims reports over the Internet also started in collaboration
with the Ministry of Trade and Industry. A significant proportion of the GTK’s
extensive photographic collection can also be viewed on the Internet. The number of
visitors to the GTK’s website continued to grow steadily, and in 2004 over 480,000
hits were recorded.
Peat research at Asikankorpi in Juuka.
Photo: Raimo Nevalainen, GTK
Reorganization of research data continued
The transfer of Outokumpu Oyj’s huge collection of mineral exploration data to the
GTK’s care continued. The GTK received digital maps and survey data, research
material, reports and samples. Part of the data was transferred directly onto the
GTK’s systems, material in paper form was organized in Outokumpu, and nearly
200 kilometres of core sample was transferred to the National Drill Core Depot
at Loppi. During 2004, the digitization process of the GTK’s own research data
focused on material concerning old claims areas.
GTK 2004 • 26

Information Management
Peat site now available on the Internet
> A free peat map service was opened
on GTK’s website. Peat research reports
can be browsed and printed out by municipality.
The reports contain information
on several thousand peatland areas that
have been investigated. Around 150
reports in PDF format can be found on
the site. The rest of the 300 or so peat
research reports are gradually being
transferred to the site. The number of
report pages on the server will eventually
total about 50,000.
The peat site will make it easier and
quicker to obtain information on peatland
researched by the GTK, as the user no
longer needs to search through printed
reports. This will be particularly useful
for peat producers and power plant
planners who can easily collate information
mapped by the GTK. For example,
peatland areas suitable for production,
and exploitable peat reserves.
Information provided by the service on
the suitability of peatland for different
types of land use will also help regional
planners. The GTK’s reports also contain
information about the natural values of
peatland, which can be used in many
types of planning.
Information on peat
is available by municipality
In addition to information on peatland for
each locality, the peat site also contains
general information on Finland’s peatland,
peat reserves and the GTK’s peat
research. The research report The Peat
Reserves of Finland in 2000 (in Finnish)
in PDF format is also accessible through
the service. Information on the current
known peat reserves in Finland has been
collected for the report.
By securing the availability of raw materials
for the peat industry, the GTK
aims to ensure that Finland’s energy
management needs are met. To do this,
the GTK maps peatlands, reports on the
usability of peat deposits and maintains
an archive on the quality and location of
the deposits. This will ensure security of
energy supply in times of crisis and also
make certain that peat reserves are used
sustainably.
27 GTK 2004

A successful year 2004
The GTK’s new national Administration Services Unit has been made responsible
for all GTK administrative functions. Key tasks of the Unit, in addition to
its basic activities, include strengthening the organizational structure, creating
operating concepts and developing processes. The key emphasis at the end of the
year was the development of the Unit’s management and clarifying the division
of responsibilities among personnel. At the same time, preparations were made
for incorporating IT services into the Unit. The development work was carried
out with reference to current public-sector service centre projects.
The GTK’s strategic personnel plan was drawn up on the basis of a competence
review and a retirement analysis to support skills development and future
recruitments. As a result of staff retirements and organizational changes, a total
of 13 appointments or changes were made at the management and supervisory
level. New researchers were also recruited for strategically important areas and
a total of 72 people were employed either as summer trainees or university and
international trainees.
A continuous workplace wellbeing project, one of the key elements of the
personnel strategy, was launched. It contains measures aimed at developing
management practices and supervision and the functioning of the working
community. Development of the payroll system continued. The focus in the
travel management service was on a new travel reservation system.
Outokumpu’s mineral processing research group was incorporated into the
GTK at the start of 2004.
Personnel
The total number of manpower years in 2004 was 836, which is 50 more than in
2003. There was an increase in both contract services and other budget-funded
activity: in contract services, the increase was 29 manpower years and in other
operations, 17 manpower years. The increase in manpower years primarily
resulted from the incorporation of Outokumpu’s mineral processing research
group into the GTK in 2004.
At the end of the year, 43% of the GTK’s staff had a university degree, and
Income by customer group in 2004 Staff by education 2003
Foreign contract
services
2.1 million €
(16%)
Other
0.4 million €
(3%) Central government
1.5 million €
(12%)
Comprehensive
school or equivalent
25%
PhD
9%
Licentiate
5%
Foreign customers
in Finland
2.1 million €
(16%)
Local authorities
0.7 million €
(5%)
EU funding for
research projects
0.3 million €
(2%)
Trade and industry
in Finland
5.9 million €
(46%)
Upper
secondary
33%
Other
academic
degree
30%
GTK 2004 • 28

Finance and administration
nearly a third of this total had researcher training. At the same time, staff members
held 27 lectureships at various universities.
Income
The GTK’s income in 2004 totalled EUR 13.0 million, of which EUR 10.3
million came from contract services and EUR 2.7 million from other sources.
In total, income increased by 18% on the previous year. The growth in income
from contract services continued and was EUR 1.0 million. The income from
operations other than contract services increased by EUR 0.956 million. This
was largely a result of extensive, jointly funded activities and the revenue from
the transfer of GTK-owned vehicles to a leasing system. Income from the two
largest customer groups, trade and industry of Finland and foreign contract
services, changed on the previous year. Income from trade and industry grew
EUR 2.7 million, most of which came from the mining industry. Income from
foreign contract services decreased by EUR 1.5 million.
Self-generated and external funding accounted for 25% of the GTK’s financial
structure, which was slightly higher than the year before (24%).
Income in 2000-2004
Million euros
Costs
Total costs for 2004 were EUR 55.4 million, or EUR 4.1 million more than
the previous year. Payroll costs were EUR 33.3 million, (60%), running costs
EUR 19.8 million (36%) and capital costs EUR 2.3 million (4%). Capital costs
on fixed assets amounted to EUR 2.153 million, of which EUR 1.930 million
were depreciations and EUR 0.223 million imputed interest (nominal interest
rate 3.0%). Imputed interest payments on capital employed in current assets
totalled EUR 0.121 million (real interest rate 2.1%).
Premises
At the end of 2004, the GTK had a total of 48,078 m 2 of state-owned premises
at its disposal. The main office at Otaniemi in Espoo comprised 16,879 m 2 , the
Kuopio Office 8,242 m 2 and the Rovaniemi Office 5,978 m 2 . The premises of
the mineral processing research group at Outokumpu comprise 5,457 m 2 , and
the buildings of the National Drill Core Depot in Loppi 7,904 m 2 . Other storage
facilities and bases at the GTK’s disposal totalled 3,618 m 2 .
Review of the financial statements
Expenditure in 2003-2004
Million euros
Annual income
In value of 2004 currency
Income and expenditure statement Jan 1 — Dec 31, 2004
Deficit for the financial year totalled EUR 43.2 million, which was EUR 1.4
million more than in 2003. Operating expenses increased significantly. The
largest expense item was staff costs (EUR 33.1 million), which accounted for
53% of operating costs and were up by EUR 3.3 million on the previous year.
The amount spent on the acquisition of services remained at the same level
as in 2003 (EUR 12.4 million). The acquisition of services included a EUR
4.3 million (EUR 4.2 in 2002) spend on the deep seismic reflection sounding
project covered by debt-conversion arrangements between Finland and Russia.
At the same time, the income (EUR 4.3 million) received as debt conversion
is entered under extraordinary income. Purchases of materials, supplies and
Annual expenditure
In value of 2004 currency
29 GTK 2004

goods also remained at the previous year’s level and totalled EUR 3.5 million.
Travel costs increased by EUR 0.2 million on the previous year and totalled
EUR 3.1 million. Planned depreciations totalled EUR 1.9 million, which was
less than the EUR 2.9 million spent on capital investment. EUR 0.252 million
of capital investment was spent on the acquisition of a research vessel, a project
carried out jointly with the Naval Research Institute. The year 2004 also saw
the elimination of EUR 3.1 million in stocks of finished goods that had been
entered in 2003 for incomplete contract-service projects allocated in 2003.
Balance Sheet 31 December, 2004
The balance sheet total was EUR 14.9 million, or EUR 2.9 million less than
a year before.
Assets
The value of fixed assets came to EUR 7.7 million, which was an increase
of 0.5 million on the previous year. The value of current assets was EUR 4.0
million, a decrease of 46%. The higher value of current assets in 2003 included
the balance sheet capitalization of large, incomplete contract-service projects.
Accounts receivable increased slightly and totalled EUR 2.6 million.
Staff in manpower years
2003 2004
Contract services 79 108
Other operations 680 697
Total budget funding 759 805
Employment funds 15 14
Other external funds 12 17
Total external funds 27 31
Grand total 786 836
Staff, costs and income by programmes in 2003 and 2004
2003 2004 2004/2003
Mpy/1,000 € % Mpy/1,000 € % Change %
MANPOWER YEARS (mpy)
Bedrock and raw materials 418 53 451 54 8
Land use and environment 250 32 265 32 6
Information management 118 15 120 14 1
786 100 836 100 6
COSTS (1 000 €)
Bedrock and raw materials 29,261 57 31,299 56 7
Land use and environment 13,974 27 15,771 29 13
Information management 8,106 16 8,356 15 3
51,341 100 55,426 100 8
INCOME (1 000 €)
Bedrock and raw materials 7,794 71 9,085 71 17
Land use and environment 2,953 27 3,608 27 22
Information management 272 2 297 2 9
11,019 100 12,990 100 18
GTK 2004 • 30

Liabilities
The State’s equity totalled EUR 4.0 million, or EUR 3.1 million less than in
2003. Liabilities came to EUR 10.9 million. Advance payments decreased
substantially in comparison with the year before and totalled EUR 1.3 million.
Most of the 2003 advances were related to the large projects in Africa. Holiday
pay liabilities (EUR 5.1 million) included in accrued expenses were higher
than in 2003 because of the more precise information produced by the new
accounting system.
Finance and administration
Costs in 2003 and 2004
2003 2004 2004/2003
1,000 € 1,000 € Change %
Payroll 29,775 33,334 12.0
Running costs 19,130 19,818 3.6
Capital costs 2,436 2,274 -6.7
Total costs 51,341 55,426 8.0
Costs responsibility
calculation of contract services in 2003 and 2004
2003 2004 2004/2003
1,000 € 1,000 € Change %
Revenues from contract services 9,232 10,247 11
Direct costs of contract services -7,468 -7,926 6
Proportion of contract services
in common costs -1,585 -2,300 45
Total costs of contract services -9,053 -10,226 13
Fixed overplus
(revenues - direct costs) 1,764 2,321 32
- % of income 19 23
Surplus
(revenues - total costs) 179 21 -88
- % of income 2 0
Income % of costs 102 100
Scope of operations by unit in 2004
Income Expenditure Staff
1,000 € % 1,000 € % Mpy %
Espoo Unit 4,369 34 13,213 24 200 24
Kuopio Unit 1,094 8 6,706 12 118 14
Rovaniemi Unit 617 5 5,105 9 95 11
Geoservice Centre 6,616 51 20,457 37 293 35
Information Management 84 1 4,092 7 49 6
Management and Administration 210 2 5,512 10 81 10
GTK TOTAL 12,990 100 55,085 100 836 100
31 GTK 2004

Income and expenditure statement
(1,000€)
1.1.2004 - 31.12.2004 1.1.2003 - 31.12.2003
Operating income
Income from contract services 13,573 5,902
Other operating income 2,731 16,304 2,455 8,357
Operating expenses
Materials, supplies and goods:
Purchases during the financial period 3,491 3,362
Increase (-) or decrease (+) in stocks 337 281
Staff expenses 33,091 29,830
Rents 4,655 4,142
Purchased services 12,354 12,335
Other expenses 3,418 3,292
Increase (-) or decrease (+) in products stocks 3,100 -2,987
Manufacturing for own use (-) -185 -21
Depreciation 1,930 -62,191 1,992 -52,226
Deficit I -45,887 -43,869
Financial income and expenses
Financial income 5 4
Financial expenses 10 -5 5 -1
Extraordinary income and expenses
Extraordinary income 4,316 4,186
Extraordinary expenses 3 4,313 8 4,178
Deficit II -41,579 -39,692
Income and expenses from payment transfers
Income
Income from payment transfers from
non-profit corporation 79
Income from payment transfers from EU 319 398
Deficit III -41,181 -39,692
Income from taxes and compulsory charges
Value added tax collected 1,692 1,135
Value added tax paid 3,725 -2,033 3,280 -2,145
Deficit for financial period -43,214 -41,837
GTK 2004 • 32

Finance and administration
Balance sheet
(1,000 €)
ASSETS
31.12.2004 31.12.2003
Fixed assets and other long term investments
Intangible assets 701 756
Tangible assets 6,952 6,447
Shares and other
long term investments 5 5
7,658 7,208
Current and financial assets
Materials, supplies and goods in stock 4,037 7,473
Short term receivables
Accounts receivables 2,632 2,508
Prepaid expenses and accrued income 372 451
Other short term receivables 105 136
Advance payments 81 29
3,190 3,124
Cash, bank receivables and other financial assets 3 2
7,230 10,599
Total assets 14,888 17,807
LIABILITIES
Own capital
State’s equity 3,968 7,131
Liabilities
Long-term
Other long term liabilities 3 3
Other long term liabilities
Advance payments received 1,329 3,936
Accounts payable 1,675 1,093
Transactions between accounting offices 729 654
Items to be forwarded for payment 535 438
Accrued expenses 5,116 4,279
Other short term liabilities 1,533 273
10,917 10,673
10,920 10,676
Total liabilities 14,888 17,807
33 GTK 2004

Index maps
GTK’s index map shows the mapping situation per map sheet. The colours symbolises current mapping and the form
in which the results are available. A triangle refers to a separately published explanation sheet.
39
49
39
49
18
28
38
18
28
38
1:400 000 27 37 47
27
37
47
C9
D9
B8
C8
D8
B7
B6
C7
C6
D7
D6
26
36
46
26
36
46
B5
C5
D5
B4
C4
D4
B3
C3
D3
25
35
45
25
35
45
B2
C2
D2
A1
B1
C1
D1
24
34
44
24
34
44
13
23
33
43
13
23
33
43
12
22
32
42
12
22
32
42
11
21
31
41
11
21
31
41
10
20
30
10
20
30
Kallioperäkartat 1:100 000
Berggrundskartor
Maps of PreQuaternary Rocks
Kartta julkaistu 2004
Kartan publicerad 2004
Sheet published 2004
Selitys julkaistu 2004
Beskrivningen publicerad 2004
Explanation published 2004
Kartta julkaistu ennen 2004
Kartan publicerad före 2004
Sheet published before 2004
Selitys julkaistu ennen 2004
Beskrivningen publicerad före 2004
Explanation published before 2004
Maaperäkartat 1:20 000/1:50 000
Jordartskartor
Maps of Quaternary Deposits
Kartta saatavissa painettuna ja/tai numeerisena 2004
Kartan publicerad och/eller tillgänglig i digital form 2004
Sheet published and/or data released in digital form 2004
Kartta saatavissa painettuna ja/tai numeerisena ennen 2004
Kartan publicerad och/eller tillgänglig i digital form före 2004
Sheet published and/or data released in digital form before 2004
Kartoitettu ennen 2004
Kartlagd före 2004
Mapping completed before 2004
Kartoitettavana
Kartläggning pågår
Mapping in progress
Kartoitus käynnissä tai kartta tekeillä
Kartläggning pågår
Mapping in progress
GTK 2004 • 34

39
49
39
49
18
28
38
18
28
38
27
37
47
27
37
47
26
36
46
26
36
46
25
35
45
25
35
45
24
34
44
24
34
44
13
23
33
43
13
23
33
43
12
22
32
42
12
22
32
42
11
21
31
41
11
21
31
41
10
20
30
10
20
30
Turveinventointi
Torvinventering
Peatland research
Suoalasta inventoitu 75-100 %
Inventerad andel 75-100 %
Surveyed peatland area 75-100 %
Suoalasta kartoitettu 50-75 %
Inventerad andel 50-75 %
Surveyed peatland area 50-75 %
Matalalentomittaukset
Aerogeofysiska mätningar på låg höjd
Aerogeophysical low-altitude surveys
Mitattu 2004
Mätningen utförd 2004
Surveys completed 2004
Mitattu 1972-2003
Mätningen utförd 1972-2003
Surveys completed 1972-2003
Suoalasta inventoitu 25-50 %
Inventerad andel 25-50 %
Surveyed peatland area 25-50 %
Suoalasta inventoitu < 25 %
Inventerad andel < 25 %
Surveyed peatland area < 25 %
Kartoitettavana 2004
Inventering pågår 2004
Survey in process 2004
35 • GTK 2004

The snow lasts until July on the floor of the Hiidenkirkko ravine near Hyrynsalmi. Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
GTK 2004 • 36

Geological Survey of Finland
publications and reports 2004
Geological Survey of Finland,
Bulletin
400 Väisänen, Ulpu 2004: Groundwater
and factors affecting its quality: Examples from
the Rovaniemi district of northern Finland and
western Nicaragua. 145 p, 5 apps. (academic
dissertation). (27 €)
401 Backman, Birgitta 2004.Groundwater
quality, acidification, and recovery trends
between 1969 and 2002 in South Finland.110
p., 8 apps. (academic dissertation). (22,50 €)
Geological Survey of Finland,
Special Paper
37 Högdahl, Karin; Andersson, Ulf B.
& Eklund, Olav (eds.) 2004. The Transscandinavian
Igneous Belt (TIB) in Sweden: A review
of its character and evolution. 125 p. (40 €)
Tutkimusraportti –
Report of Investigation
159 Tenhola, Markku; Lahermo, Pertti;
Väänänen, Pauli & Lehto, Olli 2004. Alueellisessa
geokemiallisessa purovesikartoituksessa
todettujen fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien
ja alkuainepitoisuuksien vertailu Suomessa
vuosina 1990, 1995 ja 2000. Summary: Comparison
of physical properties and element
concentrations in the regional geochemical
mapping of stream water in Finland during
1990, 1995 and 2000. 35 p. (18 €)
160 Pajunen, Hannu 2004. Järvisedimentit
kuiva-aineen ja hiilen varastona. Summary:
Lake sediments as a store of dry matter
and carbon. 308 a.,1 app. (33,50 €)
Turvetutkimusraportti –
Report of Peat Investigation
348 Luukkanen, Ari 2003. Kiuruvedellä
tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 6. Abstract:
The peatlands and peat reserves of Kiuruvesi.
Part 6. 62 p., 4 apps. (17 €)
349 Häikiö, Jukka & Herranen, Teuvo
2004. Merijärvellä tutkitut suot ja niiden
turvevarat. Osa 1. Abstract: The peatlands and
peat reserves of Merijärvi. Part 1. 45 p., 4 apps.
(12 €)
350 Kallinen, Riitta-Liisa 2004. Kaavilla
tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 2. Abstract:
The peatlands and peat reserves in Kaavi. Part
2. 28 p., 3 apps. (10,50 €)
351 Muurinen, Tapio & Aro, Ilkka 2004.
Kiimingin suot, turvevarat ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus.
Osa 2. Abstract: The peatlands
of Kiiminki, peat reserves and their potential
use. Part 2. 39 p., 2 apps. (11,50 €)
352 Toivonen, Tapio 2004. Multialla
tutkitut suot ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus. Osa 2.
Abstract: The mires of Multia and their usefulness.
Part 2. 65 p., 4 apps. (10,50 €)
353 Toivonen, Tapio 2004. Pernajassa
tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Abstract: The
mires and peat reserves of Pernaja. Abstrakt:
De undersökta myrarna i Pernå och deras torvtillgångar.
26 p., 4 apps. (10,50 €)
354 Luukkanen, Ari 2004. Lapinlahdella
tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 1. Abstract:
The peatlands and peat reserves of Lapinlahti.
Part. 1. 50 p., 3 apps. (14,00 €)
355 Leino, Jukka 2004. Tohmajärven
kunnassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa
1. Abstract: The peatlands and peat reserves of
Tohmajärvi. Part 1. 58 p., 4 apps. (10,50 €)
356 Pajunen, Hannu 2004. Ylikiimingissä
tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa
9. Abstract: The mires and peat reserves of
Ylikiiminki, Central Finland. Part 9. 51 p., 3
apps. (10 €)
357 Suomi, Timo & Korhonen, Riitta
2004. Karviassa tutkitut suot ja niiden turvevarat.
Osa 2. Abstract: The peatlands and
peat reserves of Karvia. Part 2. 42 p., 4 apps.
(13 €)
Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset,
tiedonanto – Nuclear Waste Disposal
Research, Report
119 Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Ahonen, Lasse;
Paananen, Markku; Frape, Shaun; Stotler,
Randy; Hobbs, Monique; Kaija, Juha; Degnan,
Paul; Blomqvist, Runar; Jensen, Mark; Lehto,
Kimmo; Moren, Lena; Puigdomenech, Ignasi
& Snellman, Margit 2004. Permafrost at Lupin:
Report of Phase II. 89 p. (13 €)
120 Ojala, V. Juhani; Kuivamäki, Aimo
& Vuorela, Paavo 2004. Postglacial deformation
of bedrock in Finland. 23 p. (7 €)
121 Ahonen, Lasse; Kaija, Juha; Paananen,
Markku; Hakkarainen, Veikko & Ruskeeniemi,
Timo 2004. Palmottu natural analogue: A
summary of the studies. 39 p., 1 apps. (9 €)
Vuosikertomus – Annual Report
Geologian tutkimuskeskus GTK. Vuosikertomus
2003. 55 p.
Geological Survey of Finland GTK. Annual
report 2003. 55 p.
Erillisjulkaisut –
Miscellaneous publications
Breilin, Olli; Kotilainen, Aarno; Nenonen,
Keijo; Virransalo, Petri; Ojalainen, Jukka &
Stén, Carl-Göran 2004: Geology of the Kvarken
Archipelago. 47 p.
Grönholm, Sari (toim.); Alviola, Reijo; Kinnunen,
Kari A.; Kojonen, Kari; Kärkkäinen,
Niilo & Mäkitie, Hannu 2004. Retkeilijän kiviopas.
88 p. (free of charge, retail dealers 2 €)
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, Kirsti & Lahermo, Pertti
(toim.) 2004. Arseeni Suomen luonnossa: ympäristövaikutukset
ja riskit. Synopsis: Arsenic
in Finland: Distribution, Environmental Impacts
and Risks. 173 p. (30 €)
Suomen geologinen kartta – Geological map
of Finland, 1 : 100 000
- Kallioperäkarttojen selitykset – Explanation
to the maps of Pre-Quaternary rocks
(8 €)
Karhunen, Ritva 2004. Iniön ja Turun karttaalueiden
kallioperä: Berggrunden inom Iniö och
Åbo kartblad. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks
of the Iniö and Turku map-sheet areas. Lehdet
1041 ja 1043. 76 p., 1 appended map.
Mäkitie, Hannu &Lahti, Seppo I. 2004. Jalasjärven
kartta-alueen kallioperä. Summary: Pre-
Quaternary rocks of the Jalasjärvi map-sheet
area. Suomen geologinen kartta 1:100 000,
kallioperäkarttojen selitykset. Lehti 2221. 61
p., 2 apps.
Vaarma, Markus & Pipping, Fredrik 2003.
Kyyjärvi - Perho kartta-alueen kallioperä.
Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of Kyyjärvi
and Perho map-sheet areas. Lehdet 2331 ja
2332. 54 p.
Väänänen, Jukka 2004. Sieppijärven ja Pasmajärven
kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary:
Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Sieppijärvi and
Pasmajärvi map-sheet areas. Lehdet 2624 ja
2642. 55 p., 3 apps.
- Kallioperäkartat –
Pre-Quaternary rocks (8 €)
3432 Paltaniemi Kontinen, Asko & Meriläinen,
Kauko
Erikoiskartat – Miscellaneous maps
Räsänen, Jorma; Iljina, Markku; Karinen,
Tuomo; Lauri, Laura; Salmirinne, Heikki &
Vuollo, Jouni (comp.) 2004. Geological map
of the Koillismaa area, Northeastern Finland
1 : 200 000. (10 €)
37 • GTK 2004

Maaperäkartta 1:20 000/1:50 000, selitykset –
Explanation to the maps of Quaternary Deposits 1:20 000
2121 01 Kauvatsa Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 02 Kiikoinen Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 03 Kuorsumaa Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 04 Kiikka Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 05 Lakkiniemi Kejonen, Aimo & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 06 Suodenniemi Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 07 Vammala Kejonen, Aimo; Herola, Erkki & Stén, Carl-Göran
2121 08 Karkku Kejonen, Aimo; Stén, Carl-Göran & Herola, Erkki
2121 09 Mouhijärvi Kejonen, Aimo; Stén, Carl-Göran & Herola, Erkki
2121 10 Lantula Kejonen, Aimo; Stén, Carl-Göran & Herola, Erkki
2121 11 Suoniemi Kejonen, Aimo; Stén, Carl-Göran & Herola, Erkki
2121 12 Häijää Kejonen, Aimo; Stén, Carl-Göran & Herola, Erkki
2444 04 Lumijoki Johansson, Peter; Maunu, Matti & Väisänen, Ulpu
2444 05 Lumijoenselkä Johansson, Peter & Väisänen, Ulpu
2542 07 Kalkkimaa Nenonen, Jari; Maunu, Matti; Perttunen, Vesa & Väisänen, Ulpu
2613 10 Pekanpää Räisänen, Jukka; Perttunen, Vesa & Väisänen, Ulpu
2713 11 Kolari Väisänen, Ulpu & Muurinen, Tapio
3233 03 Lahnalahti Huttunen, Timo
3233 05 Tuusmäki Huttunen, Timo
3233 06 Kolkontaipale Huttunen, Timo
3244 11 Tuusniemi Saarelainen, Jouko
3244 12 Pajumäki Saarelainen, Jouko & Leino, Jukka
3514 10 Pudasjärvi Johansson, Peter; Räisänen, Jukka & Väisänen, Ulpu
3532 01 Kivarijärvi Johansson, Peter; Räisänen, Jukka & Väisänen, Ulpu
3714 07 Sattanen Väisänen, Ulpu & Maunu, Matti
4224 01 Käsämänsalmi Saarelainen, Jouko
Digital Quaternary maps
1:20 000/1:50 000
released in 2004
(name of responsible geologist in brackets):
1242 02 Korsnäs (Esa Kukkonen)
1242 05 Korsbäck (Esa Kukkonen)
1243 10 Sahankylä (Timo Huttunen)
1243 11 Pitkämönkylä (Timo Huttunen)
1244 07 Nopankylä (Timo Huttunen)
1244 10 Koskenkorva (Timo Huttunen)
1244 11 Huissinkylä (Timo Huttunen)
1343 07 Vexala (Timo Huttunen)
2121 03 Kuorsumaa (Aimo Kejonen)
2124 02 Viljakkala (Heikki Rainio)
2124 03 Luhalahti (Heikki Rainio)
2124 05 Kyrönlahti (Heikki Rainio)
2124 06 Paulajärvi (Heikki Rainio)
2222 08 Seinäjoki (Esa Kukkonen)
2241 02 Ähtäri (Heikki Rainio)
2241 03 Ähtärinsalmi (Heikki Rainio)
2312 07 Alahärmä (Esa Kukkonen)
2321 08 Pedersöre (Timo Huttunen)
2321 09 Lepplax (Timo Huttunen)
2321 11 Esse (Timo Huttunen)
2322 01 Kackursfjärden (Timo Huttunen)
2322 04 Kackursfjärden (Timo Huttunen)
2322 05 Kallberggloppen (Timo Huttunen)
2322 06 Tankar (Timo Huttunen)
2322 07 Larsmo (Timo Huttunen)
2322 08 Öja (Timo Huttunen)
2322 09 Tankar II (Timo Huttunen)
2324 11 Kannus (Timo Huttunen)
2324 12 Väli-Kannus (Timo Huttunen)
2342 08 Sievi (Timo Huttunen)
2342 09 Jyrinki (Timo Huttunen)
2431 07 Ylivieska (Pentti Lindroos)
2431 08 Niemelänkylä (Pentti Lindroos)
2444 04 Lumijoki (Peter Johansson)
2444 05 Lumijoenselkä (Peter Johansson)
2542 07 Kalkkimaa (Jari Nenonen)
2613 10 Pekanpää (Jukka Räisänen)
2713 08 Kolari (Ulpu Väisänen)
2713 11 Kolari (Ulpu Väisänen)
2723 1 Kangosvaara (Peter Johansson)
3042 03 Sippola (Heikki Rainio)
3042 06 Pyhältö (Heikki Rainio)
3333 01 Jännevirta (Jouko Saarelainen)
3411 09 Piippola (Timo Huttunen)
3412 06 Rantsila (Timo Huttunen)
3412 07 Pulkkila (Timo Huttunen)
3433 08 Sotkamo (Timo Huttunen)
3514 10 Pudasjärvi (Peter Johansson)
3532 01 Kivarijärvi (Peter Johansson)
3714 07 Sattanen (Ulpu Väisänen)
4214 06 Oravisalo (Timo Huttunen)
4214 08 Rasivaara (Timo Huttunen)
4214 09 Rääkkylä (Timo Huttunen)
4223 01 Leppälahti (Timo Huttunen)
4223 02 Liperi (Timo Huttunen)
4223 04 Tutjunniemi (Timo Huttunen)
4223 05 Roukalahti (Timo Huttunen)
4223 07 Tikansaari (Timo Huttunen)
4223 10 Pyhäselkä (Timo Huttunen)
4223 11 Niittylahti (Timo Huttunen)
4224 01 Käsämänsalmi (Jouko Saarelainen)
4224 11 Kontiolahti (Jouko Saarelainen)
4231 03 Kitee (Timo Huttunen)
4321 07 Savikylä (Aimo Kejonen)
4321 08 Karhunpää (Aimo Kejonen)
4322 11 Portinsalo (Jouko Saarelainen)
4331 01 Ukkola (Jouko Saarelainen)
4331 06 Sokojärvi (Esa Kukkonen)
Unpublished reports released
by the GTK archives
M series (Economic geology)
Al-Ani, Thair; Lintinen, Panu & Karhunen,
Jukka 2004. Mineralogical Description and
Preliminary Processing of the Vittajänkä Kaolin
Deposit, Salla, Northeastern Finland. 33 p., 36
apps. M19/4621/2004/1/82.
Al-Ani, Thair; Sarapää, Olli & Lehtinen, Markku
2004. Occurrence of halloysite in Virtasalmi
kaolin and its effect on rheological properties. 26
p., 25 apps. M19/3231-3232/2004/1/82.
Alviola, Reijo 1994. Yksityiskohtainen selostus
Vihdin kunnassa, valtausalueilla Suopelto
1 ja 2 (kaivosrekisterinumerot 4892/1 ja
5024/1) vuosina 1990-1992 suoritetuista teollisuusmineraalitutkimuksista.
11 p., 15 apps.,
M19/2041/94/1/84.
Alviola, Reijo 2003. Pegmatiittien malmipotentiaalista
Suomessa. 5 p., 1 app. M
10/2003/1/85.
Alviola, Reijo 2004. Oriveden Seppälä-Viitaniemi
alueen pegmatiittitutkimus vv. 2003-2004.
9 p., 60 apps. M19/2141/2004/1/85.
Chernet, Tegist 2004. International Convention,
Trade Show and Investors Exchange, PDAC,
Toronto, March 7-10, 2004. Image analysis
training, CANMET-MMSL. Ottawa, March
11-25, 2004. Travel/Training report. 10 p.
M10.3/2004/2.
Chernet, Tegist; Sarapää, Olli; Johansson,
Bo & Pakkanen, Lassi 2004. Petrological
and mineralogical studies on Lumikangas
ilmenite-magnetite-apatite bearing gabbro,
Kauhajoki, Western Finland. 25 p., 3 apps.
M19/1234/2004/1/42.
Eilu, Pasi (ed.) 2004. Iron oxide-copper-gold
excursion and workshop. Northern Finland
and Sweden 31.5.-4.6.2004. 97 p., 8 apps.
M10.3/2004/1.
Halkoaho, Tapio & Niskanen, Matti 2004.
Tutkimustyöselostus Lieksan kaupungissa
valtausalueella Jamali 1 (kaivosrekisterinumero
7626/1) suoritetuista nikkelimalmitutkimuksista
vuosina 2002-2003. 14 p. URL: http://
arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/M06_4314_2004_1_10. pdf.
M06/4314/2004/1/10.
Halkoaho, Tapio & Niskanen, Matti 2004.
Tutkimustyöselostus Kuhmon kaupungissa
valtausalueilla Haverisensuo 1 ja 2 (kaivosrekisterinumerot
7426/1 ja 7628/1) suoritetuista
nikkelimalmitutkimuksista vuosina 2002-2004.
16 p., 33 liites. CD-levy. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_4411_2004_1_10.
pdf.
M06/4411/2004/1/10.
Hartikainen, Aimo; Pietikäinen, Kimmo &
Niskanen, Matti 2004. Tutkimustyöselostus
Kuhmon kaupungin länsipuolella sijaitsevien
valtausten Pahasuo 1 ja 2 (kaivosrekisterinumerot
7468/1 ja 7486/1) alueilla
tehdyistä kultatutkimuksista. 16 p., 3 apps.
M06/4413/2004/1/10.
Heino, Timo 1999. KUOPIO, Vehmasjoki 1
(kaivosrekisterinumero 6329/1) ja KUOPIO,
KARTTULA, Vehmasjoki 4 (kaivosrekisterinumero
6371/1) nikkeliesiintymän
mineraalivarantoarvio. 4 p., 27 apps. URL:
http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/m19_3242_99_1_10.
pdf. M19/3242/99/1/10.
Ikävalko, Ossi 1980. Selostus Korpijärvi-Mietiäinen
alueen kallioperän tutkimuksista kesällä
1980. 11 p. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m11/
M11.7_3142_80_1. pdf. M11.7/3142/80/1.
Iljina, Markku 2004. Tutkimustyöselostus valtausalueilla
Koskiaho 1-2, Kuusi 4-23, Maaselkä
1-14, Murto 1-2 sekä Portti 1-37 Pudasjärven,
Taivalkosken ja Posion kunnissa suoritetuista
tutkimuksista vuosina 1996-2002. 36 p., 28
liites. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_3543_
2004_1_10. pdf. M06/3543/2004/1/10.
GTK 2004 • 38

Isomaa, Jorma 2004. Tutkimustyöselostus
Rovaniemen maalaiskunnassa valtausalueilla
Ulkujärvi 1 ja Ulkujärvi 2.(kaivosrekisterinumerot
7337/1 ja 7337/2) suoritetuista tutkimuksista
vuonna 2002. 6 p., 16 apps. URL: http://
arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_3611_2004_1_10. pdf.
M06/3611/2004/1/10.
Kinnunen, Kari A. 2004. Lemmenjoen alueen
Kivikkopurolta lapiokaivuulla kesäkuussa 2003
löydetyn Tapio-kultahipun (128 g) tutkimus. 14
p. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/m19_3812_
2004_1. pdf. M19/3812/2004/1.
Kinnunen, Kari, A. 2004. Länsi-Suomen
rannikon yllä heinäkuussa 2004 havaittuihin
tulipalloihin ajallisesti liittyvien laskeumanäytteiden
mahdollisten mikrometeoriittien
tutkimus. 5 p. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/
m19_2413_2004_1. pdf. M19/2413/2004/1.
Kinnunen, Kari A. 2004. Tutkimusselostus
Orimattilasta tavatusta korumateriaaliksi soveltuvasta
kordieriitin muunnoksesta. 20 p. URL:
http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/m19_3111_2004_1.
pdf. M19/3111/2004/1.
Kinnunen, Kari, A.; Johansson, Bo & Karhunen,
Pentti 2004. Miessijoelta heinäkuussa 2004
löydetyn 282 g painoisen kultahipun petrografian,
mineraalikemian ja löytöhistorian dokumentaatio.
13 p. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/
m19_3812_2004_2. pdf. M19/3812/2004/2.
Kärkkäinen, Niilo 2004. Hämeenkyrön Turkkilan
kulta-aiheen tutkimukset kesällä 2003. 6
p., 4 apps. M19/2324/2004/1/10.
Kärkkäinen, Niilo 2004. Tutkimustyöselostus
Lohtajan kunnassa, valtausalueella
Kokkoharju 2 (kaivosrekisterinro 5795/1)
suoritetuista kultatutkimuksista vuosina 1994-
2000. 31 p., 32 liites. CD-levy. URL: http://
arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_2342_2004_10_1. pdf.
M06/2342/2004/1/10.
Kärkkäinen, Niilo & Lehto, Tapio 2004.
GTK:n kultatutkimukset Etelä- ja Länsi-
Suomessa. Vuorimiesyhdistyksen ekskursio
28.9.2004-29.9.2004. 11 p. URL: http://arkisto.
gsf.fi/m19/m19_2024_2004_2_10. pdf. M
19/2024/2004/2/10.
Lehto, Tapio 2004. Kultatutkimukset Lempäälän
Kaitajärvellä vuosina 2000-2001.
9 p., 9 liites., CD-levy. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/m19_2123_2004_1_10.pdf.
M19/2123/2004/1/10.
Lehto, Tapio &Vuori, Saku 2004. Kultatutkimukset
Hämeenkyrön Lavajärvellä, Pässärinvuoren
ja Lepomäen alueilla vuosina 1997-
2003. 23 p., 26 apps. M19/2124/2004/1/10.
Lehtonen, Marja 2004. Lahtojoen kimberliitin
viereltä löydetyn uuden esiintymän indikaattorimineraalien
mikroanalyysien tulkintaa. 5
p., 4 apps. M19/4311/2004/1/41.
Lintinen, Panu 2004. Kaoliinitutkimukset
Sallan Pennasessa ja Varpuselässä 1999-2001.
11 p., 10 liites., CD-levy. URL: http://arkisto.
gtk.fi/m19/M19_4621-4622_2004_1_82. pdf.
M19/4621,4622/2004/1/82.
Luukas, Jouni; Nikander, Jarmo; Kousa, Jukka
& Ruotsalainen, Aimo 2004. Kallioperä- ja sinkkimalmitutkimukset
Keiteleen Kangasjärven
alueella Keski-Suomessa. 58 p., 1 appended
map. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m10/M10_4_
2004_1. pdf. M10.4/2004/1.
Makkonen, Hannu 2004. Nikkelimalmitutkimukset
Sulkavan Kaukosenlammen
kohteissa vuosina 1993 ja 1998. 10 p.
M19/3144/2004/2/10.
Makkonen, Hannu & Forss, Heikki 1999.
Tutkimustyöselostus Kuopion ja Karttulan
kunnissa valtausalueilla Vehmasjoki 1 (kaivosrekisterinumero
6329/1), Vehmasjoki 4
(kaivosrekisterinumero 6371/1), Vehmasjoki
5 (kaivosrekisterinumero 6502/1) ja Vehmasjoki
6 (kaivosrekisterinumero 6502/2)
suoritetuista nikkelimalmitutkimuksista
vuosina 1996-1998. 12 p., 7 apps. URL: http://
arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_3242_99_1_10. pdf.
M06/3242/99/1/10.
Makkonen, Hannu & Forss, Heikki 2004.
Nikkelimalmitutkimukset Enonkosken-
Savonlinnan-Kerimäen alueella vuosina
1998-2002. 15 p., 3 apps. URL: http://arkisto.
gsf.fi/m19/m19_4211_2004_1_10. pdf.
M19/4211/2004/1/10.
Makkonen, Hannu; Kontoniemi, Olavi; Lempiäinen,
Rauli; Lestinen, Pekka; Mursu, Juha &
Mäkinen, Jari 2003. Raahe–Laatokka -vyöhyke,
nikkelin ja kullan etsintähankkeen (2108001)
toiminta vuosina 1999-2003. 90 p., 19 apps.,
CD-levy. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m10/M10_
4_2003_5_10. pdf. M10.4/2003/5/10.
Makkonen, Hannu & Mursu, Juha 2004. Nikkelimalmitutkimukset
Anttolan Pihlajasalon
kohteessa vuosina 2000 ja 2001. 8 p., 4 apps.
M19/3144/2004/1/10.
Makkonen, Hannu & Mursu, Juha 2004.
Tutkimustyöselostus Pielaveden kunnassa
valtausalueilla Saarela 1 ja 2 (kaivosrekisterinumerot
7294/1 ja 7572/1) suoritetuista
nikkelimalmitutkimuksista vuosina 1999-2003.
15 p., 6 apps., CD-levyke. URL: http://
arkisto.gsf.fi/m6/m06_3314_2004_1_10. pdf.
M06/3314/2004/1/10.
Mäkinen, Jari 2003. Raportti Suonenjoen
kunnassa kohteissa Kärpänlampi ja Saarinen
suoritetuista malminetsintätutkimuksista
vuosina 1999 ja 2000. 7 p., 3 apps. URL:
http://arkisto.gsf.fi/m19/M19_3241_03_1_10.
pdf. M19/3241/2003/1/10.
Reinikainen, Jukka; Herola, Erkki & Kaunismäki,
Jukka 2003. Tutkimustyöselostus Karjalohjan
kunnassa, valtausalueella Pellonkylä
(kaivosrekisterinumero 6995/1) tehdyistä karbonaattikivitutkimuksista
vuosina 1999-2003.
17 p., 10 apps. M06/2014/2003/1/84.
Saikkonen, Reijo 1963. Kiteen, Parikkalan
ja Kajaanin maalaiskunnan pegmatiittitutkimukset
kesällä 1963. 17 p., 4 apps. M17/
Ki,Par,Kaj/1963/1/85.
Saltikoff, Boris 2004. Vanhojen kansannäytelähettäjäkortistojen
hakemistot tiedostoina.
98 p. M13.1/2004/1.
Sarapää, Olli & Kärkkäinen, Niilo 2003. Tutkimustyöselostus
Toholammen kunnassa valtausalueella
Lylyneva 1-2 (kaivosrekisterinumero
6141/1-2) suoritetuista ilmeniittitutkimuksista
vuosina 1994-1997. 34 p. M06/2341/2003/1.
Publications
Seppänen, Hannu 2004. Etelä- ja Länsi-Suomen
kultavarojen kartoitukseen liittyviä uraani-,
torium- ja kaliummäärityksiä monikanava-analysaattorilla.
5 p., 9 apps. M19/2024/2004/1.
Vartiainen, Risto 2004. Keski-Lapin rakennuskiviprojekti
2002-2003. Väliraportti vuosien
2002-2003 tutkimuksista. 7 p., 50 apps.
M10.1/2004/1/86.
K series (Bedrock geology)
Perttunen, Vesa 2004. Pulmangin-Sevetin
kartoitushanke 2606003. Loppuraportti. 13
p., 8 apps. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/k/K_31_
4_2004_1.pdf. K31.4/2004/1
Sipilä, Pekka 1992. Sulfidimalmikaivosten
jätealueiden ympäristövaikutusten tutkimukset
Kanadassa, Ruotsissa ja Norjassa. Kirjallisuustutkimus.
51 p. KA61/92/1.
Sipilä, Pekka 2004. Kallioperän kartoituskurssi.
Haveri. 17 - 28.5.2004.48 p., 3 apps.
K21.42/2004/1.
Väisänen, Markku 2004. Mynämäen karttalehden
1044 kallioperäkartoituksen loppuraportti.
22 p. K21.42/2004/2.
P series (Quaternary geology)
Rauhaniemi, Tom; Jarva, Jaana & Palmu,
Jukka-Pekka 2004. Moreenimuodostumien inventointiprojekti
Etelä-Pohjanmaalla: Geologia
ja aluerajaukset. 20 p., 24 apps. P31.4.043.
Rauhaniemi, Tom; Jarva, Jaana & Palmu,
Jukka-Pekka 2004. Moreenimuodostumien
inventointiprojekti Pohjanmaalla: geologia ja
aluerajaukset. 21 p., 49 apps. P31.4.44.
Rauhaniemi, Tom; Jarva, Jaana; Palmu,
Jukka-Pekka & Korvenpää, Turkka 2004.
Moreenimuodostumien valtakunnallinen inventointiprojekti
Varsinais-Suomessa. 21 p.,
90 apps. P31.4.046.
Rauhaniemi, Tom; Palmu, Jukka-Pekka &
Teeriaho, Jari 2004. Moreenimuodostumien
valtakunnallinen inventointiprojekti Päijät-
Hämeessä. 20 p., 49 apps. P31.4.045.
1976. Kenttätyöopas. No.1. Maaperäkartoitus.
Maaperäosaston kartoitus ja tutkimusryhmä
1976. 24 p., 12 apps. P13.7.2.016.
Q series (Geophysics)
Elo, Seppo 2004. Kompostointitunneliin sijoitetun
kompostin tiheys painovoimaa mittaamalla.
7 p. Q16.1/2004/1.
Lanne, Erkki 2004. Enontekiön Kaamajoen
kerrosintruusio painovoimahavaintojen
valossa. 12 p. Q19/1834/2004/1/21.
Mertanen, Satu (ed.) 2004. Supercontinents,
remagnetizations and geomagnetic modelling.
5th Nordic Paleomagnetic Workshop.
Suitia–Helsinki, Finland. September 25-30,
2004. Extended Abstracts. Workshop and
Symposium. 139 p. Q29.1/2004/1.
Mertanen, Satu; Kukkonen, Ilmo & Manninen,
Tarja 2004. Toimintakertomus 2003.
Espoon yksikkö. Geofysiikan tutkimus. 76 p.
Q10/2004/1.
39 • GTK 2004

Turunen, Pertti 2004. Geofysikaalisista
reikäluotauksista. 109 p. Q19/52/2004/1.
S series (Geochemistry)
Salminen, R.; Gregorauskiene, V. & Tarvainen,
T. 2004. Application of NORMA software in
defining the normative mineralogical composition
of soil horizons in soils developed
on different parent materials in north western
Russia, northwest Norway and Finland. 35 p.
S/41/0000/1/2004.
Väisänen, Ulpu 2004. Hammaslahden kaivosalueen
veden laatu havaintoputkissa v, 2001-2002.
25 p. CD-levy. URL: http://arkisto.gsf.fi/s44/
S_44_0000_1_2004. pdf. S/44/0000/2004/1.
Y series
(Nuclear waste disposal)
Ahonen, Lasse; Hakkarainen, Veikko &
Blomqvist, Runar 1989. Hydrauliset mittaukset
ja vesinäytteenotto Nummi-Pusulan Palmotun
analogiakohteessa vuonna 1989. Työraportti
1-90. 24 p., 15 apps. Y30/90/1.
Blomqvist, Runar 1996. Transport of Radionuclides
in a Natural Flow System at Palmottu.
Technical Annex. 19 p. Y50/96/01.
Blomqvist, Runar 1997. Transport of Radionuclides
in a Natural Flow System at Palmottu.
Technical Annex Phase II. Contract No. F14W-
CT95-0010. 16 p. Y50/97/14.
Blomqvist, Runar 1999. Transport of Radionuclides
in a Natural Flow System at Palmottu.
3rd 12-monthly Progress Report 1998-02-01
– 1999-01-31. Contract No. FI4W-CT95-00100,
DG 12-WSME. 26 p. Y50/99/11.
Blomqvist, Runar & Kaija, Juha 1998. Transport
of Radionuclides in a Natural Flow System at
Palmottu. 2nd 12-monthly Progress Report
1997-01-01 – 1998-01-31. Contract No. FI4W-
CT95-0010, DG 12-WSME. 41 p. Y50/98/01.
Blomqvist, Runar & Ruskeeniemi, Timo 1997.
Transport of Radionuclides in a Natural Flow
System at Palmottu. 2nd 6-monthly Progress
Report 1997-01-01 – 1997-06-30. Contract
No. F14W-CT95-0010, DG 12-WSME. 17 p.,
1 apps. Y50/97/15.
Blomqvist, Runar; Smellie, John; Paananen,
Markku; Ludvigson, Jan-Erik; Ahonen, Lasse;
Korkealaakso, Juhani; Galarza, German &
Grundfelt, Bert 1996. Transport of Radionuclides
in a Natural Flow System at Palmottu.
1st 6-monthly Progress Report 1996-01-01
– 1996-06-31. Contract No F14W-CT95-0010,
DG 12-WSME. 19 p., 7 liites. Y50/96/05.
Blomqvist, Runar; Smellie, John; Ruskeeniemi,
Timo & Cruz de la, Berta 1997. Transport of
Radionuclides in a Natural Flow System at
Palmottu. 1st 12-monthly Progress Report 1996-
01-01 – 1996-12-31. Contract No. F14W-CT95-
0010, DG 12 WSME. 53 p. Y50/97/01.
Bruno, Jordi & Cera, Ester 1996. Influence of
UO2/UO2.33 and Fe (II)/Fe(OH)3 redox pairs
on the RDC of the Palmottu system – Methodological
approach. 28 p. Y50/96/09.
Bruno, Jordi; Cera, Esther; Duro, Lara; Rollin,
Claire; Gimeno, Maria; Peña, Javier; Ahonen,
Lasse; Luukkonen, Ari & Kaija, Juha 1999.
Blind prediction modelling in Palmottu system.
72 p., 6 apps. Y50/99/17.
Carlsten, Seje 1996. Detailed borehole radar
measurements at the Palmottu natural analogue
study site, Finland. 46 p. Y50/96/04.
Carlsten, Seje 1997. Detailed borehole radar
measurements in R385 and R386, the Palmottu
Natural Analogue Study Site, Finland 1997. 31
p. Y50/97/19.
Cera, E.; Bruno, J.; Grivé, M.; Rollin, C.; Ahonen,
L.; Kaija, J.; Blomqvist, R.; El Aamrani,
F.Z.; Casas, I. & de Pablo, J. 1999. Redox
prosesses in the Palmottu uranium deposit. 77
p. Y50/99/19.
Gimeno, M. J. & Peña, J. 1999. Geochemical
modelling of groundwater evolution in the
Palmottu natural system. 30 p. Y50/99/04.
Gustafsson, Erik; Carlsson, Ann-Charlotte;
Wass, Eva & Ahonen, Lasse 1998. Tracer Test
in the Eastern Granite, between boreholes R302,
R335 and R384, Palmottu Natural Analogue
Study Site. 32 p., 15 apps. Y50/98/02.
Hartikainen, K.; Hartikainen, J. & Kasa, S. 1999.
Porosity and diffusivity results of Palmottu drill
core samples measured by He-gas method. 9
p. Y50/99/02.
Kaija, Juha; Blomqvist, Runar; Ahonen, Lasse
& Hakkarainen, Veikko 1998. The hydrogeochemical
database of Palmottu. 4 p., 56 apps.
Y50/98/08.
Koskinen, Lasse & Kattilakoski, Eero 1997.
Modelling of deep groundwater flow under
natural conditions at the Palmottu site. 36 p.,
25 liites. Y50/97/03.
Kuivamäki, Aimo 1997. Hydrogeological classification
of fracture zones in the Palmottu area.
10 p., 3 apps. Y50/97/02.
Laaksoharju, M. & Degueldre, C. 1999. Palmottu
colloid study. 18 p. Y50/99/05.
Laaksoharju, Marcus; Gurban, Ioana & Andersson,
Cecilia 1999. Indications of origin and
evolution of the groundwater at Palmottu. 34
p., 2 apps. Y50/99/03.
Laaksoharju, Marcus; Gurban, Ioana & Skårman,
Christina 1997. Indications of the origin
and evolution of the groundwater at Palmottu.
43 p. Y50/97/06.
Lampinen, Pauliina 1997. Interpretation of
hydraulic head measurements at Palmottu. 19
p., 43 liites. Y50/97/13.
Lampinen, Pauliina; Ahonen, Lasse &
Blomqvist, Runar 1996. Hydraulic connections
at Palmottu. Evaluation based on down-hole
spinner tests and drawdown observations. 30
p., 68 apps. Y50/96/02.
Lampinen, Pauliina; Korkealaakso, Juhani;
Kuusela-Lahtinen, Auli & Ahonen, Lasse 1997.
Interpretation of hydraulic interference tests at
Palmottu. 33 p., 29 apps. Y50/97/04.
Lampinen, Pauliina & Talvisto, Tatjana 1995.
Sources and present-day transportation of
uranium at Palmottu. Work Report 1-95. 6 p.
Y30/95/1.
Le Guern, C.; Baranger, Ph.; Suksi, J. & Ruskeeniemi,
T. 1999. Experimental and preliminary
modelling approach to uranium sorption
on granitic fractures – Desorption results. 16
p. Y50/99/08.
Le Guern, Cécile; Baranger, Philippe & Casanova,
Joël 1999. Coupled transport modelling
at Palmottu. 8 p. Y50/99/09.
Leveinen, Jussi & Ahonen, Lasse 1998. Shortterm
pumping tests in boreholes R389 and R390
at Palmottu. 14 p. Y50/98/13.
Ludvigson, Jan-Erik 1997. Qualitative and
quantitative interpretation of crosshole tests at
Palmottu. 20 p., 61 apps. Y50/97/09.
Negrel, Philippe & Casanova, Joel 1997. Strontium
isotopic characterisation of the Palmottu
hydrosystem. 7 p., 10 apps. Y50/97/07.
Niini, Heikki; Ahonen, Lasse; Smellie, John;
Blomqvist, Runar & Ruskeeniemi, Timo 1996.
General Meeting Minutes of Palmottu Initial
Workshop at Saariselkä, Finland, March 11-14,
1996. 13 p., 90 apps. Y50/96/10.
Nissinen, Pasi & Ruskeeniemi, Timo 1996.
Mineralogy and Petrography at Palmottu. 1.
Main rock types. 23 p., 24 apps. Y50/96/03.
Nordman, Henrik & Rasilainen, Kalevi 1999.
Migration modelling exercise of the Palmottu
Project-PA approach. 47 p. Y50/99/18.
Paananen, Markku 1998. Database description,
and modelling and visualisation tools used by
GTK at Palmottu. 14 p. Y50/98/12.
Paulamäki, Seppo 1997. Fracture observations
by TV-probe in boreholes R304, R332,
R334, R335, R340, R343, R348, R354, R355
and R373 of the Palmottu study site. 67 apps.
Y50/97/18.
Paulamäki, Seppo & Lindberg Antero 1997.
Palmotun tutkimusalueen kairareikien R323,
R332, R334, R335, R337, R356 ja R385 TVluotauksen
rakohavainnot. Työraportti 1-97.
29 p. Y30/97/1.
Paulamäki, Seppo; Lindberg, Antero; Paananen,
Markku & Blomqvist, Runar 1997. Structural
modelling of water-conductivite fractures and
fracture zones of the Eastern Granite in the
Palmottu study site, based on hydraulic data and
TV-logging of open fractures. 15 p., 11 apps.
Y50/97/17.
Pedersen, Karsten & Haveman, Shelley 1999.
Analysis of diversity and distribution of microorganisms
in Palmottu groundwater and evaluation
of their influence on redox potential and
uranium (VI) reduction. 12 p. Y50/99/14.
Pena, Javier; Gimeno, Maria Jose; Tallos,
Alberto & Turrero, Maria Jesus 1997. Statistical
approach to the geochemical modelling
of waters in Palmottu natural analogue. 14 p.
Y50/97/08.
Perez del Villar, L.; Campos, R.; Cozar, J. S.;
Pelayo, M.; Pardillo, J. & Labajos, M. A. 1997.
Structural, lithogical and mineralogical analyses
of borehole R-385 (386) from the Palmottu Site,
Finland. 15 p., 18 apps. Y50/97/05.
GTK 2004 • 40

Pérez del Villar, L.; Cózar, J.S.; Reyes, E.; Delgado,
A.; Núñez, R.; Crespo, M.T.; Sánchez de
Ledesma, D.M.; Gimeno, M.J.; Peña, J.; Yllera
del Llano, A. & Garcia, M. 1999. Activities and
main results obtained by Ciemat in the Palmottu
Project during 1998. 17 p. Y50/99/06.
Rasilainen, Kalevi; Read, David; Ayora, Carlos;
Le Guern, Cécile; Suksi, Juhani; Pedersen,
Karsten & Ruskeeniemi, Timo 1999. Migration
of Radionuclides – Summary report of WP4.
37 p. Y50/99/24.
Rasilainen, Kalevi; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Suksi,
Juhani; Read, David & Blomqvist, Runar 1999.
Uranium inventories at Palmottu. 18 p., 1 apps.
Y50/99/21.
Read, David; Rasilainen, Kari; Blomqvist, Runar;
Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Kaija, Juha; Ahonen,
Lasse & Paananen, Markku 1998. Experimental
Database for Migration Modelling Exercise at
Palmottu. 16 p. Y50/98/07.
Read, David; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Rasilainen,
Kalevi; Blomqvist, Runar; Kaija, Juha &
Paananen, Markku 1999. Experimental Database
for Migration Modelling Exercise at
Palmottu: Phase 2. 20 p. Y50/99/10.
Rouhiainen, Pekka 1996. Difference flow measurements
at the Palmottu site in boreholes R385
and R386. 9 p., 8 apps. Y50/96/06.
Rouhiainen, Pekka & Heikkinen, Petri 1998.
Difference flow measurements at the Palmottu
site in boreholes R387 and R388. 14 p., 38
apps. Y50/98/03.
Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Blomqvist, Runar & Ahonen,
Lasse 1998. Hydrogeological description of
the Eastern Flow System at the Palmottu Natural
Analogue System. 16 p. Y50/98/11.
Ruskeeniemi, Timo; del Villar, Luis Perez;
Smellie, John & Lindgerg, Antero 1997. Deep
geochemical borehole at Palmottu – preliminary
geological report of boreholes R385 and
R386.38 p., 79 apps. Y50/97/16.
Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Kaija, Juha; Blomqvist,
Runar; Ahonen, Lasse; Smellie, John; Almen,
Kalle & Hernan, Pedro 1996. Deep geochemical
borehole at Palmottu – Drilling activities
of boreholes R385 and R386.27 p., 16 apps.
Y50/96/08.
Ruskeeniemi, Timo & Lindberg, Antero 1998.
Mineralogical and geochemical database of the
Palmottu site. 12 p., 28 apps. Y50/98/10.
Salas, J. & Ayora, C. 1999. Migration modelling
exercise at Palmottu: Phase 2. Progress Report.
18 p. Y50/99/20.
Siitari-Kauppi, M.; Marcos, N.; Klobes, P.;
Goebbles, J.; Timonen, J. & Hellmuth, K.-H.
1999. Physical rock matrix characterization.
45 p., 18 apps. Y50/99/12.
Stråhle, Allan 1996. BIP image investigations
at Palmottu study site, Finland. 3 p., 64 apps.
Y50/96/07.
Suksi, Juhani; Juntunen, Paula & Ervanne,
Heini 1999. Study of natural uranium sorption
and fixation. 9 p. Y50/99/25.
Suksi, Juhani; Juntunen, Paula; Ervanne,
Heini & Ruskeeniemi, Timo 1999. Study of U
migration between fracture and rock matrix.
16 p. Y50/99/26.
Talvisto, Tatjana 1995. Nummi-Pusulan Palmotun
gammasäteilyn totaali-intensiteettimittaukset
maanpinnalta: datan digitaalinen käsittely ja
tulkinta. Työraportti 25. 6 p. Y30/95/2.
Turrero, Maria; Gomez, Paloma & Melon, Ana
Maria 1996. Sampling and characterization of
colloids in groundwater in Palmottu, Finland.
12 p. Y50/96/11.
UT series (International cooperation)
Kukkonen, M.; Rainio, H. & Väisänen, U.
1998. Tiedon kokoaminen ympäristön tilaan
sekä maatalouteen ja vesihuoltoon liittyvistä
hankkeista Nicaraguassa. Osa I. Tiedon
kokoaminen kehitysyhteistyöprojekteista ja
muista tutkimuksista ja niiden arviointi. 41 p.
UT/Nicaragua/1999/2.
Kukkonen, M.; Rainio, H. & Väisänen, U.
1998. Tiedon kokoaminen ympäristön tilaan
sekä maatalouteen ja vesihuoltoon liittyvistä
hankkeista Nicaraguassa. Osa II. Selvitys
ympäristöhaitoista ja niiden syistä kahdella
tuotannollisesti ja geologisesti erilaisella
alueella Nicaraguassa. 61 p., 18 apps. UT/
Nicaragua/1999/3.
Kukkonen, Marjatta; Väisänen, Ulpu; Rainio,
Heikki; Balmaceda Murillo, Luis & Guzman
Guillén, Fidel 1998. Estudio de los problemas
ecologicos y sus causas en dos zonas productivamente
y geologicamente diferentes en Nicaragua.
71 p., 11 apps. UT/Nicaragua/1999/1.
Publications
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Geologist studying the potential of this rock for use as a building material.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
41 • GTK 2004

Precipitate structures on an inorganic rock surface in a road cutting in Heinävesi.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK
GTK 2004 • 42

Papers by GTK staff
in 2004
The following list include references from database FINGEO as at 15 March 2005 to papers published in 2004 with
at least one author from GTK staff (239 refs), and also to papers published in 2003, if not reported in the previous
annual report (22 refs). The list is in Finnish alphabetical order.
Ahonen, Lasse; Kaija, Juha; Paananen, Markku;
Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Hakkarainen, Veikko
2004. Palmottu natural analogue: A summary
of the studies. Tiivistelmä: Palmotun luonnonanalogiatutkimus:
yhteenveto tutkimuksista.
Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Ydinjätteiden sijoitustutkimukset.
Tiedonanto YST-121. 39
p. + 1 app.
Ahtola, Timo; Reinikainen, Jukka; Seppänen,
Hannu 2004. Paleoproterozoic marbles in the
Svecofennian Domain, Finland. In: Castor,
S. B., Papke, K. G. & Meeuwig, R. O. (eds.)
Betting on industrial minerals: Proceedings of
the 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial
Minerals, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, May 18-24,
2003. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology.
Special Publication 33, 11-15.
Airo, M.-L.; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 2004.
Characterization of sulfide deposits by airborne
magnetic and gamma-ray responses in eastern
Finland. In: Coveney, R. M. & Pasava, J. (eds.)
Ores and organic matter. Ore Geology Reviews
24 (1-2), 67-84.
Alenius, Teija 2004. Siitepölyanalyysi maankäytön
ja kasvillisuushistorian tutkimusvälineenä.
In: Korpela, J. (author) Viipurin läänin historia.
Osa 2: Viipurin linnaläänin synty. Lappeenranta:
Karjalan Kirjapaino, 288-289.
Alenius, Teija; Grönlund, Elisabeth; Simola,
Heikki; Saksa, Aleksandr 2004. Land-use
history of Riekkalansaari Island in the northern
archipelago of Lake Ladoga, Karelian Republic,
Russia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
13 (1), 23-31.
Alenius, Teija; Haggrén, Georg; Jansson,
Henrik; Miettinen, Arto 2004. Ulkosaariston
asutuksesta autiokyläksi – Inkoon Ors poikkitieteellisenä
tutkimuskohteena. SKAS (1), 4-19.
Alenius, Teija; Ojala, Antti; Tiljander, Mia 2004.
Paleomagnetic dating of pollen stratigraphy
from lake sediment based on PSV master curve
from central Finland. In: 34th International
Symposium on Archaeometry, 3-7 May 2004,
Zaragoza, (Spain): Program and abstracts.
Zaragoza: Barcelona: University of Zaragoza:
University of Barcelona, 37.
Andrén, T.; Best, G.; Flodén, T.; Harff, J.;
Jensen, J. B.; Korja, A.; Kotilainen, A.; Lemke,
W.; Meschede, M.; Puura, V.; Uscinowicz, S.;
Vejbæk, O. 2004. Towards a Baltic Sea IODP.
In: Puura, I., Tuuling, I. & Hang, T. (eds.) The
Baltic: The Eighth Marine Geological Conference,
September 23-28, 2004, Tartu, Estonia:
Abstracts, excursion guide. Tartu: University
of Tartu, Institute of Geology, 7.
Backman, Birgitta 2004. Groundwater quality,
acidification, and recovery trends between 1969
and 2002 in South Finland. Geological Survey
of Finland. Bulletin 401. 110 p. + 8 app.
Backman, Birgitta; Lahermo, Pertti 2004.
Arseeni pohjavesissä. Summary: Arsenic in
groundwater. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. &
Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa,
ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian
tutkimuskeskus, 103-112.
Balykin, P. A.; Polyakov, G. V.; Hanski, E.;
Walker, R. J.; Huhma, H.; Tran, T. H.; Ngô,
T. P.; Hoàng, H. T.; Tran, Q. H.; Glotov, A.
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Kojonen, Kari 2004. Tarkianiitti (Cu,Fe)(Re,
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Kojonen, Kari; Isomäki, Olli-Pekka 2004. Tarkianiitti
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Kojonen, Kari; Välimaa, Jukka; Gervilla,
Fernando; Parkkinen, Jyrki 2004. Platinumgroup
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Korhonen, Juha Ville; Aaro, Sven; All, Tarmo;
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Korhonen, Juha Ville; Lahtinen, Raimo 2004.
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rocks in Finland, central Fennoscandian Shield.
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Florence, Italy, August 20-28, 2004: Abstracts.
Part 2, 1348-1349.
Korhonen, Juha Ville; Reeves, Colin; Ghidella,
Marta; Maus, Stefan; McClean, Susan; Ravat,
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Korhonen, Juha Ville; Säävuori, Heikki; Koistinen,
Tapio 2004. Bulk density and magnetic
properties of central Fennoscandian Shield in
time and space. In: 32nd International Geological
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Mikko; Heikkinen, Pekka; Kukkonen, Ilmo T.
2004. The growth of Fennoscandia by Paleoproterozoic
accretionary orogenies – Results
from FIRE and BABEL reflection profiles.
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Kortelainen, N. M.; Karhu, J. A. 2004. Tracing
the decomposition of dissolved organic carbon
in artificial recharge by carbon isotope ratios.
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Kortelainen, N. M.; Karhu, J. A.; Lallukka, H.;
Lindqvist, K. 2004. Evolution of groundwater
in a carbonate-bearing glacigenic aquifer, SW
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Kortelainen, Nina; Gustavsson, Nils 2004.
Virttaankankaan pohjaveden ja Kokemäenjoen
jokiveden hapen ja vedyn isotooppikoostumusseuranta:
seossuhteiden virhetarkastelu
simuloinneilla. Summary: The oxygen and
hydrogen isotope ratio in Virttaankangas
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Regional and seasonal trends in the oxygen
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Kortelainen, P.; Pajunen, H.; Rantakari, M.;
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Lahti, Finland, 8-14 August 2004: book
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Kortelainen, Pirkko; Pajunen, Hannu; Rantakari,
Miitta; Saarnisto, Matti 2004. A large
carbon pool and small sink in boreal Holocene
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Kotilainen, A. T.; Alvi, K.; Hämäläinen, J. M.
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Kotilainen, Aarno; Hutri, Kaisa-Leena 2004.
Submarine Holocene sedimentary disturbances
in the Olkiluoto area of the Gulf of Bothnia,
Baltic Sea: A case of postglacial palaeoseismicity.
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Kotilainen, Aarno; Hämäläinen, Jyrki; Kohonen,
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Ojala, Juhani; Rämö, Tapani; Sundblad, Krister;
Vaarma, Markus 2004. Syväkairausta Itämerellä
–haaveista totta tällä vuosituhannella.
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Kousa, A.; Moltchanova, E.; Viik-Kajander, M.;
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Kousa, Anne; Moltchanova, Elena; Taskinen,
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Karvonen, Marjatta 2004. Geochemistry of
local ground water in relation to the incidence
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Kozlovskaya, E.; Elo, S.; Hjelt, S.-E.; Yliniemi,
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crust of southern and central Finland obtained
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Kozlovskaya, E.; Hjelt, S.-E.; Yliniemi, J.;
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Kukkonen, Ilmo 2004. Suomen kallioperän
seismiset heijastusluotaukset päätökseen.
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Kukkonen, Ilmo 2004. Suomen syvimmän reiän
kairaus käynnissä Outokummussa.Vuorityö ja
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Kukkonen, Ilmo; Korja, Annakaisa; Lahtinen,
Raimo; Heikkinen, Pekka 2004. Thermal
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Kuusisto, Erna 2004. Arseeni kasveissa. Summary:
Arsenic in plants. In: Loukola-Ruskeeniemi,
K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen
luonnossa, ympäristövaikutukset ja riskit.
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Käpyaho, A.; Mänttäri, I.; Huhma, H. 2004.
Episodic Archaean crustal growth and crustal
recycling in Kuhmo, eastern Finland: U-Pb
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Lahtinen, Raimo; Korja, Annakaisa; Nironen,
Mikko 2004. Paleoproterozoic evolution of the
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Lambie, Katherine; Frape, Shaun; Stotler,
Randy; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Hobbs, Monique
2004. Site characterization techniques using
fracture minerals for radioactive waste disposal.
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GSA Annual Meeting and Exposition, Denver,
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Lehtonen, M. L.; O’Brien, H. E.; Peltonen, P.;
Johanson, B. S.; Pakkanen, L. K. 2004. Layered
lithospheric mantle at the edge of the Karelian
Craton: P-T and compositions of kimberlitic
xenocrysts and xenoliths from Kaavi-Kuopio,
Finland. In: Mansfeld, J. (ed.) The 26th Nordic
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Lehtonen, Marja 2004. Kaavin Lahtojoen sekä
Kuhmon Seitaperän kimberliittien indikaatiot
pohjamoreenissa. Summary: Glacial dispersion
studies of two eastern Finland kimberlites in
Quaternary till. Geologi 56 (4-5), 92-103.
Leino, Jukka 2004. Tohmajärven kunnassa tutkitut
suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 1. Abstract:
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Lindholm, Tapio; Heikkilä, Raimo; Kuznetsov,
Oleg; Mäkilä, Markku 2004. Ypäyssuo, a huge
East Fennoscandian proposed RAMSAR mire
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Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K.; Tanskanen, H.;
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Pullinen, A.; Vartiainen, S. 2003. Naturally
high arsenic contents in groundwater in areas
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Gobran, G. R. & Lepp, N. (eds.) 7th International
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Lunkka, Juha Pekka; Johansson, Peter; Saarnisto,
Matti; Sallasmaa, Olli 2004. Glaciation
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Luukkanen, Ari 2003. Kiuruvedellä tutkitut
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Luukkanen, Ari 2004. Lapinlahdella tutkitut
suot ja niiden turvevarat. Osa 1. Abstract: The
peatlands and peat reserves of Lapinlahti. Part
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Makarikhin, Vladimir; Suominen, Veli; Systra,
Ylo 2004. Unique objects of the Early Precambrian
in the eastern Fennoscandian Shield.
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Makkonen, Hannu Veli; Mäkinen, Jari 2004.
The Palaeoproterozoic (1.9 Ga) Rytky nickel
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Mangerud, J.; Jakobsson, M.; Alexanderson, H.;
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Hjort, C.; Krinner, G.; Lunkka, J. P.; Möller,
P.; Murray, A.; Nikolskaya, O.; Saarnisto, M.;
Svendsen, J. I. 2004. Ice-dammed lakes and
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Marmo, J.; Vareikiene, O. 2004. Development
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Marmo, Jukka 2004. Kolin alueen kallioperän
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Moisanen, Markku 2004. Vegetation development
in the Teuravuoma mire complex and its
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Moore, Tim; Blodau, Christian; Turunen,
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Moore, Tim R.; Turunen, Jukka 2004. Carbon
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Mutanen, T.; Väänänen, J. 2004. PGE-Au-Cu-
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Publications
Muurinen, Tapio; Aro, Ilkka 2004. Kiimingin
suot, turvevarat ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus.
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Mäkilä, Markku 2004. Electric conductivity
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Mäkilä, Markku; Saarnisto, Matti 2004. An
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Mäkinen, Jari 2004. Arseeni järvisedimenteissä.
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Mäkinen, Jari; Makkonen, Hannu V. 2004.
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Mäkinen, Jari; Pajunen, Hannu 2004. Two opposite
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Mäkitie, Hannu; Lahti, Seppo I. 2004. Jalasjärven
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Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Jalasjärvi mapsheet
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Mänttäri, Irmeli; Kohonen, Jarmo; Kujala,
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Nenonen, Jari 2004. Till stratigraphy and
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Nenonen, Keijo; Määttä, Matti; Lovén, Lasse;
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Oberthür, Thomas; Weiser, Thorolf W.; Gast,
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Partridge, Tim C.; Lowe, John J.; Barker, Philip;
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Peltonen, Petri; Mänttäri, Irmeli 2004. Zircons
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Penttinen, Sari; Alakukku, Laura; Hänninen,
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GTK 2004 • 48

Symposium held June 15-19, 2003, Kalmar,
Sweden. Materials Research Society symposium
proceedings 807, 565-570.
Rask, Markku 2004. Sapokan rakennuskivipuisto
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Saarnisto, Matti 2004. Karjalan maanviljelyn
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Radiocarbon dates from archaeological excavations
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Saarnisto, Matti; Saksa, Aleksandr 2004.
Radiohiiliajoituksia Viipurin arkeologisilta
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Schultz, Eija; Joutti, Anneli; Räisänen, Marja
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Olli 2004. Extractability of metals and ecotoxicity
of soils from two old wood impregnation sites
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326 (1-3), 71-84.
Selonen, Olavi 2004. GTK kartoittaa laajasti
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airborne electromagnetic measurements [Elec-
49 • GTK 2004

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66th Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France,
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Svendsen, J. I.; Alexanderson, H.; Astakhov,
V. I.; Demidov, I.; Dowdeswell, J. A.; Funder,
S.; Gataullin, V.; Henriksen, M.; Hjort, C.;
Houmark-Nielsen, M.; Hubberten, H. W.;
Ingólfsson, Ó.; Jakobsson, M.; Kjær, K. H.;
Larsen, E.; Lokrantz, H.; Lunkka, J. P.; Lyså,
A.; Mangerud, J.; Matiouchkov, A.; Murray, A.;
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Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Sepänmaa, Timo;
Miettinen, Mirja; Storå, Jan; Saarnisto, Matti
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pohjavesissä Keski-Lapissa. Summary: Arsenic
in groundwater in Kittilä, Finnish Lapland. In:
Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.)
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K. & Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen
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Tarvainen, Timo; Mannio, Jaakko 2004. Arseeni
pintavesissä ja purosedimenteissä. Summary:
Arsenic in surface waters and stream sediments.
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ja riskit. Espoo: Geologian
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Tenhola, Markku; Lahermo, Pertti; Väänänen,
Pauli; Lehto, Olli 2004. Alueellisessa geokemiallisessa
purovesikartoituksessa todettujen
fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien ja alkuainepitoisuuksien
vertailu Suomessa vuosina 1990,
1995 ja 2000. Summary: Comparison of physical
properties and element concentrations in
the regional geochemical mapping of stream
water in Finland during 1990, 1995, and 2000.
Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimusraportti
159. 35 p.
Toivonen, Tapio 2004. Multialla tutkitut suot
ja niiden käyttökelpoisuus. Osa 2. Abstract:
The mires of Multia and their usefulness. Part
2. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Turvetutkimusraportti
352. 65 p. + 4 app.
Toivonen, Tapio 2004. Pernajassa tutkitut suot ja
niiden turvevarat. Abstract: The mires and peat
reserves of Pernaja. Geologian tutkimuskeskus.
Turvetutkimusraportti 353. 26 p. + 4 app.
Turunen, Pertti 2004. On the use of the VLF
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96, 25.
Vaarma, Markus; Pipping, Fredrik 2003.
Kyyjärvi–Perho-kartta-alueen kallioperä .
Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Kyyjärvi
and Perho map-sheet areas. Suomen geologinen
kartta 1:100 000: kallioperäkarttojen selitykset
lehdet 2331 ja 2332. 54 p.
Valjus, T.; Breilin, O.; Vanhala, H.; Lehtimäki,
J. 2004. Detailed geophysical study of glaciofluvial
aquifer at Kempele, western Finland. In:
Near surface 2004: 10th European Meeting of
Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6-9 September 2004:
extended abstracts book. Houten: EAGE, 4 p.
Vallius, Henry; Leivuori, Mirja 2003. Classification
of heavy metal contaminated sediments
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Vanhala, H.; Räisänen, M. L.; Huotari, T.; Valjus,
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2004: 10th European Meeting of Environmental
and Engineering Geophysics, Utrecht, The
Netherlands, 6-9 September 2004: Extended
abstracts book. Houten: EAGE, 4 p.
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minerals in the study of soil: Techniques,
their limitations and advantages. Geologija
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Veski, Siim; Seppä, Heikki; Ojala, Antti E. K.
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annually laminated lake sediments in eastern
Europe. Geology 32 (8), 681-684.
Vesterbacka, P.; Mäkeläinen, I.; Tarvainen,
T.; Hatakka, T.; Arvela, H. 2004. Kaivoveden
luonnollinen radioaktiivisuus – otantatutkimus
2001. Abstract: Natural radioactivity in private
wells in Finland – A representative survey 2001
. Säteilyturvakeskus. STUK-A 199. 51 p.
Virtanen, Kimmo 2004. Arseeni Pohjois-Pohjanmaan
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Lahermo, P. (eds.) Arseeni Suomen luonnossa,
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Virtanen, Kimmo 2004. Peat geological surveys
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Publications
Tracking post-glacial environmental change in
the Archipelago Sea using biogenic sediment
structures. In: Puura, I., Tuuling, I. & Hang, T.
(eds.) The Baltic: The Eighth Marine Geological
Conference, September 23-28, 2004, Tartu,
Estonia: Abstracts, excursion guide. Tartu:
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Vuori, Saku K. 2004. Petrogenesis of the Jurassic
gabbroic intrusions of Vestfjella, Dronning
Maud Land, Antarctica. Helsinki: University
of Helsinki. 102 p.
Väisänen, Ulpu 2004. Groundwater and factors
affecting its quality: Examples from the Rovaniemi
district of northern Finland and western
Nicaragua. Geological Survey of Finland.
Bulletin 400. 145 p. + 5 app.
Väisänen, Ulpu Mirja 2004. Groundwater and
factors affecting its quality: Examples from
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Väänänen, Jukka 2004. Sieppijärven ja Pasmajärven
kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary:
Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Sieppijärvi and
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kartta 1:100 000: kallioperäkarttojen
selitykset lehdet 2624 ja 2642. 55 p. + 1 app.,
2 app. maps.
Werme, Lars; King, Fraser; Ahonen, Lasse;
Taxén, Claes; Vuorinen, Ulla 2004. KBS-TR-90
twenty-five years on – Progress in the understanding
of the long-term corrosion behaviour
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Research Society symposium proceedings
807, 417-422.
GTK 2004 • 50

Organization and management
Geological Survey of Finland organization 2004
MINISTRY OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY
BOARD
DIRECTOR GENERAL
DIRECTOR’S STAFF
MANAGEMENT GROUP
ESPOO
UNIT
KUOPIO
UNIT
ROVANIEMI
UNIT
GEOSERVICE
CENTRE
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
FINANCE AND
ADMINISTRATION
• Bedrock and
mineral
resources
• Quaternary
deposits and
env. geology
• Bedrock and
mineral
resources
• Quaternary
deposits and
env. geology
• Bedrock and
mineral
resources
• Quaternary
deposits and
env. geology
• Geolaboratory
• Technical
services
• Geophysical
services
• IT services
• Information
services
• Application
development
• Planning
• Accounting
• Personnel
• Geophysical
research
• IT and info
services
• IT and info
services
• Mineral
Processing
• Research
laboratory
• Administration
• Administration
• GIS services
PROJECTS
The organisation has been altered as from 1 January 2005.
GTK’s management 31 December
2004
Director General Elias Ekdahl
Director of Administration
Jorma Järvinen
Director’s staff
Research Director Pekka Nurmi
(Bedrock Geology and Mineral
Resources)
Research Director Keijo Nenonen
(Land Use and Environment)
Programme Director Hannu Idman
(Land Use and Environment)
Director Markku Mäkelä
(International Services)
Communications Director Caj Kortman
Directors of units
Espoo Unit Karita Åker
Kuopio Unit Kari Pääkkönen
Rovaniemi Unit Ahti Silvennoinen
Geoservice Centre Harry Sandström
Information Management Jarmo Kohonen
Administrative Services Pekka Suomela
51 • GTK 2004

Board of directors
Term of office from 1 March 2004 to 29 February 2008
In August 2004, the GTK Board visited Boliden’s Aitik copper mine near Gällivare in northern Sweden. Pictured L-R: Alpo Kuparinen,
Pirkko Selin, Tom Niemi, the mine’s General Manager Bert-Ove Johansson (who hosted the visit), Jukka Noponen, Eija Hyvönen,
Elias Ekdahl, Jorma Järvinen and Helena Korhonen.
Tom Niemi
Chair
Deputy Managing Director
New Boliden AB
Alpo Kuparinen
Deputy Chair
Industrial Counsellor
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Helena Korhonen
Ministerial Counsellor
Ministry of the Environment
Jukka Noponen
Commercial Director
Jaakko Pöyry Infra
Pirkko Selin
Director
Vapo Oy
Elias Ekdahl
Director General
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
Eija Hyvönen
Geophysicist
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
Jorma Järvinen
Secretary to the Board
Director of Administration
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
GTK 2004 • 52
Weathered surface of serpentinite rock in a former talc quarry in Polvijärvi.
Photo: Jari Väätäinen, GTK

Geological Survey of Finland
P.O. Box 96
(Betonimiehenkuja 4)
FI-02151 Espoo Finland
Tel: +358 (0)20 550 11
Fax: +358 (0)20 550 12
Geological Survey of Finland
Kuopio Unit
P.O. Box 1237
(Neulaniementie 5)
FI-70211 Kuopio Finland
Tel: +358 (0)20 550 30
Fax: +358 (0)20 550 13
Geological Survey of Finland
Rovaniemi Unit
P.O. Box 77
(Lähteentie 2)
FI-96101 Rovaniemi Finland
Tel: +358 (0)20 550 40
Fax: +358 (0)20 550 14
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