Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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234 CHAPTER 11 Agriculture, Aquaculture, and the Environment KEY TERMS agroecosystem 213 aquaculture 230 biological control 226 genetically modified crops 229 green revolution 228 integrated pest management 226 Liebig’s law of the minimum 223 limiting factor 223 macronutrient 223 malnourishment 216 mariculture 230 micronutrient 223 monoculture 214 organic farming 228 pasture 218 rangeland 218 synergistic effect 224 terminator gene 229 undernourishment 216 STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Design an integrated pest management scheme for a small vegetable garden in a city lot behind a house. How would this scheme differ from integrated pest management used on a large farm? What aspects of IPM could not be used? How might the artificial structures of a city be put to use to benefit IPM? 2. Under what conditions might grazing cattle be sustainable when growing wheat is not? Under what conditions might a herd of bison provide a sustainable supply of meat when cows might not? 4. Pick one of the nations in Africa that has a major food shortage. Design a program to increase its food production. Discuss how reliable that program might be given the uncertainties that nation faces. 5. Should genetically modified crops be considered acceptable for “organic” farming? 6. You are about to buy your mother a bouquet of 12 roses for Mother’s Day, but you discover that the roses were genetically modified to give them a more brilliant color and to produce a natural pesticide through genetic energy. Do you buy the flowers? Explain and justify your answer based on the material presented in this chapter. 7. A city garbage dump is filled, and it is suggested that the area be turned into a farm. What factors in the dump might make it a good area to farm, and what might make it a poor area to farm? 8. You are sent into the Amazon rain forest to look for new crop species. In what kinds of habitats would you look? What kinds of plants would you look for? FURTHER READING Borgstrom, G.,The Hungry Planet: The Modern World at the Edge of Famine (New York: Macmillan, 1965). A classic book by one of the leaders of agricultural change. Cunfer, G., On the Great Plains: Agriculture and Environment (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2005). Uses the history of European agriculture applied to the American Great Plains as a way to discuss the interaction between nature and farming. Manning, R., Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization (New York: North Point Press, 2004). An important iconoclastic book in which the author attributes many of civilization’s ills—from war to the spread of disease—to the development and use of agriculture. In doing so, he discusses many of the major modern agricultural issues. Mazoyer, Marcel, and Laurence Roudar, A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2006). By two French professors of agriculture, this book argues that the world is about to reach a new farming crisis, which can be understood from the history of agriculture. McNeely, J.A., and S.J. Scherr, Ecoagriculture (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003). Smil, V., Feeding the World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000). Seymour, John, and Deirdre Headon, eds., The Self-sufficient Life and How to Live It (Cambridge: DK ADULT, 2003). Ever think about becoming a farmer and leading an independent life? This book tells you how to do it. It is an interesting, alternative way to learn about agriculture. The book is written for a British climate, but the messages can be applied generally. Terrence, J. Toy, George R. Foster, and Kenneth G. Renard, Soil Erosion: Processes, Prediction, Measurement, and Control (New York: John Wiley, 2002).
CHAPTER 12 Landscapes: Forests, Parks, and Wilderness LEARNING OBJECTIVES Forests and parks are among our most valued resources. Their conservation and management require that we understand landscapes—a larger view that includes populations, species, and groups of ecosystems connected together. After reading this chapter, you should understand . . . What ecological services are provided by landscapes of various kinds; The basic principles of forest management, including its historical context; A long line of trucks in Malaysia carrying logs from tropical rain forests. As land ownership changes in the United States, American corporations have purchased more and more forestland in lessdeveloped parts of the world. The basic conflicts over forest ownership. The basic principles of park management; The roles that parks and nature preserves play in the conservation of wilderness. People around the world are wearing masks to protect themselves against swine flu. (Source: http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/ nation-world/ny-swineflu-photos,0,859331. photogallery [Getty Images Photo / May 2, 2009].)
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Earth as a Li
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VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLIS
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About the Authors Daniel B. Botkin
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Preface vii Themes Our book is base
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Preface ix Updated Critical Thinkin
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Acknowledgments Reviewers of This E
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Acknowledgments xiii Karen Swanson,
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Contents Chapter 1 Key Themes in En
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xviii Contents Summary 125 Reexamin
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xx Contents Chapter 13 Wildlife, Fi
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xxii Contents CRITICAL THINKING ISS
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xxiv Contents Availability and Use
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2 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environme
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10 CHAPTER 1 Key Themes in Environm
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over 4 million in 1950. In 1999 Tok
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CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Knowi
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24 CHAPTER 2 Science as a Way of Kn
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42 CHAPTER 3 The Big Picture: Syste
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60 CHAPTER 4 The Human Population a
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CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts and
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82 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts a
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100 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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102 CHAPTER 5 Ecosystems: Concepts
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CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cycles
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106 CHAPTER 6 The Biogeochemical Cy
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128 CHAPTER 7 Dollars and Environme
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144 CHAPTER 8 Biological Diversity
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170 CHAPTER 9 Ecological Restoratio
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284 CHAPTER 13 Wildlife, Fisheries,
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CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics LEAR
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288 CHAPTER 14 Energy: Some Basics
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304 CHAPTER 15 Fossil Fuels and the
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CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy and t
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328 CHAPTER 16 Alternative Energy a
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346 CHAPTER 17 Nuclear Energy and t
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CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, and M
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370 CHAPTER 18 Water Supply, Use, a
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CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and Trea
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400 CHAPTER 19 Water Pollution and
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CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Climate,
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430 CHAPTER 20 The Atmosphere, Clim
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462 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution CASE S
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464 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution
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466 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Table
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470 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Air po
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472 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution Mercur
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474 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution (a) FI
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478 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution The ga
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490 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution chimn
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494 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution SUMMAR
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496 CHAPTER 21 Air Pollution STUDY
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498 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments C
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500 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments I
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502 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments o
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504 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments K
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506 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments 2
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508 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments A
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510 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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512 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments F
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518 CHAPTER 22 Urban Environments S
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520 CHAPTER 23 Materials Management
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552 CHAPTER 24 Our Environmental Fu
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Appendix A Special Feature: Electro
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Appendix A-3 VOLUME in 3 ft 3 yd 3
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Appendix A-5 Basic Chemistry
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Photo Credits CHAPTER 1 Ch Op 1: Im
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Glossary Abortion rate The estimate
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Glossary G-3 deposition of crustal
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Glossary G-5 high and the growth ra
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Glossary G-7 environmental impacts
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Glossary G-9 per unit time and some
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Glossary G-11 cooler than it is tod
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Glossary G-13 Nonpoint sources Poll
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Glossary G-15 Positive feedback A t
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Glossary G-17 Shelterwood cutting A
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Glossary G-19 Time series The set o
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Index Entries followed by an f may
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INDEX I-3 Sweetwater Marsh National
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INDEX I-5 dune succession, 96, 96f
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INDEX I-7 Colorado River, 114, 115f
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INDEX I-9 Lovelock, James, 10, 108
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INDEX I-11 Pelagic ecosystem, 85, 8
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INDEX I-13 Static systems, 44, 44f
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INDEX I-15 Watts, 291, 292t Weather
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N-2 NOTES 7. Schmidt, W.E. 1991 (Se
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N-4 NOTES 4. Christian, D. 2004. Ma
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N-6 NOTES 9. Collins, S.L., A.K. Kn
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N-8 NOTES 8. U.S. Department of Agr
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N-10 NOTES 19. O’Donnell, James J
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N-12 NOTES 19. Piore, 2002 (April 1
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N-14 NOTES application of secondary
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N-16 NOTES 22. Foukal, P., C. Frohl
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N-18 NOTES 54. Zummo, S.M., and M.H
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N-20 NOTES 38. Bullard, R.D. 1990.
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