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Botkin Environmental Science Earth as Living Planet 8th txtbk

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N-4 NOTES<br />

4. Christian, D. 2004. Maps of Time. Berkeley: University of<br />

California Press.<br />

5. Gaddis, J.L. 2002. The Landscape of History. New York,<br />

Oxford University Press.<br />

6. Lovelock, J. 1995. The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of the <strong>Earth</strong>.<br />

Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />

7. Lane, Nick. 2009. Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the<br />

World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />

8. This section is b<strong>as</strong>ed on, and used with permission, <strong>Botkin</strong>,<br />

D.B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the 21st<br />

Century. New York, Oxford University Press.<br />

9. Henderson, Lawrence J. 1913 reprinted 1958 by the same<br />

publisher. The Fitness of the Environment. Boston: Beacon Press.<br />

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Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W.H.<br />

Freeman, p. 1051.<br />

11. Post, W.M., T. Peng, W.R. Emanuel, A.W. King, V.H. Dale,<br />

and D.L. De Angelis. 1990. The global carbon cycle. American<br />

Scientist 78:310–326.<br />

12. K<strong>as</strong>ting, J.F., O.B. Toon, and J.B. Pollack. 1988. How<br />

climate evolved on the terrestrial planets. Scientific American<br />

258:90–97.<br />

13. Berner, R.A. 1999. A new look at the long-term carbon cycle.<br />

GSA Today 9(11):2–6.<br />

14. Peter M. Vitousek, Chair, John Aber, Robert W. Howarth,<br />

Gene E. Likens, Pamela A. Matson, David W. Schindler,<br />

William H. Schlesinger, and G. David Tilman. 2000. Human<br />

Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and<br />

Consequences. Issues in Ecology—Human Alteration of the<br />

Global Nitrogen Cycle. ESA publication http://esa.sdsc.edu/<br />

tilman.htm 30/08/2000.<br />

15. Chameides, W.L., and E.M. Perdue. 1997. Biogeochemical<br />

Cycles. New York: Oxford University Press.<br />

16. Carter, L.J. 1980. Phosphate: Debate over an essential resource.<br />

<strong>Science</strong> 209:4454.<br />

17. Vaccari, D.A. 2009. Phosphorus: A looming crisis. Scientific<br />

American 300(6):54–59.<br />

18. Smil, V. 2000. Phosphorus in the environment: Natural flows<br />

and human interference. Annual Review of Environment and<br />

Resources, 25:53–88.<br />

19. U.S. Geological Survey. 2009. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2009-phosp.pdf.<br />

20. Ibid.<br />

21. Asner, G.P., T.R. Se<strong>as</strong>tedt, and A.R. Townsend. 1997 (April).<br />

The decoupling of terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycles.<br />

Bioscience 47 (4):226–234.<br />

22. Hellemans, A. 1998 (February 13). Global nitrogen overload<br />

problem grows critical. <strong>Science</strong>, 279:988–989.<br />

23. Smil, V.1997 (July). Global populations and the nitrogen<br />

cycle. Scientific American, 76–81.<br />

24. Vitousek, P.M., J. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P.A.<br />

Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, and G.D. Tilman.<br />

1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes<br />

and consequences. Issues in Ecology. http://esa.sdsc.edu/.<br />

Chapter 7 Notes<br />

1. EPA. 2009. Cap and Trade Essentials. Adobe pdf file available<br />

at http://www.epa.gov/captrade/documents/ctessentials.pdf<br />

accessed June 16, 2009.<br />

2. Loris, Nicol<strong>as</strong> and Ben Lieberman. 2009. Cap and trade:<br />

A handout for corporations and a huge tax on consumers.”<br />

Thom<strong>as</strong> A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies.<br />

W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC: Heritage Foundation.<br />

3. Tarlock, Dan. 1994. The nonequilibrium paradigm in ecology<br />

and the partial unraveling of environmental law.” Loyola<br />

of Los Angeles Law Review 2(1121): 1–25.<br />

4. Senate Resolution 580 2007, Recognizing the importance of<br />

pollinators to ecosystem health and agriculture in the United<br />

States and the value of partnership efforts to incre<strong>as</strong>e awareness<br />

about pollinators and support … (Agreed to by Senate).<br />

http://www.ucs.i<strong>as</strong>tate.edu/mnet/_repository/2005/plantbee/<br />

pdf/Senate_Resolution_580.pdf.<br />

5. The North American Pollinator Protection Campaign and<br />

the Pollinator Partnership. http://www.pollinator.org.<br />

Accessed July 18, 2009.<br />

6. National Biological Information Infr<strong>as</strong>tructure. 2009. http://<br />

www.nbii.gov/portal/community/Communities/Ecological_<br />

Topics/Pollinators/Pollinator_Species/Invertebrates/. Accessed<br />

July 18, 2009.<br />

7. Hills, S. 2008. Study sheds light on bee decline threatening<br />

crops. Food Navigator USA.com 20-Aug-2008. http://<br />

www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Product-Categories/Fruitvegetable-nut-ingredients.<br />

Accessed July 18, 2009.<br />

8. Costanza, R., et al. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem<br />

services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260.<br />

9. Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. <strong>Science</strong><br />

162:1243–1248.<br />

10. State of Vermont. http://www.anr.state.vt.us/air/htm/woodstoverebate.htm<br />

Accessed July 18, 2009.<br />

11. Clark, C.W. 1973. The economics of overexploitation.<br />

<strong>Science</strong> 181:630–634.<br />

12. Bockstoce, J.R., D.B. <strong>Botkin</strong>, A. Philp, B.W. Collins, and<br />

J.C. George, 2007. The geographic distribution of Bowhead<br />

Whales in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort se<strong>as</strong>: Evidence<br />

from whaleship records, 1849–1914. 2007 Marine Fisheries<br />

Review 67 (3): 1–43.<br />

13. Freudenburg, W.R. 2004. Personal communication.<br />

14. Gunn, J.M., ed. 1995. Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial<br />

Region: Progress in Restoring the Smelter-damaged Landscape<br />

near Sudbury, Canada. New York: Springer-Verlag.<br />

15. Litton, R.B. 1972. Aesthetic dimensions of the landscape.<br />

In J.V. Krutilla, ed. Natural Environments. Baltimore: Johns<br />

Hopkins University Press.<br />

16. Schwing, R.C. 1979. Longevity and benefits and costs of<br />

reducing various risks Technological Forec<strong>as</strong>ting and Social<br />

Change 13:333–345.<br />

17. Gori, G.B. 1980. The regulation of carcinogenic hazards.<br />

<strong>Science</strong> 208:256–261.<br />

18. Cairns, J., Jr., 1980. Estimating hazard. Bio<strong>Science</strong> 20:101–107.

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