Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 27 Figure 3 Cognitive continuum Cohort In epidemiological studies, the term was originally used to define a group of individuals born during a specified period of time. However, over recent years a looser definition has become common and the term is used to refer to any pre-defined group of people subjected to follow-up (Sartwell PE (1976) Cohorts: the debasement of a word. American Journal of Epidemiology. 103: 536). Cohort analysis In a cohort analysis, people of a given, restricted age group are followed prospectively (forward in time) and their rates of disease or death are measured in successive time intervals as they age. Note the restricted definition of cohort used here. Cohort study A cohort study is a type of prospective observational study often employed for investigating risk. A typical study may involve recruiting an
28 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine initially healthy group (cohort) of individuals exposed to different levels of a suspected risk factor (smoking) for a disease (e.g. lung cancer) and following them for a number of years after recruitment. By comparing the incidence of the disease in the different groups, quantitative statements can be made about the strength of association between the risk factor and the disease (see also under Prospective case-control studies). Cohort studies have also been referred to as prospective studies (although any study in which subjects are followed forward in time is accurately described as prospective), incidence studies, longitudinal studies or follow-up studies. COI (see Cost of illness analysis) Committee on Safety of Medicines The Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) is an advisory body consisting of drug experts, set up to advise the UK ministers of health (the Licensing Authority) on drug licensing. Drug licence applications sent to the Medicines Control Agency are evaluated by its secretariat and recommendations about granting of the licences made with the advice of the CSM. The latter also advises on licence applications which are sent to the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) for Europe-wide approval. For such applications, one of the EU member countries acts as rapporteur to co-ordinate all the responses. The CSM also produces a regular leaflet on current problems in pharmacovigilance (http://www.open.gov.uk/mca/). Community health councils Community health councils are independent bodies first set up in 1974 by the UK government to represent the interests of the public in the health service in their area. Community Health Index (see under Cluster sampling) Compliance Medicine compliance raises highly complex issues and for this reason there is no consensus on its definition. However, a common working definition is 'the extent to which patients adhere to the advice given by the health care provider'. The term 'adhere' is now generally preferred to 'comply' in
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Page 4 and 5: Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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