Download This Issue - Citrus Research Board

Citrograph
September/October 2012
Citrograph
Booth Ranches’
Laird Roddick

THAT’S HOW MOVENTO MAKES ORANGES FEEL.
Movento ® ’s powerful two-way systemic action makes it unique among insecticides.
Its chemistry allows it to get inside plants and spread throughout the entire system.
This results in long-lasting, reliable and all-over protection against psyllids, mites and scale.
So you’ll have stronger, highly pest-resistant plants and a healthier crop.
For more information, visit www.Movento.us.
Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, and Movento are
registered trademarks of Bayer. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at www.BayerCropScience.us.
CRP0112MOVENT0222-R00

Citrograph
SEPTEMBER/October 2012 • Volume 3 • Number 5
Cover photo by David Borjon, Visalia, used
courtesy of Booth Ranches LLC
SUBSCRIPTIONS
U.S.
Single Copies: $1.50
1-Year Subscription: $15.00
2-Year Subscription: $28.00
Send Subscription Requests To:
Citrus Research Board
P.O. Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279
PUBLICATION OFFICE
P.O. Box 230
Visalia, CA 93279
Phone: 559-738-0246
Louise Fisher, Managing Editor
Dr. MaryLou Polek, Chief Science Editor
EDITORIAL BOARD
Ted Batkin
Richard Bennett
Franco Bernardi
Dr. Akif Eskalen
Dr. Ben Faber
Dan Dreyer
Jim Gorden
Judy Brent
Production Manager
255 38th Avenue Suite P
St. Charles, IL 60174
Phone: 630-462-2919
FAX: 630-462-2924
jbrent@farmprogress.com
Canadian & Foreign:
1-Year Subscription: $30.00
2-Year Subscription: $56.00
FAX: 559-738-0607
Web Site:
http://www.citrusresearch.org
SCIENCE REVIEW PANEL
Dr. Mary Lu Arpaia
James A. Bethke
Dr. Abhaya Dandekar
Dr. Akif Eskalen
Dr. Stephen Garnsey
Dr. Joseph Smilanick
Editorial services provided by Anne Warring,
Warring Enterprises, Visalia, CA 93277
PRODUCTION INFORMATION
Dale Hahn, Design
Phone: 630-462-2308
dhahn@farmprogress.com
ADVERTISING INFORMATION
Sandy Creighton
Cherie Averill
Ad Sales Manager
Ad Sales Representative
Phone: (559) 201-9225 Phone: 402-489-9334
screighton@farmprogress.com caverill@farmprogress.com
ADVERTISING RATES
Rates B/W 2/C 4/C
Page ...................................... $690 ....... $860 ......$1025
2/3 Page Vertical................. 540 ..........700 .......... 875
1/2 Page Vert/Horiz............410 ......... 580 .......... 750
1/3 Page Square/Vert........ 285 ......... 455 ..........620
1/4 Page................................ 200 .........370 ..........540
1/6 Page Vertical..................140 ..........310 ..........480
1/8 Page Horizontal............140 ..........310 ..........480
*Frequency discounts: 2X–5%, 3X–7%, 4X–10%
Above rates are gross; 15% discount to recognized agencies.
An Official Publication of the Citrus Research Board
IN THIS ISSUE
4 Editorial
6 Industry Views
8 The European Union threatens
California citrus exports
12 Awards of Appreciation from the Citrus
Research Board
14 Scientists closer to HLB solutions in citrus
18 Cover story: Laird Roddick
24 Weather outlook October 2012 to April
2013 in Central and Southern California
32 HLB in Texas: Steps and challenges to
curb this threat
40 Unforbidden fruits: preventing citrus
smuggling by introducing varieties
culturally significant to ethnic
communities
50 Citrus Roots: The Scheu family
58 Celebrating Citrus
Citrograph is published bimonthly by the Citrus Research Board, 217 N. Encina, Visalia, CA 93291. Citrograph is sent to all
California citrus producers courtesy of the Citrus Research Board. If you are currently receiving multiple copies, or would like
to make a change in your Citrograph subscription, please contact the publication office (above, left).
Every effort is made to ensure accuracy in articles published by Citrograph; however, the publishers assume no responsibility
for losses sustained, allegedly resulting from following recommendations in this magazine. Consult your local authorities.
The Citrus Research Board has not tested any of the products advertised in this publication, nor has it verified any of the
statements made in any of the advertisements. The Board does not warrant, expressly or implicitly, the fitness of any product
advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 3

EDITORIAL
BY TED A. BATKIN, President, Citrus Research Board
Hey… have you registered yet
This is the first
attempt to hold
a comprehensive
two-day event for
you, the growers
of California.
I
stopped by one of the local coffee shops recently and overheard
some of the growers at the counter talking about the latest news
about the ACP and HLB issues and how the situation will affect
them in the coming years. They were concerned about it but didn’t
know enough to really make any meaningful decisions. One of them
asked me for the latest news, so I asked them “have you registered for
the California Citrus Conference There you can get caught up on all
those issues plus a whole lot more.”
This is the first attempt to hold a comprehensive two-day event for
you, the growers of California. There will be demonstrations of the latest
spray technology including the new fogger spray systems being used
in Florida and Texas to combat the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). These
units use “very Low application” technology that applies 2 to 4 gallons
per acre for rapid field coverage. They can be used in the back
of a pickup and deployed with relatively minimum preparation time.
In addition, there will be live demonstrations of many of the spraying
systems currently on the market.
Another popular event will be demonstrations of the detector dog
teams used at border crossings, air terminals, cargo warehouses, etc., to
prevent the introduction of harmful plant material from outside the
U.S.
The Keynote speaker at the Wednesday luncheon will be Ricke
Kress, CEO of Southern Gardens Citrus in Florida. Ricke will bring a
strong message to us regarding the need for diligence in being proactive
in treating for ACP and detecting HLB. In addition, we will be
presenting two major industry awards, the Al Salter Award by CCQC
and the Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Orange Show.
Please come to help honor two people who have contributed significantly
to the California citrus industry throughout their careers.
This conference is designed to appeal to the entire production
team from your organization including irrigation application
technology and timing, crop protection programs, and nutritional
programs. The program includes some outstanding speakers from
Florida and Texas as well as our excellent scientists from California.
We encourage you to bring as many of your staff as possible
to learn and to see all the latest in equipment for grove management.
Please register now for the Conference to avoid waiting in line the
day of the show. The best way to register is through the CRB Web site,
but you can also call the CRB office for help at (559) 738-0246. There
will be plenty of parking and lots of food and drinks during the day.
Yes, we will even have orange juice! We will be looking for you at the
Conference!! l
4 Citrograph September/October 2012

The Mission of the Citrus Research Board:
Develop knowledge and build systems for grower vitality.
Focus on quality assurance, clonal protection, production research,
variety development, and grower/public education.
CITRUS RESEARCH BOARD MEMBER LIST BY DISTRICT 2012-2013
District 1 – Northern California
Member
Alternate
Allan Lombardi, Exeter Justin Brown, Orange Cove
Donald Roark, Lindsay Dan Dreyer, Exeter
Jim Gorden, Exeter
Dan Galbraith, Porterville
Joe Stewart, Bakersfield Franco Bernardi, Visalia
Etienne Rabe, Bakersfield John Konda, Terra Bella
John Richardson, Porterville Jeff Steen, Strathmore
Kevin Olsen, Pinedale Tommy Elliott, Visalia
Richard Bennett, Visalia Dennis Laux, Porterville
District 2 – Southern California – Coastal
Member
Alternate
Earl Rutz, Pauma Valley Alan Washburn, Riverside
Joe Barcinas, Riverside John C. Gless, Riverside
District 3 – California Desert
Member
Mark McBroom, Calipatria
Public Member
Member
Ed Civerolo, Kingsburg
Alternate
Craig Armstrong, Thermal
Alternate
Steve Garnsey, Fallbrook
Citrus Research Board
217 N Encina, Visalia, CA 93291
PO Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279
(559) 738-0246
FAX (559) 738-0607
E-Mail Info@citrusresearch.org
CALENDAR
October 10-11 California Citrus Conference
Porterville Fairgrounds - Porterville
October 12 California Citrus Conference
Optional tour of Lindcove - Exeter
November 1 CCM Annual Meeting - Visalia
November 7-9 California Citrus Nursery Society
Annual Conference - Murphys
November 18-23 12th International Citrus Congress
(ISC) - Valencia, Spain
December 14 LREC Citrus Fruit Display and Tasting
Event - Exeter
January 23-25 CRB New Technologies Conference
and CRB Board Meeting - San Diego
February 4-8 3rd International Research Conference
on Huanglongbing - Orlando, Florida
For more information on the above, contact the CRB office at
(559) 738-0246.
DO YOU KNOW...
In 1960, citrus nurseryman Albert Newcomb had
a crisis on his hands that could have destroyed his
business had he not handled it well. What was it
(Turn to page 16 for the answer.)
New!
Integrated Pest Management
for Citrus−3rd Edition
Now with even more photos,
more resources, and more pests.
What’s new in
the 3rd edition
• 32 new pests
and diseases,
including Asian
Citrus Psyllid
• 500+ color
photos
• Detailed table of
contents
• Index for easy
searching
2012 • 270 pages
$40.00
ANR Pub #3303
Order yours today:
ucanr.org/citrusIPM
or: (800) 994-8849 • (510) 642-2431
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
September/October 2012 Citrograph 5

INDUSTRY VIEWS
Citrograph asks:
What is the most innovative technology being
introduced or new information being presented at the first California
Citrus Conference (Replies are from members of the planning committee.)
This citrus conference will discuss the eventual required responses by all growers to control
the HLB vector, Asian citrus psyllid. This required response will consist of coordinated
sprays of up to 10 times a year to combat the ACP. These sprays will need to be undertaken
by all growers at basically the same time. This will have to be as low-cost as possible, highly
effective, and with all growers in a region completing the sprays in the same period. This will
be absolutely necessary to combat this problem. This conference will have Florida-proven
spray technologies which apply the material at rates ranging from 2 gallons per acre, 5-10-
25 gallons per acre, and up to the larger conventional sprayer volumes. The low-volume
sprayers to be presented will be fogger types and 400 micron spray droplet size applicators.
There will be sprayers on display which incorporate electrostatic and negative ionization
technology. I expect that everyone who comes will find the newer spray technologies very
interesting. —Richard Bennett, Bennett Farms, Inc.
The California Citrus Conference (CCC) is going to be a great resource for people to
be updated on all things citrus. Both days will provide an array of topics for growers,
packers and the scientific community to learn something new or be reminded of important
aspects of producing citrus in California. Choosing one topic to label as the “most innovative”
or best “new information” is challenging. Maybe it will be watching the USDA/Customs
K-9 unit perform a demonstration on how a dog can find and prevent illicit produce/curry
leaves from being smuggled in. Perhaps tasting HLB-tainted juice for the first, and hopefully
last, time will be the most interesting. Either way, there will be topics that will have wide
appeal. However, the single most important agricultural input that makes farming possible
is water. In California, the leading topic is and will always be water. Day two’s “Water Issues”
presentation is one of the most interesting groupings of topics at the CCC. Although
drip irrigation and electronic soil moisture monitoring may not be “new technologies” to
many, how to understand and properly implement data may be. In addition, understanding
new regulations regarding water runoff and groundwater contamination are necessary for
any agriculturalist in California. Above all else, the CCC will present important information
and technologies that have value to all involved in California citrus. —Justin Brown,
D Bar J Orchards
The research discussions will give updates on a number of subjects. For one, Mark Hoddle
will report on the progress of using Tamarixia radiata and other new predators against
the Asian citrus psyllid as one of several control strategies. Release of T. radiata has begun
in areas of Southern California, especially in the huge residential areas that are currently
overwhelmed with ACP, and the research team at UCR has begun to develop methods for
mass rearing Tamarixia. This will be a very significant effort to control ACP in the urban
landscape. Several researchers working on HLB are on the agenda including Ed Stover from
USDA in Florida who will talk about efforts underway and progress made in the development
of HLB-tolerant/resistant rootstocks and scions via conventional and engineered
methods. Michael Rogers, University of Florida, and Mamoudou Setamou, Texas A&M,
will provide the latest information on the success of area-wide treatment programs. Jim
Graham, University of Florida, will address the impacts of HLB on root health. CRB’s vice
chairman, Etienne Rabe, will give an overview of CRB-funded projects including those that
address genetics, early detection of pathogens and the host plant response. The ability for
early detection of HLB-associated pathogens is extremely important, and discerning host
plant and pathogen responses will lead to a better understanding of disease development
and potential control strategies. You should not miss these very informative presentations
at the Conference. —Earl Rutz, Rancho Pauma Granite
6 Citrograph September/October 2012

Meet the faces of Dandy®citrus.
For 85 years, Duda Farm Fresh Foods has been providing farm fresh fruits and vegetables to businesses and consumers.
Our commitment to quality and availability holds true today now more than ever, as we aim to provide our customers
with a year-round supply of the most sought after citrus products. With a trusted network of growers, both domestic
and international, Duda Farm Fresh Foods provides a consistent and high quality citrus supply all year long.
Phone 559-627-1337
Fax 559-627-3665
www.DudaFresh.com
JOIN OUR COMMUNITY.
Dandy Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
@Dandy_Fresh
dudafreshproduce
September/October 2012 Citrograph 7

The European Union threatens
California citrus exports
Jim Cranney
Methyl bromide has been a reliable
tool to facilitate citrus exports
in global markets for decades. After
recently banning methyl bromide
in Europe, the European
Union is now determined to eliminate
its use worldwide.
In any given year, about a third of the
California citrus crop is exported.
On arrival in distant markets, the
fruit is usually inspected to ensure that
it meets pesticide residue regulations
and to ensure that no quarantine plant
diseases or insects are shipped along
with the fruit.
From time to time, insects are
found. Unless the interception is an
egregious event, the fruit is usually fumigated
with methyl bromide and allowed
to enter commerce. This option
works particularly well since methyl
bromide is effective on a broad spectrum
of pests, and its properties are
well understood by quarantine
officials, other regulators,
and fumigators.
If methyl bromide is
banned, our trading partners
would need to find another
fumigant to treat interceptions.
However, this
could be very difficult to achieve because
methyl bromide is a broad-spectrum
fumigant that controls just about
every major quarantine pest. Other
fumigants may only be effective on a
limited number of pests or life stages.
Alternatives may not be approved by
regulatory authorities, and they might
not be registered in all export markets.
While methyl bromide usage for
quarantine uses is exempt from international
regulation, the European
Union (EU) has been trying to erode
or eliminate this exemption. Having
banned methyl bromide use in Europe,
8 Citrograph September/October 2012
the EU is insisting that quarantine uses
be reduced or eliminated.
In my role as President of the California
Citrus Quality Council, I attend
international regulatory meetings to
protect the interests of California growers
and shippers. The following is taken
from a report I provided recently to the
CCQC board to summarize a meeting
I attended to defend our industry’s access
to methyl bromide.
July meeting in Thailand
On Friday, July 20, I traveled to
Bangkok, Thailand to attend the Openended
Working Group of the Meeting
of the Parties (MOP) to the Montreal
Protocol to continue our advocacy
for the use of methyl bromide. At this
meeting, country representatives hammered
out draft positions that will be
ratified at the Meeting of the Parties
next November.
Now that most of the soil uses of
methyl bromide have been phased out
around the world, the European Union
(EU) -- and its allies -- has
turned its attention to the
quarantine uses of methyl
bromide with the intent of
phasing it out worldwide.
Removal of methyl bromide
for quarantine uses
would likely cause a crisis
in the California citrus industry since
there are no good replacements to fumigate
export fruit.
Early in the meeting, the Technical
and Economic Assessment Panel
(TEAP) provided a summary of the
status of Critical Use Nominations
(CUNs) for soil fumigation and information
about trends on the use of
methyl bromide for quarantine and
preshipment (QPS) purposes.
TEAP is a committee of technical
experts whose primary role is to provide
technical advice to government
officials who make policy decisions
about methyl bromide. While TEAP
members are supposed to be unbiased
technical experts, many feel the panel
has lost its objectiveness and become a
haven for activists whose primary goal
is to eliminate methyl bromide use.
A proposal to reform TEAP’s administration
and governance was a significant
area of discussion at the meeting,
led by the U.S. delegation.
The TEAP presentation provided
several examples of comments intended
to cast a negative light on methyl
bromide or commentary intended to
suggest that the Parties adopt policies
to further limit its use. One co-chair
reported that there were “many incidents”
of poisoning related to grape
import fumigations, when in reality
there was one incident involving two
quality assurance employees last year.
Another co-chair described the
quarantine use of methyl bromide as
the remaining use “not subject to a
freeze,” a veiled suggestion that the
Parties should freeze quarantine uses.
This comment was immediately followed
by a misleading graph on quarantine
use meant to give the impression
that the quarantine use is growing
quickly. It has been flat for the past 10
years. Meanwhile, the EU stated no less
than five times in 20 minutes that they
had phased out all uses of methyl bromide.
As expected, the EU introduced a
conference room paper on QPS methyl
bromide use, which is essentially a
written proposal requesting action on
a particular issue. The proposal was
taken up in a contact group, which is a
breakout group organized to form consensus
around the proposal.
QPS contact group negotiations
The EU along with Australia, Croatia
and Switzerland pressed for an
annual review of methyl bromide quar-
...continued on page 10

September/October 2012 Citrograph 9

antine uses by TEAP over two days of
dogged negotiations.
The U.S. delegation, led by the Environmental
Protection Agency’s Tom
Land, strongly opposed the proposal,
finally informing the contact group that
the United States was weary of TEAP’s
tendency to stray from the parameters
of its appointed task and its chastising
of the United States for its methyl
bromide policy, and its use of special
projects as an opportunity to advocate
its positions on methyl bromide policy.
Additionally, he reminded the contact
group that the quarantine uses of methyl
bromide are exempt from regulation
under the Montreal Protocol treaty.
No consensus was reached on the
proposal, which was tabled for discussion
at the meeting of the Parties next
November in Geneva, Switzerland.
EU methyl bromide alternatives
database
The EU unveiled the beta version
of an impressive database designed
for regulatory authorities looking for
10 Citrograph September/October 2012
alternatives to methyl bromide for
quarantine use. The database was developed
and presented at an EU-sponsored
luncheon by Tom Bachelor, who
is acting as a consultant to the EU. He
gave an excellent presentation on the
features of the database including the
array of alternatives, regulatory status
of alternatives, the cost of potential alternatives
and search modules for target
pests or pathway species. The EU
reported that the database will be completed
in time for November’s Meeting
of the Parties.
While the EU did not elaborate
on how the database will be used, it is
obvious that it will be used to advance
EU positions within the Protocol and
to lobby individual Parties on how they
could voluntarily reduce methyl bromide
use.
Analysis
In the short term, it does not appear
likely that the EU will be successful
in removing the quarantine exemption
within the Protocol as long as the
U.S. delegation continues its steadfast
opposition.
Nevertheless, new and bolder proposals
should be expected from the EU
with support from TEAP. In its 2009
report on quarantine uses, TEAP concluded
that 80 percent of those uses
could be replaced by alternatives. This
remains the goal of TEAP and the EU.
The Montreal Protocol is the
international treaty governing the
protection of the ozone layer. The
Protocol represents all the international
treaties requiring countries to
end production of ozone-depleting
chemicals. These chemicals include
fire retardants, refrigerants, and fumigants
such as methyl bromide.
Under the Montreal Protocol,
technical bodies report on the science
of ozone depletion, implement
projects to help move away from
ozone-depleting substances, and
provide a forum for policy discussions.
The United States government
sends a delegation of agency officials
from the Department of State,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Food and Drug Administration and
U.S. Department of Agriculture to
participate in policy discussions that
impact U.S. businesses and citizens.
The California Citrus Quality
Council participates in the meetings
as a non-governmental organization
and provides technical advice to the
U.S. delegation on policies that impact
the California citrus industry.
Additionally, the combination of
TEAP’s activism and the EU’s constant
attacks gives the impression that
quarantine uses should face greater
scrutiny. As these attacks continue,
there is increasing danger that individual
countries could independently take
action to reduce the quarantine uses of
methyl bromide.
We will continue to monitor the
issue, explore alternatives to methyl
bromide, and urge USDA’s Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) to advocate for appropriate
and judicious use of methyl bromide
for quarantine purposes among its
global phytosanitary counterparts.
Jim Cranney is President of the
California Citrus Quality Council
(CCQC).l

SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE BACTERICIDE
®
Plant Food Systems’ products
are certified as using only
pure, virgin materials, with no
byproducts or downstream
contaminants for consistent
safety, performance & results.
MANUFACTURED BY:
Plant Food Systems, Inc.
2827 Union St. P.O. Box 775
Zellwood, FL 32798
800.343.7775
NET CONTENTS:
2½ Gallons
30 Gallons
55 Gallons
EPA Reg. No. 73806-1
EPA Est. No. 73806-FL-001
K
PHITE 7LP
SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE BACTERICIDE
Product Information:
A systemic fungicide bactericide for the control of
downy mildew, phytophthora, pythium, and various
other diseases on agricultural crops and turf.
Active Ingredients
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:
Mono- and dipotassium salts of Phosphorus Acid*
.........………………....................................... 56.0%
OTHER INGREDIENTS:.…….…………….. 44.0%
TOTAL:……..…………………………………..100%
*Contains 7.03 lbs./gallon of active ingredients,
mono-and dipotassium salts of Phosphorus Acid.
Equivalent to 4.41 lbs. Phosphorus Acid/gallon.
0711

Awards of Appreciation from
the Citrus Research Board
MaryLou Polek
The California citrus industry is
blessed with hardworking individuals
including scientists and
regulatory personnel who dedicate their
careers to advancing and/or benefitting
the industry.
CRB President Ted Batkin decided
in 2002 that these individuals deserve
to be recognized. The first recipient, Dr.
Mary Lu Arpaia, was honored at a dinner
attended by the CRB board members
and principal investigators, and a
letter describing her achievements was
read aloud and given to her. At the
time, that seemed to be good enough as
a public Thank You.
In 2004, President Batkin made the
honor more formal by presenting the
recipient with a beautifully designed
award that has some heft to it and is
suitable for display on a bookshelf or
desktop. Another change was made
that year as two awards were given, one
for academic or research excellence --
the “Award of Excellence” -- and a second,
the “President’s Award”, for a person
whose work in citrus or in support
of citrus had been above and beyond
expectations.
The recipients that year were Drs.
Elizabeth Grafton-Cardwell, Award of
Excellence, and Jerry Dimitman, the
President’s Award. From then on, it
became a tradition to announce these
awards at the September meeting,
when principal investigators present
their concepts and workplans for research
projects in the hope of receiving
CRB funding.
With the change in the CRB fiscal
year (now October 1 to September 30),
this research presentation meeting now
occurs in August. This year, three people
were recognized. First, Dr. Mary Lu
Arpaia (UC Cooperative Extension
Specialist) was given her award retroactively
(the thinking being better late
than never).
The “Award of Excellence” was
presented to UC Riverside researcher
Dr. Tracy Kahn who devotes many
hours to maintaining the Citrus Variety
Collection, evaluating and describing
fruit quality, and harvesting fruit and
creating attractive displays at numerous
public and industry events including
the annual CCM Citrus Showcase
and the World Ag Expo.
As a matter of fact, Dr. Kahn was
not able to attend the annual board/
researchers dinner -- where her selection
as the 2012 honoree would have
been revealed in a surprise announcement
-- so instead received her award
in the meeting room immediately after
giving her project proposal. The prior
commitment that had her missing the
dinner was that she and colleagues Dr.
Mikeal Roose and Claire Federici were
busy hauling and planting citrus trees
for a new trial.
Someone who was surprised at the
dinner was Janet Taylor, Senior Environmental
Scientist in the Pest Exclusion
Branch of the California Department
of Food and Agriculture (CDFA),
who was given the President’s Award.
Since 2001, Taylor has been involved
in a number of quarantines
throughout California, several of them
impacting citrus including the Mexican
fruit fly in Valley Center in 2003 and
Escondido in 2007, and the Diaprepes
root weevil in 2006.
She is now the lead for the Asian
citrus psyllid quarantine project (and
has been since ACP was discovered
in San Diego County in 2008). Taylor
has been working tirelessly with industry
members, generating compliance
agreements for transporting citrus
and nursery stock and explaining
the evolving regulations regarding the
psyllid and huanglongbing. Often you
can see her giving a presentation at a
grower meeting or being called upon
Dr. Mary Lu Arpaia, with her Award of Excellence,
posing with CRB President Ted Batkin.
12 Citrograph September/October 2012
Dr. Tracy Kahn is the 2012 recipient
of CRB’s Award of Excellence,
presented for “exceptional service
to the California citrus industry”.
Photo by Sara Clausen, UC Riverside.
CDFA’s Janet Taylor received the CRB President’s
Award from CEO Ted Batkin, who
lauded her work as the lead for the ACP and
HLB quarantines.

September/October 2012 Citrograph 13
Map of Asian citrus psyllid detections in California and neighboring portions of Arizona and Mexico through Sept. 14, 2012.
as she sits in the audience to clarify, explain,
and answer questions for other
speakers.
In addition to past years’ winners
already mentioned, recipients of the
CRB Award of Excellence have included
researchers Joseph Morse (UC Riverside),
Mikeal Roose (UCR), Abhaya
United States
Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service
!(!(
!( !( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!( !( !(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(
!( !(
!( !(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(!( !(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !( !(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!( !( !( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!( !( !( !(!( !(!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !( !(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!( !( !(
!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!( !(
!( !(!( !(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!( !(!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!( ! ( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!( !( !(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!( !(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !( !(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !(!(!( !(!( !( !( !(!(
!(!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!( !( !(
!( !(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !( !( !( !(
!( !( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!( !(!( !( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !(!( !( !( !(
!( !( !(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!( !( !( !( !( !(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(!( !( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!( !( !( !( !(!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( !(!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !( !( !(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(!(!( !( !(!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!( !(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !( !(!( !( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!( !( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!( !( !(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!( !( !( !(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!( !(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!( !(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!( !(
!( !( !( !( !(
!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!( !( !(!(!(!( !( !(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(!( !(!( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!( !(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!( !( !( !( !(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(
!( !(!( !(!( !(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(
!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!( !( !(!( !( !(
!( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!( !( !( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!( !(!(!( !( !(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(
!(!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(!( !( !( !(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( !( !( !( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!( !(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(!(
!(!(!( !( !( !(!( !(!( !( !(
!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !( !(!( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !(!(!(!( !(
!(!(
!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!(!( !( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!(!(
!(
!( !(!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(!( !( !(
!(!(!(!(
!(
!( !( !(!(
!(!(!( !( !( !( !(
!( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !(!( !( !(!( !( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!( !( !(!(
!( !(!( !(!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !(!(!(
!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !(
!(!( !(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(
!(!( !(!( !(
!(!(
!( !(
!(
!( !(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !( !( !(!(
!(!( !(
!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !(!(
!(
!( !(!(!( !(
!( !( !(
!(!(!( !(!(!(
!(!(!( !(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(!(!( !(!(
!( !( !(
!(!(
!( !(
#*
Baja
California
Sonora
NV
AZ
Anacapa
Island
IMPERIAL CO
KERN CO
LOS
ANGELES CO
ORANGE CO
RIVERSIDE CO
SAN
BERNARDINO CO
San
Clemente
Island
SAN
DIEGO CO
SAN LUIS
OBISPO CO
San
Nicolas
Island
SANTA
BARBARA CO
Santa
Barbara
Island
Santa
Catalina
Island
Santa Cruz
Island
Santa
Rosa
Island
VENTURA CO
Mohave Co
Yuma Co
La Paz Co
o
Date Printed: 9/18/2012
Time Printed: 10:34 hrs PT
Data Source:
CA Dept of Food & Agriculture
USDA, APHIS, PPQ
TeleAtlas Dynamap
USDA, APHIS, PPQ
GIS Specialist -- California
650 Capitol Mall, Suite 6-400
Sacramento, CA 95814
0 10 20 30 40 50
Miles
Asian Citrus Psyllid Cooperative Project
California, Arizona, Baja California, and Sonora
Coordinate Sys:
CA Teale Albers, NAD83
Legend
#* Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing), CA 3-23-12
Quarantine for Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing) 3-27-2012
!( Asian Citrus Psyllid, CA collected 2012 thru 9-14-12 (14,901 records)
!( Asian Citrus Psyllid, Mexico collected 2012 thru 9-7-12 (363 records)
ACP Quarantine, CA (8-27-2012) 22,147 sq miles
Quarantine for Asian Citrus Psyllid, AZ (12/7/2009)
These data, and all the information contained therein, have been collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),
or by its cooperators on APHIS’ behalf, for restricted government purposes only and is the sole property of APHIS. Data may be disseminated on a need-to-know basis
only and must be used for their intended government purpose(s). All information contained within these data are subject to required Federal safeguards and shall only
be shared and/or used consistent with the Trade Secrets Act [18 U.S.C. 1905], the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended [5 U.S.C. 552a], the Freedom of Information Act
[5 U.S.C. 552], the confidentiality provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 [7 U.S.C. 2276], Section 1619 of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
[7 U.S.C. 8791], and other applicable Federal laws and implementing regulations, as well as with the confidentiality or non-disclosure provisions of any other
agreement entered into between APHIS and a cooperator.
Dandekar (UC Davis), Donald Cooksey
(UCR), Joseph Smilanick (USDA-
ARS, Parlier), and Lisa Forster (UCR).
Previous winners of the President’s
Award for exceptional service
to the CRB have included Kris Godfrey
(CDFA), Magally Luque-Williams
(CDFA), Seymour Van Gundy (UCR),
Ed Civerolo (USDA-ARS Parlier),
and Tina Galindo (CDFA).
Dr. MaryLou Polek was herself
a winner of the President’s Award, in
2006, before joining the staff of the
Citrus Research Board in 2008. Polek
is now CRB’s Vice President of Science
and Technology. l
On behalf of fellow
Board members and
the industry they
represent, current
CRB Chairman Earl
Rutz presents plaques
bearing statements
of appreciation for
predecessors Allan
Lombardi, in the lefthand
photo, and Jim
Gorden. Lombardi was
Chairman in 2007-2008
and 2008-2009 and
Gorden held the seat
in 2009-2010 and
2010-2011.

Scientists closer to
HLB solutions in citrus
Cary Blake
Editor’s Note: This article is reprinted
from Western Farm Press,
August 4, 2012, by permission of Penton
Media, Inc.
Huanglongbing (HLB) disease,
the world’s most deadly citrus
affliction, will likely win some
battle skirmishes in California commercial
and residential citrus. Yet short- and
long-term citrus research authorized
by the grower-funded California Citrus
Research Board (CRB) and other organizations
is gaining insight to hopefully
win the war against the industry’s top
threats.
The CRB has about a dozen ACP-
HLB scientific projects underway,
funded by a three cent per carton assessment
levied on every carton of California-harvested
fruit. These and other
studies serve as a rallying call for the
U.S. citrus industry’s defense against
HLB and its primary vector, the Asian
citrus psyllid (ACP) insect.
The psyllid vectors the bacterium
Liberibacter to citrus trees resulting in
HLB. Every tree infected with the bacterium
eventually dies.
HLB was first detected in the U.S.
in Florida in 2005 and in Texas this
spring. Combined, HLB and citrus
canker disease have wiped out about
40 percent of Florida’s citrus orchards.
Fighting these two menaces has increased
commercial citrus production
costs in the Sunshine State by about 40
percent annually.
In California, a single case of the
disease was found in a Los Angeles
residential area this spring. With the
continuous re-testing of host plants in
the vicinity, no further infections have
been found. There are no HLB finds in
California commercial citrus. Arizona
is negative for HLB.
The major concern is to keep HLB
out of California commercial citrus, a
$2 billion crop. Plant pathologist MaryLou
Polek, the CRB’s vice president
of science and operations, shared the
latest research updates with Western
Farm Press at the board’s headquarters
in Visalia, Calif.
“One of the most important issues
in HLB research for western citrus is
the early detection of the disease,”
Polek said. “If we can find the disease
early and quickly remove the infected
trees, we may be able to slow the spread
of the disease and save the western
commercial citrus industry.”
The CRB spends about half of its
annual $6 million annual budget on
research on citrus pests and diseases.
About half of the total is spent on
ACP-HLB research conducted in California,
the U.S., and globally.
CRB committees, which include
growers, scientists, academia, and other
industry leaders, decide which projects
receive CRB funds.
In California, the commercial citrus
industry is impacted by nearly 20
diseases and 12 different groups of
insects. The CRB has short- and longterm
solutions in the research pipeline
against the ACP and HLB.
Biocontrol of psyllids is one research avenue for ACP control in residential
citrus. USDA-ARS scientist Joseph Patt has developed a Japanese lantern-looking
dispenser to lure the psyllid. Once trapped, the psyllid picks up fungal spores
which consume the insect. Photo by Andrew Chow used courtesy of J. Patt and
reprinted with permission of Western Farm Press.
Asian citrus psyllids in the trap.
14 Citrograph September/October 2012

“Solutions which involve transformation
and genetically modifying
an organism are long-term endeavors
which could take 10 to 15 years of research,”
Polek said.
The result of a research project
called lateral flow microarray is the
development of a hand-held device to
determine by using sap whether a citrus
tree has HLB. Commercial growers,
nurserymen, homeowners, and others
will use the device to quickly test trees
The unit is similar to a home pregnancy-type
kit. Sap from the tree is
placed in a credit card-shaped device
where reagent substances check for
HLB. If the sap is HLB positive, a certain
color appears on the device.
Bruce Cary, formerly of the Los
Alamos National Laboratory and now
co-founder and vice-president of Mesa
Tech International Inc., Santa Fe, N.M.,
developed the device which is now in
the hands of a manufacturing company
for mass production of the kit.
Another CRB project investigates
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
released by citrus trees. The project is
led by engineer Cristina Davis, chemist
Oliver Fiehn, plant physiologist Abhaya
Dandekar, all of UC Davis.
The researchers discovered that
citrus trees infected with HLB, citrus
tristeza, and possibly citrus stubborn
emit distinctive VOCs. The research
trio developed several VOC “sniffer”
prototypes including a sponge, twist tie,
and probe-like device.
When placed in the orchard, the
devices record VOC emissions. A gas
chromatograph-type machine combined
with a differential mobility spectrometer
identify the specific citrus
disease.
“This technology has advanced to
the manufacturing company Applied
Nanotechnologies to develop a usable
device for use by growers, government
regulators, and others,” Polek said.
This summer, CRB field operations
director Brian Taylor tested the technology
in the Hacienda Heights area
of southeastern Los Angeles County
where the single California case of
HLB was found in a pummelo-lemon
hybrid tree.
Two projects led by UC Riverside
The CRB has short- and long-term solutions in the
research pipeline against the ACP and HLB.
molecular geneticist Hailing Jin and
plant pathologist Wenbo Ma tackle
how citrus plant hosts respond to infection
to determine whether a tree has
HLB or another citrus disease.
Jin utilizes the polymerase chain
reaction test or PCR to look for small
ribonucleic acids (RNA), tiny macro elements
essential for life. This allows Ma
to search for secreted proteins from the
bacterium.
Ma previously found a secreted
See Results in Citrus!
6 Month Growth Trial
Control
With MycoApply®
ENTOMOLOGICAL SERVICES, INC.
Citrus and Subtropical Specialist
Biologically Intensive Pest Management
Experienced Entomologists
75+ combined years of Aphytis
Success in the San Jaoquin Valley
WWW.APHYTIS.COM
citrusIPM@gmail.com
Soil & Crop
34284-B Road 196
Woodlake, CA 93286
(559) 564-3805
DISTRIBUTED BY
Tulare Ag Products, Inc.
3233 South “I” Street
Tulare, CA 93274
(559) 686-5115
New Era Farm Service
2904 E. Oakdale Ave.
Tulare, CA 93274
(559) 686-3833
PO Box 3043
Visalia, CA 93278-3043
Phone: (559) 627-1153
Fax: (559) 635-4955
16120 Krameria Ave.
Riverside, CA 92054
(951) 285-5437
September/October 2012 Citrograph 15

Dr. MaryLou Polek.
Photo by Cary Blake,
Western Farm Press.
protein tied to the bacterium which
causes citrus stubborn disease. Finding
the HLB bacterium using a similar process
– the enzyme-linked immunoassay
(ELISA) system - is likely close at hand.
“This would provide the citrus industry
with an easy method to rule out
a tree with symptoms similar to HLB
when it actually has citrus stubborn,”
Polek said.
Once the HLB
proteins are identified,
each process
will be transferred
to the CRB diagnostic
lab in Riverside
for use.
Another project
involves sequencing
the psyllid
genome. Once
the gene function
is identified, management strategies
can be developed. This could include
the removal or disruption of key components
of the psyllid to prevent the insect’s
ability to feed on citrus trees.
The research is spearheaded by entomologists
Wayne Hunter and Robert
Shatters of the USDA-ARS U.S. Horticultural
Research Laboratory in Fort
Pierce, Fla. Polek says the research is
about 98 percent complete and could
be completed by this fall.
Polek is no stranger to agriculture.
She earned her Ph.D. in plant pathology
from the University of California,
Riverside. Polek grew up on the family’s
tobacco farm in Connecticut where
the tobacco is grown for cigar wrappers.
Her career includes management
of the California Department of Food
and Agriculture’s citrus tristeza eradication
program. Polek joined the CRB
in 2008 to establish the organization’s
ACP-HLB trapping, survey, and laboratory
programs. She oversees the
CRB research projects.
A long-term project involves the
development of new germplasm immune
to the HLB bacterium.
USDA-ARS scientists Richard
Lee of the National Clonal Germplasm
Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside,
Calif., and Ed Stover in Fort
Pierce, Fla. are searching for a natural
resistance gene in several varieties of
citrus to create resistant germplasm.
Lee is also collaborating on a project
with Gayle Volk at the USDA-ARS
S a v e s t e p s , t i m e a n d m o n e y
w i t h a c c u r a t e l a b e l i n g a n d t a g g i n g
cryopreservation unit in Fort Collins,
Colo. The cryopreservation process
preserves cells or whole tissues by cooling
to sub-zero temperatures which, in
effect, prevent death.
The project involves the cryopreservation
of HLB-free budwood.
The budwood would be maintained in
vats of liquid nitrogen in Fort Collins to
indefinitely maintain a supply of HLBclean
budwood.
“If HLB became widespread, there
would always be clean budwood available,”
Polek said.
Citrus trees are a mainstay in
Southern California residential areas.
For urban HLB control, Polek believes
biocontrol will be the most practical
and acceptable method in backyard
citrus and organic commercial citrus
operations. Biocontrol is not practical
in commercial citrus, she says.
Polek believes conventional pesticide
use will continue in psyllid control
in commercial groves. Imidacloprid and
other materials, in effect, have bought
time for commercial citrus.
“Pesticides have bought the western
citrus industry several more years
to seek additional solutions in the laboratory,”
Polek concluded.
The next few years will be a challenge
as these research projects and
others reach fruition. Some projects
will not make the final cut. The ultimate
hope is that accomplishments by
science will reduce the mighty grips
that the psyllid and HLB have on global
citrus production.
Cary Blake is Associate Editor with
Western Farm Press. l
THE ANSWER
V i s i t w w w . d a t a g e a r . c o m / z e b r a
t o d o w n l o a d o u r f o o d s u p p l y c h a i n t r a c e a b i l i t y
w h i t e p a p e r t o d a y a n d fi n d o u t h o w D a t a G e a r c a n
h e l p i m p r o v e y o u r f o o d s u p p l y c h a i n o p e r a t i o n s .
7 1 4 - 5 5 6 - 5 0 5 5 | w w w . d a t a g e a r . c o m / z e b r a
In 1960, nurseryman Albert Newcomb
had a crisis on his hands. (Do You Know,
page 5.)
From his memoirs: “Growers in the San
Joaquin Valley were finding navel orange
trees with a high acid content until very
late in the season… (Records revealed) that
these trees had come mostly from our nursery…
It came to 113,000 trees that were the
acid navel, scattered all over… The Frost
Navel grew on the campus of UCR. It happened
that one limb on this tree was a high
acid mutant… The only thing we could do
was to offer to re-bud all those trees, which
we accomplished.” It took a bank loan of
$250,000. “With this debacle over, we maintained
good relations with our customers.”
16 Citrograph September/October 2012

The Yara Complete
Citrus Crop Program
Early
Vegetative
Growth/
Flush
Flowering
Fruit
set
Fruit
fill
Post
harvest
YaraMila ®
15 - 15 - 15
20% of
total N /
10% of
total K2O
30% of
total N /
15% of
total K2O
YaraLiva ®
CN-9 ® / Tropicote ®
20% of
total N
30% of
total N
SQM
0 - 0 - 51
20% of
total K 2
O
30% of
total K 2
O
25% of
total K 2
O
YaraVita ®
Correction of nutrient deficiencies based on tissue analysis
For more information, please contact:
Ron Naven, Northern California: 916 632 3120
Jon Collison, South Central Coast: 661 589 8796
Leonard Hammer, Central California: 559 834 4616
Andy Hancock, Southern California: 928 345 2276
Scan for citrus
crop advice

Profile
When “been there, done that”
is a very good thing
Anne Warring
Laird Roddick is sitting at his
dining room table, it’s a Sunday
afternoon, he’s enjoying his
weekend off and relaxing with his son
Dave, there’s a Dodgers game on the TV
in the background, and we’re just getting
starting in our conversation when I ask
him the most obvious question:
At 90 years old, why are you still
working
Now, you’re undoubtedly assuming
that “working” in this case is a parttime
consulting situation. But, if you’re
thinking that, you’re wrong, because
what we’re talking about here is full-on
employment. This is a full-time, salaried,
staff position.
An integral part of the management
team
Roddick, whose birthday was September
11th, is an integral part of the
management team at Booth Ranches
LLC. He provides counsel on a wide
range of issues, handles a variety of
special projects for the general manager,
and supervises the harvest on some
8,300 acres of citrus stretching from
Orange Cove on the north to Maricopa
on the south. The field department,
which has several staff members, reports
to him.
The fact that he is doing that at
age 90 is extraordinary. And, there is
something else about his career that
you need to know -- the fact that he has
devoted his entire adult life to working
on behalf of California citrus producers.
That in itself isn’t all that rare because
there are a number of others in
our business who have done the same,
but who else do you know who is active
today as a nonagenarian In that, he
stands alone.
It’s pretty safe to say that in his
areas of expertise, no other individual
in our industry has both the depth and
18 Citrograph September/October 2012
How many oranges
do you suppose he
has looked at so far,
in his lifetime in our
industry How many
cartons of fruit has he
been instrumental in
sending to market It’s
a little hard to wrap
your mind around.
breadth of experience Laird brings to
his work. He’s been a grower, a pest
control operator, a packinghouse manager.
To be fair, there are other people
out there with similar backgrounds but
certainly not with the same fullness of
years.
With the number of seasons he has
behind him, he has just about seen it all,
quite literally.
As Booth’s general manager,
Dave Smith, puts it: “There are very
few things that come up that he hasn’t
seen at least 60 times before. Actually, I
think the exact quote from Laird is that
he’s ‘seen it and done it 75 times, and
each time it’s been a little different’.”
On the farming side, growing up on
a citrus ranch in the 1920s, Roddick remembers
a time when discing was done
with a team of horses. Talk about perspective.
And, on the packing side, Laird has
six decades under his belt. He’s either
been the general manager of, or held
management positions with, California
citrus packers since 1954, although
his work during this second half of his
career has been more on the field side
of operations than in the packinghouse.
All told, that’s 58 years of continuous
service to the industry, filling critical
roles, first in Southern California and
then in Central California.
In fact, as alluded to earlier, he
actually has more than 60 years’ service
to growers because in the years
between World War II and the Korean
War, Laird and his brother Keith
owned and operated Roddick & Roddick
Pest Control.
Grandfather planted oranges in 1888
His heritage in California citrus
dates back to 1888, when his grandfather,
a potato farmer from Nova Scotia,
came to the Rialto area of Southern
California and planted oranges. Samuel
Roddick’s four children, including

Laird’s father, David, were all involved
in the orange industry in one way or
another, in the early days of the Gold
Buckle Association in Highland.
After high school, Laird studied ag
at the Cal Poly San Dimas Voorhees
unit with the intention of becoming
a county inspector, but the war intervened
and he joined the Marine Corps,
serving in the South Pacific.
After WWII, after the Roddick &
Roddick Pest Control years, and then
after further service with the Marines
during the Korean War, for a brief time
he worked for Foothill Supply Company
in sales and customer service.
He was soon hired by the ownership
of the Redlands Associates group
to manage the operations of Signal
Fruit Company in Highland.
That fact in itself is quite telling as
to Laird’s abilities -- that the first job he
was hired to do in a packinghouse was
to run the place, albeit he was guided
by his mentor and member of the ownership
group, Ernie Larsen.
In 1958, the Signal operation closed
down when the property was sold, but
over time that ownership group had
acquired several more houses, including
Western Fruit Growers Packing
Company in Redlands, Crafton Orange
Growers Association in Mentone, Mission
Fruit Company in Redlands, and
Redlands Heights Citrus Co.
Roddick took on more responsibility,
and for a time he was coordinating
the packing and selling for that entire
group of handlers. (The same ownership
group, Redlands Associates, also
had an orchard care operation, Redlands
Farming Company, that was separately
managed.)
In addition to running packinghouses,
Laird’s career has also included
service as a district exchange manager
in the Sunkist organization.
In 1966, 12 California-Arizona
packinghouses that had been associated
with Blue Goose -- including
Western Fruit, Mission, and Redlands
Heights -- joined Sunkist Growers, and
Laird was first the assistant manager
and then the manager of the Redlands
Western Citrus Exchange.
At one point, he was managing
both Redlands Western and the smaller
Redlands Highlands district exchange,
all the while still managing packinghouse
operations.
Laird’s son David sums up his
In this Redlands Associates photo taken around 1960, Laird, on the far left, is
shown with (l to r) Bill Weatherwax (Redlands Heights Citrus Company), Clark
DeRoo (Mission Fruit Company), Howard Raney (Crafton Orange Growers), and
Ernie Larsen, a partner in the ownership group.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 19

Taking a read on the developing crop at a Booth Ranches orchard north of Visalia.
Dad’s 31 years in Redlands-Highlands
citrus as “staying basically in the same
place, generally identifying with the
Blue Goose name and serving Southern
California orange and grapefruit
growers, working steadily in top management
positions.
“He worked through shifts in marketing
affiliations and through ownership
changes from Ernie Larsen and
the Eadington Fruit Company and
Philip and Thomas Davis of Beverly
Hills, to Pacific Lighting, and then to
Carl Huntsinger and Bill Myers, and
then finally to Dole.”
In 1984, Dole Fresh Fruit Company
(a division of Castle & Cooke)
acquired Blue Goose Growers, and in
1985, Roddick, whose title was then
division manager of the Redlands Division
of Blue Goose Growers, retired.
He was 63 years old.
An unexpected move to Central Cal
He had planned to relax and do
some traveling with his wife, Barbara
Jo, but just a month or so later, she was
diagnosed with advanced cancer and
passed away. Having the shock of that
Industry colleagues and long-time
friends Laird Roddick, Dave Muse and
Chris Bastian all worked together at
Paramount. Each of these guys has
a wicked sense of humor, and, as all
three tell it, they took great delight in
tormenting each other (as they still
do today!). Cartoonist Muse made this
drawing when Paramount was trying
an ozonator. Bastian made the stoneage
fruit knife and also wrote the fake
fax cover sheet. It’s just one of a 1/2-
inch thick stack of such missives Laird
has in his keepsakes.
20 Citrograph September/October 2012

sudden loss, Laird says, he knew that
he’d best go back to work as soon as
possible, to keep himself busy and keep
his mind occupied.
He and Barbara had sold their
ranch in Highland when he retired, so
at that point he was open to opportunities
just about anywhere in California.
Within a very short time, he and
the new president of Dole Citrus, Dave
Smith -- (yes, that same Dave Smith
who is now at Booth Ranches) -- were
in contact, and soon Laird was on his
way to the San Joaquin Valley to run
Central Valley Citrus in Terra Bella.
However, it wasn’t too long before
he was lured away by Gene Shamoon
to join Paramount Citrus as the manager
of their orange packinghouse in
McFarland. After a time, Laird was
also asked to set up and run a separate
packinghouse nearby for their organic
operation.
Over several years, he managed a
number of special projects for Paramount,
including supervising a pilot
program of field packing organic fruit.
(If you’ve been in this industry
for awhile, you know that Dave Smith
went from Dole Citrus to Paramount,
so there they were, working together in
the same organization once again.)
Next up for Roddick came a brief
stint with Amigos Packing in Terra
Bella and then a move to Tri Citrus in
Porterville where he oversaw field operations.
He stayed with Tri for a number of
years. And, yes, there was a Dave Smith
connection there, too, because Smith
A member of the “Greatest Generation”, Laird Roddick was in the U.S. Marine
Corps in World War II, seeing service in the South Pacific, and was called up again
for duty in the Korean War. Laird and his wife Barbara Jo raised a son, David, and
a daughter, Barbara Joyce. He would lose Barbara Jo very suddenly to cancer,
just as they were about to start traveling after his retirement from Blue Goose
Growers. He would later be married a second time, to Barbara Ann, but also lose
her to cancer, in 1995.
had opened a consulting business, and
Tri was a client. Smith knew from Roddick’s
field work for Paramount that he
would be an outstanding pick for Tri.
As you’ve surmised by now, this
recruiting of Roddick happened again
very shortly after Smith took the job
with Booth Ranches.
Special Projects Supervisor
When Roddick was hired at Booth
in 2006, his title was Fruit Evaluator,
and in 2010 he was named Supervisor
of Special Projects. Unofficially, he is
sometimes referred to as the “employee
at large” because he is actively involved
in evaluating and advising in so
many areas.
Laird’s “been there, done that”
hands-on experience was especially
valuable to the company, Smith says, in
the 2007 freeze and its aftermath.
They had quite a few people on
staff who had never been through a
freeze, Smith says, and to have this
master teacher right there to school his
people was a huge advantage.
Smith got to know Roddick in the
1970s, when he was at Sunkist and Roddick
was at Redlands Western, and it’s
In the years between World War II and the Korean War, Laird and his brother,
Keith, owned and operated Roddick & Roddick Pest Control. Note the man
standing on the tower in the photo showing hand spraying at right.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 21

obvious from talking with Smith that
he has tremendous respect for the man
and what he brings to the table.
Roddick sits in on farming meetings
and general staff meetings, and
Smith says he always calls on Laird at
the end of every session. “He always
has the last word on any contentious
topic we have -- I always make sure we
finish off every debate by asking him
what he thinks.
“There is so much background behind
his opinions. He has seen things
22 Citrograph September/October 2012
that none of the rest of us have seen,”
Smith says.
Booth Ranches’ president Loren
Booth calls it his “tribal knowledge of
our industry”, meaning the wealth of
information and wisdom that isn’t written
down anywhere and that he carries
around in his head.
Smith says, “One of Laird’s massive
strengths is that he always says
what he thinks. He doesn’t care if he
pisses me off, or if I don’t want to hear
it, he just tells me.
“And I love that about him, because
it’s not that I necessarily want to
do what he’s suggesting or advocating
but it tells me how much risk there is
in the decision. The farther I am away
from what he recommends, the more
risk I’m taking. He is very straightforward,
always honest, and he’s very consistent.”
Apart from this sounding-board
role as an advisor, Laird’s number one
job with the company is running the
harvest, which Loren points out “drives
everything.”
Smith acknowledges that their situation
isn’t typical. “Because we own all
our fruit and have no outside growers
we pack for, our whole thing, our only
goal, is to maximize the revenue for the
enterprise. And so we handle things
differently as far individual blocks on
individual ranches are concerned. If
there’s a block we’re behind on, we just
move on because it will affect everything
downstream.”
Laird’s main responsibility, Smith
says, is to “determine how big the oncoming
crop is and what is happening
to the fruit as it develops.
“We ask him, ‘what are you looking
at, what are you seeing, have you seen
this before, what do you think’ His
input to our process is based on what
he sees on the trees -- the size structure
of the crop, the condition, and what he
believes will happen to the crop as time
goes on.
“What we are always trying to do”
Smith continues, “is speed up, slow
down, bypass some stuff, abandon
some stuff, whatever we need to do to
maximize the value of what we have
overall.”
A skill set that’s invaluable
Smith views Roddick’s skill set as
being invaluable “in no small part because,
having run packinghouses for
so many years, he knows how stuff
packs out, he knows what can be in the
box and what shouldn’t be in the box,
what’s going to work in export, what’s
going to hold up. There are a lot of guys
out there looking at fruit but not in the
same context as Laird sees it.”
Like Smith, industry veteran Dave
Muse (who now has Old West Export
in Visalia) has also known Roddick for
40-something years. They first worked
together in the Blue Goose organization
in Southern California, with Muse

As dear friend Chris Bastian looks on at right, Chris’s wife,
Jaime, gives Laird a congratulatory hug. At left is Laird’s
grandson Jason Roddick, and just visible behind Jaime is
Dave Muse.
Laird celebrated his 90th birthday on September 11th with close
friends and family gathered in this beautiful park-like setting at
the Booth horse training facility in Minkler.
in Fullerton handling Blue Goose exports.
“I have known the old geezer for a
long time,” Muse smiles.
“He was the kind of packinghouse
manager who handled everything. In
those days, there were no computers,
so we did everything over the phone.
Regardless of what marketing organization
you were in, customers always
called the packinghouses directly.
“Buyers knew that in the Riverside
area, there were two people you could
always count on to be at their desks
and by their phones at 6:00 a.m. Those
people were Max Cardey at Royal and
Laird Roddick.
Muse says Roddick’s “claim to
fame was the Gold Buckle brand actually
topping the Hong Kong market by
some $2 a carton. It was just huge. He
had a good product to work with, but
still he did an excellent job of getting
the right fruit in the right box.
“He knows what’s likely to happen
to a particular lot of fruit, in its condition,
from tree to market. He just has
that special ability to kind of listen to
the fruit. It tells you what it will do, but
it takes the right kind of person to hear
it.”
These days, according to Smith,
Roddick will sometimes complain that
he isn’t meeting his own, self-imposed
high expectations because his stamina
isn’t what it used to be. “And I tell him
that I don’t care about how fast he covers
an orchard, ‘I want what’s between
your ears’.”
Booth Ranches gives Laird whatever
he needs by way of support. Often,
if he’s heading to a ranch that’s
some distance away, another member
of the field team will drive him, and he
has a quad to ride. In a management
position, he makes his own schedule.
He takes breaks when he tires and can
knock off early when he needs to, but
that goes against his grain because his
work ethic is exceptional.
Laird isn’t someone who seeks the
spotlight, and he didn’t seem all that
comfortable at first with the idea of
being profiled in Citrograph. But his
son talked him into it on the basis that
future generations of Roddicks would
appreciate knowing about their rich
citrus heritage. He has four grandchildren
and six great-grandchildren.
Just think about it for a minute.
How many pieces of fruit do you suppose
Laird has looked at so far, in his
lifetime in our industry How many
cartons of fresh citrus has he been instrumental
in sending to market in a
packinghouse career of six decades and
counting It’s a little hard to wrap your
mind around.
But getting back to the question
“why are you still working”, his answer
was, simply, “I like it.”
He went on to say, “I’ve never acquired
any hobbies, and I don’t like
having nothing to do.”
Without the work, he said, “I would
be so bored.”
Anne Warring is a freelance writer
and editor based in Visalia. l
PEARSON REALTY Farm Sales Specialists for California’s Central Valley
1.98± acs Cold Storage Facility, Orange Cove....................... $385,000
3.23± acs with Large Shop SOLD......................................... $120,000
6.48± acs TurnKey Citrus Packing/Cold Storage ............... $1,950,000
8.4± acs Oak Lined Home Site............................................. $325,000
9.0± acs Navel oranges and Custom Residence................... $400,000
15.98 ± acs. Lindsay Development Potential (In Escrow)....... $260,000
18.96± acs Early Navel Ranch, Lindsay................................ $175,000
19.63± acs Porterville Area Open/Residences...................... $250,000
20± acs Easton Cherry Ranch (Price Reduced)..................... $300,000
20± acs Porterville Ranch & Home....................................... $465,000
30.27± acs Atwood Navels (SOLD)....................................... $210,000
38.53± acs Cutler Area (SOLD)............................................. $500,000
46.9± acs Lindsay Area Citrus and Large
Residence (SOLD)................................................................. $910,000
72.18± acs Adobe de Robles Ranch.................................. $1,100,000
79.19± acs Citrus & Open, Southern Tulare Co (SOLD)......... $300,000
80.04± acs Maricopa Apricot Orchard (SOLD)...................... $720,000
110.00± acs Citrus, Pistachios & Almonds (In Escrow)...... $1,530,000
137.88± acs Navelencia Navels & Almonds (In Escrow)..... $1,100,000
160 ± acs. Visalia Area Navel & Open (Price Reduced)....... $1,650,000
241.65 ± acs. Nice Porterville Cattle Ranch/custom home.. $1,300,000
For Brochure Contact:
Roy Pennebaker #0845764 (559)737-0084 or
Matt McEwen #01246750 (559)280-0015 • www.citrusboys.com
September/October 2012 Citrograph 23

Weather outlook October 2012 to
April 2013 in Central and
Southern California
Introduction
El Nino patterns that develop during
the winter months increase
the seasonal rainfall in California
more than anywhere else in the U.S.
(see Figures 1a and 1b).
Freezes (especially recurrent ones
that occur during dry La Nina seasons)
can be as damaging as crop disease
events and flood damage that occur
during the wetter El Nino seasons.
The purpose here is to (a) give a
better definition of these semi-regular
cycles in short period climate that affect
rainfall in the prime agricultural
areas that affect the citrus and avocado
markets, and (b) to help define what
questions to ask regarding your risk
from rain -- or lack thereof -- for a particular
season.
The grower and the consulting meteorologist
should act as a team, doing
their best to communicate the various
Figure 1a
Alan Fox
weather-related risks to be expected in
a given season.
This presentation is given from
the perspective of an operational forecaster.
Much of this is probably a review
of what you already know. Most
of you are probably very familiar with
the El Nino seasons of 1982-83, 1997-
98, and 2002-2003, and with the heavy
rains that occurred with the weak El
Nino of 1994-95 and minimal El Nino
of 2004-05.
Because the El Nino climate anomaly
of moderate intensity is expected
during the upcoming rainy season, it is
good to review what El Nino is.
What is El Nino
El Nino is a warming of the sea surface
in the east and central equatorial
Pacific. This warming of the sea surface
also affects the atmosphere, and the
ocean and atmosphere work together
in a synergistic relationship (one helping
the other and vice versa). Figure
2a shows the observed SST anomaly
measured by the NOAA TOGA/TAO
array in January 1998. Figure 2b shows
the expected SST anomaly pattern
(herein called an “SSTA” pattern) for
this late fall.
The effects of El Nino on rainfall
in California are substantial, especially
when a strong El Nino occurs (Figures
1).
The effects of El Nino are worldwide.
This warming of the sea surface
along the equator provides substantial
energy from the tropics to drive the
southern storm track between latitudes
30N and 38N. Examples of the
normal winter storm track and the
southern storm track are given in Figures
3a-b. Although the greatest atmo-
Figure 1b
Fig. 1a. Rainfall anomalies from El Nino winters during 1950 to 1993.
Note that, more than in any other state, California sees the greatest
rainfall response from the El Nino pattern. From NOAA/NWS, reported
by Monteverdi and Null (1997).
Fig. 1b. Rainfall anomalies from El Nino
winters during 1950 to 1993 – breakdown by
major geographical areas in California. Note
the high response of rainfall in the prime
coastal valley agricultural areas of central
and southern California to strong (Type
1) El Ninos. From NOAA/NWS, reported by
Monteverdi and Null (1997).
24 Citrograph September/October 2012

spheric response to El Nino is in the
Pacific and North and South America
regions, its effects propagate well beyond
these areas.
El Nino is the warm phase of a short
period cycle in climate (both ocean and
atmosphere) known as “ENSO”, or
“El Nino-Southern-Oscillation”. The
ENSO is a quasi-periodic, coupled oceanic
and atmospheric cycle, with an average
period of ~ 5 years.
ENSO has such a large influence
because (1) the tropical Pacific region
encompasses the largest source
of latent heat in the world, and (2) the
ocean stores and releases energy over
longer time scales than the atmosphere.
The cold phase of the ENSO (cycle)
is known as “La Nina”, and has its
own distinctive and significant impacts
on the citrus and avocado industries in
California.
ENSO is present all the time. A
similar oscillation, acting independently
but with similar effects on the
rainfall climate, is the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation which has a much longer
period (20-30 years).
ENSO primarily influences the
strength and persistence of the Southern
Storm Track. (Figure 3).
The southern storm track is a normally
occurring wintertime feature in
California and causes rain and mountain
snow during the winter and spring
months to replenish our water supply.
If the total area of agricultural
lands affected and the magnitude of
the rain anomaly are together used
as an index, there is no question that
ENSO modulates rainfall in agricultural
areas of California more than in
any other area of the United States, as
shown in Figure 1a.
Of those agricultural lands affected,
the rich agricultural areas of the central
coastal valleys and southern California
coastal drainages experience the greatest
modulation of rainfall by El Nino in
California, as shown in Figure 1b.
There is a well-documented physical
process by which ENSO modulates
the southern storm track. Here it is
sufficient to say that El Nino provides
the highest contribution of energy to
drive it.
By contrast, La Nina has the opposite
effect. It causes a weakening of the
southern storm track and encourages
fronts to dissipate as they approach
southern California while they produce
subtropical rains in northern California
and the Pacific Northwest.
Because El Nino has such a strong
influence on the southern storm track,
every Type 1 El Nino has been associated
with above-normal rainfall in Los
Angeles. (Figure 4) Type 1 El Ninos
have a sea surface temperature anomaly
along the equatorial east Pacific
(110-130W) of +3.0C or higher. For
comparison, 1982-83 was +3.0 to +3.5C,
1997-98 was +3 to +4C. This year’s is
currently expected to be +1.8 to +2.7C.
The Pacific-North American Pattern
(PNA)
The other major player affecting
wintertime rainfall is the Pacific-North
American Pattern, or PNA.
The PNA pattern is an irregularly
Figure 2a
cyclical atmospheric response to the
sea surface temperature anomaly pattern
in the mid-latitude Pacific Ocean.
Other than ENSO, the PNA has historically
shown the greatest influence on
seasonal rainfall in California.
The PNA pattern is based in the
mid-latitude Pacific, while ENSO is
based in the tropical Pacific. An illustration
of the PNA atmospheric anomaly
pattern is shown in Figure 5a.
The PNA pattern has two modes
(positive and negative) as indicated in
Figure 5a. The positive PNA, in general
terms, consists of the familiar “westcoast-ridge/eastern
U.S. trough” that
occurs frequently in winter. Sometimes,
the pattern shifts to a “negative PNA”
-- a “western U.S. trough and eastern
U.S. ridge”.
Fig. 2a. Observed sea surface temperature anomalies for January 1998 from the
NOAA TOGA-TAO Array. Published by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s
Experimental Climate Prediction Center, David W. Pierce, 1998, at http://meteora.
ucsd.edu/~pierce/elnino/en97/en97_53.html Figure 2b
Fig. 2b. NOAA/NCEP/CMB forecast of SSTAs for December 2012. Note that this El
Nino, while well-defined, contains SSTA values that are less high then observed in
January 1998.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 25

Normal January 200 – hPa Wind
January 1998 200 – hPa Wind
Fig. 3. Storm tracks at 200hPa (~39,000 feet – jet stream level): (a) Normal
January circulation, (b) Southern Storm Track circulation (Jan 1998). Wind speeds
are in meters per second (to convert to mph multiply by 2.25). Ref: Monteverdi, J.,
J. Null: El Niño and California Rainfall, NOAA Western Region Technical Attachment,
No. 97-37, November 21, 1997.
Figure 4
Fig. 4. Normalized Departure from Normal Rainfall at Los Angeles Civic Center.
Red indicates Type 1 El Nino seasons. Note that every Type 1 El Nino had above
normal rainfall, although three out of seven had normalized rainfall less than 0.5
above the mean. Ref: NOAA/NWS/Western Region Headquarters.
26 Citrograph September/October 2012
The PNA atmospheric response
is strongly forced by sea surface temperature
(SST) anomalies in the midlatitude
Pacific. A cold SST anomaly
in the east-central Pacific and a warm
SST anomaly adjacent to the south or
the east favors a negative phase of the
PNA (west-coast trough and eastern
US ridge).
If the PNA pattern is sufficiently
large and strong (in negative sense), it
can by itself also generate a southern
storm track as in Jan 1995 (Figure 5b).
The negative PNA pattern that was
present in Feb – May 2012 has continued
until midsummer (Figure 6a). This
has caused the persistent heat in the
central U.S. this early- to mid-summer,
and some off-season rains in northern
California and unusually cool conditions
to coastal California. It also contributed
to the unusually wet spring in
NW California (Eureka had 7 inches
more rain than normal during Feb 1 –
May 31).
It is important to note that a southern
storm track, capable of producing
significant rains in California (and
southern California) can be produced
by either of these separate large scale
patterns, El Nino and a negative PNA.
These two cycles are always present
in any given winter, but with different
periods. Because the cycles have different
time scales and are both somewhat
irregular, they are often not in phase
and, therefore, conflict with each other.
When the contributions from El
Nino and a negative PNA pattern occur
in phase with each other, their contributions
are additive. The result is an
enhanced storm track, affecting both
the subtropics and mid-latitudes, and
potential for frequent and heavy rains.
Troughs and fronts that occur draw energy
from the southern storm track and
cause stronger fronts and heavier rains
in California than would otherwise occur.
PNA-related rain periods and
El Nino
Although El Nino is a dominant
factor that induces development of a
southern storm track, it is not the only
one. The PNA can induce a strong
southern storm track (Figure 5), even
if El Nino is weak (1994-95) or absent
(2004-05).
The winter of 2004-05 was a good
example of what can happen in a very

Figure 5a
weak or non-El Nino season when
there is unusual wintertime warmth at
high latitudes and when a PNA pattern
is present (cold storms persisting in the
east Pacific). Sea surface temperatures
in the Gulf of Alaska were 3-4C above
normal. Rainfall at Los Angeles Civic
Center was the third highest of record:
37.97 inches in the season ending June
30, 2005.
Moderate to strong El Nino patterns
often cause a modification in
the underlying SSTA pattern in the
mid-latitudes west of California, and
thereby maintain an active storm track
through most of the spring.
For a negative PNA plus a moderate
El Nino: Both favor an active
southern storm track (Figures 2 and 5).
When both are present together, they
favor a stronger and optimally active
southern storm track. Both favor mild
conditions in the Great Lakes and
northeastern US.
Fig. 5a. Pacific-North-America
Pattern: (a) Negative
Phase --Trough in the
northwestern U.S., ridge
in central Pacific south
of Aleutians, ridge
and warm weather
in the eastern
U.S.; (b) Positive
Phase -- Ridge in
the western and
northwestern
U.S., trough in the
eastern U.S., and a
deep trough south
of the Aleutians.
Ref: NOAA/NCEP/
EMC/CMB, published
at http://www.emc.ncep.
noaa.gov/gmb/ssaha/indices/
pna_load.gif.
For this season
The dominant factors will be El
Nino, and a tendency for troughing
near the California coast (negative
PNA).
Cold sea surface temperatures
(cold SSTAs) have continued through
midsummer off the California coast
and west of northern California and
the Pacific Northwest. (Figure 6a – current
SST Anomaly map from 1 August
2012).
Both anomalies at this time appear
to be moderate intensity. Therefore, we
expect that:
The cold SST anomaly west of
northern
Figure
and central California
5b
will
tend to force troughs to develop near
the central California coast. The influence
of this cold anomaly is expected to
be greatest during November through
February and into March 2013. The El
Nino (moderate intensity) will tend to
persist longer -- through April 2013.
This current El Nino is of lesser
magnitude than the El Nino of 1997-
98: Observed SSTAs were +3 to +4C in
the region 140 to 110W for December
1997, measured by NOAA’s TOGA
TAO array (Figure 1).
The NOAA SSTA forecast for Nov
2012 shows forecasted SSTAs +1.5 to
+2.6 C (Fig. 2).
These two separate sea surface
temperature anomalies (SSTAs) will
tend to be of moderate intensity. For
El Nino, “moderate” means an El Nino
less severe, rain-wise than the El Ninos
of 1982-83 and 1997-98. In 1997-98, seasonal
rainfall at Los Angeles Civic Cen-
Fig. 5b. Large-scale circulation features affecting the North Pacific and North America during strong negative PNA event in
Dec 1994-Jan 1995. Dominant features were: (1) a strong southern storm track from the mid-latitude subtropical Pacific to
the southern half of California to Texas, and (2) an eastern U.S. storm track well to the north of normal (warm in eastern
U.S.). Associated with this strong PNA pattern was southern storm track, which caused heavy rains in all of California,
including the south half (even in San Diego). Ref: NOAA/NCEP/Climate Analysis Center.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 27

ter was 31.01 inches, and San Diego’s
Lindbergh Field received 17.78 inches.
The main contribution of El Nino
will be to encourage a stronger and
more persistent southern storm track.
The current El Nino lacks an area
of warmer than normal sea surface
(warm SSTAs) extending between
California and Hawaii (Figure 2). That
feature occurred in 1969, 1977-78, 1982-
83, and 1997-98 and is an important and
proximate contributor of moisture for
Figure 6a
enhancing rain amounts in central and
southern California during seasons
with a well-developed southern storm
track.
The absence of this warm water
feature suggests that El Nino, acting by
itself, would be less wet than the wettest
El Nino seasons in Figure 3.
If the current negative PNA pattern
persists through this coming winter,
it has potential to act in phase with
the El Nino to produce heavy rainfall
Figure 6b
Figures 6: (a) SST Anomaly Observed by NOAA/NWS for August 1, 2012, (b) SST
Anomaly forecast by NOAA/NWS/NCEP/CPC for November. The forecast is based
on initial conditions at 27 Jun – 06 Jul 2012.
with some cold, windy, moderate or
possibly strong winter storms affecting
southern California and northwest portions
of Mexico.
Colder airmasses occurring with
the rains support a lower snow level and
more snow in the central and southern
Sierra Nevada and local strengthening
of lows and fronts as they move into
southern California.
A fairly strong PNA pattern also is
shown in the Nov and Dec 2012 SSTA
forecasts from NOAA/CPC (Figure
6b).
The cold SSTA near the northern
and central California coast tends to
allow development of a colder airmass
aloft. When precipitation occurs, snow
levels would be lower due to the colder
airmass feeding in from the west and
northwest.
We expect that the combined contributions
of El Nino and expected
PNA pattern (cold SSTA area off
northern California) will encourage recurrent
periods of storms moving into
central and southern California during
mid-December 2012 and January 2013.
Because of the proximity of cold
airmasses and the supply of cold air
from the west and northwest into California,
we expect that snow amounts
will be abundant in the Sierra Nevada
this season for the region that includes
the following watersheds: Upper San
Joaquin, upper Kings, Merced, Stanislaus,
Tuolumne, American, Yuba, and
south portion of the Feather.
Historically, the mean rainfall mass
curves associated with El Nino, neutral
conditions and La Ninas, respectively,
(Figure 7) tend to remain close
to each other through Christmas in
Los Angeles. The differences in intraseasonal
rainfall between seasons with
and without El Nino usually begin during
the last week or so of December.
Those seasons with moderate to strong
El Nino have much higher monthly
rainfall totals in January, February and
March.
We can still receive heavy rains in
mid- and late November, early December,
and the week before Christmas,
even though these do not show in the
mean data in Figure 7. However, it is
obvious that the wettest periods with
greatest potential for excessive rainfall
are January and February, which average
2.5 to 3.0 inches per 30 days between
late December and mid- March.
28 Citrograph September/October 2012

Figure 7
There also appears to be an early
season (late September) burst of rainfall
showing up on the 80-year mean
data, which is interesting.
Summary
Here are some preparation strategies:
• Get good weather information.
• Use NOAA/National Weather
Service. The National Weather Service
provides a good start, and gives watches
and warnings. Despite the nice infrastructure
of the NWS Digital Forecast,
using the NDFD guidance alone for
frost protection would not be recommended.
• Use a Meteorological Consultant.
A meteorological consultant with
local expertise provides more detail
than the NWS, including (1) detailed
fruit frost forecasts, (2) detailed precipitation
forecasts, and (3) detailed wind
forecasts. Especially items (1) and (2)
are important to growers and orchard
management, including IPM and irrigation
strategies. A consultant should be
available to answer questions and work
Fig. 7. Mass curves for season-to-date mean rainfall at Los Angeles Civic Center for
1921-2009. Note that in the averaged data, there is only about 1 inch difference in
rainfall between El Nino and La Nina (or normal) rainfall during Oct 1 through Dec
20. Beginning in the last week of December and continuing until the first week
of March, the mean monthly rain is 2.5 to 3 inches per month in El Nino seasons.
From NOAA/NWS/Western Region at http://www.wrh.noaa.gov.
C I T R U S – A V O C A D O S – O L I V E S
“We Cover More Ground!”
Check out our new model
EPA Certified Ford V10
No catalytic converter!
DISCOVER THE CHINOOK FAN…
** Increased Radius Coverage by 80 to 150
Feet with Same HP Draw
** Air Flow Starts 14” from Hub
** Donier Swept Tip - Reduces Tip Drag
** Exclusive “Trailing Edge Wedge”
Technology Widens Sector Angle &
Increases Air Velocity
** Advanced Flow Design
** Increased Horsepower
** Less Fuel Consumption
** Quality Built, Affordable, Fast Payback
Returns
2921 Sutherland Dr., Yakima, WA 98903
(855)855-0318 • (509) 248-0318
Dean Hauff, Sales Mgr: hfhauff@gmail.com
Visit us at hfhauff.com
John’s Crane Service
Tulare, CA
559‐352‐9834
Authorized Dealer
September/October 2012 Citrograph 29

with you to make a good crop management
decision.
Below is a list of some essentials:
• National Weather Service watches
and warnings.
• Targeted forecast data from a
consulting meteorologist.
• Know the uncertainties in the
weather forecast. If your consultant
disagrees with the NWS, ask why. When
forecasted weather crosses a critical
threshold for you, ask your consulting
meteorologist — text or phone.
References
Mantua, N., 2001. The Pacific
Decadal Oscillation and Climate Forecasting
for North America. Joint Institute
of the Atmosphere and Oceans,
University of Washington, Seattle WA.
Published online at http://www.atmos.
washington.edu/~mantua/REPORTS/
PDO/PDO_cs.htm.
Monteverdi, J., J. Null, 1997. El
Niño and California Rainfall. NOAA
Western Region Technical Attachment,
No. 97-37, November 21, 1997.
Alan Fox is Director and Chief Meteorologist
of Fox Weather, LLC, in Fortuna,
California. He has 32 years’ experience in
meteorology as a forecaster and software
developer including 24 years as program
director and chief meteorologist. Fox is
well known to avocado growers as a frequent
contributor to the California Avocado
Society’s “The Weekly Newsline”. l
PACIFIC DISTRIBUTING, INC
Distributor for
Orchard-Rite®
wind machines for
frost protection &
Tropic Breeze®
original parts
Sales
Service
New
Used
Portable
Stationary
24 Hour
Emergency
Service
559-564-3114
Woodlake, CA
www.orchard-rite.com
Randy Quenzer, Sales
559-805-8254
randyquenzer@pdi-wind.com
Jeff Thorning, Sales
559-972-9937
jeffthorning@pdi-wind.com
30 Citrograph September/October 2012

The Climate Stress Solution
Anti-Stress
550®
Citrus
See us at
the California
Citrus Conference
Oct. 10 & 11
Booth K1
Use as a foliar spray to insulate trees
& fruit during FROST & FREEZE events
Plan Ahead for the Winter Season
Apply to new plantings and young trees too!
Request Anti-Stress 550®
by name from your local chemical dealer
Polymer Ag, LLC
800.678.7377 • www.polymerag.com • info@polymerag.com
Helping Growers for Over 20 Years

HLB in Texas:
Steps and challenges to curb this threat
Mamoudou Sétamou, John da Graça and Ray Prewett
Background
Citrus trees are part of the landscape in Texas, but commercial
citrus is mostly confined to the three southernmost
counties of the state. The Texas citrus industry is
a multimillion-dollar business supplying essentially fresh fruit
to the market. The quality and reputation of our red grapefruit,
the official state fruit of Texas, go beyond our borders.
In recent years, the sustainability of our citrus industry
is being threatened by citrus greening disease, or huanglongbing
(HLB), and its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP).
ACP has become a major pest in Texas in the last decade.
It is economically important because it is a known vector
of the putative bacterial causal agent of HLB. There is no
known cure for the disease, and infected trees slowly decline
and ultimately die, hence the disease’s nickname of “industry
killer”.
Sprawling citrus orchards mixed with abundant backyard
citrus trees – that are largely unmanaged – in the commercial
citrus producing areas of south Texas make a perfect
environment for the explosive spread of the psyllid in Texas.
nymphs, and leaf tissue with suspect HLB symptoms collected
during these surveys were sent to the USDA-APHIS
diagnostic laboratory in Raleigh, NC, for qPCR testing for
the causal Liberibacter bacteria; none was positive.
With the detection of HLB in 2008 in Louisiana, a bordering
state of Texas to the east, three major developments
took place to strengthen mitigation efforts of HLB in our
state.
The first was the certification of TAMUK-CC by USDA
as an HLB diagnostic laboratory, meaning that insect and tissue
testing for Liberibacter could be done in Weslaco. Only
those samples which give a possible positive reading are sent
to the USDA for confirmation in case of a first detection.
The second was the launch of an intensified survey in all
ecological settings where citrus is found in Texas. A commercial
grove survey was led by TAMUK-CC, and a sentinel residential
tree survey was conducted by USDA-APHIS. In this
latter survey, cities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV)
were divided into 1-square-mile grids with 72 sentinel trees
per grid. Special attention was given to cities close to the
border with Mexico. USDA-APHIS also added commercial
orchards to its survey. The Texas Department of Agriculture
The short-term strategy in Texas has been to slow
the spread of the disease by reducing the ACP
population to the lowest possible level.
Growers and stakeholders can no longer ignore its threat.
Soon after its first detection in 2001, the potential impact
of ACP was underestimated, and efforts were not directed
toward controlling its population and spread. At that time,
HLB was not confirmed in the U.S. so while the insect’s presence
was noted, limited attention was given to it. However,
ACP pest status quickly changed with the detection of HLB
in Florida in the fall of 2005.
In response to this wake up call, the Texas A&M University-Kingsville
Citrus Center (TAMUK-CC), in collaboration
with USDA-APHIS and the Texas citrus industry, initiated
statewide surveys in 2006 for the early detection of
HLB and implementation of mitigation efforts.
Concurrently, ACP pesticide testing began at TAMUK-
CC to identify the most effective pesticides that can be incorporated
into our citrus production systems for both conventional
and organic growers. We learned that the psyllid
had not only become endemic in the commercial citrus belt
of Texas but also from Big Bend in the west to the upper
Gulf of Mexico coast in the east.
During the next two years, samples of psyllid adults and
(TDA) concentrated its efforts on collecting samples from
nurseries. Psyllid samples and leaf tissue with suspect foliar
symptoms were collected and tested at the Citrus Center.
The third effort was the development of a psyllid control
program on an area-wide basis for commercial growers.
For the last few years, warned by the devastation caused
by HLB in Florida, Texas has been preparing and taking
steps for a proactive mitigation of HLB. We have been wondering
when our time would come; that time has come. On
January 13, 2012, citrus greening was confirmed in the Lone
Star State.
Development of an ACP area-wide management
program in Texas
In accordance with the recommendation of the National
Science Foundation, measures to reduce the incidence and
spread of HLB were set forth to protect the Texas citrus industry.
Since HLB was not known to occur in Texas as of
2008, and only its psyllid vector was present, restriction on
the movement of all plants in the family Rutaceae and an
implementation of an aggressive vector control program
32 Citrograph September/October 2012

were decided to protect the state citrus
industry. TDA adopted regulations
to restrict movement of citrus nursery
stock into the citrus zone -- the eight
southern-most counties known to produce
commercial citrus.
Concurrently with all the regulations
to restrict plant movement, TAMUK-
CC and USDA APHIS-CPHST partnered
to develop a psyllid area-wide
management program adapted for the
Texas citrus production system. A twostep
approach was used in the development
of this program.
In a multi-locational trial covering
800 acres in 2008, we demonstrated that
effective control of psyllid is achieved
when chemical sprays are applied when
no young flush shoots are present and
consequently, there are no immature
psyllid developing on trees. Thus, we
established the importance of spray
application during the dormant season
No.of ACPadults/trap
from early November to early February in south Texas and
again prior to major flush cycles during the active growing
season to target psyllid adults before they lay eggs on new
flush growth.
However, due to the frequent movement of adult psyllids
between groves, effective psyllid control can only be
achieved if spray applications are done in a coordinated fashion
for groves within a specific geographic area. The larger
10
8
6
4
2
0
1/1/2007
No organized
ACP control
7/1/2007
1/1/2008
Field trials/
Awareness
7/1/2008
1/ 1/2009
Grower paticipatory
trials‐ACP Control
7/1/2009
1/1/2010
7/1/2010
Grower Implem entation
of AW M ‐ACP
1/1/2011
7/1/2011
1/1/2012
Fig. 2. Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) population trends in commercial citrus groves in
Texas. Effect of coordinated dormant sprays in a voluntary area-wide management
implemented by growers. (Arrows indicate coordinated dormant sprays).
the area covered within a short period of time (preferably
within two weeks), the better the level of control achieved.
Validation tests for the area-wide management program
were performed in grower participatory trials over
a two-year period in 2009 and 2010. Approximately 1,400
acres and 4,674 acres belonging to 17 growers and 53 growers,
respectively in 2009 and 2010, were included in this validation
pilot project.
COST EFFECTIVE!
Most systems have a 100%
payback in the first year.
Minimal site prep. Fuel efficient.
No maintenance contracts.
VERSATILE!
Size & power options available.
Targeted protection for frost
pockets, swales, slopes, valleys,
etc.
Use alone or with wind machines,
water, or heaters.
POWERFUL!
State-of-the-art propeller sends
cold air up approximately 300 ft.
FREE COMPUTERIZED FROST ANALYSIS!
SHuR FARMS ® Frost Protection
1890 N. 8 th Street, Colton, CA 92324
Toll Free 877.842.9688
info@shurfarms.com
www.shurfarms.com
Celebrating 11 years of innovation
and cold air drainage technology!
September/October 2012 Citrograph 33

Olive Crop Insurance
Specialist in
Crop Insurance
Management
Call us today for a
review of your current
Crop Insurance Program
at no cost.
Call David, Bill or Rob
559-594-5500
www.Nielseninsurance.net
follow us on
Twitter @nielsenins
Crop Insurance Provided By:
502-A North Kaweah (Hwy 65)
Exeter CA 93221 Lic # 0705090
nielsen & associates insurance is an equal opportunity provider
Two dormant spray applications (one in November and
another one in early February) to target overwintering psyllid
populations were applied in a coordinated fashion within
a two-week window for each spray.
Due to the diversity of ongoing grove care practices such
as hedging, fertilization, irrigation, and to some extent harvesting,
it was more difficult for growers to coordinate spray
application during the active growing season. Thus, growers
made their active growing season spray decisions based on
adult psyllid numbers and tree phenology of a specific grove.
Outreach and adoption of the psyllid area-wide
management by growers
Concurrently with the development of the area-wide
management program, an outreach program was initiated to
educate growers on the threat of HLB and the need to control
its psyllid vector.
From October 2009 to January 2010, several grower
meetings were organized where details of the area-wide
management program were presented, and growers were
encouraged to voluntarily adopt and implement this proactive
psyllid control program in their groves. Sign-up and reporting
forms were filled out by growers participating in the
voluntary area-wide management program.
A coordination team was created under the leadership
of the Texas Citrus Mutual. Growers report their acreage
sprayed during the dormant season and their pesticide spray
records to that team. This coordination team also organized
grower refresher meetings twice a year, in October and January,
to reinforce the need of not letting our guard down in
the battle against HLB and psyllid.
From the beginning of the program in January 2010 to
the last coordinated dormant spray, a satisfactory participation
rate has been observed, but efforts are still needed to
cover the entire commercial citrus acreage.
Figure 1 presents the total acreage covered during the
different coordinated sprays in commercial citrus. Despite
a moderate start of ca. 57%, total acreage under voluntary
area-wide management of psyllid exceeded 80% in the last
two years.
Monitoring of psyllid population has been ongoing in 20
sentinel groves from 2006 to 2008, and 33 additional groves
from the pilot project were added to the sample pool in 2009.
% acreage sprayed
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
Dormant season
Fig. 1. Grower participation in the voluntary psyllid area-wide
management program in Texas from 2010 to 2012. Values represent
the acreage sprayed at least once during the dormant
season relative to total commercial citrus acreage in Texas.
34 Citrograph September/October 2012

From 2010, a total of 62 groves were monitored biweekly
for psyllid. All but 12 of these groves are under area-wide
management. Adult psyllid populations were monitored using
yellow sticky cards.
Figure 2 summarizes the trend in psyllid populations in
Texas citrus groves from 2006, when no specific control was
directed at psyllid, to 2012 when area-wide management is
being implemented at the grower level.
It is very clear that psyllid populations have generally
been on the decline in commercial citrus from the onset of
the area-wide management program in Texas. Despite this
substantial decrease in psyllid populations, more efforts are
needed to get the buy-in of all growers and to ensure that
psyllid control is done season-long.
Nursery practices
Nursery production in Texas has traditionally been in
open fields. Since the late 1990s, the Citrus Center has managed
a mandatory budwood certification scheme. With the
threat from HLB, a collection of foundation trees was placed
in a screenhouse in 2008. A grant from the US Department
of Commerce was obtained to construct a greenhouse complex
for budwood increase production which is now being
populated with plants propagated from the protected foundation
trees.
Following the Florida example, a committee of nurserymen
and growers has been formed to plan for future nursery
practices. They have agreed that nurseries producing trees
for orchards should be under screen by September 2013. At
Fig. 3. First HLB-positive tree detected in a commercial
‘Valencia’ orange grove in Texas, January 2012.
the moment, this is a voluntary agreement, but discussions
with TDA and nurseries producing for the homeowner market
are ongoing.
Detection of citrus greening in Texas
In late December 2011, USDA-APHIS inspectors collected
leaves from a 6-year Valencia orange tree with suspicious
leaf symptoms located near the southeast corner of
an orchard in San Juan, TX, just six miles north of the Rio
Grande. The Citrus Center lab performed qPCR on the sample,
and obtained a result indicating the presence of the HLB
Forklifts and Hedgers
Unmatched versatility and dependability.
See us at
the Citrus
Conference!
800-392-6059
www.gillisons.com
GVF grove equipment is the most rugged, dependable
and innovative equipment of its kind. We have never
stopped improving upon our products in order to
exceed above competitor’s standards. But don’t just
take our word for it, see for yourself. Call us today
at 800-392-6059 to set up a demo, or go online to
www.gillisons.com.
Manufacturers of quality farm equipment since 1977.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 35

Fig. 4. Distribution of HLB-infected trees in commercial ‘Valencia’ orange (left) and ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit (right) blocks
suspicious samples collected but tested negative for Candidatus
in Texas, June 2012 (• indicates HLB-positive trees, •
Liberibacter asiaticus, • healthy tree with no apparent symptoms and tested negative for Liberibacter, and • indicates
newly planted healthy citrus trees; the arrow indicates the first HLB-positive tree found in the grove). Picture courtesy of
USDA-APHIS on data collected by Texas &M University-Kingsville Citrus Center.
bacterium. USDA-APHIS was immediately informed, the
tree was resampled, and confirmation qPCR was performed
in Beltsville.
On Friday, January 13, the official confirmation of the
disease in Texas was announced. TDA established a 5-mile
radius emergency quarantine zone around the site which
prohibited the movement of nursery stock out of the area,
and required that fruit harvested had to be free of leaf material.
Growers voluntarily suspended harvesting until a protocol
was developed and issued by TDA.
The initial confirmed tree appears to have been the first
one infected in the orchard (Figure 3). It was smaller than
other trees and had classic symptoms of blotchy mottle,
corky veins, lopsided fruit with aborted seed and vascular
browning, and twig die back on all sides. It had most likely
been infected for approximately 4 years.
Both affected orchards belong to the same grower who
has initiated a program to remove the infected trees. He also
intensified psyllid control under the guidance of the Citrus
Center, ensuring that other pests were also controlled.
An intensive survey of all the orchards as well as residential
citrus in the quarantine zone was initiated in a combined
operation by USDA-APHIS and TDA. Some additional
infected trees were identified in the Valencia orchard,
as well as in a 5-year-old grapefruit orchard immediately to
the east. No other infected trees in orchards or dooryards
have been detected.
The Citrus Center conducted monthly tree-by-tree surveys
in the two orchards and found 55 infected Valencia and
18 grapefruit trees. In each orchard, most infected trees are
in clusters (Figure 4).
There are some unusual aspects to the Texas HLB situation.
The average time for HLB confirmation after the first
detection of ACP in several nearby states and countries has
been about 7 years; in Texas, it was 11 years. In Belize, Mexico,
Louisiana and California, the first positive detection was
in psyllid samples collected from dooryard trees. In Texas,
the first detection was in an orchard tree; since January 2012,
nearly 5,000 psyllid samples have been tested, but only three
have been confirmed as positive.
Both affected orchards belong to the same grower who
has initiated a program to remove the infected trees. He also
intensified psyllid control under the guidance of the Citrus
Center, ensuring that other pests were also controlled.
Conclusion and future plans
Texas has taken proactive steps that have proven successful
in reducing ACP populations in commercial citrus
groves through an area-wide management program. This
program was initiated shortly after citrus greening was discovered
in Louisiana and is being ramped up to a higher
level now that the disease is present in the state.
Texas growers have been serious about ACP, and that
effort has provided Texas with a head start in slowing the
spread of the disease. Experience with this disease around
the world is that the best outcome that can be achieved is to
slow the spread of the disease; eradication has not been successful,
although Louisiana could turn out to be the exception
in efforts to eradicate the disease.
The short-term strategy in Texas has been to slow the
spread of the disease by reducing the ACP population to the
lowest possible level. For the long term, Texas is counting
on the development of trees resistant to the disease as the
most sustainable long-term solution, and while the focus of
this article is on the short-term strategy, Texas is also at the
forefront of developing disease-resistant trees.
Growers in the immediate area around the site where
the disease was detected are very motivated to aggressively
control ACP. The initial reaction from growers throughout
36 Citrograph September/October 2012

the Rio Grande Valley was that the disease could be widespread,
but because of the intensive surveying before and
after the detection of the disease, growers are realizing that
this might not be the case. There has been a tendency for our
growers to let their guard down a bit in recent months, but
the industry leaders are working hard to ramp up the ACP
control effort in all commercial citrus.
The goal going forward is to ramp up ACP control
throughout the commercial production area but particularly
in the quarantined area where the disease has been identified.
The trees where the disease was initially detected have
been removed. The citrus industry is working with the grower
to continue to remove all subsequently identified infected
trees. While many in the industry would like for the trees
to have been removed as soon as they tested positive, the
grower has been extremely diligent and consistent in monitoring
and controlling the vector.
The first round of an intensified survey in the quarantined
area has been completed, and so far no additional tissue
has tested positive except the trees in the first two groves
confirmed early this year. These survey efforts are continuing.
What challenges lie ahead for Texas If you compare the
situation in Texas to that of Florida and Brazil, some of the
obvious differences are that grapefruit is the dominant citrus
type in Texas – grown on over 70% of the total acreage – and
grapefruit tends to harbor less psyllids than sweet oranges,
limes or lemons.
Most of our citrus acreage is irrigated by flood irrigation.
With this type of irrigation, large amounts of water are
applied less frequently than is the case with other types of
irrigation, including drip and micro-sprinkler systems. Our
scientists have observed that less frequent irrigation and less
annual rainfall means fewer synchronized flush cycles which
confine psyllid reproduction to specific times of the year, and
this is generally associated with lower ACP populations.
One of the biggest challenges in Texas is the small size
of the average block of citrus. Smaller blocks of citrus means
Texas will have to deal with more edges than citrus production
areas where the blocks are much larger. Research in
Texas and in other areas has clearly demonstrated that ACP
and HLB are concentrated on the edges of groves more than
in the interior of groves.
Texas and California have a common challenge with
ACP being widespread in dooryard citrus that is near commercial
citrus. A large amount of the commercial citrus in
Texas is interspersed with a wide variety of citrus in backyards.
On the other hand, in the case of Florida, their focus
is more on addressing abandoned groves more so than backyard
citrus because much of their commercial citrus generally
has more separation from backyard citrus.
Growers in Texas have a strong incentive to control
ACP while homeowners are generally not as motivated, at
least by economics, to control this pest. Most homeowners
are not on a regular pest control regime; however, they are
very receptive to having treatment conducted on their property.
The challenge in implementing a treatment program in
backyards is the lack of state or federal resources to pay for
such treatments.
Biocontrol strategies of ACP using parasitoids and entomopathogenic
fungi are in the field testing stage in Texas and
will be an important component in the near future for psyllid
control in non-commercial citrus and in organic production.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 37

HLB is widespread in Mexico. Although it has not been
confirmed in Tamaulipas, the state immediately across the
Rio Grande River, drug violence along the border has made
early detection of HLB very challenging in Mexico. Backyard
citrus is very common right across the Rio Grande River in
cities like Reynosa and Matamoros, but the larger plantings
of citrus in Mexico are over a 100 miles south of the border.
The Rio Grande Valley is a major and rapidly growing
corridor for the importation of commercial citrus, particularly
limes, from areas in Mexico known to be infected with
HLB. There is not any hard evidence that the HLB infection
in Texas came from Mexico, but the two infected groves
are right along a road that is a major transportation corridor
for trucks carrying limes from Mexico. Most of these trucks
are enclosed; however, in years past, some have not been enclosed
refrigerated trucks. Therefore, Mexico is one possible
source for the infection in Texas.
Our commitment to citrus
growers goes beyond products
At Syngenta, we’re proud of the role we play in
keeping citrus groves healthy and productive—
whether it’s through a broad portfolio of products,
research to meet new challenges or direct technical
support right in your grove. For us, it’s not just
about selling you a product. It’s about working
together for the future of the citrus industry.
Come hear about the latest in citrus research at
the California Citrus Conference in Porterville, CA
(Porterville Fairgrounds) October 10-11, 2012.
Visit the Syngenta booth, K11.
Linda LaVanne
Southern Coastal Counties
Southern California Counties
Ph: 805-402-4770
Roger Williams
Kern County
Ph: 661-747-9243
Kyle Shore
Tulare County
Kings County
Ph: 559-786-5438
©2012 Syngenta. Important: Always read and follow all bag tag and label
instructions before buying or using Syngenta products. The instructions contain
important conditions of sale, including limitations of warranty and remedy. All
products may not be registered for sale or use in all states or counties. Please
check with your state or local extension service before buying or using Syngenta
products. The Alliance Frame, the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are
trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. MW 1LMC2027 7/12
The average time for HLB confirmation after the first
detection of ACP in several nearby states and countries has
been about 7 years; in Texas, it was 11 years.
In Belize, Mexico, Louisiana and California, the first
positive detection was in psyllid samples collected from
dooryard trees. In Texas, the first detection was in an orchard
tree; since January 2012, nearly 5,000 psyllid samples have
been tested, but only three have been confirmed as positive.
APHIS has attempted a traceback of backyard trees suspected
of being infected. So far there is no hard evidence
of where the infection in Texas originated. The Texas citrus
industry has been advocating for more inspections of citrus
from Mexico, and so far only limited improvements to the
basic inspection procedures have been implemented.
Customs and Border Protection in the Department of
Homeland Security have done some blitzes, but there has
not been a major change in the inspection protocol even
though the industry would like to see additional safeguarding
steps taken.
Texas has learned from the experience in Florida and
elsewhere. The industry has invested a significant amount
of funds to provide clean budwood source material to commercial
nurseries. There is a general agreement in the industry
that all commercial citrus nurseries should be producing
nursery stock from enclosed structures by September 2013.
ACP control will continue to be an important key to slowing
the spread of the disease.
Have the survey efforts in Texas been successful in detecting
the disease early Unfortunately, with the latency of
the disease, it is difficult to provide an unambiguous answer
to that question.
Here is what we do know. Texas growers have the advantage
of learning important lessons from other areas that
have been dealing with this disease. We know we are not doing
everything that we could be doing, but we are in the fight
with HLB for the long haul and so far we have several reasons
to be optimistic about the future of Texas citrus.
Dr. Mamoudou Sétamou is Associate Professor of Entomology
at the Texas A & M University-Kingsville Citrus
Center in Weslaco, Texas, and Dr. John da Graça is the Director
of the TAMUK Citrus Center. Ray Prewett is President of
Texas Citrus Mutual in Mission, Texas. l
38 Citrograph September/October 2012

September/October 2012 Citrograph 39

CRB Funded Research Reports
Research Project Progress Report
Unforbidden fruits: preventing citrus
smuggling by introducing varieties
culturally significant to ethnic communities
David Karp, Tracy Kahn, Toni Siebert, Robert Krueger, Richard Lee and Georgios Vidalakis
Before long, as you are driving down a country road, you
may be puzzled to see plantings of unfamiliar citrus
and citrus relatives such as curry leaf, bael and etrog,
perhaps grown in greenhouses or on trellises. It might be even
more surprising to learn that the Citrus Research Board has
had a hand in the diffusion of these esoteric crops.
The rationale is unusual but compelling: Although these
crops could be profitable for a few nurseries that sell the trees,
and for the farmers that grow them, far more important is the
benefit they could bring to California’s entire citrus industry
by avoiding economic damage from smuggling. As we know
all too well, illicit imports pose a grave danger of introducing
and spreading exotic pests and diseases, notably huanglongbing
(HLB) and its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP).
Just look at the headlines. In July 2009, a specially trained
dog found curry leaves (Bergera koenigii) in a package at a
Fresno FedEx facility that was carrying ACPs, which tested
positive for the bacterium associated with HLB.
The problem is far-reaching. According to a recent study
by the USDA’s Economic Research Service, citrus and citrus
relatives accounted for eight of the top 14 categories of fruits
smuggled into the United States from 2002 to 2006 (Peyton
Ferrier, The Economics of Agricultural and Wildlife Smuggling,
USDA-ERS, 2009).
Federal and state agencies strive mightily to stop smugglers,
but it’s impossible for them to catch them all. Only a
small percentage of agricultural cargo is inspected, and in
any case many of those who smuggle citrus do so for religious
and cultural purposes, not fully understanding the potential
impact. Unfortunately, these culprits are unlikely to
be deterred by conventional interdiction strategies.
Complementary to interdiction, there’s another approach
-- reducing demand -- that can play a crucial role in
suppressing smuggling. The concept is simple: if a product
is readily available in California, smugglers won’t bother to
bring it in. The implementation is trickier, however, because
in many cases there is no pathogen-tested budwood in the
system for nurseries to start with to propagate trees. This is
mandated by state and federal regulations for all commercial
citrus source material.
The scientists at the University of California at Riverside
(UCR) and the USDA who are responsible for securing
California’s citrus germplasm resources have long been
aware of this and have made an effort to release varieties
and species that were smuggled or illicitly propagated, like
yuzu and sudachi, two forms of Japanese acid citrus, or kaffir
lime (Citrus hystrix), whose leaves are indispensable in
Southeast Asian cooking. All were processed at the Cali-
Curry leaf, Bergera koenigii, CRC 3165, at
the South Coast Research and Extension
Center in Irvine, CA, 12/1/08. (Right)
Curry leaf trees in an insect-protected
structure at the USDA-ARS National
Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus
and Dates, Riverside, 8/24/12. Photos ©
David Karp.
40 Citrograph September/October 2012

Curry leaf plants grown by Thomas Law of Law Tieng’s Farm LLC, which ships
fumigated curry leaf to California from Hawaii. © David Karp.
Victor Bhatti of Betel Garden, a
leading grower and shipper of
curry leaf from Hawaii, 9/23/11. ©
David Karp.
Two types of curry leaf (small leaf, with abundant fruits,
in front; large leaf, supposedly from Indonesia, at rear) at
Frankie’s Nursery in Waimanalo, Hawaii. © David Karp.
fornia Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), and their
budwood was made available to nurseries.
Other non-citrus precedents include tejocote (Mexican
hawthorn, Crataegus pubescens) which was the fruit most
often smuggled into the United States, for use in Christmas
punches and ristras. After a substantial planting in Pauma
Valley started to produce, the smuggling stopped.
An unusual project is born
As the pressure from new citrus pests and diseases has
increased in recent years, it became clear that a full court
press was needed to determine which types of citrus were
being smuggled and what could be done about it from a
germplasm standpoint.
Thus, in spring 2010, a three-year project was born with
the ungainly name “Unforbidden Fruits: Preventing Citrus
Annapurna Duvvuri with small-leafed (left) and large-leafed
forms of curry leaf, in Satya and Annapurna Duvvuri’s
garden in Riverside. 9/13/10. © David Karp.
Smuggling by Introducing Varieties Culturally Significant to
Ethnic Communities” – UFF for short. Funded by the Citrus
Research Board (CRB), it draws on the expertise of six team
members: Tracy Kahn (principal investigator), Toni Siebert
and David Karp of the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences
at UCR, Richard Lee and Robert Krueger of the US-
DA’s National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and
Dates (NCGRCD), and Georgios Vidalakis of the CCPP.
Our first task was to determine which species and varieties
were being smuggled, and why. We learned that there
is a little-known database compiled by the USDA-APHIS
Smuggling Interdiction and Trade Compliance (SITC)
program listing seizures of citrus and citrus relatives being
smuggled from foreign countries, including the plant parts
concerned, the quantities, the countries of origin, and the
states where the items were seized.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 41

Securing access to this information proved only slightly
less arduous than obtaining a list of CIA undercover operatives,
but we received it in November 2010.
Interpreting the data proved more problematic. In many
cases, seizures were described simply as “citrus leaves” or
“citrus plants,” although in some cases we could assume the
possible identity based on country of origin as in the case of
kaffir lime leaves from Thailand. The most-smuggled citrus
commodity was listed as limes from Colombia, which were
probably sweet limes illicitly shipped at a season when the
fruit was not in season here.
Meanwhile, by reviewing the scientific literature and
interviewing interdiction specialists, specialty produce purveyors,
and end users, we researched the background of the
most-smuggled species and varieties in order to understand
the context in which smuggling takes place: their traditional
uses, the availability of germplasm here, their HLB and ACP
host status, the current quarantine situation, economic demand,
and the prospects for their cultivation in California.
Based on this information, we decided to focus first on
two Citrus relatives that are important for their leaves – curry
leaf and bael (Aegle marmelos) – since their leaves are
prime host material for ACP and HLB and can easily transmit
them in smuggled shipments.
Curry leaf: indispensable Indian flavoring
The most high-profile of the two, curry leaf, is native
to the Indian subcontinent and is commonly used in many
dishes as an aromatic ingredient, like bay leaf. Ask any Indian,
Sri Lankan, or Bengali; if a dish that requires curry leaf
doesn’t have it, it just doesn’t taste right.
Curry leaf trees flourish in citrus-friendly parts of California,
although they may grow slowly at first. Many Indians
cultivate them in their gardens and share leaves and cuttings
with relatives and friends. There are several different kinds,
differing considerably in vigor, the size of the leaves, and
their aromatic properties; some users strongly prefer one
kind over another.
Most significantly for California’s citrus growers, there
is a substantial demand for curry leaf that is unmet by those
who don’t have direct access to trees, or from commercial
users like restaurants and food processors.
Previously, shipments from plantings in Florida and Hawaii
were the primary sources for curry leaf in California.
However, Florida is no longer allowed to ship curry leaves
to other states because of federal quarantines imposed after
the discovery of HLB in 2005.
Hawaii, which has ACP but is not known to have HLB,
is now the main source of supply with several growers on the
island of Oahu who cultivate perhaps 20 acres. Much of the
harvest is flown to an irradiation facility on the island of Hawaii,
where the dose of 400 gy is administered. This amount is
sufficient to sterilize most insect pests but does not always kill
them. That is good enough for the USDA to allow irradiated
curry leaves to be shipped to non-citrus producing states but
not sufficient for California because even one live ACP could
do incalculable damage if it harbored or spread HLB.
Curry leaf intended for shipment from Hawaii to citrusproducing
states must be fumigated with methyl bromide, a
process that is expensive and drastically shortens the product’s
shelf life from a few weeks to roughly five days. Under-
42 Citrograph September/October 2012

standably, retailers and customers are less than enthusiastic
about fumigated leaves. Also, in the winter and early spring
the supply from Hawaii is insufficient to meet demand, and
buyers without good connections can find themselves cut off.
Pros and cons of curry cultivation
The UFF team carefully considered the pros and cons
of encouraging curry leaf cultivation in California. On the
downside, curry leaf is a preferred ACP host, so it can serve
as source of infestation and infection; more trees could also
lead to increased shipments within California that violate
ACP and HLB quarantines. On the other hand, the demand
for curry leaf is not going to go away, and a number of propagators,
sometimes below the radar of regulators, have sprung
up to supply trees.
It is better to have supervised sources, where the trees
and leaves can be tested. Evaluating the benefit of protecting
California’s high-quality fresh fruit citrus against a few
acres of curry leaf trees lead us to believe curtailing smuggling
is a huge advantage. The CRB accepted this reasoning
and asked us to develop a protocol for distributing curry leaf
propagating material to California citrus nurseries.
However, conventional vegetative methods of propagating
mother germplasm, such as air layering and grafting,
are not readily available for curry leaf. It is not in the genus
Citrus or closely allied genera, so no rootstocks or disease
indexing procedures have been developed. To get material
out as quickly and as phytosanitary as possible, we chose to
pursue distribution via seed, one of the standard methods
used in India.
Seed transmission of pathogens has been reported for a
limited number of citrus pathogens: Citrus psorosis virus, Citrus
leaf blotch virus, Xylella fastidiosa, and possibly Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus, the pathogen associated with HLB.
To make sure that the original seed material did not carry
any known seed-transmissible pathogen of citrus or any
graft-transmissible pathogen of regulatory significance such
as Citrus tristeza virus or citrus viroids, NCGRCD and CCPP
scientists tested curry leaf seed mother trees in the Riverside
collections in late 2011 and early 2012. The results were
negative for all tested pathogens and trees.
In addition, we established six curry leaf trees in an
insect-resistant screenhouse at the NCGRCD facilities to
serve as seed trees for the future. These measures, and the
whole protocol underlying safe seed distribution for curry
and other citrus relatives, were described in a comprehensive
document, “Standard Operating Procedures for Nursery
Owned Source Plants of Citrus Relatives,” that we submitted
to federal and state regulators in January 2012.
Overcoming regulatory snags
Phytosanitary authorities agreed with the science supporting
the pathogen testing and distribution protocols, but
regulatory obstacles remained at both the state and federal
levels. Citrus nurseries interested in propagating curry trees
had to keep them in the insect-resistant structures mandated
for their commercial citrus mother and increase trees
by the CDFA’s Citrus Nursery Stock Pest Cleanliness Program.
However, this program is limited to the genus Citrus
and allied genera, and curry leaf trees were not allowed to
800-992-2304
The
SOURCE
for all your
citrus tree
needs
SuperCitrus Trees
B&B Trees • Seedlings
Starter Trees/Citrus Liners
Rootstock Seed
Budwood of all Types
W O O D L A K E w w w . c i t r u s t r e e s o u r c e . c o m P O R T E R V I L L E
September/October 2012 Citrograph 43

e present (unless in an approved compartment) in a Stateapproved
facility.
UFF team members and interested nurserymen conferred
with CDFA, and on March 30, 2012 an interdepartmental
permit, No. QC 1334, was issued which authorizes
“seeds of bael and curry plants to be planted inside departmentally
approved insect-resistant structures,” according to
the protocol proposed by the UFF team. On June 14, the
Citrus Nursery Stock Pest Cleanliness Program circulated
the permit to California citrus nurseries.
The problem from the USDA regulatory standpoint
was slightly different: commingling curry leaf and bael with
pathogen-tested and therapied citrus mother and increase
trees is prohibited by the current regulations for the “Interstate
Movement of Citrus and other Rutaceous Plants for
Planting from Areas Quarantined for Citrus Canker, Citrus
Greening, or Asian Citrus Psyllid”.
After much discussion, on July 11 the USDA replied to
the UFF team inquiries that “Based on the current status
of citrus greening in California, the Subject Matter Experts
would be ok with the conditions you outlined.”
The road forward
We have sent curry leaf seeds to four nurseries that have
submitted requests and will soon be collecting seeds from
this season’s fruits. Once nurseries establish a clean source
in their insect-resistant structures, they will be allowed to
propagate by root cuttings, air layering, or whatever works.
At least one nursery has expressed interest in propagating
curry plants by tissue culture, which would require the de-
Bael fruits (Aegle marmelos) for sale in
a market in Lucknow, 5/13/08. © Richard
Campbell.
Very old bael trees at the USDA’s National Clonal Germplasm Repository in
Miami, 1/18/11. © David Karp.
Bael fruits and foliage, Aegle marmelos, on its own roots, CRC 3140, at the Citrus
Variety Collection, University of California, Riverside, 9/13/10. Tree planted in 1984.
(Inset) Distinctive leaves from bael tree, Aegle marmelos, on its own roots, CRC
3140, at the Citrus Variety Collection, University of California, Riverside, 9/13/10.
Tree planted in 1983. Photos © David Karp/Citrus Variety Collection.
44 Citrograph September/October 2012
On Mondays, in the room devoted
to the worship of Shiva at the Hindu
Society of the Inland Empire temple,
Shri Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, in
Riverside, worshipers pour milk or
ghee over the lingam and offerings,
including bael leaves from the UCR
Citrus Variety Collection, 9/13/10. ©
David Karp.

Nordox ® 30-30 WG
High Performance Crop Protection
Introducing NORDOX 30-30 WG, a new fungicide/
bactericide that provides long-lasting, effective protection.
NORDOX 30-30 WG is the most concentrated
copper-zinc granular available today, providing more
disease control with less product.
n
Unique retention and superior rainfastness
n
Easy to mix, dust-free formulation stays suspended
n
Low re-entry time (REI)
n
Less personal protection equipment needed
Grow with Brandt.co
The proud sponsor of the #31 Chevrolet driven
by NASCAR Nationwide Series championship
contender, Justin Allgaier.
Get an expert’s opinion. Talk to your crop consultant
about NORDOX 30-30 WG today.
Monterey AgResources
P.O. Box 35000
Fresno, California 93745
559 499 2100
www.brandtmonterey.co
September/October 2012 Citrograph 45

velopment of a specific procedure but could greatly expedite
multiplication of the plants.
It will be up to California farmers to decide whether and
how to grow curry leaf, but at least two issues remain if commercialization
is to be viable. Growers in ACP quarantine
zones including most of Southern California – (this could
easily expand to new areas if and when the insect is found)
– are not allowed to ship leaves outside those zones unless
they are fumigated with methyl bromide. An alternative protocol
that calls for washing the leaves with a surfactant is
under study by USDA scientists, but it is not clear if or when
it will be approved.
Washing the leaves wouldn’t help a grower whose trees
were in an HLB quarantine zone, of course, at least as regulations
currently stand. Serious commercial growers might consider
raising curry leaf in insect-resistant structures, such as
the ones that nurseries are constructing so that they might be
able to continue shipping citrus trees if an HLB quarantine
is imposed in their area. In order for growers to ship screenhouse-protected
leaves out of an HLB quarantine zone, however,
the current regulations would need to be amended.
Bael: the leaf sacred to Shiva
The other of the two citrus relatives on which we are
focusing is bael, native to the Indian subcontinent. The
hard-shelled fruits are exquisitely aromatic and are used in
India for the making of juice and preserves, but its trifoliate
leaves are the primary concern. Known in Hindi as “bilva,”
they are used for rites of the Hindu deity Shiva, particularly
in the Maha Shivaratri festival held annually in February
Ultra-Orthodox Jews carefully select etrogim for use in their
Sukkot ceremonies at a store in Crown Heights, Brooklyn,
New York, 9/9/07. © David Karp.
Rabbi Yasher Levy sorts and wraps sacred ‘Assads’ etrogs
in the home of Aknouz, his supplier. Dumdir, Morocco,
8/31/08. © David Karp.
‘Assads’ citron, grown from seed from never-grafted stock,
at the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection, 1/26/12. ©
David Karp.
Porters carry packing materials up the valley to the ‘Assads’
citron plantings in Dumdir, in the Anti-Atlas Mountains of
southern Morocco, 8/31/08. © David Karp.
46 Citrograph September/October 2012

or March, and to a lesser extent during weekly services.
Each year, local worshipers write to the Citrus Variety
Collection requesting bael leaves from its trees. On occasion,
as a favor and for research purposes, we have supplied the
leaves and attended the ceremonies, watching as worshipers
place the leaves on a black stone lingam, pour milk or ghee
on them, and recite prayers. At least one correspondent has
acknowledged smuggling bael leaves from India when they
were unable to find a legal source; others have illicitly imported
rooted trees.
In India, virtually every Hindu temple has a garden with
one or more bael trees, and priests in California say they’d
like to do the same thing here. The variety collection trees
flourish in Riverside, so there seems to be no reason why
they could not be grown in Southern California. However,
because no disease-tested propagating material is available
to California nurseries, the trees are difficult if not impossible
to find in California.
Therefore, as for curry leaf, bael seeds from disease-tested
trees at the CVC/NCGRCD in Riverside are being made
available to California nurseries in the hope of jump-starting
the cultivation of pathogen-free plants.
Etrog: the sacred fruit
Our third focus is citron (Citrus medica), one of the three
original species of cultivated Citrus along with pummelo and
mandarin. Native to southwestern China and Northeastern
India, it was brought more than 2,300 years ago to the Middle
East where it was adopted by the Jews for a crucial role
in their autumn harvest festival, Sukkot.
For a fruit to be suitable for Jewish ritual use, it must
be of certain traditional cultivars and meet many requirements,
including size, shape, color, and freedom from cosmetic
blemishes. $50 is a typical price in the United States,
and perfect specimens can fetch $500 or more from exigent
Ultra-Orthodox Jews. Most citrons for Jewish use, called
etrogs, are imported from Israel, Italy, or Morocco, but there
is one commercial grower in California, and in recent years
a number of others have started plantings. There is also a
moderate but increasing demand from observant Jews and
synagogue gardeners who wish to grow their own trees and
want the particular cultivars, which have not been publicly
available in California.
The tricky part is that for an etrog to be valid for Jewish
ritual use, it must be harvested from a tree that grows on
its own roots rather than being grafted, as are virtually all
other commercial citrus trees. Not just that, but all of the
parents of the tree, dating back centuries, are supposed to
have been own-rooted. Therefore, only certain traditional
cultivars whose non-grafted pedigree has been attested by
generations of rabbinical authorities, are acceptable. This
creates a dilemma: if a tree and all its ancestors must be
grown from seeds or cuttings rather than grafted, that rules
out using micro-shoot-tip grafting, the standard technique
to eliminate pathogens. The Etrog accession currently in the
CCPP is disqualified by this criterion, and, indeed, the whole
concept of budwood doesn’t work for citrons intended for
Jewish ritual use.
However, despite the seeds being monoembryonic and
strictly sexual, because of certain reproductive peculiarities,
New Optional Citrus Tower!
New LectroBlast Tower – Increase your
total coverage and efficiency.
Progressive Ag Inc.
1336 McWilliams Way, Modesto, CA 95351
209-567-3232 • www.proaginc.com • 800-351-8101
September/October 2012 Citrograph 47

etrogs generally come true to type from seed. It is possible,
with the proper permit, to import seed of citron from the
countries in the Mediterranean where they are grown.
In 2008, David Karp ventured to a remote region in
the Anti-Atlas Mountains of southern Morocco where the
prized ‘Assads’ citron has
been grown for centuries
for Jewish ritual use, and
he sent back seeds with
a permit to the USDA.
Trees derived from these
seeds and growing at UC
Riverside started fruiting
last season. Seeds were
The ‘Assads’ variety of citron
typically has no seeds when
grown in isolation; it also has
sweet flesh and correspondingly,
white flowers, without purple.
At Simon Lévy’s etrog pardes
(farm) in the small settlement of
Akridiss, Morocco, 8/26/08. ©
David Karp.
harvested and distributed
to interested nurseries.
Trees derived from
another elite ritually valid
strain, ‘Morning Song
Temoni,’ were recently
planted in the field. Since
citron typically fruits just
a year or two after planting,
we hope to be able to offer seeds of this accession before
too long.
It is unlikely that these germplasm lines will be used by
commercial growers aiming at an Ultra-Orthodox clientele,
but less exacting Jews should be pleased to have access to
ritually valid and pathogen-free etrog trees for the first time.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Citrus Research Board for
funding this research. We also sincerely thank all the individuals
from USDA-APHIS/PPQ, USDA-APHIS/PPQ SITC,
and the CDFA for all their support toward making this project
possible.
CRB research project reference number 5100-129. l
KEY TERMS
The mission of Plant Protection and Quarantine’s
(PPQ’s) Smuggling Interdiction and Trade Compliance
(SITC) Program is to detect and prevent the unlawful entry
and distribution of prohibited and/or non-compliant products
that may harbor exotic plant and animal pests, disease
or invasive species.
SITC focuses its anti-smuggling efforts at the ports of
entry and markets to prevent the establishment of plant
and animal pests and diseases, while maintaining the safety
of our ecosystems and natural resources. (Visit www.aphis.
usda.gov/international_safeguarding/sitc/index.shtml.)
Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) is a program
within the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Monoembryony – when only one seedling emerges from
a seed. In some citrus, the nucellar cells -- cells that surround
the embryo sac -- divide and develop into embryos (nucellar
embryony).
Air grafting is a method of cloning a fruit tree. A small
branch is wounded and then wrapped tightly in sphagnum
moss and polyethylene film until a large mass of roots develops.
The “air layer”’ is then excised from the parent plant
just below the root mass (may take a month to a year). The
new plant is then potted.
Sukkoth or Sukkot is a Jewish harvest festival beginning
on the 15th of Tishri and commemorating the temporary
shelters used by the Jews during their wandering in the
wilderness. The connection to citrus is the “Four Kinds” of
which citron or etrog is one. The others include a palm frond,
myrtle twigs, and willow twigs. The Four Kinds are used
nightly when reciting blessings. They represent the diversity
of the community of Israel.
Bilva – Lord Shiva’s Tree is another name for “bael”
(Aegle marmelos), a citrus relative. The leaves of this plant
are used as decoration during the festival of Maha Shivaratri.
It is believed to have medicinal properties; one’s most terrible
karma ends when a bilva leaf is offered to Lord Shiva.
Maha Shivaratri – “The Night of Shiva” is a festival celebrated
in the Hindu religion; special prayers are offered to
Lord Shiva, the Lord of Destruction. It falls on a moonless
February night.
Field Guide to ACP and HLB Hosts
In keeping with the purpose of the Unforbidden
Fruits project, four members of the UFF team (Siebert,
Krueger, Karp and Kahn) have compiled a flip-book,
Field ID Guide to Citrus Relative Hosts of Asian Citrus
Psyllid and Huanglongbing, soon to be published by the
Citrus Research Board.
This publication consists of 54 pages of text and photographs
concerning those species and types of citrus relatives
most likely to be present in California and which
could serve as hosts of ACP and HLB. Photos depict the
trees, leaves, fruit and flowers of these genotypes; the text
includes scientific and common names, descriptions, uses,
what is known about the ACP and HLB host status (derived
both from a review of the scientific literature and
research conducted by UFF team member Lee and his
colleagues), and an estimate of the danger presented to
California citrus.
It will be distributed shortly as a laminated flip-book,
a convenient format for use by phytosanitary professionals,
citrus growers, and the general public.
Contacts for the Unforbidden Fruits team
Registered nurseries interested in obtaining seeds of
curry leaf, bael or etrogs should contact Robert Krueger
of the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository
for Citrus and Dates, at robert.krueger@ars.usda.gov or
(951) 827-4399.
Growers who might be interested in obtaining trees
of these crops should contact their nurseries or members
of the UFF team: David Karp (dkarp@ucr.edu) or Tracy
Kahn (tracy.kahn@ucr.edu).
Do you have suggestions for citrus or citrus relatives
for which there is a specialized demand, but no budwood
in the CCPP system (ccpp@ucr.edu) Contact Kahn,
Karp or Krueger at the email addresses above.
48 Citrograph September/October 2012

With ECoFloW, you don’t have to Depend on
Mother Nature to leach your Grove.
No Rain Means ... No Natural Leaching.
ECoFloW will Leach your Grove Every Time you Water WITh LEss WATEr!
ECoFloW is the oNLy Water Conditioner
Tested and Validated by the World Renowned
Center for Irrigation Technology
( California State University, Fresno • www.icwt.net )
The Following Tests/Studies were Performed:
• 2008 Preliminary Test Validated Superior Percolation (90 days)
• 2009-2010 Randomized & Replicated Study Validated 2.5x Deeper & Faster Percolation Depth (1 year)
• 2010 Tomato Trials Validated 10% More Yield with 15% Less Water (5 months)
• 2011 Laboratory Test with Various Soil Samples Validated 35% Soil Salinity Reduction (6 months)
Currently Installed in 100+ Avocado/Citrus Groves!
Typical installed results have been: • 25% Water Usage Reduction • 40% Root Zone Chlorides Reduction • 15% Additional Yield
Contact Earl Coleman at 951.587.8375 or earlcoleman288@msn.com
Manufactured exclusively in the U.S.A. by Morrill Industries, Inc.

Citrus Roots
Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation
If you have found Our work
interesting and engaging...
Please Support Your
Foundation, for donations
are down and we are
operating on empty!
The Scheu family
Striving to make our world
better, from an assault on
frost to philanthropy
Richard Barker and Kim Randall
At the turn of the century, Willis Charles Scheu resided
in the town of Grand Junction, Colorado. Local peach
crops regularly incurred severe damage during late
spring frosts. and these events eventually planted the seed of
the idea that today has grown into a multi-generational and
multi-faceted family business.
W.C. Scheu invented an oil burning heater that was successful
at protecting the tender buds of the deciduous peach
trees, and it wasn’t long before citrus growers in Southern
California got wind of this new device.
Buy our books, crate labels, make a cash contribution
...Or give to Citrus Roots Foundation your
crate labels, books, citrus memorabilia ...you will
save FED and CA taxes to the full extent allowed.
Our website is a reference center
www.citrusroots.com
Our “Mission” is to elevate the awareness
of California citrus heritage through
publications, education, and artistic work.
We are proud of our accomplishments as a
volunteer organization, which means each
donated dollar works for you at 100% [for
we have no salaries, wages, rent, etc.]. All
donations are tax deductible for income tax
purposes to the full extent allowed by law.
Citrus Roots – Preserving Citrus
Heritage Foundation
P.O. Box 4038, Balboa, CA 92661 USA
501(c)(3) EIN 43-2102497
The views of the writer may not be the same as this foundation.
Bringing the “smudge pot” to California
They invited him to bring his invention west. After seeing
the obvious need in the citrus groves and understanding
the potential for growth, Scheu settled in Upland, California,
where many of his descendants still live today.
Manufacturing facilities were scarce in the region when
Scheu relocated his operation on the West Coast. He contracted
out the production of the orchard heaters to American
Can Co. in Toledo, Ohio. The heaters were then shipped
to an old fruit packinghouse in Upland which Scheu had
converted to a warehouse and office. This building would
serve as company headquarters for close to a century. It was
from this structure that the heaters were distributed to the
growers.
While many competitors came and went, Scheu not only
survived but thrived. This was due largely in part to the continual
innovation and evolution of the Scheu product line.
While the original heaters were designed to intentionally
generate smoke -- with the belief that a radiant “blanket”
would be created and trap the heat -- this theory was
eventually disproven. The name “smudge pot” came from
the smoke the heaters produced, and the term stuck even
after new designs reduced the smoky output.
Return stack heater becomes industry standard
Focusing on heat generation, the inventor’s son, Willis
Leland, helped develop the return stack heater in conjunction
with the University of California in the early 1940s. This
50 Citrograph September/October 2012

Stack line for salamander industrial heaters being packaged.
Orchard Co-Op oil supply, 19th & Euclid, smoke in the background from smudging.
One example of many industrial uses of
salamander or Hy-Lo.
Equipment from American Can Co. being lowered by crane into the original
Upland manufacturing facility.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 51

model reduced emissions by recirculating the products of
combustion resulting in a cleaner, more efficient heater. This
model would become the industry standard.
When local ordinances were enacted to minimize pollution,
growers were required to transition their equipment
to a cleaner burning model. In order to facilitate the growers’
needs and ease the burden of transition, Scheu Products
Company extended credit to them for over four years.
Soon after, it was decided
that the continued growth of
the company would benefit
from in-house manufacturing.
Thus, in 1948 Scheu Products
Company purchased the
manufacturing equipment
from American Can Co. The
machinery was brought to Upland
by rail, lowered into the
buildings by crane, and Scheu Products became centralized
and streamlined. This transition came just as other markets
were opening up for the company.
W.L. Scheu continued to innovate and was responsible
for developing a modified version of the orchard heater
when he found that they were being used in the construction
trades and other non-agricultural environments.
Commonly referred to as a “salamander” (due to the
tendency of the heater’s body to change colors when hot),
After seeing the obvious need in the
citrus groves and understanding the
potential for growth, Scheu settled in
Upland, California, where many of his
descendants still live today.
Scheu’s version, trademarked as the Hy-Lo, grew quickly in
popularity and soon represented almost half the total volume
of the company. This versatile heater found markets not
only in the U.S. but internationally as well.
During the 1970s, the sons of W.L. Scheu, Allyn and Leland,
continued to expand the industrial offerings. The third
generation entrepreneurs added a line of gas-fired forced
air heaters. These extremely popular heaters were eventually
mass marketed through
home improvement outlets
which included Home Depot,
Lowes, Ace Hardware,
Grainger’s and the like.
Wind machines were a
natural next step
As frost protection
evolved, so did the company.
In the late 1970s, wind machines were becoming more prominent
as sole sources of protection as well as being used in
conjunction with heaters. This trend was not lost on Allyn
Scheu, who saw an entrance into that segment of the industry
as a natural next step.
A small company in Yakima, Washington, clearly proved
to have superior quality and design, and the Scheu companies
embarked on yet another phase with their new partners,
Orchard Rite Ltd., Inc.
Hy-Lo demonstration, La Verne, California, 1936.
52 Citrograph September/October 2012

WC Scheu experimenting with original heaters in Grand Junction, Colorado.
Typical smudging night, trying to keep warm with a pot on both sides in
anticipation of the call to begin firing.
WC Scheu home.
In-field conversion to return stack.
Scheu heaters at Presidential Inauguration.
September/October 2012 Citrograph 53

Volume I of III
Including a fold out
time line chart of
by Marie A. Boyd and Richard H. Barker
Volume III of III
$ 15 00
Allyn and Leland Scheu with old and new heaters, 1981.
Sales of the wind machines were initially limited to the
Pacific Northwest but soon expanded south by the 1980s
with a service center opening in Fresno, California. This expanded
their reach to include all of the West Coast and several
states east. In addition, a line of nut harvest shakers was
added to the product line, further diversifying their offering.
Today, under the careful guidance of founding partner
Darryl Hill and General Manager Doug Riddle, this 100%
American-made product has captured a significant market
share not only domestically but internationally as well.
Providing satellite technology
Though he began as a software consultant with the
company in 1985, Riddle came aboard full time nine years
later with his background in computer science. Coupled with
Hill’s engineering background, the two have created OR-
SAT TM , the company’s satellite technology program which
allows growers to operate their wind machines from anywhere
in the world that has internet access. This communication
network and support service uses custom designed
hardware and software which provides real-time information
on weather, wind machines and fuel tanks.
According to Riddle, the company is technologically savvy
from top to bottom. They’ve recently brought online their
third robotic welder for fabrication work and have added a
Allyn and Leland during their early transplanting attempts in
the California desert.
line of towable tilt wind machines that are just now being
introduced to the market. Their tech savvy also extends to
visual media, with professionally produced videos accessed
through YouTube demonstrating their latest products.
Riddle states that by making the most of these strengths,
Orchard Rite has managed to position itself as the leader
in customer support. The organization has a worldwide network
of factory-trained dealers and service professionals.
Because of this coverage, over 70% of the wind machines in
use throughout the world today are made by Orchard Rite,
Riddle says.
Both Hill and Riddle grew up in the Yakima area, and as
Riddle puts it, “We’re both just a couple of old farm boys.”
While Hill’s family was successful in construction, Riddle
was raised farming deciduous fruits. His experience on the
frontlines has been invaluable. These “farm boys” are now
leading the way in cutting edge technology for the entire industry
and have positioned Orchard Rite as the benchmark.
Even as they push the boundaries of technology today,
Allyn remembers when the operations he and his brother
were involved with were a bit less sophisticated.
The Scheu family as citrus growers
Both sets of Allyn’s and Leland’s grandparents raised
oranges and lemons in Ontario, Upland and Terra Bella, and
Citrus Roots Series...
Citrus Roots
Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation
Keeping citrus heritage alive in the minds of those living in California through publications, educational exhibits and artistic works
54 Citrograph September/October 2012
GIFT IDEAS!!
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume IV
Citrus Powered the Economy of Orange County
for over a half century Induced by a “Romance”
All donations are tax deductible for income tax
purposes to the full extent allowed by law.
For ordering information
visit our website
www.citrusroots.com
Selling the GOLD
History of
Sunkist ® and Pure Gold ®
CITRUS ROOTS . . . OUR LEGACY
By: Rahno Mabel MacCurdy, V.A. Lockabey and others...
compiled and edited by R.H. Barker
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume I
Selling the Gold - History of Sunkist®
and Pure Gold®
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume II
Citriculture to Citrus Culture
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume III
Our Legacy...Baldy View Entrepreneurs
- 25 men & women who left a legacy
Our Legacy:
Baldy View
ENTREPRENEURS
American Business Cycles from 1810 to 1978
vs. the Life Span of Twenty-Five Entrepreneurs
CITRUS ROOTS ... OUR LEGACY
(Fed. Tax ID # 43-2102497)

the brothers became the third generation of growers, eventually
expanding into the Imperial Valley.
They acquired undeveloped desert land with the hopes
they could transform the barren acreage into viable groves.
They soon found out what worked in Upland wasn’t necessarily
going to work in the sand of the California desert. “To
say the least, we were a bit naïve,” admits Allyn.
The first of many challenges was solving the irrigation
problem. Furrow and flooding were out of the question due
to the light soil. Drip, drip filtration and micro sprinklers
were nonexistent or in their infancy. The decision was made
to use a solid set of low level sprinklers, but the brothers’
problems continued.
The water source coming from the open, unlined canal
carried minute, abrasive materials which caused the sprinklers
to self-destruct. “This failure led us to what was supposedly
a revolutionary sprinkler tested in the deserts of Israel.
The results were worse than our first irrigation attempts,”
remembers Allyn.
Meeting desert challenges with innovation
The irrigation quandary and several other factors, including
the desert’s insistence on reclaiming itself, resulted
in the brothers constantly having to innovate.
With little industry experience to draw on in the harsh
desert environment, brothers Leland and Allyn became pioneers.
Carrying on their family history of strategic thinking,
they discovered that the light, sandy soil lent itself well to
transplanting, a practice observed by Allyn on a frost protection
research trip to the University of Florida.
The brothers eagerly double-planted the acreage, then
transplanted the trees during the sixth or seventh year in
adjacent fields. The trees suffered a temporary setback but
soon recovered and equaled the vigor of the permanent
trees in short order.
“We thought we were pretty smart until the morning we
arrived to find that the desert winds had blown over half of
the trees we’d just transplanted,” Allyn says. When asked if
he would take on the desert again, he replies, “If I was young,
not too bright, and full of youthful optimism, then I probably
would.” Looking at the acreage today, there is no discernible
evidence that half the trees have been transplanted.
Mark McBroom, a native of the Imperial Valley, joined
the Scheus in the early 90s and to a great degree is responsible
for the expansion over the last two decades. Under his
management, the three Scheu properties of Desert Delite,
Rancho Dos Hermanos and Scheu Citrus continue to flourish.
Even with the extensive knowledge McBroom has
gained under the trying conditions in the Imperial Valley, innovation
is still key. Becoming certified organic on one of
the ranches has been a priority for McBroom, and he hopes
this will open new avenues through which to move product.
Branching out into other fields
Concurrent with their success in varying segments of
the citrus industry, the family has branched out into other
fields. The 1970s saw their local area transitioning from ag-
September/October 2012 Citrograph 55

icultural to residential use.
Suburban sprawl prompted
the acquisition of vacant land
which once held citrus groves.
This land was then converted
into commercial real estate,
which the Scheus manage
themselves.
Today, the heart of their
organization is still located
in downtown Upland, only
blocks from the original
warehouse. Now occupying
the historic Walker-Eisen
building, which formerly
housed City Hall and the Police
Department, Scheu Management
Corporation is headquarters
to both Allyn and his
eldest son Craig as well as to
Leland and his two daughters,
Allyson and Nevin. They
are supported by a staff with
an average tenure of over 20
years.
Simi Valley and Westlake
area commercial developments
are headed by Allyn’s
son Mark with help from
wife Dianna. Allyn’s daughter
Kristen is busy raising her
four children she and husband
Eric adopted in Latin America,
and Allyn’s son Curtis is
stationed at R & D Fasteners,
another Scheu operation.
Being a family with an agricultural background naturally
made it an easy choice for Allyn to acquire an Idaho cattle
ranch to add to the family endeavors. His son Mark oversees
this operation as well with help from local managers, the Teichert
family. The beauty of the area is not lost on the Scheu
clan, and they take full advantage of the region’s great hunting,
fishing and wide-open spaces.
Scheu Steel Supply is another thriving family entity. Also
Three generations of the Scheu family outside the current
headquarters, formerly Upland City Hall. Left to right:
Morgan Scheu (Craig’s daughter), Craig Scheu (Allyn’s son),
Nevin Scheu (Leland’s daughter), Allyson Scheu McQuade
(Leland’s daughter), Mark Scheu (Allyn’s son), Leland Scheu,
Curtis Scheu (Allyn’s son), Allyn Scheu, and Kathy Scheu
(Craig’s wife).
located only a few blocks
from the original warehouse,
the company is currently
overseen by Craig Scheu.
During World War II, scarce
resources affected everyone.
When the war was over, the
company’s pent up demand
for sheet metal provided
W.L. Scheu all the reason
he needed to spearhead the
family’s entrance into the
steel distribution business.
In the years since and
primarily under Leland’s
guidance, the company has
grown to include service centers
in Rancho Cucamonga,
California and the Coachella
Valley serving the Southern
California market all the way
to the Mexican border.
In 1992, R & D Fasteners
was acquired from a Scheu
Steel customer who primarily
produced anchor bolts.
The operation has since
expanded, diversifying its
product offering significantly.
Products manufactured by
R & D can be found being
utilized anywhere from the
New York City sewer system
to U.S. Navy nuclear submarines.
The in-house testing
laboratory headed by Curtis
Scheu insures their quality and reliability. The family takes
great pride in being able to manufacture and market these
100% American-made products despite increasingly tough
global competition.
After family, community service is a close second
The Scheu family does not overlook the support they
have received from their local communities. Both Allyn and
Lemon Cove, Citrus, Packing & Storage
Price Reduced!! This 6.48± acs. Opportunity sits in
the heart of the Tulare County citrus belt.
This is a turn-key fully equipped citrus
and cold storage facility. The property is
complete with packing line, cold storage,
receiving, de-greening rooms. Specialty
pack room, and large office for multiple use.
Call Martin Hovsepian
(559)799-3756 for details
Call Matt McEwen
(559)302-1905 for details
www.citrusboys.com
PEARSON REALTY
Farm Sales Specialists for California’s Central Valley
Successful growers like
Mark Campbell of Willits &
Newcomb cover their Citrus
with Agra Tech Greenhouses.
Agra Tech is here to help
your crop stay healthy and
protected from Psyllids.
56 Citrograph September/October 2012

Leland were raised in Upland, as
were their children. In 2010 the city
welcomed the opening of the Scheu
Family YMCA. The Scheus joined
forces with other community leaders
to provide funding for the muchneeded
services the YMCA provides
for local youth. It now has over 1,800
members, and a new state-of-the-art
aquatic center is planned with the
groundbreaking scheduled for 2013.
They are also extremely active
in the San Antonio Hospital Foundation.
The family has supported
the expansion of the local facility
at which almost all of Allyn and Leland’s
grandchildren were born. Allyn
has served as a foundation board
member, and son Craig has now followed
suit. Family definitely comes
first for the Scheus, but community
is a close second.
Leland and Allyn’s grandchildren,
who are currently pursuing
their education, will be the fifth generation of Scheus to carry
on the citrus tradition. In the future, they will be encouraged
to go out into the world and gain experience in whatever
field they see fit. If they choose to follow in their parents’
footsteps, they will draw upon those experiences as future
Orchard Rite wind machines.
leaders in the family businesses.
There is no doubt that despite
the myriad of activities and enterprises
the family members are involved
in, the Scheus strongly value
the ties to their roots. The family surrounds
themselves with citrus, not
only in the realm of business but at
home as well.
Mark Scheu has plans for a citrus
grove on land in Moorpark, on
which he also hopes to build his future
home. Allyn’s house still sits in
the middle of one of the last commercial
lemon groves in the Upland
area, and brother Leland is only a
few blocks away.
In Allyn’s words, “Even though
we’ve diversified over the years, citrus
has always been at the heart of
our success and a key focus of the
family. I see it remaining as an important
part of our future.”
Richard H. Barker is the founder
and president of the Citrus Roots-Preserving Citrus Heritage
Foundation. Kim Randall is Executive Assistant, Scheu
Management Corporation, Upland.
Photos courtesy of Scheu Management Corporation and
Citrus Roots-Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation.l
Residual control that goes the distance.
Labeled for use on citrus, pome fruits, stone fruits,
grapes, walnuts, almonds, pistachios and olives.
Alion pre-emergence herbicide:
• Delivers powerful control of grass
and broadleaf weeds, including
resistant species, to protect your
high-value crops
• Offers 6 months of residual
control, reducing the number
of in-season sprays
• Allows you to focus less on
weeds and more on profitability
Cleaner. Longer. Alion.
Not all uses are registered in all states. Check local recommendations.
Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer (reg’d), the Bayer Cross (reg’d) and Alion are trademarks
of Bayer. Alion is not registered in all states. For additional product information call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.BayerCropScience.us
CR0812ALIONNA009V00R0
September/October 2012 Citrograph 57

Photo by Sara Remington.
Celebrating Citrus
A salad idea, fresh from the
farmers’ market
Janet Fletcher’s byline is very familiar
to San Francisco Chronicle
readers, especially the cheese aficionados
and the fans of her weekly column
“Cheese Course”.
However, that isn’t her only claim
to fame because, in addition to being an
award-winning writer for that newspaper’s
food section – and covering just
about everything that’s culinary – she
is a frequent contributor to national
magazines and is also a best-selling
cookbook author.
In fact, Fletcher
is considered one of
the top food journalists
in the country,
having received
three James Beard
Janet Fletcher
awards and honors
from the International
Association
of Culinary Professionals.
She has written
or collaborated on 24 cookbooks, including
“Eating Local: The Cookbook
Inspired by America’s Farmers”, and
“Cheese & Wine: A Guide to Selecting,
Pairing, and Enjoying” among her most
popular titles.
For Citrograph readers, she has a
fresh take on a salad with oranges and
avocados using escarole as the greens.
The recipe is from her book “Fresh
from the Farmers’ Market: Year-Round
Recipes for the Pick of the Crop”.
“I love the contrast of creamy avocado
with sweet-tart citrus,” Fletcher
says, “and I think escarole is an underappreciated
salad green.” She adds that
she really likes to make this in late winter/early
spring “when all three items
are at their best.”
“I use only the pale, tender heart
of the escarole (I save the outer leaves
for soup or cooked greens), and I separate
the orange segments from the
Anne Warring
58 Citrograph September/October 2012
membrane, using the nifty technique
described in the recipe. On another occasion,
you could replace the avocado
with beets, or use spinach in place of
escarole.”
Fletcher says she “discovered farmers’
markets and the pleasures of the
table” – and fell in love with cheese –
while in college, on a semester abroad
program in Provence, France. The experience
was so rich she got her degree
and then went to cooking school.
Escarole Salad with Avocado and Oranges
At the farmers’ market, look for escarole that has a large
pale blanched heart. That’s the choice part, crisp and
mild. The outer, darker leaves can be tough and strong.
• For the vinaigrette:
1 large shallot, minced
1 tablespoon Champagne vinegar, or more to taste
3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
Salt and freshly ground black pepper
• 1 head escarole
• 2 navel oranges
• 1 ripe but firm avocado
• 2 tablespoons chopped Italian parsley
She trained at the Culinary Institute
of America and then for two years
worked at Alice Waters’ famed Chez
Panisse restaurant in Berkeley. That
time with Waters, Fletcher says on her
Web site, “shaped my taste, honed my
skills and nurtured my interest in fresh
produce…”
Janet and her winemaker husband
live in the Napa Valley, where, in addition
to her writing, she develops
and tests recipes in her home kitchen
– which overlooks “a big, sunny, terraced
garden” – and teaches cheese
appreciation classes and cooking classes.
(And, you’ll be interested to know,
she is in the UC Master Gardener
program.)
To learn more about Fletcher and
her work, go to www.janetfletcher.com,
and find her cheese columns archived
on the San Francisco Chronicle’s Web
site at www.sfgate.com. Also, she now
has a Cheese Plate iPhone app with
Chronicle Books. l
Photo by
Victoria Pearson,
used courtesy of
Chronicle Books.
To make the vinaigrette: In a small bowl, combine shallot, 1 tablespoon vinegar and the
olive oil and whisk well. Season with salt and pepper. Taste and add more vinegar, if desired.
Clean escarole, discarding any battered outer pieces. Wash and drain leaves, tear into
bite-sized pieces and dry thoroughly.
Cut a slice off both ends of 1 orange so it will stand upright. Stand orange on a cutting
surface and, using a sharp knife, remove all the peel and white pith by slicing from top
to bottom all the way around the orange, following the contour of the fruit. With the knife,
cut along both sides of each orange segment to free the segment from its membrane.
Put orange segments in a small bowl. Repeat with second orange.
Halve and pit the avocado. Use a soup spoon to remove each half from its shell in one piece.
Lay cut side down and slice crosswise into 1/4-inch-thick slices. Transfer avocado to a
small bowl, season with salt and toss with enough of the vinaigrette to coat slices lightly.
Toss escarole with remaining vinaigrette and 1 1/2 tablespoons parsley. Taste and adjust
seasoning. Transfer to a serving bowl, interspersing layers of escarole with some of the
avocados and oranges. Arrange the last of the avocados and oranges on top and sprinkle
with remaining 1/2 tablespoon parsley.
Serves 4
From ‘Fresh from the Farmers’ Market: Year-Round Recipes for the Pick of the Crop”,
Chronicle Books, © 2008. Used by permission.

Under the theme “Citrus and Health” the 12th International
Citrus Congress (ICC 2012) will take place
next year in the Valencia Conference Centre from
18 to 23 November.
This international congress is being developed under
the umbrela of the International Society of Citriculture
(ISC), with the collaboration of Instituto Valenciano
de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) and other
Valencia’s research institutions as AGROALIMED,
UJI, UPV, IATA-CSIC, among other Public institutions,
and also involving citrus private industry leaders.
November 18 th -23 rd , 2012
Valencia Conference Centre
Valencia, Spain
Please visit us at www.citruscongress2012.org
Looking forward to meet you in Valencia,
Prof. Dr. Luis Navarro (ICC2012 Chairman)
President of the International Society of Citriculture
I n s t i t u t o V a l e n c i a n o d e
I n v e s t i g a c i o n e s A g r a r i a s
IVIA
Centro de Protección Vegetal y
Biotecnología
Ctra de Moncada a Náquera, km 4,5
46113 Moncada (Valencia, Spain)
Phone: +34 963424000
Fax: +34 963424001
email: lnavarro@ivia.es

C L E A N C I T R U S
Clonal
Containerized
Certified
You have new options:
• Containerized citrus is cleaner, more flexible and secure
• Clonally propagated rootstocks increase uniformity
and expand your options.
• Professional field service from experienced horticulturists:
Ed Needham (559)977-7282
Steve Scheuber (209)531-5065
John Arellano (559)804-6949
Clean Plants
For Your Future
60 Citrograph September/October 2012
1-800-GRAFTED
www.duartenursery.com • Hughson, Ca.