Vol 17 - Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian ...

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DIJ1IIFRISSSHIRS AND OAIT,OWAY
-_NATURAI
HISTORY & ANTIOUARIAN
SOCIETY.
I'OUNDED z0th NOVEMtsER. 1862.
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TRANSACTIONS
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JOURNIAL OI-, PtrtOCb!,DII\jGS
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.I'HIRD SERIBS, VOLUMB XVII.
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EDIIITORS:
W. ft,. GOUBLAY, C.S.f., O.I.tr':., I'.S.A.(Scot.).
Mns E. SIIIRIIil'.
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DUMFRIES:
Published by the Council of the Society
lst]z

SACRAMENT
HOI.ISE AT ORCHARDTON.
iee pagc 33.

DUMFRINSSHIRD AND GAI,IOWAY
NATURAT HISTORY & ANTIOUARIAN
SOCIETY.
BOUNDED 20th NOVEMtsER, 1862.
TRANSACTIONS
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS
1930-31.
THIRD SERIES, VOLUME XVII.
EDITORS:
W. B. GOURLAY, C.S.I., C.I.E., F.S.A.(Seot.).
Mts E. SEIRITEY.
DUMFRIES:
Published by the Council of the Society
1932

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I
Office-Bearers for 7930-7937.
fI. H. lI'Knnnow.
Hon. President.
tr".S.A.(Scot.), Buccleuch Street, I)umfries.
Hon. Vice-Presidents.
G. F. Scorr Er,r,ror, X'.R.G.S., Ilowpasley, Cousley Wood, Wadhurst,
Sussex.
F. Mrr,r,rn, Cumberland I{ouse, Annan.
Rev. J. Krxc HEwrsoN, D.D., King's Mead, Thornhill.
E. A. HonNnr,, Broughton llouse, Kirkcudbright.
Vice-Presiden ts.
T. A. Il^tr,r,rtev, Parkhurst, Dumfries.
li,onnnr M.lxwnll, Irish Street, Dumfries.
It. C. Rnrrn, X'.S.A.(Scot.), Cleuchbrae, Ruthwell.
G. W. SHrnr,rv, Ewart Library, Dumfries.
Ar,nxaNrnn'IuRNnn, Glensorrel, l{axwellt,o,wn.
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:
Hon. Secretary.
Mrs E. Surnlnv, Kingholm Road, Dumfries.
Editors of Transactions.
NIrs E. Snrnrpy; \Y. R. Gounlev, Kenbank, Dalry.
Hon. Treasurer.
Iliss Rar,r-ERry, l,I.A., LL.B., 37 Castle Street, Dumfries.
Hon. Departmental Curators.
Antiquities-Jas. Flnrr, Ilillhead, Bankend lload, Dumfries.
Herbarium-Dr. W. Snupr,n, llile Ash, Durnfries. Hon. Secy.
Photographic Section-J. P. L1rr,r,rceN, High Street. Dumfries.
Members of Council.
llhe President; Vice-Presidents ; Secretary ; 'Ireasurer ; Departmental
Clurat,ors; Secretary, Photographic Section; Miss A. J.
GoRnoN, Kenmure T€rrace, Maxwelltown; Mr Tkos. IfnxnnnsoN,
L,ockerbie; NIr Benrn,qu M(Gow-lN, Linwood, Dumfries;
I{r JonN M'BunNrn, The Garth, Ardwall R,oad, I)umfries; Dr.
T. R. BunNnrr, Education Offices, Kirkbank, Durnfries; I\[r
\Ylr. DrNwrDDrE, Iligh Street, Dumfries; Mr J.ts. Rnrn, Braehead
Terrace, Maxlvelltown.

CONTENTS
PAGE.
Abstract' of Accounts 205
Annual General Meeting I
Collingwood, W. G. The Deil's Dyke ... 72
Corrie, J. It. Notes on a Small Collection of Antiquities at
Broughton flouse, Kirkcudbright 94
Curle, James. Tho Ro,man Road from the Tyne to the IVeed
(not printed)
Ul
Exhib,its
'n'J
Fieldj Meetings. Carlisle ... 20I
Dryburgh, Melrose and Newark ... 771
Stranraer District 172
Herries, D. C. Sir Robert lferries, I\{.P. for the Dumfries
Burghs
lE
Elewiso,n, Dr J. King. Robert the Bruce, a X-amily Romance L62
Horne, J. G. A Forgotten Kirkcudbrightshire Poet (David
Davidson) 44
Johnson, Lie;ut.-Cbl. Loch Ryan and Stranraer 189
Sir John Ross, Arctic Explorer, North-
West Castle, Stranraer 195
J'ohnson-Ferguson, Col. Sir Edward, Bart. Place Nanres:
Can'o'nbie, Eskdalemuir, Ewes, Langholm and Westerkirk 135
Leftwich, B. R. Select,ions frorn the Customs Records at
Dumfries 10(
M'Conchie, Bailie, Teroy Broch, Innerne,ssan tr{ote, Cbaigeaffie
Tower
181
lI'Kerrow, 1\[. I{. Presidential Address
10
Miller, I'rank. Unpublished Letters of the nttrli"tr srr"pr,""i
to a Dumfriesshire Laird
ll
Muir, John. Alexander Reid, Galloviclian Laird ancl llliniaturist
of Burns: An Appreciat'ion 157
Notes on the Election Ballads ol'Robert' Burns 36
Presentations and Iroans 204
Rainfall Records for the South-Western Counties ot Scotland,
1930 169
Reid, R. C. Note on a Sacra,rnent Elouse at Orchardton 33
soulseat 172
Ileid, R. C., and Semple, Dr Williaur. Synopsis of Two
Papers on The Deil's Dike 59
Shirley, G. W. A Group of Burial Ilrns found at Palmerston 79
Stephen, A. C. Some Modern Animals and their Anoestors
(not printed) 43
Taylor, 'Ihornton L,. An fnterim Ileport on the Excavations
at Enoch Castle ... 28
Waugh, W. Fb'rts, Moats and Enclosur€s in Annandale:
Fort, Woodend Farm, and Lint Vat, Cleuchheads Fa m,
.rohnston Parish
1Sl

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Sacrament l{ouse at Orchardton .
Ilnoch Castle. Plan of Site
Enclosure
LTrn Burials at Palmerston.
Plan of Sit€
llrns, Scale Drawings ...
Artifacts
Ifrns, Drawings and Photographs
Antiquities from Broughton House. Stonc
Stone l{a,mmers, Bronze Objects
Wooclend I'o,rt: Plan
Trontispiece
A*"*, Per:foratrccl
..
"o"J;
33
..',,,::
86
88
132

EDITORIAL.
i\Iembers working on local Natural History and
Archaological Subjects should communicate with the Hon.
Secretary. Papers may be submitted at any time. Preference
is always given to original work on local subjects.
The Editons do not hold themselves responsible for the
accuracy of scientific, historical, or personal information.
Each contributor has seen a proof of his o\,vn paper.
Exchanges, Presentations, and Exhibits should be sent
to the Hon. Secretary, Mrs Shirley, Lanerick, Kinghohn
Road, Dumfries.
Enquiries regarding purchase of copies of T'ransactiorts
and payment of subscriptions (ros per annum) should be
made to Miss Rafferty, M.A. , LL.B., 37 Castle Street, Dumfries.

PnocBEDTNGS AND TnaxsACTroNS
OF THti
Dumfriesshire and Galloway
I{atural History & Antiquarian Society.
SESS|ON 1 93 0-3 1
51st October, 1930.
Annual Meeting.
Chairman-Mr
1\I. H. VI'KrRRo\4,.
The minutes of the last Annual Vleeting were read and
approved.
Apologies for absence were
Cassillis, Mr M'Burnie, NIr A.
Robert N{axr,vell.
received fronr the Earl of
Cameron ,Smith. and \{r
The Secretary submitted the annual report, rvhich showed
that six indoor and three field meetings had been held during
the year. There have been r3 new mernbers added, the total
rnembership of the Society now standing at 286 ordinarv
members, 39 life members, and 7 honorary members.
rvith regret that we record the loss of the following
It is
members
by death;-\,{. H. Arrnistead, F)sq., Kippford: Mrs
Henryson Caird, Creetor,vn; Sir William Mitchell Cotts,
Bart., London; Miss Downie, Annan; l). H^y Fleming,
Erq., LL.D.,
J.
Edinburgh; J. Ewing Gibson, Erq., Glasgorv;
W. Whitelaw, Erq., Dumfries.
The Treasure,r's report was also subnritted and
approved, and it was announced that an anonymous donor
had given a sum of {rro
to the funds of the Society.

1
F
10 AnNunl MnnrtNc'
on the motion of vlr R. c. Reid a cordial vote of thanks
was accorded to the donor.
The Chairman intimated the resignation of the Treasurer,
and Mr Gladstone moved that the Society record its most
hearty apprecizttion of \{r
N{'Kerrow's se'rvices, which had
been given ungrudgingly over so long a period' The fact
that the Society's funds were in their present sound state
rvas due to Mr M'Kerrow's
treasurership'
The President then announced the resignation of the
Secretary, who was also very generously thanked'
N,[r M'I(errou''
moved a vote of thanks to Mr Miller'
retiring President, $,.ho had only taken on the office for one
year.
MrH.S.GladstoneproposedthatNlrM'H'\{'Kerrow
'fhis
be appointed to the vacant chair. was seconded by
)'Ir James Flett and utlanimously agreed to'
lhe nieeting then proceeded to the election of the follou,ing
officials ;-f,{15 Shirley, Hon' Secretary' proposed by
Mr Gladstone; and Miss H' Rafferty, l\{''\', LL'B'' Hon'
'I'hese
I.reasurer, proposed by N,{r R. C. Reid. were agreed
to. The Vice-Presidents, c,lrators of Antiquities and
Herbarium, Librarian and Hon. secretary of Photographic
Section, werre re-elected. The election of curator

{
.
LIneuBr,rsHED LerrrRs oF THE E'rRrcx sHnpHnRo. l l
unpublished Letters of the Ettrick shepherd to a
Dumfriesshire Laird.
i\4r Frank Miller, Annan, in his retiring address as
president of the society, dealt with the friendship that
existed between the " Ettrick shepherd ', and Lieut.-General
Dirom of Mount Annan, and read letters that Hogg had
sent to the General. These unpublished letters were copied
by Mrs \trr. H. O'Reilly. Mr jVliller said:._
James Hogg, the Ettrick shephercr, had some interesting
associations rvith the county of Dumfries. In 1g04 he tool<
service, as a shepherd, rvith a Mr Harkness of Mitchellslacks,
in the parish of closeburn. A few years later, having
gained what to him seemed a little fortune by his eariy
publications, The Mountain Bord and rhe shepherd's (Juicle,
I
I I
)
I
he joined partnership with a friend and rented the farm of
Locherben, in closeburn.
Later still he took the farm of
corfardine, on the water o'f scaur. Being unsuccessful in
his farming ventures, he reft Dumfriesshire in 1g10. but his
connection rvith the county was pleasantly renewed in 1g20,
when, at the mature age of 4g, he married Nlargaret
Phillips, the younger daughter of peter phiilips, a weil-to-do
Annandale
'rhe
farmer. scene of the rvedding r,vas N{ouswald
Place, rvhich rvas then the farm of Mouswald Mains,
and rvas occupied by Mr phillips. NIr I{. C. Reid, in a
letter to the writer, says:-('The Rev. Dr. John Gillespie
lold me manr years ag'o that the marriage took prace in
rvhat is norv the snroking room of Nfousu,ald place-then
the farm of Mousrvald Mains. " Miss phillips was a sensible
and cultured woman, and the union proved singurarry happy. .
Among the poet's friends in the shire was Lieutenant-
General Alexander Dirom of l4ount Annan, author of a
Narratiae
of the ca.mpoign in [,ndia, uthich terminaterl the
trI/ar with rippoo surtan, in rzg2, and

,
12 UrvpuslrsHnn Lrrr.ERS oF rnB ETrnrcr surpHERD.
son describes him as " a well-known military anrl literary
character, " and in 1802 he accompanied Telford on a tour
undertaken by that eminent engineer with the object of
securing the improvement of the roads of Scotland. He
clied at Mount Annan on 6th October, 1830, aged 73'
General Dirom's friendship with Hogg commenced soon
after the latter came to Dumfriesshire. Through his kindness
the poet was enabled to include in The Shepherd's
Guid.e (a practical treatise on the diseases of sheep, published
in r8o7), some tables by " the late ingenious Mr N'Ialcolm,"
"
uncle of t\4rs Dirom and father of The Four Knights of
Eskdale. " " The Guide " was dedicated to the Genernl in
these terms :-
To Brigadier-General Dirom of N{ount Annan, as a
small testimlony of esteem for a gentleman who has the
welfare and improvement o,f his country so much at heart,
the following treatise is respectfully inscribed by his
obliged humble servant, The Author'
For a short time Hogg was in business as a factor and
land valuator,
and among' those who then entrusted him
rvith work was the Laird of N{ount Annan. Writing to his
brother william on 8th october, 1811, the poet 52v5 ;-" I
u,as at Langholm the week before last, valuing and re-lettinEl
some fine farms belonging to General Dirom"'
A ferv characteristic letters which l{ogg
in 1813 survive.
Some of the allusions in them are of consiclerable
interest.
sent to Dirom
It is clear that General Dirom, who u'as
a warm aclmirer of poetical genius, shou'eC Hogg much
.substantial kindness, and that the poet was grateful to his
benefactor. The letters have been copied fo'r the Society
by NIrs W. H. O'Reilly, great-granddaughter of the
General, and I shall now have the pleasure of reading them
to you :-
Edin., Ntlay r4th, r8r3.
DBen GnxnRal,
I received your kind letter in due time, and I am sure
-as you know I never make any professions--that you
will believe me when I say that there neve'r was any award

Uupunlrsnpo LnTrERs oF .rnB Errnrcr SHBpHERD. f B
of providence happened in my remembrance which impressed
my heart so deeply as the breaches made in your
family, the more so as I could not conceive any parent's
heart on earth that would have been so deeply rvounded.
I was afraid the loss might unfit you for all public business
for a long season. .1
I am perfectly aware, my dear General, of yo,ur most
kind intentions towards me, and the interest which you
would take in the success of your poor friend's publication.
With regard to the subscriptions, I know how little
it is possible to do in that way; they produced nothing,
but I have now the satisfaction of informing .you that the
IUukez seems established in the world, not again to be
shaken. One large edition is already g'one, a second in
the press which will be out in a few days, and I have got
proprosals for a third I and all this without ever being
reviewed, save in one or two monthly publications.
Longman was to have supplied the Liverpool trade; I
weened vou would have got what copies you wernted that
wa,v.3 By the way, I was informed that Roscoea of I-iverpool
then testified a resolution of supporting it and of
bringing it into notice in that quarter. The patronage of
such a man would be of great importance to me; if he is
an acquaintance of yours you might be of nruch service to
me there.
1 Two of General Dirom's daughters died in the winter of
1812-13. They were commemorated by Hogg in a poem, entitled
" The Harp on the Hill," which seems never to have been published.
The original MS. of the elegy is in the possession of
Mrs O'Reilly.
z The Quaen's Wake. This volume contains " Kilmeny "
and " The Witch of Fife," poems which show that the Ettrick
Shepherd was really what he claimed to be, " the king o' the
Mountain and Fairy School " of poetry. It was the proud boast
of Hogg that he had several witches among his ancestresses.
3 Dirom was then residing in Liverpool.
" In 1811 he was
appointed to the Command of the North-West District, and took
up his headquarters in Liverpool, where he was eminently successful
in suppressing the treasonable plots of the Luddites',
(MS. Sketeh of his Life in Mrs O'Reilly,s collection). He
returned to Mount Annan in 1815.
e William Roscoe, the historian. Hogg,s poetry was commended
to his notice by General Dirom.

l4
LiNpunt,tsHpu LnrrERS

UNputsLrsurn LBTTERS oF' rHo ErrRrcx SHTpHBRD. l5
Dren GeNnnRr.,
Edin., Septr. rrd, r8r3.
I received your kind note the other day, which reminded
me of a so,re neglect I had been guiiiy of. in not
answering your last packet. But about that time I likewise
had a severe loss in the death of mv mother. She
was indeed an o,ld woman, yet she had ahvays been
healthy, and my attachment to her was no, common one.B
You u'ill reasonably conclude that this was a deprivation
that must have long been expected. It is true-we kneu'
rve had to part-we talked of it. It came familiar, and
we were resigned and loved each other better ; yet a last
adieu is painfull-it rvas very painfull to me, and remem,
brance has a thousand kind and tender little offices
treasured up in my heart which long will continue to melt
it. The truth is that I feel a want o,f someone to be kind
to-a vacuity in my mind which is not soon likely to be
macle up. But a truce to these solutions. I think your
criticism with regard to the deficienc_v of the notes of the
I'Vahe just. I intended such an enquiry once, but I found
that such an History, instead of giving any reallity to the
Poem, which I love, would almost entirelv have divested it
of the small share it possesses. I am particularly pleased
with Mr Roscoe's good opinion and good wishes, for the
English look upon him as a kind of oracle in literature,
and he will soon be tro,ubled bv some of his friends with
a secret of mine, which I know will somewhat astonish
hinr. The gentlemen of the Higher Kingdom have shon'n
much more liberality toward$ me than those of my own.
Jefery you know I irritated terribly by two papers in the
" Spy."9 I judged him too independent to have remembered
that; at all events one spark of national pride he
certainly does not possess. It is still reported that the
trI/ahe is to be in the Review,lo and that Rokeby never
8 Mrs Hogg died at the age of 82. The poet inherited from
her his love of traditionary verse. Meeting Scott in her own
cottage soon after the publication of the Border Minstrelsg, she
told him that he had spoilt the old ballads by printing them.
" They war made for singing, &[' no' for reading,,, she said.
(See Hogg's Rem,iniscenoes of Some of His Contemporari,es.)
e A weekly paper " of literary amusement and instruction,"
printed in Edinburgh in 1810-1811. ft was edited by Hogg.
70 The Que,en's Wake was reviewed by Jeffrey in The Ed,inburgh
Reuiew for November, 1814. rn a letter to scott, printed
in the recently published Priaate Letter-Books of Sir Walbar
scott, the shepherd refers to the famous Edinburgh quarterly
as " that mighty arbitrator of the present day.,,

16 UNpuBrtsHBo Lgrl'ERS oI" rHr Errnrcr SHTpHERD.
is. On rvhat grounds either is built I do not knorv, as I
shun all enqui-ries or appearance of care about it whatever.
I sent an uncommbnly splendid copy to the Bishop
of Salisbury to be delivered to his Royal ward.ll with a
letter requesting him to do so, but he has- never acknowle{ged
the receipt, nor taken any notice of either the one
o. Th" other. I^ do not know how to discover if ever the
poem reached its destination. In the last number of the
'S"ottirh
Reviewl2 there is a very long and exquisite revieu'
of the wake. It is a good article,-said to be u'ritten by
the editor of that wot( rn'ho has placed my lroetrY 1n a
point of view where none has hitherto ventured to place
it. As you testified a rvish to have y-our friend's note
."tu.n.dj I inclose it along with The i7u.rp of the HilI,Li
the design of rvhich I onJe questioned. The little affectionate
iimily
piece I will keep as a nremorial of friendship.
I wish to be' remembered t" Roscoe. I hope he shall
never have cause to blush for the lift he has lent to zr
humble strang'er-an intruder on the rrrtalks of literature
doomed to struggle with every prejudice' Yo'ur return
to scotland, happen when it will, will be a rvelcome return
,o rn", and, I am sure, to every-one. who l

Uupunr,rsueo LrrrERS or.' rnr Errnrcx SHTpHERD. 17
i
il
required your presence here, as well as those which prevented
your attendance.
I feel deeply gratefull for your renerved offer of drau'-
ing upon you for any small sums I may be in need of.
. There is no friend to who,m I would sooner apply,
if any pressing necessity occured, but your fears on my
account are g'roundless. Innured to want and hard labour
as I have been all nry life I have no artificial rvants; nry
constitution is excellent, and I tzrke particular care never
to injure it by any act of intemperance or any of its concornitant
vices. My frugal meal is a feast to ffi€, my
imployment a most delightfull amusement, my sleep srveet
and refreshing; and, though my purse has seldom any
nranner of contents, I really cannot say that I n'ant any
thing I would be the better of.
A thi'rd edition on a very extensive scale of the
Queen's trVu.ke is gone to press, but rvill not be out in less
than two months. Mr Jefferv reviewed it before he left
this country for certain; whether the article is to appear
in next number or not I have not been able to ascertain,
but it is forthcoming ancl favourable in the highest
degree.la
I was drawn into a literary correspondence with trvo
gentlemen in Suffolk, a Mr Loftl5 and a \,Ir Barton,16
'l'o
neither of who'm I know much about. these two
gentlemen I confided a production which I u'ishcd to keep
a profound secret from the world.l? I however begged
that your friend and neighbour !Vm. Roscoe might be
admitted of the priay cou.ncil. If any of these gentlemen
have transmitted such a trifle to him, I must beg your
influence to procure rne his opinion, and advice, which I
would rather have than that of any other man.
1,1 Jeffrey's review was favourable, but not " favourable in
the highest degree."
15 Capell Lofft, a miscellaneous writer of considerable note
in his day.
16 Bernard Barton, a clerk in a Sufrolk bank, published
several volumes of meritorious verse, but he is now chiefly
remembered as the friend of Charles Lamb. His daughter Lucy
married Edward Fitzgerald.
r7 Doubtless the reference here is to a tragedy which Hogg
had sent to Barton, asking him to use his influence to get it
represented at a London theatre. Barton submitted the play to
Lofft, and by the advice of that writer the Ettrick Shepherd's
scheme was dropped.

l8
.Srn Roernr HBRRIEST M.P. l'on l)uurntes Buncus'
There is another thing on which my heart is -very
much set. There was a iVtiJohn Scott, Son to Wm. ,Scott
of Singlee, left Ethrick last
Year-,-
teig engaged as a
hospitaT-inmate on the Ceylon.18 He is by much the most
ingenio,us and best informed young ma-n I saw, and
."Y.t
polsessed of a dignity of _
mannei and spirit of enquiry
which I think must raise him to the esteem and respect

SrR Ronr*r' H"**res, NI.P. r.on l)uur,-Rrcs BuncHs. 1g
revolutionary and Napoleonic period. In this paper I
propose tt-r supply what is wanting in Foste,r's notice.
Sir Rttbert Herries, born in r13o, was the eldest son
of William
Herries of Halldykes, near Lockerbie, by his
first wife, Catherine, daughter of his neighbour, John
Henderson of Broadho,lm and Newmains. As I have t

20 StR RosrRr HERRTES, l\I.I'. l'on l)unarntns Buncus'
severed partnership with him in I753t and with the advice
and assistance of his friends, the Hopes, he established
lrinrself about ryS+ as a merchant at Barcelona. Here he
succeeded so well that when he was in England in ry62 the
brothers of his old friend, John Coutts, pro;rcsed to him
that he should become the chief partner in certain nlercantile
affairs founded by their family.
The position was this-their father, John Coutts,
sornetime Lord Provost of Edinburgh, had established a
business (mainly banking) in that city, to which his sons
had added a suppleme ntary establishnrent in London.
these sons, Patrick, the eldest, was at this time insane, John
was dead, James had retired from these affairs on becoming
a partner in the bank in the Strand founded by Mr George
Carnpbell, wh'ose niece he had married;
his iurn had severed his connection with
Of
and Thomas in
the old family
concerns on being taken into partnership in the Strand bank
by his brother James. l'he trvo banker brothers, ho'rvever,
rvished the olcl Coutts houses in trdinburgh and London to
be carried on zrs a provision for their uncles, Mr Stephen,
rvho had married a sister

Srn Ronrnr HBnntrs, 1\{.P. ron DunarnrBs BuRcHs.
2l
especially the I ondon one, which u'as to bear their names,
and engage in general mercantile business. The Edinburgh
house was to do banking business only and to retain the
Coutts' name, and to be under the management of Forbes,
Hunter, and Stephen. Herries retained his Barcelona
business, but withdrerv from another concern at Nfontpellier,
:rnd from the house of Honorius Dallio, at Valencia, in Spain,
in rvhich he had a share. The Sir William Forbes so often
menti,oned was a baronet of ancient descent but small
possessions, who, in the hope of repairing the family
fortunes, had been apprenticed when a boy in the Coutts'
house at Edinburgh, and had risen to be a partner with a
small share in the business. At this time he was a young'
man of about trventy-tu'o. It is to his interesting and,
I believe, , scarce book,
" Memoirs of a Banking House,
"
that I owe my knorvledge of the business career of Sir
Robert Herries.s
Llnder the guidance of Herries the old Coutts concerns
flourished, but he soon quarrelled with the Coutts brothers
over Cochrane and Stephen, whom he insisted on pensioning
off, one after the other, as incompetent. Hunter supported
hinr in this matter : Forbes, in a half-hearted way, went
u'ith his stronger minded partners, his business instincts
being on their side, rvhile gratitude to the Couttses made
him reluctant to optlose them. After the disappearance of
Cochrane and Stephen, a new contract was drawn up by
n'hich each partner had a third in the Edinburgh house, but
in the London one a fourth share was conceded to Herries's
brothers, Charles and William,4 and to his brother-in'2aw,
George Henderson.
In 1768 Herries was busy devising a system o,f circular
3 Forbes makes some mistakes in the Christian names of
the Herries family, calling, for instance, Sir Robert's father
John instead of William. Forbes was author of a life of
Beattie, the poet, and was a friend of Dr Johnson. He died a
wealthy man in 1806.
a These brothers had been brought out to Spain by Sir
Robert, and taken into his business there.

22 Srn RonoRr HrRnrES, M.P. ron Dultrntns Buncnsnotes
of credit for the use of travellers on the Continent.
Forbes, to whom Herries :onfided his plan from the first,
says that such travellers were inconvenienced by h:rving their
letters of credit limited to particular places,'and that in consequence
any change in their route involved writing home
"
to have their credits altered. N4r l{erries bethought hinr,
therefore, of issuing what should serve as an universal letter
of credit in the form of promissory notes, r,r'hich should be
payable at all the 'principal places in Europe where travellers
were likely to be.
For this purpose it became necessary to
establish co'rrespondents in all those various
would give money to the travellers for
places, u'ho
these promissory
notes at the current exchange of the place on London, without
any charge or deduction whatever.
The convenience to
the travellers of this device was obvious, and Mr I{erries
u'as to find his profit from the use of the money, rvhich, of
corlrse, rvas to be paid to him on his issuing the notes. till
they came again round to London after having been paid by
his agents abroad. "
Herries, who kept up business relations with the
Couttses though all private friendship r,vas at an end, submitted
his plan to them and asked if they would join a
companv for the issuing of these notes.
This they declined
to do, but they offered to act as bankers for such a company
ancl to allorv the notes to be issued from their bank.
Herries
accepted their proposal, and with the help of his old friends,
tl-rc Flopes of Antsterclam, cstablished his corresf)ondents in
the various Conlinental tou'ns.
This lvas in r77o, but he
soon began to suspect that the Couttses were not dealinq
fairly by him and that thel' u'ere discouraging inquiries by
the slighting u'av they' spoke of the notes.
that they were devising a rival scheme of their own.
He also believed
Accordingly
he rvent to Edinburgh in r77r, and proposed to Forbes
and Hunter that they should start a bank of their own in
London fo,r the issue of the notes, and told them that there
was a ho'use fo,r sale in St. James's Street that rvould suit
the purpose, and he proposed that his uncle, M. Itobert
Herries of Halldykes, should be asked to become the

Srn RoeBRr HBRnTES, M.P. r'on Dtrur.'Rlns Buncns. 23
managing partner of the new bank. Forbes and I{unter
zrgreed to the proposal, the assent of Mr Robert Herries,
senior, was secured, and the St. James's Street house u'as
bought.
The original partners5 in the new concern, which
began business in January, rZZ2, were :-Robert
Herries,
the uncle; Robert Herries, the nephew ; his two brothers,
Charles and William;
his brother-in-law, George Henderson;
Sir William Forbes, Mr Hunter, N{r (afterrvards Sir William)
Pulteney,o and Sir \[rilliam lVlaxwell of Springkell.
The opening of this new bank in a fashionable neighbourhood
widened the breach betr,veen Herries and the Coutts
brothers, who believed that sorne of their clients were deserting
them for the more conveniently placed establishment.
Herries held that all the Nlessrs Coutts could require u':rs
that his firm should not solicit their custo,mers, but he did
not consider that he was obliged to refuse them if they came
of their own accord : he thought, hotvever, that the Edinburgh
house ought to drop the name of Coutts.
Forbes
passed some unhappy moments torn betu'een his interests
and his feelings of gratitude to the Coutts family, to rvhich
'he ou'ed his start in life. He savs that he had not understood
that the nerv bank was to do ordinary business in
t Mr F. G. Hilton Price, in his London Bankers (ed.
1890-91), gives a list of original partners in the St. James's
Street Bank, which is incomplete according to Forbes's account.
He says it was started in Octobet, L770, but this was probably
the date of the previous arrangement with the Coutts firm. He
wrongly states that Sir Robert Heruies had been a partner in
Coutts & Co. in the Strand, but, as is shown in this paper, he
was really concerned in the older businesses founded by the
Coutts family.
6 Pulteney was a friend of Sir Robert Herries. By birth
william Johnstone, he had taken the name of his wife, the
daughter and heir of Daniel Pulteney, a cousin of the Earl of
Bath. on the death of his elder brother, sir James Johnstone
of westerhall, in L797, he succeeded to the family title. He died
in 1805, leaving a great fortune to his daughter, who had
already been created first Baroness and then countess of Bath.
Her husband, Sir James Murray, assumed the name of pulteney.

24 Srn Ronrnr HrnRrES, M.P. rOn DUnrnntrS Btrncns.
ltl
rlt
ill
iil
lit
i:l
tit
til
til
i't
iii
I'l
irl
iil
lit
iii
lii
tit
ill
til
lll
:il
lil
Ii
lir
II
lii
li fi
l'i
addition to issuing the new notes of credit. However, the
bank was an accomplished fact, and Hunter was on the side
of Herries, so,he deemed it expedient to let things go on as
they were begun.
He was soon to be relieved from the rule of his imperious
senior partner. About I77I the company of Farmers-
General of France appointed Herries their sole agent in
England and Scotland for procuring for thern tobacco which
they alone had the right to import into France. At first
this rvas a very lucrative business, but when differences arose
betrveen England and her tobacco producing colonies in
North America the price of tobacco began to rise. Flerries,
hoping that these quarrels would be composed, advised the
Farmers-General to wait a little, for prices would then
return to the old level, but they suspected that he was
speculating in tobacco, on his own account, " fo,r which to
be Sure," SayS Forbes, " Some transactions of Sir Robert
had given a colour, " and that he ulas advising delay in the
hope of disposing of his own tobaccg to them at a high price,
ancl they threatened to break off all connection unless he
executed their orclers of rvhich he was in possession on
reasonable terms. On the other hand, the merchants oi
Glasgow from u,hom Herries obtained tobacco accused him
of beating clown their prices more than his duty to his
French customers required. The Farnters-General used to
send their money for tobacco in advance, so that the house
in London generally had considerable sums of theiri in hand,
u,hich Herries used in trading ventures instead of investing
them in safe securities so that in an emerg'ency they might
" "
be realised at short notice. When," says Forbes, the
displeasure of the Farmers-General took place and it seemed
by no means improbable that they rvould close the account
entirely, it became a serious consideration how funds would
be provided for the repayment of the balance due to them,
and hor,l' the depending speculations in trade could be sttpported
rvithout the facility which their remittances
afforded. " Though Herries eventually got through his
difficulties and satisfied the Farmers-General, Forbes and

I{unter
Srn RoeoR:r HTRRTES, M.P. ron DuurrRrrs BuncHs. 25
were alarmed, and resolved to draw up rules for
tlre conduct of the London house.
London
In t775 Hunter went to
to propose these rules to Herries, who, however,
declined to submit to regulations framed by his juniors.
Neither side would give way, and eventually a friendly
arrangement
was arrived flt, whereby Forbes and Hrrnter
took possession of the Edinburgh
their names, and Herries of the London one.
house, which now bore
Forbes and
Hunter also withdrew from the Bank in St. James's Street.
fhey both prospered : Hunter,
who added his wife's name
of Blair to his or,r'n, was created a baronet in ry86, and
became Lord Provost of Edinburgh, which city he also represented
in Parliament.
From this time forward Sir William Forbes's ,, Memoirs
of a Banking House " ceases to be a guide to Herries's
career. I do not know what became of the
,, London
house, " nor whether the Barcelona business survived the
great wars of Napo,leon's time. The bank in St James's
Street prospered under the guidance of I\Ir Robert Herries,
senior, and later under that of his son, another Robert, and
it continued indeed till r893, when. under the title of Herries,
Farquhar & Co., it was absorbed by Lloyds Bank, which
institution still carries on a branch of its business on the
same site, though it rebuilt the premises about r9rr.
Herries was knighted in February,
1274, and in the
general election of the autumn of r78o he was returned to
Parliament by the Dumfries Burghs.
ln those days the
member was elected by a select company of five voters each
delegated for the purpose b.y the magistrates and self-elected
Tou'n Councils of each of the five burghs constituting
group-Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Sanquhar, Annan, and
Lochmaben.
These groups of Burghs generally acknorvledged
a Patron.
the
In the case of the Dumfries Burghs the
Dulce of Queensberry then held that position, but I gather
from zr letter of Sir Robert Herries to his constituents in
rZ84 that on this occasion the Burghs asserted their

26 Srn RosBRr Hnnates, M.P.
poR I)uunnirs Buncus.
independence and elected him
interest.T
in opposition to the Duke's
The Parliament in which he sat had a short life.
It met
the 3rst C)ctober, r78o, and was dissolved the z5th l\{arch,
r7g1. Into this period, however, a good deal of history rvas
packerl. The independence of the United States was acknou'-
ledged, and there were no less than five administrations.
Lord North, who was Prime Minister in r78o, resigned early
in t78z; then followed the short ministry of Lord Rockingham,
r.vhich was succeeded in the summer of r78z by that
of Lord Shelburne. Lord Shelburne's ministry gave way
to the Coalition between Lord North and Mr Fox with the
Duke of Portland as figure head in April, 1783, and at the
end of the same year Mr Pitt began his long tenure of power.
Of all these ministries Sir Robert, according to his letter
above mentioned, preferred the Coalition, and he voted for
Fox's India Bill in November, 1783, though criticising some
of its details. " He opposed Pitt's ministry, voting with the
opposition in the want of confidence votes. Yet though
indignant at Pitt's remaining in por,r'er u'hen in a minority
he confesses to an admiration for that minister, and on one
occasion voted rvith him on the question of a more equal
representation of the people.
Probably this vote did not
commend itself to the members of the close tou'tl councils
of the little group of ton'ns that he represented, and nrost
likely his vote for Fox's India Bill plcased them as little.
'Ihe East India Con-rpanv sent a copy of liox's Bill to everv
borough rvith the message, " Our property and charter are
invaded, look to your own. " In fact Sir Robert became one
,.
of Fo,x's martyrs," for at the general election

I
Srn RosnRr Hnnnrrs, 1\{.P. ron Dunrnnrrs Buncns. 27
L
Sir Robert dealt a little in land in I)umfriesshire, and
at one time ou'ned the " superiority " of Ecclefechan, but
sold it again before his death, as his will shows.s Possibly
this purchase was made with a view to obtaining a vote for
the county elections, for in those days only landorvners holding
property of a certain value direct from the Crorvn \r'ere
entitled to such votes. By u deed of entail executed by a
kinsman, N{ichael Herries of Spottes, who died in r8oo, Sir
Robert became possessed of an estate called Greskin, in the
parish of .\{offat, but as this seems to have been held of the
Earls of Hopetoun and not of the Cror,r'n. it would not have
carried a countv vote to its possessor.9
Sir Robert Herries passed his old age at Cheltenham,
where he died the z5th February, r8r.5, at the age of 85.
Evidently he was a man of considerable ability and strong
character; the son of a ruined spendthrift, he raised himself
by his industry and talents to a position of far greater wealth
and influence than he was ever likely to have occupied if he
had succeeded in the ordinary way to the small paternal
estate of Halldykes.
He married twice; his first wife was his cousin Grace,
daughter of John Henderson of Broadholme, by Grace,
daughter of Sir Patrick Maxwell o,f Springkell; she died the
roth January, 1773, aged 36. Sir Robert married secondly
the rzth August, r7ZZ, Catherine, widow of Colonel Ross,
and daughter of the Rev. Francis Hender Foote of Charlton
Place, in the parish of Bishopsbourne, near Canterburv. Her
n-rother was Catherine, daughter of Robert Xtlann of Linton,
in Kent, and sister of Horace Walpole's friend, Sir Horace
Mann, British Minister at Florence for more than 4o years,
rvho died in 1786. Horace Walpole continued his friendship
for the uncle to the niece. It was at Lady Herries's house
that he first saw those friends of his o,ld age, the Miss
Berrys, as he reminds those ladies in a letter dated the rTth
8 His will, dated 14th April, 1803, with five codicils, was
proved 15th April, 1815 (P.C.C.,188, Pakenham).
e Greskin was subsequently sold by Sir Robert's nephew,
the Right Hon. John Charles Herries,

28 ExcRvaTtoNS AT ENocH Cesrr-r.
"
September, r7g3. Lady Herries was a noted bluestocking
" hostess in London, and her parties are mentioned
by Hannah More and Fanny Burney.l0 According to letters
of Horace \Aralpo,le and Hannah \40re, Lady Herries's health
broke dor,vn about r79o, and she retired to Bath and later
to Cheltenham, where she died in her 55th year the 4th
January, r8o8.
Sir Robert Herries left no legitimate issue. His natural
daughter, Nina Herries, rvhose mother is mentioned in his
rvill. u,as married in ryg3 to Lady Herries's brother, Edward
James Foote, then a Captain in the Navy and afterrvards an
Aclmiral and K.C.B. At his suit this marriage was dissolved
by Act of Parliament in r8o3.11 Sir Ecir,vard Foote married
secondly a daughter of Admiral Patton, and died in 1833'
leaving issue by both marriages. Nina Herries died in I8:15.
An Interim Report on the Excavations at Enoch castle.
By TnonNToN L. TeYron.
The Rev. Peter Rae, minister of Kilbride, writing in
lris ]fatr ral. and Genealogical History of the Sfire of Dum'
fries about ryo6, tells that " the Barony of Enoch lies to the
east of Drumlanrig, and the mansion house stood on a point
of ground betr,r'ixt the Collium and Carron' And though
pretty high above the rvater, Yet it had a slouce to make
the water flow about it and fill a trench on the north side of
it. I observed on the lintel of the gate the year rz8t." All
trace of building on this site has been lost for a considerable
time, and it is practically certain that the buildings \vere taken
down
soon after Enoch came into the possession of the
Douglas family about r7o3.
of Durri.sdeer anil Drumlanris b.94)
Ramage in his Early History
states that " the stones
toLi'fean'ilCorresponilenceofMrsHannnhMore,byWm.
Roberts, 2nd ed., ii., 13, 56; iii', 12' Diarg and Letters of
Mad.ame D'Arblay, ed. Austin Dobson, v', 66'
lt Lorils' Journal, xliv., Passim.

ExcevRrroNs AT Exocn Casrt.r. 29
of the castle were employed partly to build a manse at Enoch
for the minister of Durrisdeer, and partly to erect the park
rvall at f)rumlanrig.
"
Any remains of stone-work on the
site, would, therefore, be merely foundations of the original
building.
Mr R. C. Reid suggested a search for remains of the
castle, and one week-end in early September, rg3o, we investigated
the site, and sank one o'r trvo pits in what we thought
\ /ere the likeliest places to find traces o'f wall. Bad weather,
a luxuriant growth of nettles, and root-infested soil made
exczrvations intermittent and sloll'. Pits were sunk in three
different places-the
centre of the north face of the castle
mound, the north-west corner, and the centre of the rvest
face. Only in the north wall were we successful. Here we
discovered an unmistakeable stretch of rvall, which tve bared
for a length of about twenty feet and to a depth of three feet,
lvhen we came on the foundations.
The stone-work revealed
was devoid of any distinctive feature, but, as we shall see
later, is probably to be assigned to the r6th century.
the west face is a long bank, rvhich hinted at the likelihood
of wall remains.
On
An eight foot cutting was made into this
bank to a depth of six feet, but no trace of masonrv was
forthcoming.
In view of Ramage's statement quoted above
this absence of masonry is not surprising.
It is at present
impossible to say whether extensive excavation on the castle
mound r,r'ould repay the labour, but further excavation around
the stretch of wall discovered might reveal the outline of the
mansion referred to by the Rev. Peter Rae.
The site of Enoch Castle is exceedingly interesting and
of great antiquity.
frorn Durnfries to Edinburgh,
It is situated to the east of the road
via the Dalveen Pass, about
a third of a mile south of Carronbridge Railway Station.
There is a series of three mounds in the angle formed between
the Carron Water and the Collium Burn. The mounds are
bosses of a friable and very easily weathered red sandstone.
'fhe
most northerly mound is triangular in shape, of the
following approximate measurements : 55 by 6o by 4z vards.

Fr-
I
tI
i
30 Excert^qrtoNs AT ENocu CesrlB.
'Ihis
mound (due probably to later agricultural activitv) is
the most level of the three, and r,r'ould appear to have been
the forecourt or bailey of the czrstle. There is no indication
of building on the bailey.
To the south, separated from
the forecourt by a ditch (probably cut in the bed-rock), varying
in depth from zt to 35 feet from west to east, and rvith
a minimum ground breadth of zo feet (u'ith no evidence,
" "),
horvever, to support Mr Rae's slouce is a roughly
rectangular mound, 30 by 4z yatds. Here is the site of the
castle proper, marked until recently only by the outline of
the choked-up rvell.
At the extreme edge of the northern
face is the fragment of rvall revealed by the recent excavation.
It consists of only two courses above the foundation,
and is built of the red sandstone of which the bedrock is
fornred.
Here and there during our digging we came upon
pieces of grey freestone, much harder and more durable than
the red, which is not native to the site but must have come
from the King Quarries, about a mile a\'\"ay' on the other
side of the Carron. It may be that the bulk of the castle
was built of this better stone, or it may be that it was used
for dressed faces (one or trvo dressed stones of this material
were found at ground level, having fallen from position),
and that this good stone has been removed fo,r other building
purposes.
The portion of the wall found consists of large
blocks of red sandstone which might
belong to an early
periocl, but, as I shall show later, are probably late r6th
century.
The southermost mound is the largest o,f the three, but
is very uneven and quite unsuited for building purposes.
is cut off from the castle mound, or mote, by a trench which
has been cut in the rock.
The castle mound falls steepiy'
so,me 3o feet, to this trench, which is about 15 feet broad.
It is conceivable that this may o'nce have had a sluice-it is
certainly banked at the eastern extremity-and water may
have lain in it, though this, I think, is unlikely. This trench
may be what the Rev. Mr Rae was thinking of when he
mentions the " slouce, " but it is to the south, not the north
It

ExcevnrroNs AT ENocn CasruB. 3l
as he states, of the castle mound.*
I imagine that the true
explanation of this trench is as a defensive measure against
attack from the southermost mound, which probably offered
an easy slope to the central mound or early mote.
On the east the three mounds fall rapidly some 7o f.eet
to the ll.iver Carron, which tnakes the site easily defensible
on that side. The west of the present forecourt is only
about six feet above the modern road, but the same side of
the castle mound varies from zo f.eet at the north end to
about Zo feet at the south-west corner, where it drops
abruptly to the Collium Burn. Apart from the 5o yards of
the west face of the forecourt, then, the mounds are nowhere
less than zo f"eet high and precipitously steep, and the site is
thus exceedingly strong and easily defended.
I am indebteci
to \'{r R. C. Reid for a very likely suggesti'on as to the
defences

32 Exceverroxs Ar ENocn Cesrlr.
unusual to give the date I and, secondly, because the date if
then given would have been in Roman numerals, as Arabic
numerals do not appear in Scotland till the l5th century.
Now these two points do not wholly disprove the date rz8r,
though one feels that
the Rev. observer rvould have remarked
on the fact had the date been in Roman, instead of
the more common Arabic, tigures.
the medieval
Add to this the fact that
mason frequently used a reversed 5 (thus
Z), which may very easily be mistaken for a 2-
indeed on a weathered stone it rvould bear a greater
resemblance to a z than a 5-and we may be fairly confident
that the date seen on the lintel was r58r. This, too, agrees
better with his mention of zr mansion house rather than a
castle.
The r3th century castle \'\ras a centre of defence,
the castle of the r6th century was rather a strongly defended
'Ihe
dwelling house-hence the appellation mansion. wall
r,vhich was unearthed in September, I9.lo, is therefore most
probably the remains of a mansion house built in the I6th
century by one of the Nlenzies of Weem and Enoch, rvho
were then in Possession.
Though the date rz8r on the lintel of the doorway may
be dismissed as a very natural mistake, the fact remains
that there ?oos a castle on this site in rz9t.
Mr Reid in
his paper on the Barons of Enoch and L)trrrisdeer mentions
a Norman baron, Nlonsieur F{ugh Lovel, who in the reign
of Edr,r,arcl I. forfeited
the baronv of Enoch, w'hich had
possibly been in his family for a hundred years; and Blind.
Harry, \lrallace's minstrel biographer, records that his hero
captured Enoch Castle in or about the year 1297 i-
" Thir three Captains he sticked in that stound,
of Durrisrleer, Enneth (Enoch) and Tybristoun (Tibbers)."
The early castle on this site would almost certainly be the
usual Norman
structure of the period, namely, the rvooden
buildings on the Mote and Bailey site.
All trace of the
wooden buildings has, of course, long since disappeared, but
the site does suggest a particularly good example on a fairly
large scale of the Mote and Bailey type of castle. with the
present rectangular mound as the mote and the triangular

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SecRanapNr Housp
er OncHARDToN.
forecourt the dependent, or possibly independent, bailey.
The triangular form of the baile,v is unusual, and may in
part be due to the Dumfries to Edinburgh road cutting
across the bailey.
Its apparently complete independence of
the mote is also an uncomnlon feature, and so far as I anr
aware Enoch Castle is unique antong' Dumfriesshire sites in
these trvo respects. From the point of view both of
archreology and strategical lay-out the site is one o[ grcrt
interest, and may well repzry fuller investigation.
What there is known of the history of the owners of
Enoch Castle from the r3th to the rSth centuries has alreadv
appeared in the 'l'ransactions of" this Society (rrd Series, \'ol.
viii., rgzo-2r, pp. t4z-r8z) in I\{r R. C. Reid's paper on " 'Ihe
Baron(ie)s of Enoch and Durrisdeer. "
21st November, 1950.
Chairman-lVlr \{. H. NI'KBnnc-rw.
Note on a Sacrament House at Orchardton,
By R. C. RcIo.
When this Society was entertained at Orchardton House
on 5th September, r929t there was observed at the head of
the entrance stair, built into a dark corner, a carved stone
aperture that at first glance looked like a piscina. Closer
examination, however, disclosed that it was akin to a small
aumbry. The aperture is lined and backed with modern
wood, and there is no sign of the bowl-like depression and
drain that indicate a piscina. The arch head of the opening
is ogee shaped, 'and is supported on either side by shafts
having panels sunk into their faces, surmounted by rudely
carved croketted pinacles. These shafts are supported on
moulded corbels, betwixt which projects a sill splayed on
the upper and lower surfaces, upon which there appears to
have been some lettering carved. Over the arch is can'ed
rude acanthus foliage. The stone work is much decayed,
but there is evidence that the opening was once closed by a

31 SecReruBtlr House .u OncnARDToN.
do

Secnennxr House er OncnARDroN. 35
No such characteristic insignia are to be found at
Orchardton, and the inscription (if any) on the sill is too
worn to be any guide.
But the resemblance to Airlie, combined
with the evidence of a door, is so striking that it is
difHcult to believe that this aumbry has not been a Sacrament
House.
That it is of late r6th century date may be
assumed fronr the acanthus decoration.Z
Of its history we can only conjecture.
It must have
come from some church - Kirkmirran. perhaps, or even
Dundrennan-where, according to the ancient rubrics, it
must have been built into the wall, " on the gospel side and
near the altar."
At the Reformation both these fabrics fell
into ruin, and there can be little do,ubt that an object of
veneration like this Sacrament House rnust have been salved
by some devout Catholic and preserved. We know that
for two centuries after the Reformation
the j\{axwells of
Orchardton were devoted adherents of the Older Faith.
Perhaps they built it into their old residence knou'n as
Glenshinnoch.
passed away,
By the close of the r8th century they had
and their estates were acquired by James
Douglas, brother to Sir William
Douglas of Castle-Douglas.
His family pulled down the house of Glenshinnoch and
built on its site the modern house of Orchardton.
The
Douglases were no Catholics, and may never have heard of
a Sacrament House. But they must have regarded this
time-w'orn and ancient aumbry as a curiosity worth preserving,
and built it into their new house.
thern.s
We are grateful to
2 Per litt., 17, Sept. 30. Mr J. Gillespie, Office of Works,
Edin.
3 The Society is indebted to Mr Miller for the illustration.
Many difficulties had to be overcome before a photograph could
be 'obtained. Both candles and lamps were utilised foi a 1b
minute exposure.

IV
ril
36 EI,scrroal Berl.qos oF RoBItRr ]ftrnxs.
Notes on the Election Ballads of Robert Burns.
By JcxN NIuIn.
l\Iany genuine students of the life and rvritings of Burns
have often wished that they could get a thoroughly annotated
and up-to-date edition of the poet's Floetry zrnd prose; but
such an edition is norvhere to be founci-not even in the
United States of America, where was produced a glorified
Scott Douglas, but rvith no ,more elucidatory matter than
that rvhich is'contained in the Scott Douglas, plus Chambers,
supra Henley and Henderson.
Besides, the completion of the Burnsian Canon is still
'tis
a long rvay off, although coming yet for a' that; but
there are many letters and quite a number of poems and
songs yet to be published, or, where published, to be included
in the collected rvritings of Burns; so that the many
cditions of Burns which masquerade in the bookshops as
the " "
Complete Works of Robert Burns are no more complete
than the poet's own fragment of a tragedy which
nrarl

Er,rcrrox Berr,eos or Rogrnt BuRNs. 37
and, worst of all, bo'wdlerised editions, none of which is
compensated for by the grangerised editions which are no\\:
and again to be picked up by a pursy collector.
As a practical illustration of the truth of the foregoing
remarks, I have collected the following notes as thror,ving a
little more light on many of the individuals who figure in
Burns's Election Ballads, manv of these individuals, as u,e
shall see, being mere names in the very latest editions of
Burns.
1'he origin of the Eiection Ballads may be described
brieflv. The death of General Stewart in January, 1795,
had made a vacancy in the representation of the Stervartrv
of Kirkcudbright,
which adjoins the shire of Dumfries, in
the county tou'n o,f which Burns then lived. A writ had
been issued and entrusted to Lord Garlies. VI.P.. eldest son
of the seventh Earl of Gallorvay :-
" An' there had na been the yerl himsel',
O, there had been nae play !
Rut Garlies was to Lonrlon gane,
And say the k-ve might stray."
It is interesting to kno,rv, in vierv of the torvn-building propensities
of the lairds rvho figure in Burns's verse, that this
Earl of Galloway, when Lord Garlies, in the year of the
poet's birth, founded the small tolvn in Sorbie parish, Wigtorvnshire,
which bears the name of Garliestou.'n, from his
title, itself derived from a ruined castle in l\{innigaff parish,
'fhe
Iiirkcudbrightshire, near Newton-Stervart.
torvn of
Garliestown stands o,n the rvest shore of Garliestorvn Ba.y,
in the northern vicinity of Galloway House, the residence of
the Earls of Galloway.
To return to the election. The Tory candidate :-
" A beardless boy comes o'er the hills,
Wi' his uncle's'purse, and a,' that t';
was Gordon of Balmaghie, Kirkcudbright, a man o'f property
and influence, fortified
Murray of Broughton :-
by the favour of his uncle,
(( An' there'll be }furray eomntander,
An' Gordon the battle to win ":

38 ElrcrroN Beu,aos op Roernr Bunus.
and championed b,v the aforesaid Earl of Gallou'ay, all of
whom were bound by family and other ties.
Their agent
rl'as John Bushby, said to be the Gilbert Glossin of " Guy
"
llannering ;-
as cardo"""
" Ilere, lies John Bushby, honest man,
Cheat him, devil, gin ye carr,"
:::ti: ;;r" tower o, cardoness
A howlet sits at noonr"
is said to be the Ellang'o$'an of the tale.
The \Vhig candidate was Patrick Heron of I(erroughtree,
whom Burns had visited in June, 1794 t-
" Then let us drink,
( The Stervartry,
Kerroughtree's laird and a' that,
Our representative to be,'
For weel he's rvorthy a' that,"
and so thought the electors, for Heron was returned.
Between the railu'ay and Carlinrvark
Loch, in Kelton
parish, one of the chief towns in the Stewartry is prettily
'fill
situaled, rvith a background o,f lo,rv rounded hills. 1765
it was but the tiny hamlet of Causewayend, and its growth
to the thriving village of Carlinwark, its next step in
municipal progress and topographical nomenclature, was
due to the marl pits of the loch.
Becoming the property
of Sir \Villiam Douglas, Bart. , in r79z it was re-named by
him Castle-Douglas, and erected into a burgh of barony.
Burns, lvho dates one of his letters to Mrs Dunlop
from Castle-Douglas, alludes to Sir William
James,
hitting off their building propensities :--
" And there will be Douglases do,ughty,
New christening towns far and near."
and his brother
The first estate Sir William Douglas bought in the
Stervartry u'as Penninghame, on which stands the town of
Newton-Stewart,
then a place of about a thousand inhabitants.
He saw the advantages of the position, and under
his fostering care it rapidly increased in wealth and population.
He procured a charter forming' it into a burgh of

ErncrroN Berleos or Roennr Bunxs. 39
barony, under the name of Newton-Douglas,
a designation
it retained for several vears, but reverted to its original
name, Newton-Steu'art, from William
Stewart, the second
Earl of Gallorvay's third son, who built several houses at a
ford rvhich crossed the Cree, and obtained a charter erecting
it into a burgh of barony.
Another Stewartry laird and founder of a" Galloway
town satirised severely by Burns was James Murray
Broughton, to whom Gatehouse on the Water of Fleet,
officially knou'n as Gatehouse-of-Fleet, orves its origin.
of
This
town comprises Gatehouse proper, on the left bank of the
River Fleet, in Girthon parish, and Fleet suburb, in Anwoth
parish, on the right bank of the same river.
Gatehouse-of-
Fleet sprang into existence about the middle of the eighteenth
century from
a single house, situated at the gate of the
avenue to Cally House-Murray's residence-1yhsn6s the
name, Gatehouse-of-Fleet. In 1298, two years after the
death of Burns, Murray obtained a charter erecting it into
a burgh of barony.
James \tlurray's moral character was bad. Burns, rvho
was occasionally at Gatehouse, knerv his delinquencies;
although for Burns to attack Nlurray for his particular sins
was like the pot calling the kettle black. Murray's wife
was one of the Stewarts of Galloway, rvhose head u'as the
Earl of that nam
" Yerl Galloway long clid rrle the land,
\\ri' equal righb and fame,
Fast linit in chaste and holS' bands
. \\ri' Broughton's noble name.',
B"rr his wife Murray
had a daughter, for whom he procured
as a governess a Miss Johnstone, of one of the most
aristocratic families in Nithsdale.
Mr waliace, who reviserl
the Chambers's Burns, appends a note to the effect that
\{urray left his wife and eloped with a lady of rank. This
is a mistake.
Miss Johnstone had two sons to Murray
during the lifetime of his u'ife, rvho, survived him; but to
sa-v that they eloped is investing the incident r.vith a romantic
glamour rvhich it entirely lacked.
one

i
4l.l
Er,rcrIoN Ber,raos oF RoBERT BunNs.
-l'o the other son Murray left his entire estates, to the exclusion
of his legitimate relatives. This son, Alexander, married
a claughter of the Earl of Lucan, and was M. P' for the
Stewartry. He died without issue, and the Ilroughton
estates, in accordance lvith a deed of settlement, rvent to
his father's relatives, ^ junior branch

ElBcrrox Berr,eos or RoeBnr llunvs. 41
" And there Iledcastle drew his sworcl,
Which neJer was stained wi' gore,
Save on a, wanderer old and blind,
Tb drive him from the door."
'Ihe gallant officer had other unpopular qualities :-
" But rve winna mention Redcastle,
The body, e'en let him escape;
He'd venture the, gallows for siller,
An' 'twere na the cost o' the rape."
Redcastle is in Urr parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. and
should not be confounded with
modernised mansion in Killearnan
Redcastle, an ancient but
parish, on the Beauly
Firth; nof with Redcastle, an old ruin, on the coast of
Inverkeilor parish, Forfarshire.
However, from Cunninghanr's Diary, which was reprinted
by S. R. Crockett in the last (XXXII.)
chapter of
the second edition of Raiderland, r9o4, pp. 2c)g-324, we
learn some interesting particulars regarding Lavvrie. This
laird seems to have been a former Captain in the Army that
was on active service during the American War.
He lived
on his estate and mansion of Woodhall, in tsalmaghie
parish.
Married, but childless, his wife having been a Miss
Cutlar; assessed estates value at about {zooo a year, and
situated in half a dozen parishes in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright
and County of Wigtown, under three distinct
entails to heirs male.
Although, indeed, through lack of near male heirs,
tempted to accept grassums rvhen renting his farms, Captain
Lawrie of Redcastle and Woodhall
very differently from
Dole of the Thirteen Herrings.
entertained his tenants
the seaboard laird mentioned in The
He kept a good table, and,
as seen in Cunningham's Diary, was a man of very superior
character to that given him in Burns's Election BaIIad.
Cunningham has a word to say also on Thomas Gordon
o'f Balmaghie,
father of the wo,uld-be Member of Parliament
of the Ballads.
Balmaghie and titular of the teinds.
Gordon was patron of the parish of
George Dempster :-
tt Dempster, a tru€-blue Scot Itse warran-
A title, Dempster, merits it."
He married a sister of

ti
t t
42 Er,rcrrou Barr,eos oF RoBERt Bunus.
Thomas Gordon purchased the estate which gave him
his territorial designation, judicially in November, r785. He
had ^ house in Madeira, and resided for many years in
London, where Cunningham and his son Thomas visited him
in April, ry82.
But Cunningham could not, and did not, omit to give
us various particulars regarding N'Iurray of Broughton.
This laird was an absentee. He cuts as sorry a figure in
the laird of Lainshaw's Diary as he does in Burns's Ballads.
An absent landlord is never a favourite u'ith anyone but his
house servants-especially his gardener, if he allows the
gardener no \r,ag'es, as Murray seems to have done. In lieu
of wages the gardener upheld the produce, and in 1786
earned {Zo by so doing.
Cunningham notes that there w'ere some very fine
pictures in the principal drawing-room at Cally House.
These pictures, as we learn from another sourcer were from
the pencils of Claude Lorraine, Poussin, Velasquez, N{urillo.
l)urer, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and other great masters. Some
of these pictures were copied by Alexander Reid of
Kirkennan. A letter regarding these works o'f art, from
the late H. G. Stewart-Murray of Broughton, is in the collection
of papers on which the first part of the present notes
were u'ritten. It is difficult to caird these facts with Burns's
diatribes :-
t'There n€'€r lvas a cowarcl o' Kenmurets blude,
Nor' )'et o' Gordon's line,
And Gordon tl're battle to win."
Cunningham gives us a curious glimpse of the orvner of
Airds, in Kells parish (partlv called Airie, in Balmaghie
parish).
This man, John Livingston, \\'as born in the neighbourhood.
He inherited a small farm from his father. Like
a great many of the friends of Burns's Dumfriesshire days.
Willie Stewart and others, for exanrple, the laird of Airds.
had been a chapman billie early in life.
In other w'ords, a
travelling draper or Scotch cudd-v----caddy (?)-Cunningham
is hard on the erstwhile credit draper.
words :-
Here are his own

Errcrrou Banrns or RoenRr Bunxs. 43
" Livingston€'s whole conduet and eharacter by general
report shows him to be still the low-bred designing packrnan,
void of hono,ur, troublesorne and assurning in his neighbourhood.
He has a vote upon Airds for a Nlember of Parliament,
but rvhich it is roported must be bought before any candidate
upon a, competition gets it."
In addition to mv own notes and those from Cunningham's
Diary,
perhaps I should state that there are somc
notes on the subject under consideration in Dr.
East Galloway Sketches-an
rvork.
Trotter's
interesting but rather ranrbling
12th December, 1950.
Chairman-Nlr N,I. H. M'KrRnow.
Roman Road from the Tyne to the Tweed.
By J. Cuntn, Vlelrose.
16th January, 1931.
.Chairman-Mr
N,l. H. M'KrnRow.
Some Modern Animals and their Ancestors.
By A. C. SreeHrx, Edinburgh.

44 A FoncorrEN KlRrcuneRrcHTsHrRr Pour.
6th February, 1951.
Chairman-Mr G. W. SurnLEy.
A ForXfotten Kirkcudbrightshire Poet.
By J. G. HonrvB.
David Davidson was born somewhere in the Stewartry
in 176o, the year after Burns. Died in Castle-Douglas in
r828, and lies buried in Kelton Churchyard. His forgotten
poem is " Thoughts on the Seasons, " published in London
in 1789.
Let us first inquire into the nature and merits of the
book before we seek to unravel the sto'rv of the man or
pierce the mystery that surrounds the poet. For a great
po€m or song' is more exciting than a hundred pedigrees.
Had there been nothing in the book rvorthy of preservation
as literature and Scottish literature I would have left to
some dispassionate antiquarian the inglorious task of resurrectionist.
After all there is no great virtue in antiquity
itself.
f)avidson's poern is in blank verse, and deals with the
four great acts in Nature's drama-Spring, Summer,
Autumn, \A/inter. It is partly in the Scottish dialect, and
the rhyming digressions which illumine his circuit of the
year are wholly in Scots. The book does not show any
great originality of conception, fo,llowing in most part the
general structure of Thomson's Seasons of 6o years before.
Indeed one could wish that Dzrvidson had been whollv
delivered from traditional and conventional ruts, and boldl,v
rnade tracks of his own, untrammelled bv the Cull weight
of another man's ideas. And in these rhyrning divurgations
from his theme, which form a kind of interlude to his serious
verse, he does succeed in forgetting the r8th century legac.n'-
of rversh I.atinisms and bombastic allusions; and although
they smack not a little of Ramsay and Fergusson, thev
form the most virile and valuable part of the book.
" J'he
Casting o' John's Bees,"
"'fhe
Village Green,"
" Willie
"
Cleg's Elegy," The Nutgathering," and the Epilogue are
all in the sweet, terse, expressive Gallovidian dialect.
Even in his blank verse, now and again Davidson throrvs

A FoncorrEN
KrnxcuoeRrGHTSHrRe Porr.
45
off the trammels of English almost unconsciously, and then
rve thrill to the music of the Doric undefiled.
Unlike Thomson,
he is not ashamed of his native to,ngue-not
then at all
events-and never is he guilty, as Thomson is, of the charge
of
" "
unredeemed grandiloquence rvhen treating of
common things. Look on this picture and on this. Here is
a passag'e from Davidson's " Spring," lines ++3 to +52 i-
" Now on the plains the lambs at setting sun
l'orsake their mithers and together rneet:
Intent on mirth, to friendship having sworn-
Ane tak's a sten' across the foggy fur'
Wi' rackless force, syne at his heels in troops
The rest rin brattlin' aft€r, kir and crous€,
Like co,uts an' fillies starting frae a post;
lipon the turf-dyhe stiaught they tak' their stan'
An' round a. tummoch rvheel, ant fleggin', t,oss
The mowdy-hillan to the air in stour.".
Iior the simple everyday scene Davidson
. uses the
sinrple homespun speech, and the .truth and tenderness of
the picture charm at a glance.
Now the same subject has been treated by Thomson in
his grandiose style, Iines 832-84r (nine lines in each, you
r.r'ill observe) :-
" The theme now leads us to the mountain brow
Where sits the shepherd on the grassy turf
lnhaling healthful the descending sun.
Around him feed his many-bleating flock
Of various cadenee: and his sportive larnbs
This way and that convolved in friskful glee
Their frolics play. And now the sprightly race
fnvites the,m forth, when swift the signal given
They start'away and Sweep the mossy mound
That mns alongthe hill."
Would the veriest poetaster of the provincial press have
perpetrated such a line as " Inhaling healthful the descending
sun " ? How usefully vague is " cot't7:olaedr" and what
a lurid lack of vision and of ideas to have
" "
sportive,
" friskful
"
r" frolic,
"
and " play " in one short sentence !
Yet these 'lines of the great 'fhomson are quoted at length
and with apparent gusto by Professor Veitch in his masterly
analysis of Scottish nature poetry, while Davidson is not so
much as mentioned.
r
43

46 A FoncorrEN KrRrcunsRIcHl'sHIRe Poer.
This forgotten Galloway bard has many of the marks
of a true poet. He has all a poet's tender pity for
" the
poor creatures of the rvilds " out in the driving snow. ln
half a dozen lines he sketches a wintry landscape with cattle
. on the wind-srvept hills, and one may note in passing that a
conlemporarv historian remarks on the great want of trees
!} throughout Galloway at this time :-
" \\ride, o,er the world the flaky storm now spreads
Its pinching power. The cattle, doomed to brave
The winter's blast', anrong the distant hills,
Far 'hind frae b'ush or biel convening stand
Tail turnbd to the tentpest, licking thrang
The shiv'r'ing laggins o' their scanty cuds."
For the sake of these last two lines,
" T'ail turnbd to the tempest licking thrang
'I'he shiv'ring laggins o' their scanty cuds,"
rve forgive him " flaky storm " and " convenitrg, " for Davidson
is only in part emancipated from the literary mannerisms
of the period.
Here is a companion picture from " Winter,"
38-4t :-
"'The floclis now frae the snowclacl hills with speecl
Down to the valleys trot, dowy and mute,
And round the hal' stacks crowding pluck the stalks
0' withet'e

A FoncorrEN
KTnKcIToSRIGHTSHIRB PoBr. 47
His humour ripples and dances over his narrative like
sunshine on drumly water; and the ludicrous element, too,
has its proper place :-
" Athwart the fell
At dawn sly Reynard sweeps the heathy brae,
Returning to his hold wi' reeliing snout.
Arousbd by
The sounds of hounds and horn the village slvarnls
Upon the bent. Fast frae their spinning wheels
Ilk hizzy scours the bog-an' luckies, leal
Rin toddlin' to the knowe. wi' rock in han'
To lend a runner at the wily thief."
In summer heat the weary traveller, dusty and thirsty,
" Gladly reclining on the hallan-stane
Si,ps co,utiousllt his mug o' tigtpenny."
He has at times the happy knack of neat characterisation.
Summer, 64-63o :-
" They whisked about the good brown ale,
An' bumpered round the cl6ret;
The whiskey ran frae reamin' pails,
Sorne lasses got their skair o't-
The cook-maid she was wondrous spruc€,
An' bo,bbit in the entry-
She warlna taste it butt the hoose,
But prieil i,t in the pamtrg."
Like Burns, I)avidson had a
" divine rage for
humanity, " and his pictures of the rural manners and
customs of Galloway in his day, though diversions from his
main theme and intended onlv to give local colour to his
scenes, are in themselves sulficient to raise the book above
the comnronplace. Here and there, as in
" Brawny anci
the Bill, " they may perhaps exceed the bounds of accepted
taste, but no one will stand aghast at their frankness who
looks for a realistic presentment of life. I'hey are gerxre
pictures of great truth and value to the historian of Scotland
in the rSth century.
He follows Rab and Jenny to Kirkcudbright
and Kelton Hill Fair and mixes in the motley
"
crew of horse-de'alers, cattle-dealers, sellers of sweet-

tl-
I
48 A FoncorrEN KrnrcuosRIGHTSHIRe Ponr.
meats and of spirituous liquors, gypsies, pickpockets and
smugglers. " He joins in the rustic merry-makings on the
green in the long
jokes and junketings.
from the town " the hisky nuts to pu',"
ongoings with rich humour.
summer evenings and laughs at their
He accompanies the lads and lasses
and describes their
It is in winter, however, that
Davidson is seen in his blithest strain, and this is the only
portion of his poetry which is knor,vn to the gener:rl reader.
The Rev. John Kerr of Dirleton, himself a Galloway man,
in preparing his lubilee llistory of Curlntg, le'ft no stone
unturned that might " illustrate the ancient Scottish game. "
In his search he somehow discovered Davidson's " Seasons,"
and in it " perhaps the most valuable contribution to curling
literature handed down to us. " This is a rousing account
of a curling bonspiel on l-och Carlingwark, near Castle-
Douglas, between the rival chiefs from opposite ends of the
Stervartry, Ben o' Tudor ancl Gordon o' Kenmore'
It is
clone in parodic imitation of the Battle of Chevy Chace, and
. is given in toto in the Historv of Curling.
The intrinsic merits of Davidson's book, apart from
its rather slavish adherence to Thomson's model, are such
that one is amazed that it never received, as far aS we can
learn, any recognition at the time of publication or any
public notice at all until this moment.
In " Spring " Davidson has a simple, hearty, unobtrusive
appreciation of Burns, one of the earliest on record,
which is not even mentioned in the official Bibliography
our national poet:-
t'Nor gentles at wha ne'er have felt
The sting o' empty rry)'me, nor pori/€rty'
Think these lost thernes unworthy of your ear'
Sic sangs as thae the heather headed bard
Of Scotland ranted as he trod the glebe
And Caledonia's taste thought it was nae shame
To' croon t,he owreword'."
. In 't789, when the " Seasons " was p'ublished, Burns
'rvas farming at Ellisland, within eight rniles o'f the Galloway
hills, the scene of Davidson's poem, and yet he appears to
have been as ignorant o,f its existence then as he u'as six
of

A FoncorrEN KtnrcuDsRIGI{rs}IIRe PoBr. 49
years later when in poor health he u'as inditing a lett€r to
Mrs Dunlop in a " solitary inn in the solitary village of
Castle-Douglas. " This is all the more strange rvhen we
consider that, according to the advertisement on the title
page, the book was on 'sale at the shop of Creech, the
printer of Burns's Edinburgh edition.
Had a stray copy
ever come into his hands the great-hearted man would not
have failed to give it more than a passing tribute.
Though
" "
The Seasons was written with a desire to
emulate 'Ihomson, it bears many marks of the immediate
influence of Burns, and the author, t'ho was only a year
younger than Burns, may naturally have hoped that his
book would get a lift on the tail of the tide of popularity
that had carried Burns's two editions of 1786 and t787 to
success. i\{uch of the poem, especially the rhvming sketches,
must have been drafted if not lvritten on the spot, although
it may have been revised or completed far away from his
Galloway hills, for in his preface he compares his environment
with that of Thomson, rvhich extended but little beyond.
the rvalls of Kensington
Gardens.
To me the book is eminently more readable than Thomson's
" Seasons. " It has a homeliness, a simplicity, a
spontaneity which appeal to .a
Scottish reader.
There is
occasionally more than a whiff of the florid and luxuriant,
but it never suffers from the disease of undue amplification
so g'eneral in Thomson's work.
Wherever he follows Thon:-
son's lines or paraphrases them he always improves on the
text, ancl gives them a tang peculiarly Scottish.
There is
no suggestion of plagiarism other than 'fhomson himself
is guiltv of when he uses to the full the materials supplied
by the Georgics of Virgil : but one cannot help feeling'that
Davidson could have achieved something significant in
literature if he had left Thomson severely alone, r,r,'hich, of
course, means if he had not been born into the artificial,
pedantic atmosphere of the eighteenth century, or had had,
lil

50 r\ lioncol'TpN KrnrcuouRrcHTsHrRt Poer.
Part ll.-Tho
Man.
It rvas about r9o8 that several of us who had copies of
Daviclson's " Seasons," or were indirectly interested in it,
set out on the trail of the rnan and his book.
In these z3
years some have fallen by the way-William M'N{ath,
l{alcolm I{arper, my friend the Rev. Geo. Willianrs of
Norrieston,
whose copy I have heired; and 'fhomas Fraser
of Dalbeattie. Only two are left to report progress-E. A.
Hornel, who is the repository of all our researches; and
myself.
Iiraser of Dalbeattie, that wonderful self-taught man of
letters, from whose press issued so many fine original works
and beautiful reprints, and who built up a library second to
none in the South of
Scotland, now the nucleus of the
Broughton House collection, was the pioneer leader in all
our investigations, patient, persistent, indefatigable, leaving
no stone unturned, hunting
around far and near for facts
regarding the man and his book for the nerv edition of the
" " Seasons, r,r'hich he was determined to publish, no matter
'lvhat it cost in time, labour, and money. (For you must
understand that in r9o8 absolutely all we knew of the man
r.r'as that he rvas thought to have kept a school at the Furbar,
near Castle-Douglas.)
Early in our quest we discovered one day in the smokingroonl
of a restaurant in Glasgorv, where I met Fraser for
lhe first time, that his copy and mine did not agree.
copy measured 8 inches by St inches, and mine 8t6o inches
by S* inches, r,vhich in itself was perhaps nothing out of the
ordinary.
His
But on closer examination we found that fronr
Fraser's copy, rvhich he had bought from James Nicholson,
bookseller in I{irkcudbright,
pages 45 to 54 of " Spring,"
containing a rh,vming digression called " Brawnie and the
Bill," i.e., the Bull, had been bodily removed and a new
zrnd rvhat I might call an hermaphroditic fioent of the sanle
length called " Willy and Patty " had been substituted. It
had been printed in similar type and on paper of the same
texture and colour and had becn pasted in rvith professional
neatness after the book had been bound.
This led us to

A FoncorrEN KrnrcuosRrcHTsHrRp popr. 5l
h-
compare the two copies more thoroughly, and we found
nrany other substituted pages in " Spring " and ,, Summer "
containing altered lines and ad-litions. These were carefully
tabulated to be incorporated in an appendix to the new
edition. This discovery naturally led us to the conclusion
that the author had'toned dorvn his ou'n private copy of
" The Seasons
"
for reasons. knou,n only to, himself. This
theory was reinforced on examining Harper's copy, which
proved to be intact like mine, but.measures 8| inches by
5|
inches, whereas mine was 816o inches by S* inches.
In rgr2, however, Fraser learned that James Muir, a
friend of his in Manchester, had picked up a perfect copy
for 2s 6d. This was sent to Dalbeattie for Fraser's
scrutiny, and rvas found to be identical with his o$'n copy
except that pages 45 to 54 had been stitched in before the
bool< was bound, was absolutely untrirnmed, measuring
9 inches by Si inches, and had its original boards--a sem
of a copy. N{oreover, the substituted title page contained
only half the title,
" partly in the Scottish dialect
"
being
'Ihis
omitted. went to prove that Davidson, perhaps as the
result of criticism, borvdlerised as many copies of his book
as were still unissued.
Several fortunately had escaped his
hands (I nearly .said vandal hands), namely, Harper's,
copy in the Advocates.' Library and my imperfect copy which
had been made by Mr William from it. .Later,.in rg22,
another copy was secured somewhere for
the
the Broughton
House Library, measuring, like mine, Srd"inches by S* inches,
rvhich had also suffered at the hands presumably of the
author, containing the half-titled page, substituted leaves
cvidently p,ut in before binding,
binding-a
Muir's.
and with modern moirried
fine copy, but not so broad and long as Janres
What had come over the man ? Was it some sudden
access of squeamishness, some humbugging apprehension
as to his worldly prospects as a schoo,lmaster? I can't see
what there is in the book to expurgate.
" Brawnie and the Bill
"
is certainly not a drawingroom
ballad, but it is Galloway country life, raw and

52 A Foncor'rEN KtnrcuouRIGHf'sHIRl'PoEt.
natural, and years before I knew of the existence of these
emasculated copies I thought the verses made up a " genre "
picture to excise which wo,uld rob the poem of its truth and
unity.
In any case Fraser and I agreed that the new edition
should give the original contents of the book, and that all
the changes on the text made by the author sho'uld' appear
in an Appendix. We went over every line of the book
religiously together by correspondence, and in r9r r the
whole was printed, paid for by Fraser, and all the copies
unbound were stored away (the compilation of glossary was
my work) until more particulars wer€ gleaned as to the
author himself.
In r9r r all we knew about the man was the tradition
that he had once kept a boarding scho

A FoncorrEN KTnTcunnRIGHTSHIRB PoBr. 53
land, frorn whose seminaries a number of 5'oung rnen have gone
out into €very quarter of the globe who have bcen indebtetl to
his tuition for no small share in their future success and
respectability in the rvorld, and who on every occasion showed
that they continued to retuember him with the wannest feelings
of kindness and gratitude."
Not a word about his " Thoughts on the Seasons.
"
In the Duntfries
ond, Golloway Courier of November
zz,rd, t824, that is, four years before, appeared the following
:-
' ('At
Castle-Douglas on \Veclnesday, 17th inst., agecl 61,
after a long severo illness supported with resignation and fortitude,
scarcely equalled, Elizabeth, wife of IIr D. Davidson,
formerly master of the Commercial Aeaderny in that town."
The reference to the Castle-Douglas
Fraser a clue which he soon followed up.
Hornel at Kirkcudbright,
Nliscellany gave
He visited N,{r
who took him to the house of one
David I. Davidson, postman, who turned out to be a greatg'randson
of the poet. The information he could give, hou'-
ever, was very meagre and fragmentary.
of " The Seasons, " and had not even seen a copy.
He had no copy
He took
his visitors to the house of his mother, who gave them the
particulars. she had got from her husband, rvho had died
some years before.
David Davidson had been a schoolmaster in Castle-
Douglas for some time, before rvhich he had been in
England, and that one of the schools had been at Lymington,
that for some time he had been tutor to the Duke of Somerset,
whose sister he had abducted and married.
His wife's name
she gave as Jane Seymour (not Elizabeth as on the tombstone).
So sure was she of the Christian name that young
David had named his little girl after her.
The old lady in
further confirmation produced a dainty tortoiseshell snuffbox
with the initials J. D., for Jane Davidson.
An examination
of the snuff-box suggested to Fraser that it might be
older than they thought, and may have been the companion
and comforter of the poet's mother, rvhose name on the
tombstone was Janet Gilchrist.
The J. D. would then stand

54 A FoncorrEN KrnxcunnRrcHTsHrRu PoBr.
for Janet Davidson, who would be more iikely to indulge in
snuff than her daughter-in-law. . Several. other famil.l' heirlooms
rvere produced, among them a sermon by the poet's
elder brother, Anthony, rvho had apparently been a curate
in the Church of England. It rvas published at Salisbur,v
in r8ro. Another was a copy ".of the S,vntactical English
Grammar (mentioned in the death notice), in which the
rtrles of compobition are brielly .exemplified. The sentences
are construed and parsed, and the whole is divided into
short and easy lessons adapted to the use of schools, by
David Davidson; London , r8z1 (five years before he died).
The preface begins thus '-_" Jhg author of this g'rammar
has for half a century ' reared the tender thought ' and
' poured the fresh instruction o'er the mind.'
"
The book,
rvhich is rz mo. of r5o pages, is dedicated thu5 ;-" Je
the Most Noble the Duke of Somerset this grammar is
humbly inscribed by his Grace's old perceptor, The Author."
But best of all the relics was a fine miniature portrait
of the poet dated 1782. This Fraser borrowed, and had
reproduced in colour at very considerable cost. (Several
copies are here for your inspection.) The original rvas sent
to the Curator of the National Gallery, Edinburgh, who
considered it might be the work of Alexander Reid of
I{irkennan, who in this miniature shows more traces of his
French training than in any of his others. It was in his
studio at Dumfries in ryg6 that Burns's nriniature was
painted.
I s,as duly informetl of all these discoveries, ancl
naturally we all felt that we were on the track of a romance.
On consulting the Seymour pedigree, however, we found that
the Duke of Somerset here mentioned had no sister.
This rrth Duke was born in 1775, was educated at
Eton and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1792,
and succeeded his father in r79t at the age of 18. Assuming
that he was sent to Eton rvhen he u'as Iz, this would fix
the date when Davidson's tutorship ceased as 1787, two
years befo're the publication o,f "'fhe Seasons," when he
was 2Z and his future u'ife 24, u'ho, being born in t763,

A F oncorrEN KlRrcuonRrcHTSHrRn Porr.
bb
may have been a natural daughter of the roth Duke, who
was married in 1765.
Inquiries were made in Salisbury, Wiltshire,
without
success as to l)avidson's sc:hoo,l or schools, but in rgr5 in
the late Nlalcolm Harper's Library rvas found a volume of
the County X'Iagazine printed in Salisbury, containing 24
monthly issues from r786 to r788 of the nrost diverse matter,
" a copious selection of rvhatever is valuable in literature,
politics, and history, and the greatest variety of o,riginal and
selected pieces in prose and verse " by a society of gentlemen.
unlikely tome, which Fraser and I
'I'his
severally
and conscientiously waded through, actually contained no
fewer than zr items of very great interest to the people of
Galloway. On the title page of No. XIII., Vol. I., is
rvritten in ink in an old-fashioned hand to the effect that
most of the fragments were written bv Rev. A. D. (Rev.
Anthony Davidson), who was, of course, David's elder
brother. Among the other contributors frequently appear
the signatures I. X,'I. and W. B.
These Fraser had no doubt
were John Mayne, author of " The Siller Gun, " and William
Burney, author of " Dumfries-a
Poemr" to,whom a poemepistle
is addressed by Davidson at the end of his " Thoughts
on the Seasons. " But of David Davidson himself as a contributor
there is no direct sign.
There is a D.D. of Salisbury
referred to by B . .
y on page 9z of Vol. II., and
if this is our man he may late,r have become a teacher in
Lymington Academy, after his brother Anthony, r,r,ho
undoubtedly was rector of that school, had received an
appointment in the Church. There is a letter on
" Education
" on pag'e 616 of Vol. I. by the Rev. Anthony
Davidson, dated from the Academv at Lymington, March
rzth, rZ8Z, and there is a letter signed W.'8. and dated
Isle of Wight, June rzth, 1287, referring to a clergvman
(i..., Anthony) who keeps a Roarding School at L
in the Nerv Forest.
That his brother David may have been
the liditor of the County Il[ogazine is a possible contingency.
Fraser surmised that Harper's copy o,f it may have been got
from James Nicholson, the printer, stationer, and publisher

56 A FoncorrEN KrRrctrnsRIcHl'sHIRn Porr.
in Kirkcudbright who had, you may remember, sold Fraser
" "
his copy of The Seasons, and in his turn may have
acquired it from the poet's grandson, also called David,
rvho had joined Nicholson in the printing and publishing
business when it was on the downgrade. Fraser knew both
of them very rvell betrveen 1868-1873, long before he had
any interest in book-collecting or any idea that there was
such a book as " 'fhe
Seasons. " \\'ith these two names,
Nicholson and Davidson, is connected the abrupt and
dramatic decease of the " 'fimes. "
Stelartry
"
Our conclusion, then, is that otlr pqet of f'he
Seasons " was schoolmaster in Salisbur-v from about 1786
to 1789, and that he then succeeded his brother Anthony at
Lymington.
Fraser's next step was to visit Castle-Douglas and look
through Harper's copy of the Castle-Douglas Miscellany'
of which, according to the obituary notice, the poet had
been editor. The first number is dated zznd July, r$z7,
and the last zrst July, r8z8 (Davidson died ryth Mav of
that year). Up to October, 1827, it bears the imprint of
his only son, Anthony, as printer and publisher, but from
there to the end the imprint is " Printed and published by
D. Davidson. " Anthony had held a position in the Gallorvay
Banking Company's Bank (locally knolvn as Napier's
Bank) at the time it stopped in r8zl, as his name appears
on the face of that bank's notes. Whether David Davidson
rvas embarrassed by the bank's failure, another family traclition,
he would seem to have had funds sufficient to set his
son Anthony up in the printing trade when he himself had
retired from teaching in r8z3 at the age of 63, and probably
to keep himself occupied he started the Miscellany'
It appears that father and son were estranged in t827,
u-hen the son had become enamoured of the serving lass at
Furbar House, where they were staying, and had married
her against his father's wishes, but whether it led to his
supersession in the business is not known'
Throughout the five vo,lumes of the Miscellany there
is no trace o.f the poet Davidson, no single piece with his

A FoncorrEN Krnrct-rosRIcHTSHrRB Porr. 57
name or initials. Nothing anonymous even faintly reminiscent
of
" The Seasons
"
is to be found, or anything by
rvhich he can be actually identified.
The poet, if ever he
was one (I so,metimes hae my doots), is completely lost,
clissolved, annihilated. A dim shadow, an imaginary
adumbration of his former self, perhaps, lurks in the most
improbable corner. F-rom an advertisement in his
Miscellany in t8z4 it appears that Davidson had some time
before published another educational work,
" A Juvenile
Guide in Six Gradations, " progressively arranged, price 3d
sewed, which was printed and sold by A. Davidson at the
Miscellany Office. The following is the foreword ;-'( Jfig
compiler of this little book, having
' reared the tender
thought'and'poured
the fresh instruction o'er the mind'
for fifty years, feels himself by experience fully authorised
to reconrmend it as the best first book for children that has
ever been presented to the public. " Here. as in the preface
to his " Grammar," he quotes passages from Thomson's
" Seasons,
"
a book whose design he so closely followed
thirty and more years before-an echo as it rvere of the
passionate pre-occupation of his unrryenerate youth.
\.AIe have gleaned no reliable information
as to rvhen
Davidson returned to his native country and founded his
" Academy or Boarding School for young gentlemen
"
at
Castle-Douglas.
It may have been about r8o3, for we have
proof that " Francis N{acKenzie Gordon, a younger brother
of the late Viscount Kenmure, apprenticed Cadet to the
Madras Infantry in r8ro at the age o,f r7, was educated at
Davids,on's Academy at Castle-Douglas. "
On October 25) r9o9, Davidson's name appears in the
list of those present in the Town Hall, Castle-Douglas, to
arrange for the celebration of the jubilee of King
III.,
George
and on N{arch 5th, r9z7, his name is again mentioned
in a list of subscribers on behalf of the poor and unemplo,ved
of the parish of Kelton, his subscription being ros.
As to his teaching career in Castle-Douglas, the only
itern of interest that can be found is culled from a lecture
delivered in November, 1857, by Alexander Davidson, Torvn

t$r
Is
58 A FoncorrEN Krnrct'ogRIGHTsHrRn pom.
clerk of castle-Douglas,, who, it has been ;rscertained, is no
relation of the po€t. From it we learn that l)avidson's
school was known as The Grove Academy, o,ff St. Andrew
street, and one of his old scholars, peter williamson,
had
once broken out into verse on the relative merits or demerits
of the two schoo,ls in the town. only four lines ha'e
survived the lapse of time :
'( The boys at Davie Davie,s school
They are baith sleeh and pawky;
But, i\{iller l\fuir he cracks their croons
When he comes frae the Halkie.',
To sum up the available information reg:rrding
Davidson : - He was bo,rn in the Stewartry, perhaps at
Castle-Douglas, in ry6o; was educated there, less expensively
than his elder brother, Anthony,
who had been sent
to college; began to teach at the age of 13, perhaps at
first as an itinerant in Galloway; followed his brother
Anthony to England with the draft of his poem in his 1rccket,
say about 1788 or early in ry8g; published " f'he Seasons "
in L

f'se DBrr,'s DrcB. 59
Synopsis ol Two Papers on the Deil's Dike.
tsy R. C. RBru and Dr. SBnapr,n.
Synopses of trvo papers on the Deil's Dike in Galloway
and l)umfriesshire submitted by NIr R. C. Reid and
Dr. W. Semple, the full text of which is deposited in
the archives of the Society.
First Paper : The Galloway Deil's Dike from the Black
Water of the Dee near Clatterinshaws Brig to the
Deugh at Dalshangan.
We made a rapid traverse of this portion of the Dike
in three days of June, 19z6, and our o,bservations confirmed
the continued existence of the greater part of the f)il

I
rI
60 Tne DBrr,'s Dxr.
Iine under the peat. In the neighbourhood of the steading
a modern dry-stone dyke is probably built on the Deil's
Dike, for, from the high ground above the steading, this
modern dyke is seen to be in line with the Dike across the
moss. On the day of our visit the state of the vegetation
on Craigenbay Moss was such that from the vantage ground
the Dike could be seen to be continuous right across a gap
in the line shown on the map.
The ordnance survby map indicates that the l)eil's Dike
may have passed through the middle of Craigenbay steading
and carried on almost straight in a north-easterly direction
for nearly seven furlongs, ascending gently from the 7oo feet
contour to that of rrz5 feet on the north-west flank of the
Bennan, and then may have descended in a zig-zag' more or
less northerly course to the I-ochspraig Burn at about the
85o feet contour, a distance of about five furlongs.
Apart from the delineation of the Dike on the map,
rve should have had great difficulty in deciphering the traces
of the Dike among' the remnants of subsequent dykes.
Immediately above the farm the line of the map follows a
structure built of moderately massive stones. Beyond a
modern dry-stone dyke the line runs along a dilapidated drystone
dyke. Here we found now on one srde of the dilapidation,
no'w on the other, a slight ridge and ditch. Ditch and
ridge are each from 5 to 6 feet broad. Excava.tion sh

TnB Drrr's I)me. 6f
disclose any. A length of about six furlongs is delineated
on the map from a point on the rooo feet contour, near a
march dyke on Benbrack, to the Garroch Burn a furlong
south-west of Clenrie steading. Most of this track we were
able to recognise. It begins as a tortuous line of scattered
stones following a course a little rvest of north for a furlong
and a half, then bearing away north-west about zoo yards
short of Benbrack Burn to, cross the co,ll between Shieldrig
and Stroan Hill. Nearing the top of the coll the stones
become smaller and mo.re and more mixed with earth till
the Dike becomes a grass-covered ridge, through which
stones appear. No ditch, excepting modern drains, is
associated with either the ridge of earth or line of stones.
From the coll downhill to the Garroch the line is tracked
with difficulty or,r'ing to the gullies eroded by u small burn,
but its course is quite conspicuous from the opposite side of
the'Garroch valley.
From the Garroch to where the track of the Dike is
picked up again is a three-quarter mile blank on the map
and also in our reconnaissance, but for a further threequarters
of a mile from the Black Burn, a tributary of the
Garroch, to the Crummy Burn the map shor.vs the track of
the Deil's Dike. It follows a little tributary of the Black
Burn up the south-easterly slopes o'f Shinmount, and on the
other side down the Deil's Dike Burn to its confluence with
the Crummy. This is the only manifest case of a placename
referring to the Dike which lve have noted. Here
also is one of the very few cases where the Dike follorvs a
natural boundary. We found evidence of ancient earthwork
or o,f stone dyke along most of the tentative line shown on
the map. Where the Dike crossed a moss, from which much
of the peat had been cut, the ridge might have been a line
Ieft between two cuttings; but probing with the spade
touched occasional stones, though no stones occurred in a
section we cut across the ridge. The soil o'f the ridge was
black humus. On the little burn between Rough Hill and
Shinmount the stones of the Dike in places seem to have
been roughly built up. On the flat summit of the coll the

I
li
I
I
t
!i
:l '!
I
62 Tnn Delr,'s DlxB.
base of the stony ridge is about 7 f.eet broad. Nowhere from
the Black Burn to the summit is there much sign o,f an
artificial ditch.
On the descent to the Crummy Burn the Dike follows
the Deil's Dike Burn on its right bank, making use of the
rocky knolls, and on these remnants of building are apparent.
It often disappears in grassy patches betu'een the rocks. A
much ruined march-dyke should look like this part of the
Deil's Dike.
Beyond the Crummv Burn on the southern slopes of
Largvey and Stranfasket Hill comes a half-mile hiatus. The
map shows the Dike starting again near the so,urce of the
Largvey Burn o'n the northern slopes of these hills. It
abuts at right angles on a dilapi'dated stone dyke. At its
best this portion of Dike is a well-marked grass-covered
rampart with ditch running alongside, and with a ditch on
each side for a short distance. Stones protrude through the
turf in places. Further downhill the discrimination of the
Dike from similar works round old cultivated enclosures was
more a matter o'f faith than of sight; but a line of earthwork
could be pieced together down to the public road up Polharrow
Glen. The line points to Knockreoch Brig over the
Polharrow.
A quarter mile gap now intervenes. The intervening
ground is very rough and scored rvith water-courses. It
also contains many ruined stone enclosures and dykes which
confuse the trail.
The track of the Deil's Dike is shown on the map
starting at right angles to the end o,f a much dilapidated drystone
dyke near the g{o feet contour. The direction of the
Deil's Dike here is a little east of north, and its appearance
is very like that of the ruined dyke it butts against. Lying
in the angle between the Deil's Dike and this other dyke, is
the site of a very large enclos,ure embracing many hut
circles, while on the other side of the Deil's Dike are many
small cairns probably associated with the settlement. The
settlement almost certainly ceased to be inhabited long before
the Dike was constructed. These structures are neither

THn Dnrl's Dxe. 63
shou'n on the map nor mentioned in the Inventory. In its
progress northwards, the Dike approaches another northgoing
dyke which it intersects at two places; but the courses
of the two do not coincide. At a point where the two are
running parallel and close together near a sheep shelter, a
section was made across the l)ike, here a low bgt moderately
conspicuous grassy ridge with a parallel depression to the
east. The ridge is about six feet broad and the trench two
feet. The trench is only six inches below the general level
of the ground and the ridge two feet high. Digging showed
'fhe
undisturbed subsoil at a further depth of one foot.
ri'dge under eight inches of brown turf consisted of yellow
loam with small angular stones resting on a layer of black
soil. Hence, if the original Dike has here been an earthwork,
even though the whole of the upcast had been thrown
on the ridge, its dimensions must have been very meagre.
Leaving the mo,re modern stone dyke near the point
where it meets a west going dyke at an obtuse angle, the
track of the Deil's Dike trends towards the north-east and
after a furlong towards the east.
'fhe track can be lollowed
though with some incertitude all the way to the Polmaddy
Burn. But from the high ground on the left bank of the
Polmaddy its sinuous course was quite apparent.
About to yards from the obtuse angle above mentioned
the Dike, represented b,y a line of embedded sto,nes, runs
near a low grassy mound, 14 yards in diameter, with large
stones at its centre and smaller stones around it. This
is probablv an interment, but it is not marked on the map
nor is it noted in the Inventory of Ancient N'Ionuments.
Before reaching the Polmaddy, the character of the
Dike alters from a heather covered ridge with occasional
stones to ^ grassy ridge with more frequent pr

64 THe Dnrr,'s Drrn.
piece of Dike proved most interesting, because it g'ave us
the best sample o,f a built wall found on our three da,vs'
traverse.
A wide trench had been dug', the uprcast being
thrown to the south-east side, and big boulders were embedded
in the papapet thus formed.
A distinct attempt had
been made to reset with stones the steep batter of the
trench and parapet. The continuation of this line in the
same direction is occupied by a modern dyke beyond the
end of which we followed the line of a ridge towards the
remnant of a small plantation
but could not carry it to
the Carsphairn Road. A reconnaissance on a subsequent
visit was also unavailing, but the direction of the Deil's
Dike on the east side of the public road which we discovered
a long time afterwards might no\\' serve as a clue.
At the close of our three days' traverse we searched the
Terrain between Dalshangan and Carminnow rvith'out finding
a trace of Dike; but, later with the aid of N[r Trotter of
Dalshangan, we followed a line of earthu'ork from the
Carsphairn Road nearly to the l)eugh, which in its trvisting
course is quite in character with recognised I)eil's Dike.
In places the ridge is higher and the trench deeper than in
any portion of Deil's Dike we have seen in Galloway.
That
is probably due to the ditch having been cleared for purposes
of drainage.
The Dalshangan portion of Dike starts on
the west side of the Carsphairn road near a point too vards
north of a diamond shaped plantation that straddles the
road.
For some distance it follows the course of a small
burn that has been trenched. l'he Dike could not be
followed dorvn the bank of the Deugh.
Second Paper : A Possible Line of Connection betrveen
the Galloway Deil's Dike and the Deil's Dike found
in Nithsdale.
The ordnance survey maps delineate a chain of so-called
Deil's Dikes stretching fro,m Loch Ryan to Polmaddie burn
near the Deugh at Dalshangan; and a traverse of the portion
between the Black Water of Dee and Dalshangan,

THr Dnrl's Drro. 65
described in the preceding paper, confirmed the persisfence
of old dykes on the lines shervn on the map.
The maps
also portray as Celtic or Deil's Dike an almost co,ntinuous
line stretching along the right bank of the Nith from
near the Ayrshire-Dumfriesshire
march to the heights above
Glenairlie Brig, and again, on the left bank but further from
the river, a fragmentary
series of dykes from the Enterkin
to Auchencairn Height in Closeburn. One of us has
traversed nearly the whole of these Dikes on both sides of
the Nith, and corroborates the correctness of the map.
The
Nith Dikes are, with the exception of one stretch in the
parishes of Morton and Closeburn, earthworks, which, moreover,
are in a much better state of preservation than the
Galloway Dike as we saw it.
Train,
the o'riginal source of all that has been written
abo,ut the Deil's Dike, says that it stretched from Loch Ryan
to Annan on the Sohvay; but the ordnance survey maps
show no trace of it between the Deugh and the Nith.
gives little help in bridging this extensive gap.
Train
He represents
it as pdssing from the Old Bridge of Deugh through
the farms of Mooncaig (Marskaig), Auchenskinnoch
(Auchenshinnoch), and the hill-end of Keroch (Carroch, but
pronounced Kerroch), then through the parishes of (ilencairn,
Tynron,
and Penpont, to the farm of South IVIains on the
Nith opposite Sanquhar.
In the paper, of which this is a
synopsis, rve claim to have established the existence of a
series of dykes between Deugh and Nith in the three
parishes mentioned by Train and in the neighbourhood of
the three farms, which, linked together, may be 'frain's
Deil's Dike.
The map portrays the Deil's Dike on the right bank of
Nith terminating
abruptly at right angles to the Sanquhar-
Durisdeer parish boundary on high gro,und near a hill called
Jock's Ruck above Glenairlie Brig. Near this terminus the
map shows two fragments of Dike running in opposite directions
parallel with the parish march, one downhill towards
the Nith near Glenairlie Brig, and the other pointing towards
Penpont.
Two other feal dykes start from near this focal

66 Tnr Dul's Dlxn.
point in the direction of Burnmouth farm and Burnsands
Burn. Unfortunately we chose to'follow the dykes not
marked on the' map. \A''e now assume..the true line to be
the one bearing in the direction of 'Penpont. It continued
visibly first on one side of the march, then.on the other for
about one and a half furlongs, but we have not followed it
through to the Taeholm Burn, rvhere rve picked up its seeming
continuation on the left bank. It is there a ridge with a
parallel depression. The ridge at its highest was 4 feet
above. the bottom of the depression. The Dike continues
on the right bank of the burn, and can be followed, though
at places doubtfully, to the Breckenside Rurn. Beyond this
burn our task was light, thanks to the guidance of IVIr
Boyes, the shepherd. The Dike is a conspicuous feature on
the moo,r up the nose of the Birny Rig. The Dike is an
earth ridge, and though containing many boulders it is not
a ruined stone wall. The ridge is z$ feet high and 3 yards
broad at the base, with a ditch at each side. On Breckenside
mo,or there is no,difference in the vegetation on the two
sides of the Dike. The three parishes of Sanquhar, Durisdeer,
and Penpont meet near the source of the Breckenside
Burn. This part of the Dil

TnB Dnrr,'s Drrr.
GI
it is a contin,uation of that Dike. The bight of old turf lies
between two lobes of Holmhill plantation called respectively
Knocklimpen and Glenwhaupenoch. The ridge was seen in
the Knocklimpen lobe, and is said to pass through the Holm
of Drumlanrig torvards Holehouse, but we did not follow it
backwards. However, we traced the line forward through
the Glenwhaupenoch lobe and rather dubiously down to the
Townhead Burn.
Beyond this burn is the farm of Auchenbainzie. An old
worker on the farm remembers the existcnce of old dykes,
but would not lippen to his rnemory to point out their sites.
The pasture field on the slope up from Townhead Burn to
the Druidhall Road was so seamed u,ith poached cattle
tracks that the disentangling of the line of Dike was abandoned
as too much of a puzzle. Beyond the road high
cultivation has probably erased all trace of Dike, but on
the lower slopes of Auchenbainzie Hill between Sheepfold
plantation and Glengar Loch plantation a ridge was seen
rvhich became quite conspicuous r,r'ithin the south-lvest tip
of the latter plantation
On Glengar farm u'e had the guidance o,f the farmer
and information from Mr !V. Wilson o,f Tynron. T'he Dike
emerging from the Glengar Loch Plantation skirts the
eastern slopes of the Ewe Hill and Glengar Hill, and then
passes between Glengar and Grennan hills as if making for
the Scar Water. But it is not discernible among' the screes
on the steep slope dor.vn to the water.
On account of the undetermined end of the Dike on the
left bank of the Scar Water its starting point is uncertain
on the right bank, now in l'ynron parish. Thanks, hovvever,
to a previous survev o,f the Dike in this region by N{r \V.
Wilson of Tynron, we were able to pick up a low discontinuous
ridge passing through ro,ugh tumbled ground about a
quarter of a mile up stream frorn Craignee Cottage. This
ridge may be the line o,f a track shown on the map, though
their courses up the rockv slope under Craignee Craigs do
not coincide. Beyond the rocks our line certainly assumed
the character of a track. Before reaching Craignee Burn

Tnn Dprr,'s DrxB.
the track becomes for about roo yards a well-defined ridge
and ditch, the delineation on the,map changing there from
a broken to a continuous line. At the south end of the continuous
line the map shows a track turning off at right
angles towards the northern slopes of Tynron I)oon I but our
line continues in the original course r,vith occasional swerves
along the slopes of Mid Hill. lt again becomes like a track,
especially under the rocky knorves of Mid Hill, where the
screes have filled the trench and obliteral.ed the ridge. It is
certainly used as a footpath though not so marked on the
map beyond Craignee Burn. Locally this rvith other portions
of the Dike is called the Roman Road, though it has no
claim to such a title. Near the upper rvaters of Craigturra
Linn the track dies out. Beyond the burn trvo possible lines
are seen. One, ascending the valley of the burn and passing
over a coll to the upper waters of Auchengibbert Linn, is
part of the so-called Roman Road. The other, continuing
in the original course of the track, takes a level course round
the contour of a spur, and this is of distinct ridge and ditch
formation. Roman Road and Dike with ditch coalesce
beyond the Auchengibbert Linn. From this point to the
'fhere
Killiewarren march the structure is composite.
is a
distinct ridge about 3 yards wide and about r yard high,
with a path along the top of the ridge and not in the ditch.
At the Killiewarren march, Roman Road and Dike again
part company, the former treading up hill to the right, the
Iatter after a swerve to the left continuing along a line of
fence delineated on the map but now represented by an earth
'fhe
ridge or a line of sporadic mounds. earth dyke continues
to the junction of three fences on the head waters of
the Rough Glen, while the delineated but now absolutely
rased fence turns up hiil half-way across the field. Beyond
the junction of the three fences the Dike is lost on marshy
ground, but in the original direction towards a little s'ooded
linn a chain of mounds parallel with Bennan march is observed,
and this can be followed part of the rvay down the
banks of the linn towards the Shinnel \\later. The length of
Dike from Scar to Shinnel is over two miles. From the

TgB Drrl's Drrr.
69
Shinnel at the foot of the little wooded linn almost opposite
Birkhill Cottage to Dalwhat Water opposite Marwhirn is a
slretch of nearly three miies. In this stretch we can clairn
to have traced out not more than one mile of Dike in two
portions. The first portion, in Tynron parish, is on the
northern slopes of l{aqueston Flill roughly parallel rvith a
strip of plantation. The other, in Glencaim parish, lies
quarter of a mile south and roughly parallel with the
Tynron-Glencairn parish boundary, which here runs along
the rvatershed between the Kirkconnel Burn and Dalwhat
Water. It is above the house of Tererran, and may be called
the Tererran Dike.
I'he Maqueston Dike, about half a mile in length, is
quite of the cherracter of Nith Deil's Dike. It is a grassgrown
earthen ridge rvith a slight ditch up hill, and, for no
reason now apparent, it pursues a tortuous course. In places
it dams back the drainage. In other places, where breached
by the rvash off the mill, it is reduced to a chain of interrupted
mounds.
The Tererran Dike is easily found, because it terminates
at each end in small but kenspeckle walled enclosure
containing trees, and it has a third near its centre. It is a
tortuous grass-grown ridge, generally arbout z f.eet high in
its eastern half. Here and there are traces of a ditch up hill.
Though not so high in the western half, it is quite readily
distinguishable.
We found some indications of a connection betrveen the
Maqueston and 'fererran l)ikes, and of extensions o,f the
line at each end, but these are dubious and require reexamination.
From a point near Dalwhat Water, west

70
'I'sB I)nrl's DrxB.
ditch up hill. Its constituents are almost entirely earth, but
there are many stones, several emerging at intervals like
boundary stones. The N'Iarwhirn-Shillingland Dike is about
7 furlongs in length.
Continuation of Synopsis of Paper on " A Possible Line
of Clonnection between the Galloway Deil's Dike ancl
the Deil's Dike found in NithsdAle."
'I'he sequence of dykes thus far followed lie in Durisdeer
parish and in the three parishes mentioncd by 'I'rain-Penpont,
Tynron, arnd Glenczrirn. From Shillingland in Glencairn
perrish to Fingland in Dalry parish there is now an
unbridged gap of about four miles.
\,Ve have suggested in
the original paper several conjectural lines across this
hiatus, but lve cannot agree as to' their admissibility I so u'e
make no mention of them here.
On the southern aspect of Fingland hill, especially
under the top called the ilIeikle Bennan of Fingland, is a
very good sample of earthu'orl< of the Nith I)eil's Dike type,
a lorv turf-covered ridge r,vi1h a shallow ditch up hill.
f'his
is the only piece of Deil's Dike between Deugh and Nith
of which we had received information before starting on our
traverse.
We were disappointed with its shortness and in
its failure to lead us to other portions of Dike.
Train cloes
not mention Fingland, but this farm lies between Carroch
and Auchenshinnoch, both mentioned by him.
A dyke on
Carroch is part of one of the conjectural iines just referred
to, but rve found no unmistakeable Dil

TnB Dur.'s DIKE.
Zl
conditions prevailed beyond the fence; but under a ridge of
fine pasture topping Bridgemark noor we noted a ridge
having a ditch on each side. It runs through a rushy hollou',
and therefore the ditches might
be nlere drains; but its
sinuosity, its content of boulders, and its course--a continuation
of the line of the Culmark Dike-suggested
be part of the Deil's Dike.
that it may
Moreover, at the east end it
became a line of boulders, and at the rvest it changed insensibly
into a prominent grass-g'rown ridge with no relation
to drains. fhis portion of Dike runs parallel to the l4arskaig
march but does not
'l'he
enter the fields of that farm.
line is continued through a field of rough grass called
Garryaird, but it cannot be followed into lhe .peat rnoss
lying beyond this.
We, however, found at the further side
of this moss a piece of dyke which obliquety crossed the
road from High Bridge of Ken to Dalry i' the direction of
the steading of Arndarroch as if making for the water of
Ken.
In a paddock on the steading side of the road it is
for thirty yards a conspicuous green mound, and thereafter
a loiv grassy ridge, which r,vas not traced bevond the paddock.
In the reverse direction, on the moor beyond the highway,
the dyke could be traced towards the Black water for a
considerable distance till it insensibly faded out in soft
ground arnong' rushes.- fhe direction of this dyke does not
fit in rvith the Garryaird-Bridgemark Dike; but if, as we
were informed, it crosses the Blacl< water,
it enters Nfarskaig
ftrrnr u,hich is Trai''s Nfoonkaig. If, in the opposite
direction, it continues through Arndarroch steading to the
Ken, it would fit in with the Dike later on traversed across
Dundeugh, the hilly promontory betw-een I{en and Deugh.
The dyke across this promontorv which seemed to have
most claim to be Deil's Dike (there were others) started
from a point near the road to the steading of Dundeugh
oplrcsite to the steading of Arndarroch, climbed the slope
as if making for the Deil's Barn Door between the peaks
of f)undeugh and Dunbannoch, but instead it swung round
along a contour to the south.
screes it was pointing
Before it disappeared among
towards the little water course on
Dalshangan which is skirted by the Darshangan Deil's Dike.

80
Bunrel UnNs Foulln er Per,nnrRSToN.
* PAu|Epsrcr cr r. UeN BapJAt=J r=
r6t
-4i
t5n
&
' +4t
+D
1 c L
+ l
A
+!l 6
+6
@-'
h' O'P
j"
F
o
&
*o,
pa/5-6"
fiv+r /ia o1 wat'
-- -x
I
I
I
I
I
I
\
b
I
\
o
$
YIY
REFEBrc=
7-- E - APNS
a.__ __.8/-4aK lolL
b.__ _ _cAvlTY.
c.-- --- /Na1NEF-ATE5 rchlE fRAanENff,
d. __ __ ctPcuLAP- tloLLoW
e._._ __BLACK EAR-ftl.
f. -- --- lBRt'gaI,AR- l/olLow
g -- - - BArE tTot{E
h.-- ---LARaE trottov{'
J' --
LARQE aaloilq llolE
,o 9 I 7 6 5 + t Z-

Ijunrnl UHNs liorrno lr PelnrRs'r'oN. 81
gence and care nothing at all might have been heard

82 BuRIat L.lnNs Ftlut'ltl l'r PaLltnRsroN.
Nt-r. I. is a fine example of the so-c:rlled " ittcense-cup "
type. It is 3 inches in height and 3{=, inches in diameter at
belly and lip and r$ inches at base. The outside circumference
below the lip is ro$ inches. lip, both on top and
'Ihe
underside, is decorated with a herring bone pattern; below,
between singlc parallel lines, is a large diamond patteru
rvith short perpcndiculitr strolics outside lnd
four oblique
strokes insicle the dizrntouds. Belorv these are thrce series
'
iln r. PllMeR.s'roil'
GPEYSTOTIE PARK.
I4 1/+rzhg t ? ?
tnL\ol
of pyranrid pzrtterns betrveen parerllel lines, the middle series
being the largest and plain, the other trvo of equal size rvith
oblique hatching in the open spaces. The bzrse, with a
{ inch rim, is hollorvccl to zr deplh of $ inch, :rncl the indentation
is cross-hatchecl rvith six oblique lines. urn is per-
'fhe
foratecl in the upper pyranrid series by trvo small holes

IJrrnr.rl UnNs l'ouNrr A'l' I),\r.MriRsroN.
S3
r$ inchcs apart. It was found about lS inches bek_ru' the
surface rcsting on the subsoil.
'I'his urn rvhen lirst seen rvars h:urging anrid thc fragtrcnts
of another urn ztnd incineratcd bone-fr:rgntents, and
fell out as the pick drew zrway the supporting materi:tl. Nir
Nlaxwell is persuaded that it had been rvithin the brol

84 Bunrer, UnNs Fouro er PelurRs'r'oN.
No. lV. is quite different in texture and shape from the
other urns. It is the smallest, being only ft inches in
height, with a width of zr,t6 and an apparent circumference of
6fi inches. The surface is much disintegrated. Circular, the
sides rise straight from the base, and terminate ovally.
Among the material that had been removed from the
area o,f these finds was a flat stone (k) made roughly circular
by chipping. It measures 6 inches by 6$ inches across, and
is from ] inch to r inch thick. Buite possibly it may have
'fhe
formed a top cover for Urn No. II. incinerated bones
associated with these urns were carefully gathered, and are
small and slight compared with the contents of Urns No.
V., VI., and X.
Among this material also Mr Ludovic N{'Lellan Mann
found a water-ro,lled pebble of indurateci sandstone (l), which
rnay have served as a smoother. Its broader end has been
brought into arched form by secondary chipping.
Urn No. Y,
The next urn exfroscd rvas No. \r., found to the southrvest
of No. I. by 8 feet 3 inches, and about 3f feet nearer
to the rvall. It rvas inverted and in a hollow of 3 or 4 inches
in the subsoil, the base being only zo inches belorv the surface.
By allou'ing it to dry and then \\/orking a slate underneath,
it u,as renroved intact u'ith its contents. It is of the
" "
cinerary type, rvith a vertical section extending frotn
the rim for 3] inches, fronr thence it swells to a shoulder
z$ inches below, from rvhich it tapers to the base, which
'fhe
is S* inches diameter. diameter at the rim is ro inches
and the height r z inches. The circumference at the mouth
is 3zL, inches and at the base r z inches. The urn was taken
to the Police Station, and Mr Nlann and I carefully removed
the contents, the urn, necessarily, being held with the rnouth
uppermost and tipped gradually as the contents were removed.
Some three inches of tightly packed subsoil and
cremated bones having been cleared, the interesting discovery
was made that fronr this point downwards (ot,
upwards when in situ) the centre was hollow, the contents

Bunrer Unws Fourqn er PerlrnRsroN. 85
being packed round the margin. The ho,llo,w appeared to be
cylindrical, and one could insert a couple of fingers, the
sides feeling quite smoo.th. Originally some object must
have filled this central tube for sufficiently long before decaying
to permit the composite earth, stones, and osseous
remains to set firmly about it. The shape of this funnel,
which could not have been less than an inch and a half in
diameter, rvas retained by some of the material even as it
was being taken out. Fro,m about the middle of the urn a
flint scraper (nt) was found, much discoloured by fire. It
measures r:o inches long by r inch broad, and the secondary
chipping at the edge is sharp and.clear. T'he bottom (top
in situ) of the urn was e,mpty to the extent of a couple

I
.C' 'zi
I o ---
pl
Il
!il

Bunrel LlnNs FouNo er PeruBRsl'oN. 87
"t".rr-"lnches
from No. V., nearer both to the wall and t

88 BuRter Unus F-ouun Rr PerltnRSToN.
larger than those in Nos. I.-III.
are easily distinguishable amongst them.
time.
urns v. and vI.
Some fragments of teeth
must have been interred at the same
They were too close to each other to' permit of
separate burial, and their level was the same.
Traces o,f Doposits.
\
The reduction of thd mound being proceeded with regularly
towards the south-west, the following series of ancient
disturbances of the soil were disclosed at the points sho'lvn
on the pla,n.
Excepting one (b), u'here a cavity existed,
these ,, holes ,' were not all discernible by the €I€, and
then only by the colour ancl fineness of the contents, but
rvith the spade were easily felt, the soil in them being lighter
ancl freer than that surrounding them'
One might with
hand remove the contents and leave the rvalls mo're or less
clearly defincd.
At n was zr compact deposit of hlack soil,
obviously wood ash, in a hole u'hich penetrated the subsoil
and which was about two feet in diameter ; at b was a cavity
also extending into the subsoil, and which, but for some
fine soil that had gatherecl in the bottom, was empty; at c
was a deposit, quite loose, of incinerated bone fragments,
there being no sign of an urn; at d was another small hole
about a foot in diameter, circular and cupr-shaped; at e w?.s
a hole fillecl rvith dark earth, and at f another irregularly
shaped hole. Except for Urn IX', rvhich lay rz'ther outside
the circle d and / rvere the most north-westerly and southeasterly
of all the deposits, the distance betrveen them being
about r5 feet.
The next discovery, eight or nine inches below the sur.
face and u,ith the flat face upr,vards, rvas ano'ther portion of
split boulder (S). It ir, on the flat side, ro? inches by
gna irrches, and has been shaped to that size by chipping on
all the sides. It is about z inches thick. Its presence may
indicate an urn having an adjacent position, perhaps about
the centre of the mound, but of such no trace was discovered;
or it may have been the base stone of a possible urn which
had contained the incinerated bones at c.
hole of indeterminate shape filled u'ith loose soil.
At h was a large

! :
cr, .= A"
Y 9
! ' a L
4 = l l

Urn No. V.
in situ.
Urns
Nos. VL and X.
Frorr
Dr:rrvings by
Miss
I-. R. Andrervs.
Urn No. VI.
in situ,
oltc side
luncl corrtents
rcrnovecl.

Bunrer UnNs Fouull AT pALtvrERsloN.
gg
Urns Yll. and ylll.
Six inches south-east of h, {Jrn No. VII.,
"
a small
incense cup," was found in a hore two feet deep. It was
found sitting in z, slightly tilted position and careful search
in the surrounding soil revealed one piece of a thick walled
urn, VIII. This fragment, z inches by ,t inches and ,z 1rr"1,
thick, was perhaps part of \he base. It is nor
deco'rated. There was arso a considerable quantity of
incinerated bone fragments smalrer than those in v., vI.
and x., and similar to those associated with I.-III. urn
No. \-lI. was lifted out intact with its contents. rt is zz,
inches in height, the diameter at the mo,uth being z inches,
and at the belly 3 inches. The
'I'he
circumference i, g* inches.
lip does not protrude. The base is comparatively thick,
there being an interior depth of only rf inches. The urn
is not symmetrical and the decoration is irregular. part
of the surface has disintegrated. It bears three rows of
angular lines, separated by single rine bands, the open
angles being hatched with two or three diagonal lines. The
base is plain, but is depressed in the centre. There is a
perforation on the lowest encircling band pierced through
to the bottom of the interior, but it is not clear rvhether
this hole is intentional or accidental. The contents consisted
of fine soil with a ferv small stones and throughout, it was
interesting to notice, were thin flakes of rvhite osseous
matter which was so brittle that it would disintegrare at a
touch into fine specks hardly to be seen.
A little to the south-west of this urn a large oblong
hole i revealed itself, extending to z feet long by 9 inches
broad, filled u'ith fine soil.
Urn lX.
Four feet four inches south-east from VII. another urn,
No. IX. of
" food-vessel "
typ", was exposed. It was in
an extremely soft conditirx, the entire surface having disintegrated.
It was not inverted and the top part was seen to
be broken, the incinerated osseous contents spilling out. It
was, however, removed without further dam;age.
It measures 4i3o inches in height, the erterior diameter at

90 Bunrar UnNs l.'ouNo ,r'r' l)alnpl{sroN.
the mouth is 5 inches u'hile the basc is 2!, inches,
circumference at the upper vertical part is 15$ inches.
osseous contents of this urn \\;ere all snral! and thin.
the
'fhe
No
particular feature was revealed rvhen they \\'ere taken out,
though the soil u,as found to be mostly in the centre.
-\
Urn X.
I'he final discovery u'as nrade on the 5th o'f r\lay. {-lrn
No. X. was found only 18 inches belou' the surface, 12
feet to the north-west of No. IX. It stood inverted and its
base had been destroyed, perhaps by ploughing. Of
PAtM'gsiorl. MAxw:r.lTowrt P,r.crc'
'[
flil1'rttr,
lrts
'rrrlllc. fir,,4
i
l (,
I
| (r .
l ' . :
;{t fu
'l
tt
f ) Ct
6.)
Itrf'1,'91"'tr
l= 6:'
llil'li{t','f#
t '
i, eJ
lllr, (,
l''rjl, ,"
t,c.
l' e.
j ,t r, -. n^.
l. o.' i .i,
d1qlflt
.r- ' 6Jl
; /i&)
I\YIWil
tlvy
not' 4 ^cre:
T-__F
" cinerary
" type, as it stooci it lvas 8$ inches in height and
perhaps had originally been ro or r r inches. Its diermeter
across the mouth \t'as ro inches and it u'idened at the bottonr
of the shoulder and across the belly to r r 1 inches. 11 rv:rs
in a state of imrninent co,llapse, but wzrs successfully rr:moved
u'ith its contents. In appearance it is nrore sqrrat than
No. V. but generzrlly resembles it, being unclecorated,
though the quality of the clay is darker and coarser. When
the contents \uere removed despite every care it rvent t

.BuHrRr, Unus lioullD ,rr pnrnuRsroN.
gl
rvith the osseous remains which were la'ge and similar to
those in v. and vI.
No particular disposition of the contents
was observed.
Artifacts,
From the dozen o,r so stones gathered in the area rvhich
by a' effort of imagination might be considered implern€nts,
two, in additio'n to the smoothing stone found by Mr illa.nn,
may be noted. The first (n), an irregurar triangre, is much
less certainly an artifact than the other. \,vhen gripped at
the base it fits comfortably to the hand and may have been
used for digging. It is 4$ inches from base to tip and 4f
inches broad, the sides are 5 inches long if brought to the
full angle.la
The other (o) may have been used as a smoothing stone
or po'lisher. on the flat face it measures 3 inches by z!
inches and is rf; inches thick.
General Obssryations.
There were no signs of a stone cairn, the stones throughout
the mound occurring
no more frequently than in other
parts of the field. N'r rvere the urns protected by beds of
*,.ood ash as at Westwood,
?rppearance of charcoal throughout
Fife, and there was no general
the mound.
The bones have been carefully prese^,ed, and await
expert examinartion.
It may be noted that the interments appear to have been
made round the circumference of the mound, as at westwoo'd,
but that the urns occurrecl only at its north and south
sides.
At westu'ood neither urns nor charcoal were found
on the north-u'est side, at Palmerston nothing was found on
the south-west side.
All the urns found differ from each
other, zrs at westu,.,od. Nos. \r. zrnd vI., inclubitably, were
interred at the s,anre tinre, yet the one is handsomely
decorated, the other plain; the fornrer razas set in a base
stone, the latter on the soil. There are two other pairs, the
" incense cups
"
and the urns, rvhich appear to have con-
'a Dr J. Graham callander, having examined this item,
states that " it is not an implement.,,

92 lJuntrrl UnNs liouxu a't' PauttiRsroN.
tzrined thent.
others seem not to h:rve been.
'I'he three largest urns were inverted, the
All the urns were of a reddish clay, vzrrying in quality'
Urn No. X. being the coarsest and most friable and stoney,
the " incense cup, " No'. l, being the sslogthest and finest'
cornparison may usefully be ruade betrveen these urns
and the tlr,o urns found at Maxwelltown Park in r9o4. It
rvill be seen at once that the lVlaxwellt

BuRral Unws FouNo ar PeruBRsTON.
93
Group burials o,f the Pahnerston type have been founci
rnore frequently in Fifeshire than elservhere in Scotland, but
nrany cinerary urns of the same kind from the vicinity of
Carlisle can be seen at Tullie House. Bronze objects having
been found frequently u'ith such urns, the,r,' undoubtedly
belong to Bronze Age culture. There seems reason, however,
for hesitation in describing these interments as constituting
a
" centetery," just as such definite terms as
" incense cups
" and
" food vessels
" are open to objection,
because they are conclusive rvithout data. A cemetery signifies
to us a place of resort for human burial, but this site at
Palmerston, quite z.s conceivably may have been used only
once, resultant, perhaps, on a single holocaust in rvhich
rvives and slaves and donrestic animals were cremated with
their master.
fhanks are due, primarily, to the l)umfriesshire Education
Authority and to Dr. T. R. Burnett, their o,flicer, for
their concern for the careful excavation of the discovery,
for the facilities granted to enable that to be done and for
placing the relics in the charge of our Society; to l4iss L. R.
Andrews, hon. secretary, for the sketches of the urns on the
spot; and to many interested individuals, including NIr
I-udovic M'L. Mann, rvho trvice visitecl the site; Dr. William
Semple; NIr E. H. Whitehead and Mr A. W. Ilrown, press
reporters; to Mr William Thomson, rvho assisted IVIr l\tla,xwell
with the excavertion; to Nfr 'f. Grey, Librarian of Tullie
Housc, Carlisle; \'{r I. H. Martindale and Mr E. B. Birley,
of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archaological
Society, lvho came to assist and were present at the emptying
of Urn No. V. ; z.nd to Inspector N{'Gill and the NIaxrvelltown
police for the facilities they provided. As demonstrating
the wide interest taken in the discovery many
hundreds of people inspected the collection when it \vas
displayed in the hall of the Ewart Library.
To N{r R. S. Osbo'rne, A.M.Inst., M.C.E., I have
pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness for the excellent
scale drarvings and plan which enhance this paper,

94 AwrrgutuEs AT BnouonroN Housr.
NOTE.
By Mr L. M'Lnr.lan
NIINN.
The Palmerston burials present some valuable and
unique itenrs of information, largely beca-use of the careful
examination vvhich was made of the various deposits and of
their relative positions. The group was confined within a
circular area of 2c,|. feet radius. The unit employed in
defining sacred prehistoric areas was almost invariably
20.425 feet and its multiples. The feature of the ho'llorv
cylindrical cavity which was observed to run up thQ centre
of the mass of osseous contents of tlvo of the cinerarv vessels
'I'he
has never previously been recorded. funnel-like hollow
spread out over a portion of the floor of the vessels. I'he
surface of the contents was seen not to have been pierced
by the cavity. The funnel-like hollow was sufficiently wide
to allow me to insert my hand and wrist dorvn to the base of
the vessel, and then to spread my fingers along its floor.
The most likely explanation of these most curious features
is that the cremated bones had been gathered up into a small
'Ihere
sack, perhaps of skin or linen. is abundant evidence
of the use of linen throughout Britain in the Bronze Age.
The sack had not been completely filled with the crematecl
fragments. Its mouth had been trvisted into a rope-shape
and placed mouth dorn'nwards within the vessel. In the
course of centuries the sack decayed, and the bones became
somewhat concreted and thus remained in ;xrsition round
the vacant space left by the twisted portions of the sack.
Notes on a Small Collection ol Antiquities at
Brou$hton ffouse, Kirkcudbri$ht.
By J. I\{. Connre, F.S.A.Scot.
The co,llection of relics from Broughton
House, Kirkcudbright,
that I have been asked to describe to you this
evening is not, as yet, a very extensive one, but it will be
found to include one or two specimens of more 11tun ustral
interest. Nfost of the relics have been found in widely

AurrguruEs AT BRoucHroN Housn. 95
separated localities throughout Dumfriesshire and Gallowolr
and NIr Hornel has acquired them from a public-spirited
desire to insure their preservation.
indebted to him for the series of photographs
To-night \ve are specially
and for the

96 Awrrgul:rlEs AT BnoucnroN l{ousr'
circumstances of their discovery in the large cairn at Stroanfreggan,
in the parish of Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire,
them a special interest and significance.l
give to
We mal co'nfidently
identify them as belonging to the transition period between
the Stone and Bronze Ages.
The small piece o'f clay-luting
which was taken from one of the corners of the cist is particularly
worthy o,f notice.
Several fragments of this material
were recovered, and one or two of them bore distinct impressions
of the fingers that had pressed the clay into position.
The Glenluce and Dunragit Rslacs.
To the co,llector and antiquary the district known as the
Glenluce and Dunragit
sand-hills has yielded perhaps more
objects of antiquity than any other area of similar extent in
Scotland. Throughout a lengthy period of time the area has
apparently been occupied by human beings, and alternating
weather conditions are constantly revealing on the windswept
hollows among the sand-hills a great assortment of
relics, which range in period from neolithic down to medireval
times. The' National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland
possesses a large and varied collection from this area, and
many interesting and fairly comprehensive collections from
the district are known to be in private hands. In the
Broughton House collection, however, the Glenluce and
Dunragit
area is, as already indicated, represented only by
a very small selection. Mr Hornel possesses' as yet, only a
single arrow-head of flint-a
rather ill-shaped and crudely
fashioned specimen of light grey material and of leaf form'
The five scrape,rs are typical examples, shorving careful
workmanship, and two of them, as is frequently the case'
retain a portion of the cortex or outer crust of the flint nodule
fro,m which theY have been made'
The cannel coal objects are particularly interesting.
One
of them is a fine whorl measuring 16 inches in diameter by
$ inch in thickness. The too,led fragment is part of an object
of unknown use, but it may be mentioned that similar frag'
1 c.f. Proc. Soc, Ant, Scot., xlv, 428'434, and Traneactions'
t926-28, pP. 282-3.

W
i
X
4,
z
3
o
:\
,q

Sce pa17e 90. Fig. 1. I' lllltl'O11,\l'LtD STON.lt H.\I{UDR"qi.
See pa11e 99.

ANrrguruEs AT Bnoucsrox Housr. 97
ments have been recovered from another sandy area near
Stevenston in Ayrshire.
Of the stone implements, the anvil
stone is a small, well-pitted example, rvhich has also been
used as a hammer-stone.
It measures 3+ by ti by r * inches,
and is simply a water-rolled pebble o'f grey-coloured sandstone
which has been picked up at randonr.
The irnplement
vvith indented hollows on either face belongs to a class of
relic that seems to date from Stone Age times.
Sonte of
them, which are pitted, and worn aro,und the edge, were
apparently used as hammer-stones, the cavities being supposed
to give a firmer hold for finger and thumb; but others,
like the specimen exhibited, are clearly not hammer-stones
whatever their purpose may have been. The Broughton
House example measures S by zt inches, and is again made
from a simple water-rolled sandstone pebble from the beach.
These implements are fairly common in \Arigtownshire, but,
strangely enough, they are considered rather rare in Ayrshire,
and they are no't, as far as I know, often met rvith in Dumfriesshire
or Kirkcudbrightshire.
larger of the
'fhe
trvo
hammer-stones is of disc-like form, and measures 3 by
r{ inches by r inch in thickness. It was recovered under
striking circumstances.
While traversing the sand-hills the
finder came upon a deposit of puddle clav on the top of a
wind-blown
sand-dune, and, having procured a spade, he
set to work to clear away the deposit in the hope that something
might be revealecl to explain its purpose.
He found
the bed of clay to, measure I feet long by z feet rvide by
r3 inches deep. Benezrth it \\rat the hammer-stone lving
again
'fhe
on a deposit of u'ind-blor,r'n sand. find did not
elucidate the problern of the clay, and that remains as much
a mystery as before.
The implement, however, is a particularly
interesting one. Besides being roughly and
irregularly
pitted on both of the flat faces, it shows clear
evidence of wear and long-continued use around the
periphery. The smaller hammer-stone is of a mo,re common
type.
It presents a rather bleached app€arance, and has
apparently been exposed to the elements f.or a considerable
length of time.
It also has been extensively used, but the
abrasions are no\\r much rveathered,

98 ANrtgutuEs Al BnoucHrox Housn.
The Stone Arss. (Plate l.)
The imperforated stone axes in the Broughton House
collection form an interesting group. f'he.v have been
acquired from u'idely separated localities, four of them being
from places in Wigtownshire and three from places in Kirkcudbrightshire.
Mr Hornel has been fortunate in securing
complete or almost complete specimens, but, as will be seen
from the illustration, they vary consiclerably both as regards
size and finish.
No. r, from Orchardton, Garlieston, measures 4+ by
z inches. It is a very nice little axe of greenstone' with
finely polished surface and flat sides, and it has the cutting
edge very acutely sharpened from both faces.
No. z, from Lochrutton, Kirkcudbrightshire, is also of
greenstone, and measures Zt by r inches. It is a nicely
shaped axe, with the butt end ground to a bluntly curved
edge. This type is rare in Scotland.
No. 3, from Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire. is a finely
polished specimen of greensto'ne, measuring Z by z inches.
It has flat sides and a slightly oblique cutting edge.
No. 4, from Barvenochan, Whauphill, Wigtownshire,
is a remarkably fine specimen of greenstone, measuring lo=[
bv zby r inch.
No. S, also of greenstone, was found at Sorbie 'Ior,ver,
Wrigtorvnshire. It is slightly broken at one corner of the
cutting edge, but is otherwise a verv good example. It
shorvs one or two of the original chipping marks not completelv
removed by the gri'nding or polishing process.
No. 6, from Palnure, is u'ell polished and ground to etn
edge at both extremities. It measures 4+ by z by f; inch.
No. 7, from Kirkcudbright, is a very rude specimen
made from a hard, close-grained material. The body is
rough and irregular, but the cutting edge is u,ell-ground. It
measures :lt by z inches.
Most of the relics so far described may be identified as
types that originated in Stone Age times, but the identification
cloes not furnish a sure criterion as to the relative

AurrguruEs
AT BnoucHToN Housn.
99
antiquity of any one of them, for the same forms persisted in
use throughout the greater part of the succeeding cultural
stage of Bronze.
Ths Porforatod Ston&Hamncrs. (plato lt., Fig. l.)
These relics are remarkably fine specimens of their kind.
All of them belong to the large wedge-shaped type so frequently
found in the south of Scotlancl. One came from
I)owalton, Wigtownshire, and the trvo others from the parish
of f)alry, Kirkcudbrightshire. The Dowalton hammer is a
long narrow example of sandstone, with a somewhat bluntecl
point.
It measures rof by Si by z inches, and thc perforation
is about an inch in diameter.
Dalry
The larger of the tu,o
specimens was found in the vicinity of the White
Cairn, Corriedoo, and is specially interesting on account of
the fact that it is grooved or fluted on both faces from the
perforation to the point. Ornamentation of this kind is not
unknown, but it is of exceptional occurrence.
A specirnen,
similarly decorated, found at Barnkirk, Penninghame, is
figured in the Archaological and Historical Collections relating
to A,,trshire and Galloany, \/ol. V., p. 28.
The \A/hite
Cairn specimen is of sandstone, and it measures 13 by
4f inches. The other Dalry specimen, also of sandstone, is
a beautifully fashioned implernent, u'hich measures rof by
+* by z$, inches. It has a finely made sand-glass perfo,ration
near the butt. Both of these hammers from Dalry were
formerlv in the possession of the late Dr. Trotter,
and they
have several times been referred to in the Transactiotts of
this Society.
Bronzc Bolics.
SocxrrBn Axr.-In
the collection. we are describing the
Bronze Age is represented only by u single exhibit-a
small
socketed axe, measuring :* by z{ inches, which came fronr
Pallmallet, Wigtownshire. The type is characteristic of the
late Bronze Age. It is undecorated, and has a socket which
is rather square in section. (Plate II., Fig. z, centre.)
Tnrpoo Ewnn.-l'his
is not a Bronze Age relic.
object, although made of bronze,
It belongs to a class of domestic

100 AN:rrguruEs AT Bnoucnrow Housn.
utensils that is regarded as being of medireval date. A
number of these elvers have been found throughout Kirkcudbrightshire
and Wigtownshire and in other parts of Scotland,
but in some districts they are either unknown or arc
comparatively rare. \tery feu'have been found in Dumfriesshire.
Mr Hornel's specimen came from the Gatehouse district.
It stands 9$ inches higl-r, and measures 3$ inches in
diarneter across the mouth. (I'late II., Fig. z, No. r.)
TnnnB-LnccED Por.-NIr Hornel possesses several threelegged
bronze grts o,f varying size and character, but orrc
only has a local association. It rvas found in the foss at
Lochfergus Castle, in the pzrrish and countv of Kirkcutlbright,
and measures 6+ inches high b.v.' 5+, inches in
diameter across the mouth. It has a single handle,
measuring 3? inches in length. (Plate II., trig. z, No. z.)
Vessels of this kind were apparently intended for kitchen
purposes and they have been frequently found in Scotlancl
associated with lake-dwellings.
Of miscellaneous objects found in the province, mention
may be made of a bead from Sweetheart Abbey, a curious
axe-head of iron from the Dalry district of Kirkcudbrightshire,
and of the whorls, all of rvhich may belong to a corlparatively
recent time.
The remainder of the Broughton House collection consists
of objects which have no l)trmfriesshire or Galloway
association, and need not therefore be particularly detailed.
No. 8 of the axes is a finely shaped chipped axe or eouge of
brorvnish flint, which is obviouslv a l)anish specimen.
Mention may also be nrade of two beads of glass and one
of amber. The glass beads, which are ornamented with
bands and spirals of yellow, were found together rvhen
digging the foundations for a bridge over the Bogie at
Smieston, Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, and the bead of
amber is said to have been ttsed by Tibbie Christie of
Kennethmont as a charm for rubbing the eyes.

Srt.scrtoNs t'Rorvl Cusror,ts ltpctxos.
101
April l0th, 1951.
Chairman-N{r l,I. H. lI'Krnnor,r'.
Selections lrom the Custorns Records Preserved at Dumfries.
By B. R. LsrrrvrcH, NI.B.E., l".R.Hist.S.
Iteprinted by speciul pernt.ission of the Comrnissioners of
Customs and Excise,
The records preserved at the Custom House at Dumfries
consist of about a hundred volumes of somervhat varying
importance. The Collector's Letter Books are the most
valuable, while next to these comes the letters from
Scottish Board to the Collector.
the
Neither series is complete,
but in one or the other the u,'hole period from the Act of
Union is very nearly covered. As is usual in so many
Scottish Custom Houses, the volumes relating to the period
of the rZ4S Rebellion are missing,
whether by subsequent
abstraction is uncertain but more probabl-v from the fact that
the officials of the day u'ere so uncertain as to which would
ultimately be the winning side that they abstained front
recording anything during the critical period.
This is clearly
shown in the volume here covering the r7r5 Rebellion, for
the volume is intact and no pages have been removed and vet
there is a blank from December, rZrS, to ,September, r7r7.
It would not appear that in either case the Collectors themselves
were disloyal or joined the Rebels,'as in both cases
the same Collector appears, signing the letters after things
had quieted down.
The records of Dumfries are hardly of National
importance, but as local records of purely local hiitor-r,
they form a valuable collection, shedding light on much that
is obscure in the history of the tou'n and neighbourhood.
The Port during
the early part of the eighteenth century
covered the who'le of the coast line from the English border
to the lVlull of Galloway. Later Kirkcudbright u'as raised
to the status of a separate port, as was also \A/igtown, but
Dumfries, orving to its nearness to the Border, retained the
pre-eminence.
The Port thus restricted contained two towns
of importance, Dumfries itself and Annan, both Ro,val

t02
SBlBcrtcrNS r.'Roru Cusr'clrus RrcoHos.
Burghs, and in pre-Unio,n days the peculiar privileges
attaching to Royal Burghs in respect of foreign trade no
cloubt produced a certain rivalry betrveen the towns, to
which in all probability
was due the outlay on the various
quays and landing places, long since disused and llrass
grou'n, which may be observed from time to time along
the river bank.
Llnluckily by no, exertion po,ssible in the seventeenth
century could either river be made accessible to vessels of
"o;v size whatever, for from time to time the ,river bed
crosses rocky ridges which are only passable at full flood,
and practically all discharging as far as Dumfries was
concerned was done at Carsethorn or Glencaple, near the
mouth of the river.
As b,v privilege as a Royal Burgh all
foreign carg'oes were co,mpelled to be brought up to the
Burgh and sold at the Market C,ross, the long cartage from
the river mouth to the town rendered foreign impo'rtations
so expensive that until after the Union the foreign trade
seems to have been negligible.
During the eighteenth century the legitimate foreign
trade consisted of about four zrrrivals yearly of tobacco ships
from Virginizr of about two hundred hogsheads each, together
with barrels of tar and other American produce of the time.
There was also a fair trade in wine with Oporto and an
occasional timber ship from the Baltic. During times of
food shortage there was a considerable importation
of grain
from Ireland, but over long periods, through the wisdom of
Parliament, this trade u,as prohibited, with the natural result
that it \\ras driven underground and helped to enlist the
favour of the peasantrv on behztlf of the smugglers, rvho later
held such extensive s\vay over the more remote parts of the
'fhe
country. snruggling tr:rde began to assume formidable
proportions f rom about r75o onwards, and by t75o the legitimate
tobacco trade hacl been driven out of business.
place among the shipping populzttion u':rs taken to a certain
extent by the bountrv fed herring
Its
fisherv, u'hich from this
date began to be of some inrportance to the town, while the
numero,us salt pans along the shores of the Firth also helped
to srvell the trade of the port.

Set,ncrroNs t'R()xr Cus'rolrs RBconns. 103
Passing from the eighteenth centur,v to the nineteenth,
the Port of Dumfries from a Customs point of view somewhat
changes its character. It was no longer of importance from
a Revenue point o,f view, but rvas maintained, and necessarily
maintained, as a preventive port to cope rvith the rampant
smuggling which continued until the thirties of the last century.
Its situation as a border port rendered it peculiarrly vulnerable
in the days of differential duties between the tr,r,o
kingdoms, and until the spirit duties were equalised in the
middle of the century there was a tremendous temptation t
import into Scotland and subsequently quietly ship the brandy
or rum across the Firth.
In perusing these ancieht records of the Port one or two
items perhaps call for co,mment. In the early days we find
the rvomen in the country places taking the most active part
in smuggling, gathering in bands forty or fifty strong against
the two or three helpless officers, who r,vere non-plussed hou'
to deal with such opponents. Another feature differing fro,m
that farther west is the conrparative law-fulness of the population
on the occasion of the numerous rvrecks in the sohvay.
We do not find the lawless wrecking' propensities among the
population, which were such a feature of the Welsh and
cornish coasts, and one wonders whether this was due to'
the fact that the Celtic element in the blood of the Dumfriesians
was less pronounced than in some other places along
the \Arest Coast.
There are in the records of letters from the scottish
Board to the local collector some five or six letters tJealing
r,vith precautions to be taken during the rZ45 Rebellion,
which are o,f interest, and do not as far as merl)orv serves
appear in the records of other ports.
The records relating t. the custonr House of Dumfries
are somewhat scanty. up to the vear rTgg the cusl0rn
House would seem to have been always rented direct from
the collector, and formed part of his dwelling-house, fo:-
which he was paid a rent by the Crown. In r79g rve find
definite mention of the renting of a separate custom House
at a rent o,f thirty guineas per annum, and there is no doubt
that this r.vas in Shakespeare Stroeet.

104
Snlrc'rtoNs rRL)rlr Cusroms Reconos.
Finallv Dumfries was the home of Robert Burns during
his period of office in the Excise. During this period there
are numer

SBr-rcrroNs FRoM Cusrolrs Rrconos.
r05
Durnfries-Golloctor to Board.
z4th April, t7ro.--!7'he business of this Port being chiefly
to prevent running of goods from ye Isle of Man, Ireland
and other parts, we took occasion lately to ride ye Coast and
think it our duty to acquaint Your
Honours that in our
humble opinion it would be very rnuch to Her Nfajesty's
Service that a tidewaiter and a good boat were appointed for
ye Water of Orr to be supplied r,r'ith extraordinarv hands
for rowing according to emergencies.
That a tidewaiter and
a good boat were appointed for Carsethorne to be supplied
ye same way, That one tidew:riter and a small yoal were
appointed for Kelton and a tidewaiter at Rivell.
rrth lrtly, r7rr.-Att Carsethorne. Ane Copie of the
cxamination of Robert Stewart, Ryding Waiter, touching a
I\4anks Boat which rune a parcelle of Brandye upon the
tenth J.tly current
of his office.
and deforced the Officer in executione
Robert Stewart being examined saieth that
h", haveing discovered a small boott hovering along the
Cooste, the grounds for his jealousing him for a rogue.
the said Robert Stewart did watch hir all that duy from
eleven of the clock in the fo'reno.on till eleven of the clock at
night, still moving from place to place, att last the sd. Iittle
boat cam to the werry creek rvhere he was watching being
about half a mile distant from the dwelling house of the
Laird of Arbigland,
He
he the said Robert Stewart beholding
this lay uncliscovered to observe what rvould be done, and
so so,one as the r,r,'atter fell from about the boat, the creu'
rvho rvere all strangers excepting on Jacob Turner, a quaker,
rvho formerlv used to practice the running trade fell immediately
to disload the boat which so soone as the said Robert
Stervart he went to and boarded her rvhich he seazed with
hir cargo consisting of twelve runlets containing about ten
gzrllons each.
So soon as the said Robert Stervart had made
the seazour, the boatmen all went away and left him alone
in the boat where he stayed till about four a clock in the
nrorning when the boatmen returned with three horses
:rnd trvo servants belonging 1o the said Laird of Arbigland,
the boatmen no sooner cum on board but the trrvo of thent

106 SnrcuoNs rRoM Cusrorts RBconos.
laid violentt hands on him and held the sarid Robert Stewart
untill the other third disloaded the cargo rvher itt was
cleared he could not discover but does suspectt that seeing
Arbigland's
Servants and horses were present, it probably
may be lodged either in or near his dwelling house'
luly znd, t7tr.- We think it our duty to lu.u before
l'our Honours the following Acct. of ye bad treatment ye
Ofhcers have met with in ye discharge of their duty ye last
weeke.
Jur. !'oung upon the z5th of June went early in ye
nrorning to ye foot of ye lVater of Nith to a place called
Glenhowen and informing myself of ye lishermen that Jng.
Nlorrow of Nidwood, one o,f ye runners was cum frorn y'e
Isle of NIan whereupon I imediately sent to ye Constable in
ye Parish ancl required him to give assistance to search for
run goods, whereupon going
to ye house of ye aforesaid
Jno. Morrow, I found in ye drvelling house one large pack'
two trusses of leaf tobacco and endeavouring to get them
convaid away to ye Queen's Warehouse, I was attacked by
a multitude of women rvho carried away ye pack u'hich was
in ye custody of ye Const:rble, whilst I was keeping ye two
trusses. Ye Constable coming to inform me thereof I
persued them, overtook them (Leaving ye constable with
i" two trusses). They laid violent hands upon ffi€, and
carried me prisoner into Ye aforesaid Jno. Nforrow's house
till they got all ye tobacco carried ar'trry'
gt'h. Noztember, r7r2.-We
were much surprised here
by an express coming from the Border to us on the t zth
instant (vizt.) that NIr Robinson, Riding waiter
was murdered
in seizing of goods, which obliged us both to go to
the place immediately with what assistance we could get
and at the same time to apply to the Justices off the Peace
for a Warrant against the murderers' But in going to the
place we mett Mr Robinson who indeed had been beat and
abused in attacking of goo

SplrcrroNs t'RoM Cusrons RBconos. r07
I
I
in and about Dumfries to assist the ollicers in the customs
of this Port. we take this opportunity to acquaint your
Honours that there are no military forces r,vithin forty miles
of this place excepting some companies at carlisle rvho are
not subject to General Wightman's
Orders.
26th April, t7t4.- ln answer to your Honours of the
r5th inst. relating to the Salt Pans within the precincts of
this port, They are of two kinds, the one differing litle from
the generalitys of other pans but that the-v are less and
rvrought with turf and not coals, of which kind there are
two.
The one is situated a mile to the westward of Balcary
point which point forms the \zVest side of the mouth of the
Water of C)ar, 8 miles to the
'I'he
east of Kirkcudbright.
proprietor is one James Gordon of Rascarrall. The other is
situated a little to the Eastrvard of Barnoury point four
nriles distant from the other but rvhen the tycl is flowed so
ye sands are not passible, it is eight miles distant eastward
but though this pan be entire and ever,v thing their propper
for the work, yet she have n,ot wrought any these rwo years.
The proprietors are \Arilliam Lindsay of Naing and Adarn
craik of Arbigland.
The other kind of Saltpan are lykrvays
wrought with turf but are of deal about four foot long,
three foot broad and four inches deep and trvo of them ahvays
in one house.
The salt is made from santl which is gathered
in drv weather when the sun congeals the saltish particle
rvith the sand after ye overllowing
of the sea which sand
after being mixed rvith sea rvater nrakes a very sartish
liquor and this liquor nrakes a 'ery
though not so very fair as other salt.
good and strong salt
T'hey generally doe
not work above four nronths in the year and will rnake
about tu'entv bushels in a rveek. Their have been formerly
a great number of these sort of salt pans along the coast on
the borders but by the best information I cann have, onry
one work will be going this season, the turf being arreacry
and other things prepairing. It is situated at preist side,
nigh Rutrvell, 8 miles east of l)umfries and 4 miles west of
Annan.
Underwood
The proprietors are David Johnston and Daviir

108 SrlrcrtoNs t'RoM Cus-roms Rpconns.
toth luly, t7r8.- 'fhomas Louden,
-fidesrnan at the
foot of the water of Orr sent an express to the Custom
House of Dumfries that there was a boat landed from tire
Isle of Man at Cowen, belonging to James \Alillson, 'fennant
at Macks, load with Brandy and Tobacco desiring assistelnce
in regard that he had already seized ten trusses of
'I-obacco and knows where the rest of the goods were lodged,
u.here with all despatch the same day W-illiam Sutherland,
Landr,r'aiter, George Bennet, Francis Scott and Alexr. Frogg,
'l'ydesmen went to Cowend (About 18 miles from Dumfries)
rvhere they joined Thomas Louden ancl William
Gracie,
fydesmen, but before the said assistance could come up, John
Willson, Lawfull son to the above nanred James Willson,
William
Pagan his servant and W-illiam Rcbinson, Scrvant
to David Coston of Milnbank, with other two that canre to
the said Thos. Louden house (He the said (]racie being at
the same time lvatching the rest of the cargoe till the assistance
should come up) forcibly dragged the said Louden's
rvife out of her house and carried away the tobacco.
The said Thomas Louden hearing that his house was
robbed got sonre of his friends and retoke the tobacco which
he again lodged in his own house. r\bout 12 o'clock the
abovenamecl James \A/illson, John \\/illson his son, William
Pagan ancl \Arillianr Robson with John Willson, the sarlre
Willson's son-in-lau, with about tzo women and men carried
off the rvhole cargo, the said Louden and Gracie standing
spectators, not daring to attack thenl.
After the assistance
came up they searched the whole countray but found nothing
so pro,ceecled rvith the two trusses tor,vards Dumfries but at
:r place called Whiteside, seven miles from Cowend they were
opposed by twenty or io men in disguise and about 4o or 5o
women about 4 o'clock the next day u'ho rvith long po,les,
clubs and staves beat and abused the said oflicers and their
horses and l

SprecrroNs FRoM Cusrous Rrconos. l0g
pretty r,vell informed that there have been three large ships
hovering about that place these three r,r'eeks past and have
in all the landing places of it endeavoured to Iiorce themselves
on shore but have been repulsed by the inhabitants
who have all that tirne been in arms night and day upon
the coast and I am very much afraid that upon their disappointment
there therv rviil set upon this coast where they
may land u'ithout great difficult-r'. I'he Justices of the
Peace have met in this district and appointed u'atches upon
the coast but there are so manv idle fellorvs concerned in the
smuggling trade fronr that island that they have inrposed so
farr upon the country people as to make them believe that
this noise of the Plague is all a trick of the officers of the
Customs to prevent the landing of goods from this to the
Border.
The Coast is very u,ell g'uarded by the vigilance
of Collonell James Johnston of Gratney rvho exerts himself
zealously for the safety of the country.
I beg leave to
represent to Your Honours that this country is in r,'ery great
Hazard from the river and other small landing places in thr:
Port o,f Kirkcudbright
for in that river there rvill sometimes
be twenty or thirty ships fronr different places rvindbound
and if there be not a party of thirty or forty souldiers sent
there it will be simply impossible for the olficers and the
country both to oblige them to give obedience to the Lords
Justices' proclamations and your orders thereupon relating
to Quarantine.
r6th Junuttry, r7zr.-We
here for a whole year past.
ha.r'e had no establishment
The Collector has paid the
officers sallarys upon their receipts so long as he had money
but they still want their sallary for last quarter and part of
l{ichaelmass.
We therefore humbly beg you'll be pleased
to send up these establishments that are wanting.
zznd October, t723.-This
serves to inform you that
last night the ship Hanna N4aria of Wrhitehaven, Flenry
\Arood, Master, laden with tobacco from Virginia
belonging
to Provost James Corrie and N{r Andrew Crosbie, X4erchants,
in this place arrived at Carsethorn, a place of dis-

110 Snr,rcrroNs ItRoM Cusrous Rnconos.
charge in this Port.
If you have any particular orders to
send anent her discharge I intreat you rvould do so as soou
as possible for the merchants are very pressing to have her
unloaded.
There are four tidesmen boarded upon her and
all imaginable care shall be taken to prevent frauds.
4th May, r724.-There is a ship arived in this river as
we are informed with oat meall fom Ireland. Wee had this
dry put into our hands a writt from two justices of the
Peace for importing
it, a coppy w'hereof wee here send enclosed.
It rvill be impossible for us to prevent the landing of
it for the country is in the outmost want of it anC likewise
it is imported by so,me charitable people of this place who
have no vierv of profit but are resolved to serve the poor
with it at the very price they bought it at in rvhich case wee
are very much pussled rvhat to do wherefore we hurnbly begg
your
faithfully
Ho,nours orders anent it which we shalll endeavour
to obey to the utmost of our power.
Zth Noz,etnber, t726.-When the Custom House was
removed in Muy last there was then severall parcells of
seized goods in the warehouse which \,vee did not think
propper to remove untill they rvere condemned which was
done in Lammass Term last and having since demanded
from Mr Lidderdale, Collector of Excise (v,'ho possesses the
old Custom House) the locks and bands of the u'arehouse
which wee find are charged by Mr Cr:rwford to account of
incidents in Vlichaelmas Quarter 1722, he refuses to deliver
the same giving for his reason that it is no tnatter to whom
they belong he having found the same upon the doors when
he came there.
We find there has been no rent charged for
the Custom House since Micisunrmer Quartei 1724 rvherefor
wee beg Your Honours directions what wee shall do about
these locks and bands having occasion for the same to the
new warehouse.
zTth Decernber, t727.-Agreeable
to your letter of zrst
instant wee do repo,rt that the tidesmen in this precinct are
appointed in the following
manner, vizt. James Johnston

SBrBcrroNS FRoM Cusrous Rpconos. l l l
at Righead, six miles to the eastw'ard of Annan, John Shand
and William Edwards at Annan, Adan-r Colquhoun and
Thomas Bain at Dumfries, Robert Ster,r'art at Nerv Abtrey
six miles down this river, Robert Loughton at Carsethorn
at the Riv.er mouth ten miles front l)unrfries, Jarnes Affiick
at the foot of the Watter of Orr 8 miles from Carsethorn
and Alexander Campbell at Aughincairn : miles from the
Watter of Orr all rvhich places are verv necessary for the
station of tydesmen and some of them would require more
o,fficers to guard the coast, particularly betrvixt this town
and the border.
tgth February, t728. -- Your Honours allowed \'Ir
Crar,vford, late Collector eleven pounds per annunr for the
old Custom House which was not so conveniently situate
for the despatch of business as the present Custorn House
which was the occasion of the removal and VIr Sharp, now
proprietor having made considerable reparations and allolved
a better warehouse than u'e had in Mr Crar.vford's tirne on
condition of the additional rent of 4ol- per annum it rvould
be hard to allow him only nine pounds, the corr,rhorl rent to
a private person before anv reparations \ /ere made and if
Your Honours do not allow eleven pounds per annum fttr
this present Custom House wee cannot be so u'ell provided
in town at an easier rate for the houses here are as high
rented as in m,ost places in Scotland and I know that Mr
Sharp will not lett it under eleven pounds to anybody with
the same conveniency.
tgth Morch, t7zg.-ln obedience 1o yours of r3th inst.
u'ee have search the lrrhole tou'n and canno't find a house
sufficient for a Custom H

tt2 Snecrrous FRoM Ct:srorus Rpconos.
Thuriot's
Squadro'n, a copy of which we think
immediately to transmit to Your Honours.
zgth, February,
176o. -- \A/e send inclosed
another letter from the Provost of Kirkcudbright
vost of Dumfries with more certain inforrnation of
ships of War r.l'hich have been on the coast of
that they have been join'd by three more ships
the same Nation.
it our duty
a copy of
to the Prothe
French
Ireland and
of 'V\rar of
z6th January, r76r.--We begg leave to acquaint yor.r
that the ship Rupert of \A/hitehaven is arrived at this Port
with one hundred and thirty seven hogsheads l'obacco frorn
Virginia and five hundred and ten barrels Tarr and that
according to an order contained in yo'ur letter of 24th
November last respecting the ship " Jenny " then arrived
from Virginia but soon after totally lost, the Collector hath
directed a Blue Book to Robert Johnston, Tidesman for the
discharge of the " Rupert " to be keept by him in place of
Mr Gordon, Landsurveyor,
rvho tho in a good degree recovered
from his late indisposition does not think himself
yet able to bear the cold and fatigue of a discharge at Carsethorn.
rst !u,ne, t76r,--If smuggling is not more frequent,
the insolence and audacity of snrugglers is certainly much
increased.
Since the departure of trvo companys of Flighlanders
quartered here and in sonte neighbouring tor,vns last
winter.
Now they ride openly thro the country w'ith their
goods in troops consisting of twenty, thirty, forty anci sometimes
upwards fifty horses suffering no oflicer to co'me near
to try a discovery of. who they are, far less to seize their
goods.
In these circumstances we reckon it our duty to
represent to Your Honours that in our opinion it would be
greatly for the service of the Revenue that a certain
number of soldiers if they can be obtained, were sent to
this Port and properlv quartered for the assistance of the
officers when called bY them.
22nd February, r762.-By your letter of the rith we
are directed to propose to your Honours
the most proper

SrrpcrroNs FRoM Cusrovs Rrconos. 113
method for preventing the furniture
belonging to the seven
Manx boats returned a seizure in our letter the r st of this
month, from falling into the hands of the snrugglers.
b.g
\,Ve
leave to acquaint your honours that in our hunrble
opinion the most effectual method rvould be to burn the
furniture of the above-nrentioned boats if it rvere agreeable
to law.
There is another method that appears to us which
is to rvrite to the people of Allanbv on the English side
of the Firth
who is employed in the herring and codd
fishing to come over here and purchase the furniture of
the above boats if your Honours should think proper to
order the sales of them at our Custom House as the
people in Allanby have no connection with bo,rder
'Ihis
smuglers in this side of the F-irth. nrethod we also
think nright prevent the furniture of the above boats
falling into their hands both which is humbly submitted to
Your Honours.
6th Decernher, r762,-We
beg leave to acquaint your
Honours that on Saturday last Captain tsell of the King's
Cruiser here with a party of the rnilitary employed bv N,Ir
David Douglas, Surve,vor of the Customs, brought up lo
the King's Warehouse here a seizure of 63 ankers foreign
brandy and Rum, the benefit of which rvas insisted on by
Thomas Bell for himself and crew only and Mr Douglas
at the same time insisted on being conjoined u'ith thern
in the share and return of it.
\\,'e enc,lbse their severai
memorials on that occasion and wait Your Honours directions
horv we are to, govern ourselves.
zgth Decentber, r762.-\rVe
begg leave to acquaint your
Honours that the ship the " Brothers " of Whitehaven is
arrived there and bound to this port rvith two hundred and
eleven hogsheads Tobacco and three hundred barrels of tar
of which we thought it our duty to acquaint your I{ono,llrs.
3/d December, t264,-tIpon the rst instant we
received from Laurence Michel, carter, a chest containing
twelve pair of pisto,ls, twelve swords, four nruskets, tr.vo
blunderbusses. the one half wereof we shall deliver to Nlr

114 SrrBcuoNS FRoM Cusronas RBcoRos.
Patrick Houston and the other half shall be immediately
forwarded to Kirkcudbright.
roth. October, t77o.-The Cornptroller begs leave to
inform Your Honours that as his haryest is now corle on'
he hopes that Your Honours will give hirn leave of absence
to attend the same, and as it is at a considerable distance
from this place he begs Your Honours will be pleased to
allorv him as much time as is consistent with the affairs
of the Revenue.
6th September, r77g.- We think it our duty to inform
you that Thomas Twaddale, Landwaiter at this Port is at
present confined to the Gaol here for debt. He it seenls'
owes small sums to a number of different people lvhich
he is unable fully to satisfy and as he is confined at the
instance of only one of his creditors he means to have a
meeting of the whole immediately and to give up his all
to them. But it may be some time before he can get his
affairs settled as to get o,ut of prison. We begg Your
Flonours will in the meantime give us your orders with
respect to the person who must do his duty. lVe think
if it is agreeable to you that Mr David Douglass or N{r
Ebenezer Hepburn might supply his place for a ferv weeks
as there is at present very little business carrving on at
this Port. Of this however you rvill be better iudges and
rve shall strictly conduct ourselves by your Orders'
roth Mny, r7Eo, To Mr Gracie, 'fidesurvevor''-lVe
duly received yours dated yesterday with six shillings and
sixpence accompanying which you will herewith receive
returned, for as neither we nor the waterside oltrcers dicl
any duty nor granted any warrants for Lewis' boat, we
do not consider ourselves as intituled to any fees and the
reason of our writing you was by no means on account of
fees but as expressive of our disapprobation of such
irregularity in the business of the port which rve hope u'e slrall
not have occasion to censure again. We think if you were
to give the money to Mr Alexander to be given objects in
your parish it rvould be putting it to a very proper use,

SerncrIoNs FRoNr Cusrolrs Rrconos. 115
zznd May, t78o,-Agreeable
to your order of the r8th
instant we send you enclosed the new lease of the custom
House at this Port.
Nfr Short, the proprietor's man of
business and writer of the said lease as desired us to
represent to Your Honours that it is customary for the
p'roprietor and tennant jointlv to pay the expense of making
out tacks and requesting that you u'ould be pleased to pay
him such sum as you shall judge proper.
zoth Se.ptember, t78o.
'fo
Andrew Dunc
tsy a
letter from the Honourable Board of His N{ajesty's Custonrs
to the comptroller and me dated the zSth August last
we are informed that from the roth october
next they have
been pleased to place you on the Superannuation Fund by
which you will be entitled to draw one pound eleven shillings
and three pence quarterly commencing the first quarter's
payment at the 5th January next.
tzth December, t78o,- Your
letter dated sth current
addressed to the comptroller and me infornring us of f)avid
Staig's being appointed to the c)li,ce of collector here in nry
roo'm was duly received. It is zr step I believe verv
uncommon to remove a person from an office in the Reventre
without he has been guilty of some marversation and as such
rem,oval is therefore alwavs apt to, convey an idea that the
person so removed has either been guilty of fraud or neglig'ence
I rvrite this to request that vou will do ne the favour
to say how farr you have considered me to have acted with
fidelity and attention during the period I have been in ofhce.
This I hope \-our justice will readil,r' conrply wirh in order
that I may have it in my power to vindicate my character
in that particular should it be attacked.
It has been my
sincere desire since I helci the office to conduct myself so
as to meet your approbation.
How far I have succeeded
you alone can judge. with the greatest respect I have the
Honour to be etc. W. Nf. (Wihvood Maxwell.)
z6th luly, tl92.-Yesterday afternoon we received an
express from Mr (iracie, Tidesurveyor acquainting us that
the King's
barge belonging' ro this port put to sea rvith

ll6 SprrclroNs FRoM Custovls RrcoRos.
the four boatmen on board the z3 current and rvas the sanre
duy totally lost and every person on her perished. We
cannot at present give Your Honours any further particulars
relating to this melancholy event.
"?oth July, r782.-Since writing you the z6th current
we have got certain inforrnation of the recovery of the
King's Boat on the coarst of Cunrberland and last night she
was to be sent over to the Carse, Mr Craik's Bociy and those
of Charles iVlaxwell and John Jardine (tu'o of the boatmen).
z6th December, r782.-We
enclose a letter to us from
Mr Douglass respecting" a large armed w'herry from rvhich
were landed a quantity o,f tea, spirits and salted herrings in
which letter he desired us to send him assistance in order
to enable him to make a seizure of her.
\A/e accordingly
sent NIr Twaddle, Landwaiter and a military party of a
sergeant and seven rnen but was informed upon N{r 'fwaddles
return that the r,vherrie had got under sail and was out of
reach before him and the party arrived.
We were likewi-"e
informed by Mr Douglass and Tr,r'addle that the sailing of
the wherrie so instantly rvas owing to one Andrew Room, a
smuggler who came up with and got before the partv and
ordered out the vessell to sea.
rSth !{ oz,entber, r7rS.;.-The inclosed letter from Mr
f)ouglass \\'e received bv express on Friday evening last.
Immediately on which we gave him for answer that all the
assistance lve could muster should be sent him without loss
'Ihe
of time. Landsurveyor, Landrvaiter, Riding Officer and
three tidesmen w& accordingly convened and desired 1o
proceed with all diligence to Mr Douglass's aid and which
they immediately did and as horses could not be easily procured
and the business requiring dispatch they were obliged
to take chaises and arrived at Annan at two o'clock in the
morning.
receiving \{r
We consider it our duty also to report that on
f)ouglass's letter we com'municated it to the
Collector of Excise who heartily co-operatcd with us in the
affair and instantly directed six of his officers to accompany
ours u'hich they did, but though the party rvas well armed

SrlrcrtoNs rRor\r Cusr

118 SsrecrtoNs FRoM Cusrous Rnconns.
Zth
April, t786.-In obedience to your letter of the
3oth ulto. The Co,llector with N{r Douglass, Surveyor-
General N{r Twaddale, Landrvaiter and a partv of dragoons
from Annan set off for Gratncy and Langholm
where they
seized and have now lodged in the Custom House about
gooo pounds weight of tobacco of vzrrious kinds.
A Regular
:rccount of the weight, quality etc. u,'ill be furnished as soon
as possible.
rsf August, t786. - tseing at Abigland vesterdav, a
vessel appeared at Southerness, the Captain of which came
ashore there and in conversation with t\4,o tidesnren said
lris vessel (which seemed to be about 20 or z5 tons) was a
tender belonging to Capterin Cook's cutter--suspicions horvever
arising I made a nlore particular enquiry at some people
at Carsethorn from whom I learned that a vessel answering
her description with a four oared boat had been seen to go
down the river early yesterday morning. This confirming
nry suspicions I came up inrmediately and had a comrrleat
search made on the shoar and about 4ooo pounds u'eight of
to,bacco was found and seized, but as this must be only zr
small part of her cargo and as she was hovering betn'ixt the
Isle of NIan and Southerness last night, I give the trouble
of this requesting you may communicate the information L

,SrlpcrtoNs FRor'r Cusrous RBconos. 119
the snruggler proceeded up the Firth
We
torvards the border.
have now despatched ^ party of ollicers etc. to the
IJoarder by land arnd the boat is tt-r endeavour to intercept the
'I
smuggler returning dolr,n the Firth. hc Collector of
Excise has s,ent an express to the Czrptain of the King's
cutter stationed at Balcarry to hurry him out to the assista.nce
of Carnrichael and this g

t20 SBlpcrroNs FRoM Cusrous RBconos.
be pleasecl to allow hirn twenty shillings per annun.l for a
n,arehouse for holding the sails and nraterials of the KingJ's
Boat also five shillings per quarter for purchasing powder
urnd shot as used fornrerly to be allowed.
6th Augrtst, r7go. To Mr D. I)ouglass.-Hzrving received
information that a vessell u'ith prohibited goods had
clischarged her cargo in the neighbourhood of Annan about
five or six weeks ago and that the King's Bozrt and crew
\vere at Annan Waterfoot at the time and \,\'ere drinking in
company rvith some of the smugglers or their connections
u.hile the goods were landing and czrrrying off, and as tve
think it proper that an enquirv should be nrade into the fact
and as you are upon the spot and nro,st likely lta've heard o'f
the business, we desire that you r,r'ill make enquiry into and
report to us accordinglY.
r4th October, r7go.
f'o the Collector, Glasgou''-Enclosed
is a letter we have just no\ / received from the Tide
Surveyor of this port acquainting us of the Brigantine
,,Good
Intent " of your port being wrecked:rt Southwick
within this Port. We have wrote him to be of every
assistance in his power in the business and have 1o request
that you will communicate the circumstances to the owners
of the vessel for their information and governnrent.
6th Murch, r7gr. -'lhe Collector having receivecl a
Summons to attend a Committee of the House of Conrmons
upon a contested election, begs Your Honours will be
pleased to allou,' him three or four u'eeks leave of absence
for that purpose during which time he proposes to ieave
the charge of the business with NIr }Iugh
whom he will be ansu,erable.
M'C,ornock for
His absence rn'itlrin the last
twelve months was tu'elve days in the quarter ended the
5th April last and ien days in the quarter ended the roth
October.
r6th LIarch, rTgr - To the Collector, London'-We
think proper to zrcquairrt yott that :r vessel said to be the
,, " Catherine Brigantine, cf Fllmouth, Peter Btrckingham,
Nlaster, laden r,l,'ith gun pou'der and grass-seeds at London

Srr,Bcrrons FRoM Cusroms RBconps.
t2l
and bound for Liverpool was yesterday rvrecked upon a
bank in the neighbourhood of this Port. The master was
washed over-board and drow-ned but the hands are said to
be all saved and are come on shore in the long boat about
8 to ro miles below this place br.rt have saved nothing rvhatever
except what was o,n their backs. We cannot say at
present what part or if any o'f the vessel or carg'o rvill be
saved but we have ordered out the King's Boat to see what
situation she is in and if any assistance will be of service
in securing them. As you will most likely know the merchants
who entered the goods and to who,m they belong you
rvill please cause them to be informed of the unfortunate
circumstance and we shall in the mean time do anything in
our power for the good o,f all concerned.
zgth March, t7gt.-We have received the Secretary's
letter of the z6th current directing us to report as to the
number of windows and amount of the taxes payable for
the Collector's House for that part of the lodging occupied
as a Publick office. In return to which please know that
we have not been in use to charge the duty on the rvindorvs
in the Collector's house to the Revenue. Those in that part
of it ,occupied as a Publick Office ar:e only four in number
and of course not liable in the Windorv or Commutation tar,
nor has any house rent tax or other tax due to the Government
been charged. fhere is a Police 'I'ax of ninepence the
pound on the rent payable for lighting and watching etc.
the streets of the town of Dumfries and that part of the
house occupied as a Publick Ollice is valued by the assessors
appxlinted for that purpose at seven pounds of rent, the tax
on which amounts to SIS due at Martinmas last. There is
also a charge upon the office of one shilling and six pence
for compositions in lieu of Statute Labour due'at Christmas
last which are all the taxes of any kind chargeable to the
Revenue.
t3th lune, r7gr.-\,['e transmit enclosed the Collector's
account curient on Customs, the Land Surveyor's Certificate
of the weights and beams being in good order for the
month ended the Sth Current together with the medium

132 SpI-scrroNs l.'RoM Cusrolts RBconns.
contents o{ 64 pipes and r hhd. of red P

SBr,pcrroNs FRoM Cusronrs Rpconns. 123
5t.h-A, Cutter fro,m Ostend name the
" John and Jenny " carrying also a
carg'o of Tobacco and Spirits, the
different species unknown valued also
at
...l. r3oo o o
{72rc
rz 9d
Besides the above we have no doubt that very considerable
quantities of to,bacco and spirits have been carried up the
Firth into this district from the different repositories and
hiding places on the coast of Gallorvay where importations
are made but it is impossible for us to asce'rtain either the
extent or value.
4th June, rZgS.-By the Diligence which left here this
morning and which will be in Edinburgh in the evening we
have transmitted your Honours duplicates of the certificates
granted by the Commissioners at this Port for the enrolment
of volunteer seamen agreeable to the late Act of Parliament
made thereanent.
The Diligence drives to, Cammerons
and to Drysdales in Princes Street and the carriage charge
is six pence.
z6th X[arch, r796.-If/rre
transmit enclosed the copy of
a petition to the Sheriff of this County served upon the
Co'llector by IVIr Will.
is appo,inted Judicial Factor
Thomson, writer here stating that he
property here under tack to Your Honours.
upon the Custom House and
The by-gone
rents of which he wishes to uplift being three vears past at
White-Sunday
last but part of which were formerly atrrested
in the hands of Your Honours and in the Co,llector's hands
here respectihg which Your Honours will therefore be pleased
to give such directions as you shall see proper.
DUMFRIES. Board to Gollector.
9th lune, t73o.-Mr Raethe, General Survevor in his
letter of the ,trd instant having represented to us that it
would be a great encorlrag:ement to the Commanders and
Crews of the boats lately appointed on your Coast to pre-

124 Snr-rcrIoxs FRoM Cusrous Rrconos'
vent the running of goods from the Isle

L
Srrecrrous
FRoM Cus'lotrls Rnconos.
r25
F
Wright,
boatmen had been deforced and abused on the
z5th of last month, we shall Publish an advertisement offering
ten pounds reward for the discovery of the rioters and
you are to caus€ fix to the Church doors advertisements to
the same purpose as usual. We are surprised that NIr
Craik and Mr Blair who rvere particularly recommended for
their interest in the country should be so passive as not to
be able to prevent this riot or so much as to discover the
persons concerned.
zSth September, t7j9,-Having
received your letter of
the zoth instant acquainting us of the arrival of the
" Caledonia
"
with 2o2 hogsheads of tobacco etc. fro'nl
Maryland
accompanied rvith a certificate and 34 hogsheads
pretended to be laden in \rirginia
rvith a manifest but no
certificate we approve of your Conduct with regard to the
2o2 hogsheads of Tobacco from l\{aryland in admitting it
to an entry as to the 34 hogsheads, unless the \4aster will
produce his certificate from Virginia as he pretends, We are
of opinion without such a proof they ought to be lookt
upon as Tobacco of Foreign Plantations and be charged
one shiling
weight.
and five-pence, two trventveth parts a pound
|th May, r74r. - Captain F'rancis Holburn of His
Majesty's Ship the " I)olphin " having represented to us
the conveniency to His Majesty's Service that conduct
money should be paid to sailors boarded on ships in the roonl
of pressed men to navigate them to port, We direct you to
pay the same to such sailors at the rzrte of one penny per
mile from your po,rt to their ship upon their producing
you certificates from the Commanders or Lieutenants of the
ships to rvhich they respectively belong.
z4th L[arch, r74j.-Having received your letter of the
zrst inst. transmitting the account of Mr Robert Feanen,
Surgeon, amounting to four pounds seventeen shillings and
four pence for his attendance and medicines to James Dickson
and James Stewart, Boatmen, who 1r"ere wounded and
bruised in the execution of their duty and it appearing by a
letter from Mr Bryce Blair, lykeways inclosed that the said
to

126 SBr,ncrlous FRoM Cusrous RBcoRps.
James Steward is disabled and rendered unfit to row by the
loss of some of his fingers and that Archibald Black, another
of the boatmen is affiicted with a dropsical distemper and
thereby incapable to do his duty in the boat, you are to
inquire if two of the tydesmen proper for the service will
agree to change stations with the said boatmen and to report
their answer.
roth March, r744.-Having received a no'tification of
His Majesty's Commands fro,m the Lord Justice Clerk and
So,licitor Generall for stopping all persons going to or coming
from abroad not being able to give any account of themselves,
They have therefore reco,mmended to us forthwith
to send directions to the officers at the severall ports to be
very watchfull and in case they can discover any such
persons as above described that they apply to a Justice of
the Peace to examine them and in case they cannot give
satisfactory account of themselves to have them committed
to the next sure prison all which you are to take particular
care be duly executed.
zgth ll[arch, ry44.-The Lords Commissioners of His
Majesty's Treasure having received an account that War
was actually declared by the F rench King against Britain,
Their Lordships pursuant to His Nlajesty's pleasure have
directed us to give immediate notice thereof to the officers
of the Customs in the severall Po,rts of this part of the
Kingdom
directing them to acquaint the merchants therervith
that they may take precautions for the securitv of their
vessells and effects. You are forthrvith to notify ihe same
accordingly.
rzth April, ,744. Glasgow.-We fair traders are much
surprised at the neglect o,f severall of the officers to let such
an illicit trade be carried on by severall o'f this Kingdom and
so much encouraged by those of England we shall only
mention some which to our knowledge is a very great detrement
to the Government and also to us Fair traders.
There are three in company at Annan, The lirst is John
Johnston,
Postmaster, the 2nd is one lvilliam Hardie, the
other is Tristram Lowther. This John Johnston is indulged

SerBcrroxs FRoM Cusrous RrcoRos. 127
by being Postmaster; Hardie is Brother-in-law to Mr Bryce
Blair who has a post in the Government and is so much
indulged by Blair that none dare meddle; Lowther is a
Cumberland man and well acquainted rvith the oitcers
Carlisle.
There is one John Carlyle, one o'f the greatest
smugglers from the Isle of Nfan, he has a near relation whose
name is John Little.
fhe traders in this place often drink
his health and tell us how kind he is to.them.
z5th lune, r7l1.-:fhe
Government having repeated informations
that certain persons subjects of His Majesty have
during the present Warr accepted o,f Commissions as o'fficers
in the F'rench Army and who have in times passed and are
now carrying on a treasonable and unlawfull practice of
raising recruits in this country for the French Service and
who from time to time are shipt off for F-rance, Ho'lland or
other parts beyond seas, We
have directions to use our
utmost endeavours to discover and prevent those practices
and for that end to give proper orders to the officers of the
Revenue at the severall Ports in Scotland We therefore order
you to use your utmost diligence to discover what passengers
g'o on board any ships or vessels bound from your Port to
France or other Ports beyond Seas and that you'll give the
like directions to the officers stationed at the severall creeks
and particularly that you'll visit everv such vessel after she's
cleared and ready to sail and even after she is under sail
for it is not to be supposed that such passengers will openly
embark and if you find any recruits on board or anv other
persons that may be suspected as going to France you are
to stop them and the ship untill you inform the next Magistrate
or Justice of the Peace who by Lord Advocate's
Warrant herewith sent have directions to examine them an'd
to co,mmit them or liberate them as they see cause.
z6th IuIy, 1745.- We are informed that James
Drummond commonly called Duke of Perth rvas latelv apprehended
upon suspicion of High Treason and that he hath
made his escape an'd that there is reason to believe he may
endeavour to escape to parts beyond seas and we are desired
to give the proper directions to our'omcers to stope the said
at

L28 SBrucrroNs FRoM Custous Rnconps.
James Drummond in case he should make such an attempt
and as you have already directions fro,m the Lord Advocate
to stop all suspected persons you'll take care to stop the
said James Drummond and to carrv him before the next
Justice of Peace or Magistrate who will secure him in the
terms of the warrant already in yo,ur hands and will acquaint
the Lord Advocate by an express that he may give directions
for bringing the said James
Drummond to Edinburgh'
rzthSeptember,rT4S.-_MrScrope,secretarytothe
Right llonourable, the Lords commissioners of His
Nlajesty's Treasury having by their Lordships' direction
transmitted
month from
to us a coppy of a letter dated the zz o'f last
His Grace the Duke o'f Newcastle signifying
that intelligence has been received that the private soldiers
belonging to the Scots Regiments in the service of the States
Generall have lately rJeserted and continue to desert in considerable
numbers and that there is reason to apprehend
that many of them have deserted with a design to pass into
this Kingdorn in o,rder to join the Rebells and that it is His
Majesty's pleasure that the necessary orders should be given
to the officers in the severall ports to stop and search all
such souldiers as shall arrive from Holland rvhether they
have passes and discharges from the respective Regiments
to which they may have belonged in the Dutch Service or
not and to detain them in safe custodv till further orders,
),ou are to pay punctuall observance to the said order and to
acquaint us from time to time of what may occur in the
execution thereof.
z5th Decentber, r745.--All
the books, papers' and cash
are lodged for security in the castle of Edinburgh
and it is
not thought desirable for you at present to dr;rrv upon the
Receiver General but the merchants who have claims upon
the Crorvn are to be assured that the Commissioners rvill
give them as speedy relief as the circumstances of the tirnes
*ill per-it. P.S. We are not free of our apprehensions
that the Rebells may return to this town' Mr Somers
observed that it might have been expected from your nearness
to carlisle you would have wrote some news and he
,:

SnlncrroNs rrRoM Cusrous Reconos.
r29
desires. if anything o,f consequence happens there that you
can write with certainty abo,ut that you would send an
express.
tzth February, 1746,-The
Co'mmissioners have ordered
me to acquaint vou that they intended their letter of the
lrd instant to extend only to such ships and vessells as may
have been laid up or disabled during the Rebellion by the
authority of the Ministry and that with respect to passengers
going beyond seas touching who'm their o,rder abovementioned
remains in full force.
The Justice Clerk and
other Civill Magistrates and also the Generalls of the Army
and the Admiralls
grant passes or pasports.
of the Fleet are the proper officers to
rzth Febluary, ry46.--Yo,u are to enquire strictly into
the conduct and behaviour of all the o'lficers in your precinct
during the unnaturall Rebellion carried on in this Kingdorn
and to report the same to us in the most expeditious, particular,
full and impartiall manner as you rvill answer to the
Contrary.
tSth February, 1746.-Having
received information that
the smuglers and ill meaning people d

tl
It
ll
i1I
130 SrrrcrtoNs FRoM Cusrous Rpconos.
or from a Justice of the Peace and Civil Magistrate whose
l

FoRrs, Morns, eNo ENcl.osuRES rN ANNANDALE. 18 l
t
1708-John ]VlacDowell.
1710-James Young.
1?Z0-Alexander Trogg (Temporary).
172G-James Yo'ung.
172!-John Young.
1?39-Wellward Maxwell (Temporary).
1742-William Corbet.
1747-William Stewart.
Office abolished
COMPTROI.LERS.
1761-Hugh ll'Cormack (Temporary).
1762-James Ewart.
179tt-Simon llleKenzic.
1802-Robert Jackson.
18J8-Daniel Colquhoun.
1841-John Sloan.
1849-Robert A. Norman.
1851-.Iohn Mackenzie.
1854-D. C. Pagan.
in 1860.
SURVEYOAS-GIENEITAL.
1722-Dtncan Lamont.
1762-David Douglas.
I
1735-William Craik.
| 1785-William Craik.
1735-Bryce Blair.
I
T]AND.SURVEYORS.
1718-Thomas Mirrie.
1759-George Gordon.
1720-John Graeme or Graham. 177$-John Corrie.
1722t-Lewis Eey.
1784-William Kirkpatrick.
1735-Willi,am .Tohn,ston.
1788-Nichol Shaw
1738-Francis P,aton or Patoun. 1808-Robert Anderson.
1718-William Sutherland.
l7Z&-William Tomlinson.
17?l-Jam.es Tomlin son"
1725-Leon'ard X'reeman.
1727--Adam Colquhoun.
I]AND
WAITEIIS.
1733-James Iteid.
1759-Willia,m Mein.
1781-Thomas Twaddle.
1816-John ]l'Naucht.
i3
I
1759-Willia.m Ilamilton.
1759-Robert Beat.
1759-Samuel Wootol.
NIDING
,IOB.4.CCO
SHIPS TRADING
17J6-Caledonia.
1738-Caled,onia.
1740--Caledonia and Nepr.rrne.
1743--Irrdian Outen and St. David.
OFFICERS.
1762-Charles Murray.
1764-Thomas Corbet.
17 7 9-Eb eneze,r Hepburn.
TO DUMFIIIDS FITOM VIHGINIA.
1745-Indian Queen, Srrccess, and Peggy.
1746-Adventure and Vircinia l'lerchant.
1747-Success.
140 Forts, Motes, and Enclosures in Annandale.
By W. Weucu.
Enclosure on Woodorcd Farm, in thc Parish of rlohnstone.
This enclosure is adjacent to the main Glasgow
and
Carlisle Road, just after you pass the joiner's shop at Jocksthorn
going north. It has not been noted either in fhe
Ancient Monumertts Suraey of tgzo or in David Christison's
Forts, Camps, ond Motes of Duntfriesshire.
'fhe enclosure is to the east of the main road. and is not

iI
il
ll rI
ii
132 Fonrs, Morrs, euo ENct osuRES IN ANNANDALE.
ver.y noticeable at a distance, but or,r'ing to the field being
ploughed last year it was much easier to follow' It is
situated in a small meadow, u'hich is almost flat. On the east
side of the enclosure the ground slopes rather steeply down
lirs or T6nr on Vmorno le,Brn
A
6eorros
= :
-:: : :
?,r'\-
tlI
8t
tJl
1l
fl
I
?l
dl
9t
rIl
r'
Scar-e
or Fee-r
t
towards the River Annan, about 3oo yards awav; on the
west side the ground rises gently upwards; north and south
'fhe
are practically level. trench is quite distinct for trvothirds
of the circle, but on the east side a hedge has been

Fonrs, Nforrs, axo ENclos(rRES IN ANNANDALE. 133
planted which has obliterated the trench on that side. Inside
the enclosure the ground is very uneven, though towards the
south-east corner it looks as if the ground had been
excavated, and just at the south-east corner there is a narrow
outlet, which seems to have been made to drain surplus
water away, as it is too narrow for an entrance. At the
north-west end is a depression in the mound, rvhich looks
like the entrance, and is much wider than the one at the
south-east corner. Whether there has been a wall surrounding
the enclosure it is hard to tell, as there is quite a lot of
stones near the trench, but of a small variety. I looked very
carefully all over the enclosure at the tirne of ploughing, but
did not see anything that would give a clue to its age or use.
It is a much larger enclosure than the Cogrie one, rvhich is
almost two miles due north of this one, and about the same
size as lhe one on the Milton Farm, four miles north, u'hich
Roy put dorvn as Roman.
I'he Cogrie one it gZ feet across, whereas the Woodend
one is r77 feet across. Due south rf miles is the remains of
a Fort, No. 319 in the Inaentorv of Monuntents irt' Dumfries'
shire, but which may have been an enclosure also, as it is
about the same distance from the River Annan as the rest.
So that it I'ooks like as if the one mind had planned all the
four, they being about two nriles apart from each other, and
all within easy reach of the Rit'er r\nnan. But that, of
course, is only conjecture on my part. Mr l"lett very kindly
came up and drew a plan of the enclo'sure fo'r me.
Lint Yat or Tank at Clcughheads Farmhouse, an tho Parish of ,fohnstone.
I may say that the cultivation and preparation of flax
are of the most ancient o,f textile industries, ver.v distinct
traces of their existence during the Stone Age being preserved
to the present day. It would take too long to go into
minute detail of the ordinary method of separating the flax
fibre from the woody part of the stem, but briefly the ordinary
method may be divided up as follows :-
r. Putli,ng.-This is done by pulling the flax up by the
roots, as it is never cut or sho'rn like cereal crops.

134 Fonrs, N'Iorrs, eNo ENcrosuRES IN ANNANDALE.
2. Rippling.-Separating the seed from the stalk.
3. Retting or Rotting,- This is where the lint vat comes
into use. l'he sheaves of flax strau' are imur,ersed in a pit or
pool filled with clear soft water.
T'he sheaves are kept under
rvater by laying boards upon them loaded with stones to keep
them down. Here the flax undergoes a process of fermentation
by which the parts are separated. About nine days are '
usually required for this purpose. A good deal of skill and
r,vatching is required to know
enough.
when it has been watered
The flax is now taken from the pit and evenly
spread upon a smooth, clean, recently mown mead

Pr.acr Naurs. 135
Place Names.
By Col. Sir Eorvnnn JouNsoN-F nncusox, Bart.
Arr

136 Placr Neltns.
BnunrsnrEl-Bruntscheillhill, r63r (R.G.S.). Nlight be
either a personal name or " Burnt."
shepherd's sumlner hut, a small house.
Butn,rau's KNowr-Bilmanesknow,
(NI.E.) schele, a
r6Io (Arnrs) ; Balmannasknow,
16z4 (Arms)1 Bilmannisknow, 163r (R.G.S.).
Perhaps " Bill-man's " from bill, a halbert.
IluRnowsroNE N{oss-(A.S.)
beorg, zr hill; stone may be a
corruption of (A.S.) tun, an enclosure with dwellings on
it.
Bvnr Bunrv-(A.S.)
CaNoNstr-Cannaby,
byre, a byre.
rz75 (R.E.G.;
" Canon's farm." An
Austin Priory was founded here by 'I'urgot de Rossedal
"
in rrZS. The church and convent are said to have
been demolished by the English af.ter the battle of Solway
Moss in 1543 " (Stat. Act).
Cernn Srexolxc SroNBs--Mentioned as one of the landmarks
of the boundary o'f the Debatable Land (C.B.P''
t5s7).
Censeoorr PBer _- The first part wo'uld seem to be (G.)
cathair or (W.) caer, a fort.
Cnr LINNS, Cercl,eucn, Cer Cr-Ixl-Pro'bably
all called after
wild cats; (N.) klint, the brorv of a hill, a pro'montory'
Cerserr-Probably as abo've, but (W.) cat means a bit,
piece, so this may be a duplication of the name'
Cr-ossris BunN-(G) closs, clais, a trench. Comes to mean
a place fenced off, an enclosure.
CowucleY PooL-
CRoNrise.qNKHEAD-(AlS.) cralloc or cornoc, a crane, but the
name crane was often used of a heron.
Cnooxnor,nr-(N.)
Dunr Poor--Dunk,
Err KNorvn-Elf, a f.airY.
krokr, a bend in a river.
mouldy dampness (S.D.D.).
EN'ruonw - Ku1h61ns, I6ro (Arnrs) ; Ruthorne (Arms) ;
Enthorn, r6lr (R.G.S.); (N.) einn thorn, one thorn'
GrlNocxIE-(G.) geal cnocan, small rvhite hill.
G1nNcanrHoru-CArt, connected with (I.) cartain, I cleanse,
appears to be used in the sense of " the strongly flowing
one " (C.P.N.).

Pr,ecB Neuus.
r37
Grrnzrnn-Glen gayre, Glunzaird, 16zr (R.G.S.); (G.)
gleann geaff, short glen.
GRevscRocc Srrn-Scrog, a stunted bush, a thorn bush,
rough land covered with stunted bushes (S.D.D.).
GnnBwe TowBn (site of)-(G) grianan, a sunny knoll.
Hecnrr,l-Hug,
" a dialect word found in Scotland and the
no,rth of England meaning a clearing o,r cutting of
timber I a certain portion of a wood marked out to be
cut down " (S.). It also means wild moo,rish broken
ground (S.D.D.).
Herr,cnBnw-(A.S.) healh, a corner, recess, secret place.
HnnorNsroo-(A.S.) heord, a flockl side, the slope of a hill.
Henn Lnw--(A.S.) har, old, grey, or hara, a harel the word
har is also descriptive of a boundary (E.P.II{.); (A.S.)
hlaw, a hill.
Holnnouse-Hollhous, r582; Houlhous, 1610 (Arrns); Hoilhous,
16z5 (R.G.S.); (A.S.) hol, a hollow.
Holr,rxnrnsr-(A.S.) holegn, holly; hyrst, a thick wood.
Kann BusH-Personal name or (N.) kjarr, copsewood. Bush
in old Scots meant a wood consisting of oak and birch
(c.P.N.).
KtNuouxr Towrn (site of)-(G.) ceann monadh, head hill
(c.P.N.).
Kxorrvuoru-Knottisholme, 16z9 (Arms); Knotty, a game
like shinty (S.D.D.).
LIoon-Lidelesdale, rryg (R.E.G.); Lidesdedale, rr7g
(Arms); Lythe, rzoo (R.R.); Val de Lydel, rz8o (Arms);
Lydale, r'lz9 (R.M.); Ledesdale, r3z$ (R.M.); Laydalysdal,
r33o (Arms); Vallis de Lyddall, r:8+ (Q.).
" It
seems probable that the name is simplv a compound of
an original name Hlyde and (A.S.) dael, a valley, so
that Liddisdale is tautological. Hlyde is a native English
name. We have to assume
the meaning
torrent, swift stream " (E.R.N.).
LocnsrRKrsHrr.r,-r63 r (R.G.S.).
LvnarBcr,BUcH-Lamecleuch, r6ro (Arrns); Lamets-Cleuch,
Lamiecleuch, 16z4 (Arms)1 Lamercleuch, r63r (R.G.S.);
(A.S.) lam, loam.

138 Precr Nen'tps.
M:ecunlBnor.rra-(G.) machaire, a plairr.
MeuxIt{s N[Inr-Maukin, a hare; (N.) mvrr' a bog'
N'IBpsv's Cnoor-
Mtnx Busn-(N.) myrkr, dark; for Bush see Kerr Bush,
ante.
N{onror.r-Mortoun, r55o (R.G.S.); (A.S.) mor, waste land,
but used mo,re o'f swampy land than the modern word
moor.
Mournvrur.I.s-Mole-hills ; (A.S.) mold, earth.
MuNrsrnHrRSr-Monckbehirst, r585 (c.B.P.); N{unkhirst,
I596 (C.B.P.); Munkbehirst, r6ry (R'G'S') Monk,
probably from some connection with the Priory' (N')
byr, a farm; (A.S.) hvrst, a thick wood.
NrrrvHotru-Nittieholm, r6ro (Arms); (A.S.) hnut, a nut'
oRcnnRo-Acherly, r6ro (Arms); orchardlie, Archerlie,
1624 (Arms); Aucherley, 163r (R.G.S'); (A'S') orceard
or archet, an orchard, but of rvider application, not
being restricted to an enclosure where fruit is grown
(E.P.N.); (A.S.) leah, a forest clearing'
Paouln HusH BunN-
PBnmRnunn-Perturr Burn, 166o (Bl.); Peter Burn, t8z8;
(W.) perth, a bush, copse (C.P.N.).
Prcrlrv HoLB Wooo-
PnIon l{rlr-See next name.
PnronsrvN\'-(W.) llyn o'r (G.) linne, a pool. The name is
no doubt connected with the Priory.
RarcIr.t--Reygill, Reagill, rSgT (C.B.P.); (A'S' or N') ra'
a roe.
RveHrr.r-s-(A.S.) ryge, rYe.
Seoot nR's SIKE-
Snlnr,rNc1rs55-{' By every corn mill, a kn

Pr,acr Narups. 139
Terusrneo-Place where cattle were shut up at night f to
manure the ground; (A.S.) stede, a place, site.
'fHonNrownnrs-Tho,rneythaite,
rS83 (C.B.p.); Thornwhattie,
r584 (C.B.P.); Thorniequhattis, r63r (R.G.S.);
(N.) thorn, a thorn-bush; (N.) thveit, a clearing,
paddock.
T'ruNrs-(W.) din, dinas, a fort, a camp of refuge as opposed
to a permanently occupied place (C.P.N.).
fonrsnrrr.eunx-(G.) tom, a kno,ll; (iVI.E.) schele, a shepherd's
summer hut, a small house.
TonercKHlr,r,-Norse perso,nal name Thorir or Thora. (N.)
brekka, a slope, hill. Cf. Torbeckhill, Vliddlebie.
TRunruBr,'s PooL-
Wnrmr.ewsroe-(A.S.) hu'it, white, but the term is applied
to open pasture as opposed to wood or heather; (A.S.)
hlaw, a hill.
Wrr,snrI,ronoln-r63 r (R. G. S.).
WooonousElEEs-Wodhousleis, rSZj (A.); (A.S.) rvuclu, a
wood; leah, a forest clearing.
ARcnrnsrcr-This was the place where Buccleugh net his
friends to arrange the rescue of Kinmount \A/illie fro,m
Carlisle Castle, r596 (C.B.P.).
ESKDALEMUIR.
AsrRr.osx-Abirlosk, r6r3 (R.G.S.); (tst.) aber, the mouth
of a river; (W.) llusog, bushy. The word ', aber " only
occurs twice in Dumfriesshire; rvhen found in dist.ricts
now Gaelic it is a British survival (C.P.N.).
AsprB Srre-(A.S.) aespe, asp€n.
BrRNy Rrc-Birny, covered with charred stems of heather
(s.D.D.).
BrnneN Kxowr-(A.S.) burgaens, a burial place.
Br.enernRy Fnrr,-Blaberry Wood in Forest, 166o (BI.).
Br,exr EsrcnaRrs-r66o (Bl.) ; (N.) garthr, an enclosure.
Br,oooHopr Bunlr-(A.S.) hop, a small vallev among the
hills.
Bucur Garn-Bught, a sheepfo,ld; (N.) garthr, an enclosure.

140 PrecB Nantrs.
Ilvzzrso Lrr.rn-(G.) linne, a pool.
C^qssocr - Cassakis, I568 (R.G.S.); Cassope, r6r3
(R.G.S.); Cassak, 166o (Bl.); (G.) casach, an ascent'
Cesu,B O'rn-(G.)
Cnuro Lew-Colda
hill.
caisteal odhar, grey castle.
Hill, 166o (Bl.); (A.S.) cald hlaw, cold
CHBnnv Lern-(A.S.) leger, .L lair; originzrlly used of a
bu,rial place, the association rvith animals is quite modern
(E.P.N.).
Crrccv Srre-(A.S.) claeg, claY.
clBnr Hrlr,-Probably from most of Esl

Plecr NemBs. l4l
ErrRrcr PBN-Hill of penn of Esdaile l\{oore, 166o (Bl.);
(Bt.) pennos, a head; the word does not occur in Gaelic
districts (C.P.N.).
Fouleoc-Foulboig,
r6z9 (R.G.S.); (A.S.) ful, muddy.
Genwero Wernn - Gartuald, 1568 (R.G.S.); (G.) garbh,
rough; allt, a stream.
GrBNoBenc-Glendarg, r568 (R.G.S.); ((].) gleann dearg,
red glen.
GrBxnrrruc-r66o
(Bl.).
HeltlrN KwowB-(A.S.)
Heun FasrrNc Heucu-The
hamelian, to distort, crooked.
tongue of land between the two
Esks. Here, in old days, a fair r,vas held and engagements
were made by joining hands or " hand fasting. "
The connection was binding
for one vear only, after
that either party was at liberty to break the engagement
and form a new one or renew it for life.
Amongst
others John, Lord Maxwell, and a sister of the Earl of
Angus were hand fasted in January, r572 (T'rans.,
r896).
HaRnsnnw Rrc-(A.S.)
hrycg,
a ridge.
o,f a boundary (E.P.N.).
a hare.
har, old, grey; sceag'a, a small wood;
'fhe
word
" har
"
is also descriptive
It might also be (A.S.) hara,
HeRrwooo Bunx-.Harewude, r 165 (Mel. Ch.); Harewde,
rzzo (Mel. Ch.).
See above.
H.qnrre n - Hertesheued, Hertesheved, r r8o (N{el. Ch.) ;
'fhe
(A.S.) heorot, a stag; (N.) fell, a hiil. old name
shows (A.S.) heafod, a head.
Hanruawon-(A.S.)
heorot, a stagl also used as a personal
name. Manor, Norman-French for a township, or (W.)
maenor,
district (C.P.N.).
HewsrnRrx-(A.S.)
THB Keru-(A.S.)
the stone-built residence of the 'chief of the
haga, a hedge; burgaens, a burial place.
camb, comb, then used of a crest and
later of a ridge of land (E.P.N.).
KrooenaHILL:-
Krl Bunu-Either (W.) cil, a corner, retreat, or perso,nal
name Cylla,
Might be for Kiln,

142 Pr,ecn NenaBs.
Ktnauruc SrrcB-Kimmin, a large shallou' tub (S.D.D.).
LerRrNc SrrB-See Cherry Lair, ante.
LrrrrnsroNE-Leterstoin, r66o (Bl.).
Merlr,rn KNown-(G.) maille, a helmet.
NIessrnss6ll-1$15 (R.G.S.) ; Massieseat, t6zr (R.G.S.) ;
Massiesaitt, r633 (R.G.S.). Personal name Maessa.
(N.) saetr, a summer pasture farm.
NIro KrppLE CRAIG-Kipple, a raf.ter (S.D.D.).
MtrsIB Bnen-Milsie
(s.D.D.).
is applied to a wall with battlements
Mrrcnerr HIu.-(A.S.) micel, great, large.
MourrNcsHAw KNown-Munkumshawes, 166o (Bl.); -shaw
(A.S.), sceag'a, a small wood. The name is probabl-v
connected with Melrose Abbey owning most of Eskdale
about r2oo.
Mooolaw-(A.S.) mod, a gathering; hlar,v, a hill.
Mossreuro-(A.S.) fald, a fold, but not confined to a sheepfold.
Mucrlr HowsrRurHER Bunw-(N.) mikil, great; (A.S.) hol'
a hollow; (M.E.) strother, a marsh.
Pnucnerw--(Bt.) pennos, a head; (N.) grein, a branch, a
small valley opening out of a larger.
PBNrr,aNo HIll-Possibly (N.) Pettaland, Pictland (C.P.N.).
Prrn KNowB-Place where courts were held.
Pocxrnrr,-Por,vcleiff, r613 (R.G.S.) ; (G.) Pol, a sluggish
stream.
Posr Onrlcr KNowr-Origin unknou'n. lt stands on the
County March by .an
old road that goes from Craighauch
to Bo,rthwick water. The Statistical Account
speaks of the road as just going to be made.
PounonnBl-r66o (Bl.); (G.) pol, a sluggish stream; pos
sibly (G.) co,rrach, a bog.
PowneNue Bunx-Powdono, r568 (R.G.S.); Paudona, Powdona,
1613 (R.G.S.); (G.) Pol, a sluggish streaml dona,
bad, or from an early British dobona, the black one'
Powtuucrnunw-(G.) Pol, a sluggish stream; muc' a pig'
It might be a c.orruption of Powmonc, r.569 (R'G'S');
Powmonk, 1613 (R.G.S.), as I can find no such name on
the 6 in. maP.

Placp NanaBs. 143
Pnv Hor,e-Pry, the carex g'rass, a kind o.f sedge.
Puootuc Holr-A round hole in the ground.
PuruNcsrANEHoLME - 1623 (R.G.S.); Puttinstaineholme,
1633 (R.G.S.). Putting stane, a heavy stone ttsed irr
putting (S.D.D.).
QuoaN's lVftnppurcrutxcern-Quicken,
a rowan; (N.) garthr, an enclosure.
Renuunlr-Raburnis, r568 (R.G.S.); (A.S.) ra, a roe deer.
Rernrnrs GnerN-Raff, a rank worthless growth; (N.) grein,
a branch, a small valley opening out of a larger.
RBNNero Bunrv-(N.) renna, to run, i.e., of a stream.
RoooRuIr:rxtc-r660 (Bl.).
RotIBv Srrn-(A.S.) ran, a boundary strip.
RoucH Cnsrr-r Hrrr-Rucch Castel Hili, 166o (Bl.); (A.S.)
ruh, rough.
Spncreur Kuowr-Called after a member of the Beattie
family who was King's Sergeant and Officer of Eskdale,
r55z (Hist. l\{onument RePort).
SHenNBv Srxe-(A.S.) scearn, dung, filth.
Srlr,rn KNowr-(G.) sailech, willow' or place of willows.
ScnBrssuRGH-r3r5 (R.G.S.); Scraiesburgh, r 32o (R.G.S.) ;
Skraisburgh, 166o (Bl.). The first part is probably a
personal name, but might be scree, loose stones on a
hillside; (A.S.) burh, a fortified place.
Sxerrcep KNown-A round knowe like a snail's shell.
Srurr Busu Eocr-(A.S.) steall, a place, stall; bush in old
Scots meant a wood consisting of oak and birch
(c. P. N.).
S:rRusneLL Bunw-strushel, to go about in a careless,
slovenly manner (S.D.D.).
Tewr,ewrur,r,-Tandla Hill, r66o (Bl.); (I.) teannail, a beacon
fire, hence tandla, a bonfire.
Tnvtor Kxown-Probably derived from the base teme' dark.
The Welsh river, Teme, has an old form, Teueityawc,
which is almost the same as Teviot.
The wide distribution
of the base in lands once Celtic shows that it mttst
be of Celtic origin (E.R.N.).
to Teme and Team in E.R.N.
For further details refer

t44
Plecn Neups.
ToosnewHlll-Tdscharvhill, r568 (R.G.S.); Tod, a fox,
from (N.) toddi, a bunch of wool; (A-'S.) sceag'a' a small
wood.
TonalBucHen Btlny - Tomloher, rr2+, Thumerloch, r2oo
(Mel. Ch.); Tomlaquhair, r613 (R.G.S.); (G.) tom, a
clump, a small knowel luachra, of rushes (C.P.N.).
ToornopE HILL-(A.S.) hop, a small valley. Toothill means
Look-out Hill (E.P.N., Sussex, p. 6+).
f'narwpoor BunN - (N.) trani, a craner more probably a
heron.
TnrnNnaucu-r66o
(Bl.) ; (G.) trian, a third part (C.P.N.)t
(A.S.) healh, a co'rner' hidden place.
TuarrsRevcr_lq1g (Arms) and 166o (Bl.). Tuag, a small
hillock; (A.S.) burh, a fortified place.
Twrcr.nns - Tuiglies, 166o (Bl.) Tuag, a small hillock
(S.D.D.);
(A.S.) leah, a forest clearing.
TvtIuNBnrrILL-r 568 (R. G. S.).
Vvnu Bunw-r66o (Bl.).
Wercennrcr-Weidkerroc, Weit Kerrock, rIu4 (Mel. Ch');
Wathkerrok, 1255 (Mel. Ch.); Wath Kerrock, r3tu
(Mel. Ch.); Walkarrequhat, r568 (R.G.S.); Watcario't,
r6r3 (R.G.S.); Watterok, t6t3 (R.G.S.). Weid is
(A.S.) waed, a ford; rvath is (N.) vath, with the same
meaning;
WercannlcK
(1V.) carreg'' a rock.
DINNINGS-See above; (G.) dilnan, a fort.
Wnrscvt-r.-r584 (C.B.P.). (On the Black Esk,) (G.) uisge'
water.
Wonvs Cr.rucH-(W.) gwrm, dun.
Yaoa Moss-Yade, a horse or mare (S.D.D.).
EWES.
Ar,r,rRv Srrr-(A.S.) alor, alder.
ARrr.nroN-Archiltoune, r5o,4 (Arms); Arkiltoun, 16ro
(R.G.S.); Erkiltoun, r66o (BI.); Arnketil's tun or farm'
Beucnln Slrr-(G.) buachail, a herdsman or standing stone.
Brrrr.esror.r-Personal name Byttel. (A.S.) tun, an enclosure
with dwellings on it.
BnrnrnscHew-r6ro (R.G.S.); (A.S.) braer, briar; sceaga'
a small wood.

Pr,ecn Narur:s.
l4b
Bucnr KNown-Bught, a sheepfotrd.
BuRxcnerxs-Burngranis, rS+2 (R. G. S.) ; (N.) grein, a
branch, a small stream opening out of a larger.
CaRrwooDRrc-Kerriot Rig, 166o (Bl.); Carror Rig, r8z8;
Carrot Rig (V.n.); (G.) cathair riabhach, grey forr, or
(!V.) carreg', a rock. Cf. Watcarrick, Eskdalemuir. It
might also possibly be from (N.) kjarr, copsewood.
C.qRrrxroelH-psyhaps connected r,vith Carlanrig, just over
the County March. This represents (W.) caer llanerch,
the fort in the clearing in the forest.
CaRsBr.ruNco Srxn--Crosmungo, r6rz (R.G.S.); (G.) crosg,
a crossing, or, cro,s, a cross. Nlungo is St. Kentigern.
Cesuewrwr-(A.S.) rvincel, a corner, angle.
Clonr KNowr-(W.) clog, a crag..
Cocrprey Hlrr-
CoNRrcr< Hrr,r - (G.) comhrag, a meeting, confluence
(c.P.N.).
Cootrts-Coumm, r66o (Bl.); (A.S.) cumb, a valley.
Cnuoa Hrrr-
Cun Srrr-(W.) cau, a hollow.
Tne DrwHousEs-r584 (C.B.P.)1 Dewscoir, 16zr (R.G.S.).
ENrnnrucp Slxn-(G.) lus, a plant.
ERrrrroux Fero-r66o (Bl.). See Arkleton, ante. (A.S.)
feld, field, but originallv used of open land as opposed
to wood.
Ewas-Ewichedale, r r8r (Arms); Ewycedale, Ewytesdale,
rz96 (R.M.); Ewithsdale, r336, Ervnysedale, r348,
Eusdale, 1438, Ewsdayll, r48z (Arms); Ewisdail, r54o
(4.); Use, 1583 (9.); (I.) os, water, sinrilar to the Erglish
name Ouse (E.P.N., Vol. I., p. 24).
EwBsrBns-See Ewes, above. (A.S.) leah, a forest clearing.
EwlcnoooRrs-r3rS (R.G.S.). See Ewes, above. (G.)
dubhras, a black wood.
Flucuwnr Sxn-(A.S.) fug, stained, variegated; modern
fauch, fallow ground, dun colo,ured.
Frnor-nrow - Fiddleto'un, 15o6 (R.G.S.); Fidilton, 1584
(C.B.P.). Personal name and (A.S.) tun, an enclosure
with dwellings on it.

146 Pr,ecn Nanans.
Fresrnolr"I - F'lask, rS32 (R.G.S.); Flaskholme, 16ro
Fnopew
(R.G.S.); (N.) flask, swampy' low lying grass land'
HntcHr-
Gr.BworveN-Glendowane' r5+2 (R.G.S.); Glendoven, 16ro
(R.G.S.); Glendouin, 166o (Bl.); (\ '.) glyn ddwfn, deep
glen.
Grnxoow-(G.) gleann dubh, black glen.
GLnNnBtn-Reif, murder, robberY.
GlBNvecHaNn-r5o6 (Arms) I Glenrachane, 15o6 (R'G'S');
Glengachane, 166o (Bl.). Perhaps (G') gleann
rabhachan, glen of the beacon.
GlnNveRRnN-Glenvo'rane, l5o6 (R.G.S.) ; Glenworran' I.584
(C.ts.P.); Glenvoran, t66o (Bl.).
Perhaps connected
with (\M.) pawr, grazing, pasture, or (G') gleann
bhorbhain, glen o'f the murmur of the stream'
GrurnrntNc SIKE-'l'o make a gurgling sound'
GRnnNrsnxNo-GREyBANNO Srxns-Perhaps (G.) beannach,
horned.
Gurln Hess--(G.) goill, a stranger, of, gille, a servant;
(N.) hals, a Pass.
HnRrRrrur Rlc-(A.S.) heorot, a stag; rith, a small stream;
hrycg, a ridge.
Hen'rscanTH-(N.) hjarta, a stag, but mo're probably, in this
case, usecl as a personal name; (N') Parthr, an enclosure.
Hocru[ - Howgill, r6ro (R.G.S.); Flor'vgill, r66o (Bl');
(A.S.) hol, a hollow.
Jocr's Hopn-Ihockshoop, 166o (Bl.) ; (A.S') hop, a small
hollow among the hills.
Keplrsrorvn-Cepilstane, r66o (Bl.).
KrRrsrtlr-Kirktoun, 14z6 (Arms); Kirktoun, r66o (Bl');
(A.S.) steall, a Place, site.
Luoscrll Swnnr-Personal name Luda' (A'S') sweora, a
neck, col.
ManuN Hopr-Martinhoope, 166o (Bl.). Personal name and
(A.S.) hop, a small hollow among'the hills'
Murreoarn-Ntikkildale,
valley.
r4z6 (A,rmr); (N.) mikil dalr, big

Pr,acn Nervrns.
t47
Mosspeur-Vlospaw,
pwll, a stream.
r5o6 (R.G.S.); (W.) maes, a lield;
Mosspnnel.B-Mospebil, r5o6 (R.G.S.) ; l\{osspeels, r66o
(81.); (W.) maes, a field; pebylt, a tenr (C.p.N.).
PrxaucusHopE - Penangoshope, r39o (VIet. Ch.); penangowshoip,
r6zt (R.G.S.); (Br.) penno,s, a head; personal
nanre and (A.S.) hop, a small hollow among the
hills.
Prrelrrow-Pikethow, r66o (BI.). Pike, a cairn of stones
on the highest point of a hill; (fl'.) haugr, a hill.
Ln Punrrrs-r426
(R.G.S.); (n.S.). pull, a pool.
ScawoseNr-Scatbank, 166o (Bl.) ; (M.8.) sccrecl, cut,
scored; scaw'd, used of land having bare brou,n patches,
worthless (S.O.O.1.
SrNsrcnr,-r 426 (R. G. S.).
SrpprNcs Hrlr-Perhaps (A.S.) saeppe, a spruce.
SoRsrr-Sowreby, r34g " (R.X4.); Sourbie, 14z6 (Arms);
Sorbie, r6ro (R.G.S.); Sourbv, r6Cro (Bl.); (N.) saur,
a swamp; byr, a f.arm.
SrreerBcrrr-Stippilgillis,
Srocxcr.rucn-(A.S.)
SrocrrNc Srro-(A.S.)
tree stumps.
SwanB KuowB-(A.S.)
SwtNcru.-Suegill,
r6ro (R.G.S.).
stocc, a post, tree-stump.
stocking, a piece of land cleared of
sweo,ra, a neck, col.
.Srvt:gill, r329 (Mel. Ch.); (A.S.) su,in
or (N.) svin, s-.vine; Sedgefield considers the first
syllable Su'in- in place names represents the person:rl
name Sveinn or Srvithun.
TnuoNo Hnrcnrs-(W.)
into Gaelic as monadh, a hill.
tan, fire; (\M.) mvnydd, borrorvecl
TnnRoue-'feoronane, r532 (R.G.S.); lbrronane, r6ro
(R.G.S.); Torronna, 166o (Bl.); (G.) torr Rona, Rona's
hiil.
'Iuecr
Srrr-(N.) thakk, thatch.
UNrneux-Unthank,
r5o6 (R.G.S.) ; (A.S.) un-thank, ingratitude,
referring to the barren soil (I.).
The first syllable
might be the personal name Hun, and the second (N.)
tangi, a spit of land (S.).
" The name denotes a piece

148 Plecn Naurs.
of ground on which some squatter settled rvithout leave
of the lord " (T.).
Wsrr.q, Rrc-(A.S.) hwit, white, used of open pasture land
as opposed to woodland and heather; hrycg, a ridge.
Wrsp Hrll-Wisp, the nest of a wild bee made on the surface
of the ground (S.D.D.).
Worr Hope-Wulfhup, re14 (Mel. Ch.); Woulfhoup, 166o
(Bl.). The first syllable might refer to the animal or
be the personal name Ulf. (A.S.) hop, a small valley
among the hills. In the charter to the Abbey of N{elrose
the monks were prohibited from using snares except to
catch wolves.
\Vnan-Wra, rS42 (R.G.S.)i (N.) vra' corner' tongue of
land, piece of good land wedged in betrveen useless land
(s.).
Wnenrrnas-r6zr (R.G.S.); (G.) rhth, a fort.
I-ANGTIOLM.
ARrBscrlr,-Aresgill (V.R.); (N.) erg, a shelter; the word
is derived ultimately from (old I.) airge, a place for
milking cows. It might also be personal name Ari'
AnrnusorM-Arkinholme, r458 (Arms). Personal name'
Arkil. This was the scene of a battle between the
Douglasses and the Royalists in 1455, and was grante'd
to John Batisoun for his share in the fight.
BRRurar-r.ocH-Brettalach, rrqo (K. Ch.) ; Bretellaugh, 1336
(Arms); Bretallow, r389 (Arms); Bryntallone, r55r
(Arms). This might be either (W.) bre or bryn, a hill;
(G.) tulach, a hill; or (G.) barr nan teallach, hill or
summit of the forges, where the bre- forms are for (G.)
braigh, upland, upper part (Pro'f. \Aratson)'
BeucHrB Hrn-(G.)
buachail, a herdsman or standing stone.
BrnrHe-r6ro (R.G.S.); (N.) berg, a hill.
BrcHor-u-Bigholmes, 16z3 (R.G.S.); Beggiemms, r66o
(Bl.); (N.) bygg, barley. Though spelt on the O'S'
map as shown it is alwavs spoken of as Bigholmst
following the old names.

Placr Narups.
f4g
Br.ocu-Bloch, r6rz (R.G.S.); Bloche, r6zr (R.G.S.). May
be a corruption of belloch from (G.) bealach, a pass.
Br,oucH Srxn-
BnncoNwna-Brakanwra, r24g (K. Ch.); (M.E.) braken,
bracken; (N.) vra, a corner, a piece of good land wedged
in between useless land (S.).
Bnocr LrNws-(A.S.) brocc, a badger; (G.) linne, a pool.
BRorrunrRDScHorLr-r633 (R. G. S.).
Bnoonano
broom.
Broomholme, 1595 (Ar,ms); (A.S.) brom,
BucHr KNowp-Bught, a sheep pen.
BunraN Hrlr-(A.S.) burgaens, a burial place, and then any
large heap of stones.
Car.nr'r,o-Cafild, 166o (tsI.); (A.S.) cald, cold ; felcl, a
great stretch of unenclosed land, used as a term opposed
to woodland.
CaRlrNcrr,L-(N.) kerling, an old woman.
Cenxnscrr.l-r619 (R.G.S.). Personal name.
Clececnny Srxr--(A.S.) claeg, clay; beorg. a hill.
Cocr Garn-(N.) garthr, an enclosure.
Cocx Pr,ey Hrlr.-
Courx Haccs-(M.E.) collen, literally, to behead, used of
a flat topped hill; hagg, wild broken moorish ground.
Coonrs Srxe-(A.S.) cumb, a valley.
CRowolnF'AULD Srxn-(A.S.) fald, a fold, but not confined,
as it usually now is, to a sheepfold.
Drenycrrr. Srxr--(A.S.) denu, a valley, it rnight also be from
(A.S.) Dener-a Dane, the trvo being very difficult to distinguish
(E. P. N.).
Eansnew - Erishauch, t6rz (R.G.S.); Earshud, r6r5
(R.G.S.); Irishauch, 16zr (R.G.S.)1 Erschauch, 16z3
(R.G.S.); Erischauche, r613 (R.G.S.) ', The Irishman's
hauch." (A.S.) healh, a corner, hidden place, a small
hollow in a hillside, the modern meaning being a lou,-
lying piece of land by a river.
Err Kwowr-Fairy hill.
Fr,osH-(N{.E.) flosshe, a marshy place.

150 Pr,ecB Nellps.
Garr.owslDE - Galasydhill, r66o (Bl.); (A.S.) gealga, a
gallows I side, the slope of a hill.
GmNeBRraN-(G.)
GLBxconn-Glencorff,
GlBNBnocH-(G.)
gleann Breatan, the Briton's glen.
16zr (R.G.S.).
gleann eireachdan, glen o,f the assembly.
GrrNrrnnA-(G.) gleann foithre, copse glen.
Gr.rNrruuoNr fl816111-Glentenmonthheid, t6zr (R.G.S.);
Glentounmontheid, 16z3 (R.G.S.) ; (W.) Slyn,
'fhe a glen;
(W.) tan, fire; (\M.) monid, a hill (C.P.N.). o'l'd
ending-heid,
a head, has been corrupted into height.
Gowp Murn- /
IInelBv Hrrr-(A.S.)
HrNwrr-r--
heah, high I leah, a forest clearing.
Krppocx Rrc-(G.) ceapach, full of stumps or tree roots, or
a tillage patch; (A.S.) hrycg, a ridge.
KrRNcLnucH FtLr--Kirn,
a churn; (N.) fiall, a hill.
Krttv's CernN - Kediehous, 16z5 (It.G.S.); (G.) ceide, a
compact kind of a hill, smooth and bare at the top
(H.M.).
Lancnoru-Langeholme, rz4g (K. Ch.); Langho'lme, 1376
(R.M.); " The long holm."
Locex \MATER-Loganeheid,
hollow.
Mrnrsr,arR HIt r -
16ro (R.G.S.) ; (G.) lagan, a
(N.) nryrkr, dark; (N.) leirr, clay, or
(A.S.) leger, a lair, originally used of a burial place,
the association with animals is quite modern (E.P.N.).
Nrssr-r3f
(R.N{.); Neishill, rSzz (R.G.S.); Nise, 166o
(Bl.); (G.) nios, a top or height.
PEDEN's \:1Bqr-
R.qncnt-Regill,
RasHrnl SIxa-(A.S.)
hut.
r66o (Bl.); (A.S.) ra, a roe deer.
rysc, a rush; (M.E.) schele, a small
Russ Hrn-Rischelbusk, 1376 (R.M.); Rashvbuss, 166o
(Bl.); (A.S.) rvsc, a rush, whence comes (NI.E.) risshe.
The old lvord " buss " meant a wood consisting of oak
and birch (C.P.N.).
Saucnv Srxn-(A.S.)
Snew-(A.S.)
salh, a willow.
sceaga, a small wood.

Pr,ecn lttrarvrrs.
ltl
_l:
Sonsre Hass-(N.) saur, mud; byr, a farm; hals, a pass.
SraplrcoRDoN - Stapelgortoun, r r40 (K. Ch.); Stabilgor_
toun, r3Z6 (R.M.); Stablegordoun, r56r (Arms);
Staipilgordoun, 6tu (Bl.); Staple Gorton (Fasti
Ecclesire); (A.S.) stapol, a posr, pillari gor, rlirt, mud;
tun, an enclosure with dwellings on it.
Texsy Hrrr,-(G.) teine, fire.
Tuonscrr.r--Personal name Thorir or Thora.
Tounrvny Holnr -Tornewynholme, r5g4 (C.B.p.); Turner_
hoome, 166o (Bl.); personal name Thurwine.
TrnnpBN KNown-(G.)
tiompan, a rounded hump.
Wers-r66o (BI.); (A.S.) wase, mud.
\,VARBlA-Wabrethhillis, 163t (R.G.S.) ; Wurbla, r66o (tsI.) ;
Warb Law (V.R.). Possibly (A.S.) weala Bretta, the
stranger Briton. See also Wauchope, below.
wa:'rncnexrs-r6zr (R.G.s.); (N.) grein, the rrranch o,f a
stream.
Waucnopr-Waleuhop,
r2oo (Mel. Ch.); Waluchop t r249
(R.M.) ; Wauchop, rz85 (R.M.); Walgho p, rz96 (R.R.);
Walchehop, r322 (R.NI.); \Aralughopdale, r336 (Arms);
Wachopilldaill, r34o (Arms); Woughopdale, r3gg
(Arms); Walchop, 1388 (Arms); Walghapp, r5r4
(Arms); Wawcop, rS47 (Arms); Waichoope, 166o (Bl.);
(A.S.) weala, Welshman, foreigner, serf, often applied
by the English to the Britons; (r\.S.) hop, a small valley
among the hills.
WHrr.c Hrr.r-\A/hyta, 166o (Bl.); (A.S.) hrvit, white; the
term is used of open pasture as opposed to wood and
heather (E.P.N.).
\^/ESTERKIRK.
Ansrpnrerypl5-192, (R.G.S.).
ArRswoon Moss-Erschewood, rs42 (R.G.s.) The lrishman's
wood.
Arrrx Bunu-
AerrrgunAr - rS42 (R.G.S.) ; (A.S.) aeppel, apple; (l{.)
thveit, a fo,rest clearing.

52
Precs Nenaes.
AucnrNsrc-Auchenbeg, r58z (Arms); (G') achaidhean,
fields I beag, small.
AucnBNooue-(G.) achaidhean, fields; either dona. bad, or
donaidh, of evil, mischief.
BRru,tp HIrr-La Baly, 1176 (R.M.); Balzie. Balle' 1573
(n.) ; Bailyiehill, r6r5 (R.G.S.); I3elvhill, r66o (Bl');
(G.) baile, a house. ,It might possibly be baillie, a signal
fire.
BBNrrern-(A.S.) beonet, bent grass; paeth, a path'
BIrr,nor,rr-Crunzeartoun alias Bilhome, 16z3 (R'G'S');
Billurn, 166o (Bl.); (N.) bil, a sword.
Btrcnr Rrc-Bught, a sheep fold.
Bocr.r Wn,lr,s--Bogle, an apparition.
BoNrnte-Bundeby, r2gt (R.R.); Bondby, r376 (R'N{');
Bombie, 16ro (R.G.S.); (N.) bondi, a free landholder;
byr, a farm.
Booxre-Bowneis, r54z (R.G.S.) ; Borvineis, r6r5 (R'G'S')'
possibly personal name Buna; (A.S.) naes, a headland.
Bossrnre Hrrcrrr-Boss, hollow, poor, worthless (s.D.D.).
BovxrNI - Ss1k21s' 1376 (R.NI.); Boykin' rSor (R'S'S');
Boitkinhoipis, r6o9 (R.G.S.) I Boukin, r6I5 (R'G'S')'
Cer,rna-(G.) chilrath, a gutter.
Canuscrt,r-Carlowsgyl, r376 (R'NI'); Cairslgill, r66o
(Bl.); (N.) karla, a free landholder' or a personal natne'
C.qulortxr Foor-(A.S.) cald, cold.
CracxeNxl Srre-(G.) clach, a stcne; perhaps eanach, a
marsh.
clEKcenvrr RuRN-(G.) clach, a stone; carbhaidh, carraway.
Cl.nsrcnarHer-(G.) clach, a stone.
Cltcroow Srrr-(G.) clach dubh, black stone'
Cucruexrna Stxs-
Ct-IcrlrtRr StxB-
C1oNRew-(G.) claon, bent, awry; rath, a fort'
Coprt.ew Gntn -- (N.) kaupa, purchased as opposed to
inherited land; (A.S.) hlarv, a hill; (N') garthr' an
enclosure.

PlecB Nauns.
r53
Conlaw-Curlaw,
r6ro (R.G.S.); (Br.) caer' a fort, or (G.)
curr, a pit, end; (A.S.) hlaw, a hill.
CowcuencLAND - 1376 (R"lVI.) ; Coquhargland, 16ro
(R.G.S.) ; Cowcherland, r6r5 (R.G.S.).
CRrsrBrscHAw - r613 (R.G.S.); Grystaill, r63r (R.G.S.);
(A.S.) Cristel, Christ; sceagar a small wood.
Cnoors - Crokis , r32r (Arms)1 Crucks, 156o (Bl.); (N')
krokr, a bend.
CnuuproN Httt--(A.S.)
crumb, crooked; tunr an enclosure
with drn'ellings on it.
CnuvNBtvroNIS-r 532 (R. G. S.).
Curl PraNrertoN-Cuill, r6ro (R,G.S.); (G.) cuil, a corner'
DereBrH Hrrr-Dalbech, 1376 (R.M.); Dalbetht, r52.5
(Arms) ; (G.) dal, a field; beath, of the birches.
Der-erexB---l326 (R.M.); (G.) dal, a field; blean, a creek,
curve.
DarouRaN-r376 (R.M.); Daldoran, r+79 (Arms) ; Dalduriane,
r+g2 (Arms) ; I)uldurane, r53r (R'G'S');
I)aldaren, r595 (Arms); Dardarren, r66o (Bl");
dal, the field; dobhrain, of the otter.
Dop F-BI-r-Dod,
I)onxrvcIr.r,-DornokgilliE
pebbly place.
a bare round hill; (N.) fiall, a hill.
(G')
r6zr (R.G.S.); (G.) dornach, a
DowNnv Hrll-(G.) dirnadh, a fortress.
DowcI-eN-Duglenne, r z4z (Arn'ts); Douglenn, r176 (R'[4');
I)orvglen, I56I (Arms) ; (G.) dubh gleann, black glen'
Er,rcrr.r---Igill, r6to (R.G.S.); Eggill ,, t66o (Bl.) ; Edzell,
r8z8; (A.S.) e[f' or (N.) "y, zrn island, or land in the
nriddle of marshes.
Erro BecK-(N.)
gelld, bzrrrcn; bel

154 Precn Neuns.
Fur.r,woorr-(A.S.)
ful, muddy.-
Glnounsr KNowB-(A.S.) glida, a kite.
GlBlrcar Srrn-(W.)
glyn cad, glen of the battle.
GrBNcnosK-rt2o (R.G.S.) ; Glencroichon, r3Z6 (R.NI.) ;
Glencroische, r53r (R.A.S.); (G.) gleann croiss, glen of
the crossing, or of the cross.
GLBI{oINN
Glendenwyne, 13Z6 (R.1U.); Glendone\4/yn,
r3Zg (R.N{.); Glendynwyne, 1436 (NIel. Ch.); Glendonyng,
16ro (R.G.S-).
Gr.BNBaRrs Stxn-
Gr,rurur-(G.)
GLBu SexoN-(Br.)
gleann caol, narrow glen.
Saxo, a Saxon.
Gr,nNsnaNr.{e-Glenschynnane, r6ro (R.G.S.) ; Glenschunnell,
t6zt
(R.G.S.); (G.) gleann sean Ath, glen of the old
ford (C.P.N.).
GrrNscsanwr-r376
scearn, dung, filth.
GurrBnv Gerns-Guttery,
(N.) garthr, an enclosure.
HeRBcnerN BunNI(A.S.)
of a boundary;
opening out o'f a larger.
(R.NI.); (G.) gleann, a glen; (A.S.)
muddy, full of puddles ('S.D.tl.);
har, old, greL but also descriptive
(N.) grein, a branch, a small valley
HnRpnRr,vner-Harpersrvate , r376 (R.M.) ; Harparquhat,
rS+2 (R.G.S.); Harberquhit, r6r.5 (R.G.S.). Personal
name and (N.) thveit, a forest clearing.
Hnsscatn Hrno - (N.) hals, a neck, col; garthr, an enclosure.
Htzztn BrnnsN-Hizzie, a huzzy, used contemptuously;
(A.S.) burgaens, a burial Place, and then any heap of
stones.
Hopsntc-(A.S.)
hop, a srnall valley among' the hills I hrycgr
a ridge.
HuoprrsToN-Personal name and (A.S.) tun, an enclosure
with dr,r'ellings on it.
Jerrans Towx-Built by the Antirnony Company about 175c.
KrNc's Poor--Near Baillie I{ill, where the trvo Esks join.
Tradition says that a battle was fought here betrveen
the Picts and the Scots. The Pictish King, Shaw, lost

Pl.lcp NenaBs.
f55
his life by falling through the ice in trying to escape
after he had been defeated ('I'rans., 1896).
I(rNc Scuew's GnavB-See above.
KtnxcxnucH-Curclewch, r6ro (R.G.S.); Curcleuch, ft6o
(nt.); (G.) cilrr, a pit, an end.
I(rnnclrucn-Kirn,
Larse Srxn-(G.)
Loern Kwowu-(G.)
a churn
lAthach, mire.
loth, mud, puddle.
Lvxouorru - Lynehohn, r3Z6 (R.M.); Lymho,lm, rSI2
(R.G.S.); Lynumm, r66o (Bl.).
Mencex Grrr-
MenrrN Glr.r-Personal
Maur WBr.r,-Maut,
malt.
name.
Nfucoern-NIegdale, r376 (R.\{.) ; Megdaill, r6zr (R.G.S.) ;
(W.) n.rig, a bog (C.P.N.).
MBccm WerBn-Megot, r54z (R.G.S.);-(W.) -ig, a bog;
the name is literally " Wrater of bogginess " (C.P.N.).
NIBU-roN tlurn-
Mtocnnor-
hollow.
Nlunnpn Grlr-
Mro KNocr-Knott,
166o (Bl.); (\ t.) miS, a bog; (A.S.) hol, a
rrzo (R.G.S.); I{noccis, r32r (Arms);
Le Knok, 1376 (R.M.); (G.) cnoc, a hill.
MoNr Srnn - No doubt connected with the fact that the
Abbey of Melrose owned most of Eskdale about r2oo.
N{uNsIrrrr Hlrr -Shortened form of (Br.) monadh, a hill;
(N,I.E.) schele, a shepherd's summer hut.
Pacor-r542 (R.G.S.). Coupled with Megot.
Ponovrcr Bunu-(G.) pol, the stream; domhaich, of the
savag'e.
Porr,onervB-r6ro
of the cow-parsley.
(R.G.S.) ; (G.) po,l, the stream; odharain,
Pownarrr Smn-(W.) pwll, a sluggish streami mig, a bog.
RrouNc Srxn-Redd, to spawn.
RrNcr.o Snewx-Ringled, ringed, marked in rings; (A.S.)
sceang'a, the projecting ridge of a hill.
Snnra Srrc-Sairie
Snpnn-q, Cnercs-Sherra,
or seerie, poor, contemptible.
the sheriff.

156 Plecn Nnur's.
SHrrt.-La Schilde, r376 (R.N4.); 'fhe Scheld, r52.5 (Arms);
(M.E.) schele, a shepherd's summer hut'
SurnuNc KNowB-A hill near a mill' where the corn was
winnowed by the rvind (H.M.).
'I'HB Ssrrv-The slope of a hill; the ridgy part of a declivity
with a hollow on each side (S.D.D.).
St-uNx Kuowr-Slunk, a bog, quagmire (S'D'D')'
SnrunrNc Srrn-(A.S.) smeora, f.at, used to describe rich
pasture.
SreurcnrE-(G.) stang, a pool; (N.) gata, a road'
SrpuNtes W-arnn-stanhouse,' r66o (Bl.); (A'S') stan, stone'
SrRusHrr,r. RunN-strushel, untidy, disorderly (S'D'D')'
Sr,vIRB Srrc-(A.S.) sweora, a ueck, col.
f'rrqxRrscHBILLIS-r6zr (R.G.S.); (I.) teannail, or (W') tan'
fire; (M.8.) schele, a shepherd's summer hut'
lnoRrnR GIr,r-Thorter, acrossr
-tfansverse'
I'Hnuuc,rps YeRo Fonr-
-f Onnecr Hrr,r, - Norse personal name 'fhorir or 'fhora;
(N.) brekka, a slope, hillside. Cf Torbeckhill' Middlebie.
Waurr Nftn.'-(N.) valka, to full cloth'
lVIis'rBnxIRK - Wadsterker, rz49 (Mel' Ch'); Wathstirkir'
rz55 (r\4e1. Ch.); Westerker, r2gr (R'R'); Wasterkere'
,rgS (NIel. Ch.); Watstirker, r3oo (N'tel' Ch');
Wastirker, r3o9 (t{el. Ch.) ; Watistirl

,
II AmxeNnnR Rnto, Ger,rovloteN Lelnp.
r57
ker " in r39r by Archibald, Earl of Douglas, for the
safety of the souls o'f James, late Earl o'f Douglas, and
Sir Simon Glendonwyn' rvho fell at Otterburn in 1388
(Stat. Act).
WHrrB BIRRnx-(A.S.) burgaens, a burial place, and then
any heap of loose stones.
Worpropn-Either personal nztme Ulf, or refers to the
animal; (A.S.) hop, a small hollou' among' the hills' See
Ewes.
Woonsuss F ru,-Buss, in old Scots, meant a 1'ood consisting
of oak and birch (C.P.U.); (N.) fjall, a hill'
Woxocr.quors-r376 (R.\'{.). Apparently self-explanatory,
but there was a family of Wodecoc in 1275'
Yanr,erRs Slxr-Yad, a mare or old cow; (A'S') leger, a
lair, originally used of a burial place, the association
rvith animals is quite late.
Alexander Reid: Gallovidian Laird and 'Miniaturist ot
Burns ; an APpreciation'
By Jourv Murn.
As the result of enquiries set on foot by the w'riter in
189r, a considerable amount of informat-ion has norv been
gleaned concerning " Alexander Reid, Esq., {)f Kirkennan,"
as he is styled in several of the engravings from his paintings.
Kirl

I'i,
t.{
158 Alnxawonn Rnro, GerrovrDrAN LATRD.
mo,re or less kno,wn; but his work is nearly all hidden away
from the public gaze in private collections, or in the recesses
of public libraries and antiquarian museums.
fatality seems to have overtaken his works.
A singular
Of six engravings
from his paintings knorvn to c

ALBxeNnrR Rnrn, Gelrovtnrau Letno. 159
Reid r,vritten on the back of a letter of no importance;
an interesting letter to him from his brother William;
also
family papers; and the headstone in Buittle Churchyard.
Apart from these fragmentary data, the particulars of Reid's
life have to be gleaned from
miscellaneous sources-oral,
written, and printed; and his merits as an artist have to be
judged from an examination of the very few wo,rks from his
pencil that have been discovered and catalogued-some
odd items in all, originals and reproductions.
the
forty
Reid was kith and kin to manv of the territorial grandees
of Galloway; and, what is of more importance and interest,
he was connected by ties of friendship or communitv of
tastes with all the most interesting people in one of the most
interesting districts in Scotland : he lived during one of the
most interesting and momentous periods of Scottish history
-the fall of feudalism in the political u'orld, the rise of
romanticism in the rvorld o,f art, and the inception, in the
scientific world, of the pregnant ideas and hypothesis which,
in the follorving centuries, produced the multitudinous discoveries
and inventions of which the crou'ded pages of our
encyclopadias contain an account.
A Stewartry laird, Reid was intimate with Burns, Grose,
Glenriddell, and others by whom the province of grey Galloway
was made ready to the hand of S. R. Crockett, and,
as Raiderland, has had an additional lustre shed on it by
that author's long series of breezy tales and romances.
Besides, Reid individually did more than any other man
before or since his time to illustrate the chief persons' places,
and scenes, the interest attaching to w-hich Crockett did so
much to focus and perpetuate.
Reid's importance in the history and in the practice of
art in Scotland is more considerable than may be thought,
for he is little known to students of art, and is not known
at all to the general reader.
The irnpo'rtance of Reid's work
to the student of our national antiquities lies in this, that
most of his paintings and draw'ings illustrate places and
scenes of interest in the South of Scotland rvhich have, in
many instances, undergone changes tending to alter and in

II
160 ArnxaNonn Roto, Ger.rovrolAN LAIRD.
some instances to obliterate the features that made them
interesting and important; and it is these features of which
Reid has given us the form and the colour but rarely the
spirit, except in the case of George Cairns of Kip (otherwise
known as Kipp Cairns), a well-known humorist in his day'
of whom more PresentlY.
Reid lived during the rise of romanticism of art (he was
a contemporary of Blake and coleridge and wordsworth),
when the eighteenth century with its ready acceptance \ /as
gradually and reluctantly giving place to a new world of
-orrde.l when Percy, as Boswell rvould have said, had
balladised the land; and \4acpherson had spread his own
or Ossian's theatrical melancholy over the face of the reading
world, taking great intellectual giants like Napoleon
'fo
and Goethe by storm. judge by the scanty remains of
his work which have survived the general r,vreck, the laird
of Kirkennan was untouched by the spirit that was then
quickening into new life the arts of poetry and of painting
which prepared the way for the subtle imaginative work of
that great creator of colour effects, I'urner, the only begetter
of some of Ruskin's best and rvorst rvork.
Reid lived at a
time u,hen the imagination was seeking to manifest its nevi'
conceptions of beauty by the application of nerv mt'thods to
the new materials then discovered.
Of this Renztissance of
Wonder, to use Watts-Dunto'n's happy phrase' Reid knew
little, and, apparently, cared nothing'
In the summer of r79r and again in 1792, Reid and
Glenriddell, who were latterlv joined by Captain Grose, and
Grose's accomplished servant, Thomas Cocking, some of
whose drarvings still exist, made a tour of inspection of all
the interesting historical remains in Dumfries and Galloway,
Reid or Grose making drawings from thetn, and Glenriddell,
in his large sprawling fist, writing the descriptions.
A record of these interesting journeys, accompanied by the
drawings, still exists in manuscript, partly at Dalmeny and
partlyelsewhere.Itmayhavebeenduringon€orotherof
ih"r. travels in search of the picturesque (thus Carlyle) that
Reid executed the 1rcrtrait, in sepia, of Grose, at one time

Ar,nxervorn Ruo, GerrovtuAN LAIRD. t6l
owned by the late Mr Wm. Macmath, tvho kindly allorved me
to examine this sepia vvork and his other treasures, bibliographical
and artistic.
Returning to the miniatures-for Reid was first and
foremost a miniaturist-that of David l)avidson, author of
" :'--a
Thoughts of the Seasons kind of belatecl James
Tho,mson, of the " seasonq "-1hi5 miniature, to my r,r,'ay of
thinking,
shows more traces of Reid's French art training
thzrn any other of his productions that have come to light.
Soon after returning from his \Vanderjahre in London and
in Paris Reid was so exclusivelv engaged on purelv Scottish
subjects, at the instance of,, or in company with,
such
enthusiasts for things Scottish as Burns, Grose, and others,
that the French influence on his style of treatment and mode
of colouring, which may have been very superficial at the
best, soon disappeared; and he became, rvhat he ever afterwards
remained, a purely Scots artist.
Indeed, it would be
doing Reid no injustice to style him, as has been done here,
a Gallovidian artist, pure and simple, by virtue of his subject
rnatter as u,ell as on account of his birth.
N{ore than threefifths
of his discovered work derives its subjects from persons
and places in Galloway or in Dumfriesshire.
Nevertheless, with his old methods, and in the spirit
which still lingered in the age in rvhich he lived, Reid did
goocl lasting rvork : for art, while it is conditioned by the
icleals of the age in which it flourishes or f:rdes. is art or is
not art in proportion as its fundamental principles guide the
artist, the ideals of the age notwithstanding. What constitutes
an artist is not so much the media by means of rvhich
he achieves his results as the spirit in u'hich he works; for
in the graphic, as in the plastic arts, style is of more importance
than matter.
Reid had the spirit of ihe artist deep
clown in his soul, but it never played freely on his work.
All the same he was a capable workman,
careful in his
clraughting and pleasing in his colours; and was always" or
at least nearly always, interesting, especially to Dumfriessians
and Gallovidians, by virtue of the subjects he chose, or \\/as
commissionecl by others, to execute,

162 Ronrnr rnn Bnucr.
'
Robert the Bruse: A Family
By Jaues l{u'lc l{rwlsoN,
Romance.
D.D.
Repilnted by kind permissiort ol the " Scotsnton"'
The mystery concerning the origin of the Royal Stewarts
and the Bruces ever induces study and entertainment.
Fastidious historians and heraldists, who rel.y upon the
,, indisputable testimony of records," often forget the conclusions
of Camden and Sir Henry Howorth regarding
forgers of documents not uncommon in the Nliddle Ages'
and too cavalierly reject all tradition.
It is fashionable, too,
to resolve the marvellous tales o.f old into myths, as if their
'Hence
foundation in facts was as impossible as incredible.
many consider as imaginary creations those heroic personaS'es
that antique memory cherished as factors in the evolution
of human character and haPPiness.
Thomas Wright,
dubious of the tales of Nennius regarding
the mighty Prince, Arthur, transformed the hero
into a supernatural adventurer in fairyland. Similarly that
reforming genealogist, N{r J. Horace Round, af.ter tracing
the Stewarts to the FitzAlans of Brittany, imagined that
then he had finally laid to rest the ghosts of Banquo and the
exiled Scot, Fleance, the while, unheeding this conclusion
by another expert, the late Earl o,f Crawford and Balcarres,
who, wrofs'-"
I have not as yet met with any lrcsitive or
direct evidence by which Fredaldus, or his son Alan, can be
affiliated as the son or descendant of any house in Brittany. "
There is an unfitness in the decision of another antiquary,
lvho transfigured
the Mabon of the famous Border Treaty
Stone, styled Clochmabon, alleged Arthurian
hero of Lochmaben,
into Apollo- I\{aponus. Lately another has reft
Cairnholy, reputed tomb of King Galdus in Gallorvay, of its
sacred sepulchral character by declaring that George
Buchanan invented that monarch,
buried his body therein !
and one John Marshall
A like mystery invests the origin of the gallant family
of De Brus, fro,m whom sprang' sailors and soldiers, knights
and nobles, princes and dynasties of kings.
The name is

RosBnr rur BRucn. 163
I
I
evidently territorial or partimonial. In the old and local
tongue of Brittany it is said " Brus " means heather (bruic;
French, bruyire).
A trace o,f that word is found in Brie, or
Brix, a town in Normandy, Department of Manche, and not
far from Cherbourg.
There, early in the eleventh century,
Robert de Bruis, or Brusee, built a castle upon that tongue
of sea-board territory touching the English Channel, and
just seventy miles south of the Isle of Wight. l'hence his
family emerged to conquer variously like the Vikings of
old. The old ChAteau de Brix is entirely obliterated. On
its site in the baro,ny a modern house was erected about
thirty years ago. Historians, Norse saga writers, and
biographers give these Bruses a romantic origin,
tracing
them to a Scandinavian family embroiled in marine warfare
from the Baltic to the Atlantic, under kings of old, and, of
later date, Eric, Olaf, Hacon, and others.
Early in the eleventh century (ror4)
Sigurd, Iiarl of
Orkney, and victor in the north, made peace with N{alcolm
II. and married his daughter.
(Cf. Anderson, Early ,Scurces
of Scottish History, 1., 528, et seq.). I'he sagas tell horn'
he had an all-powerful son and successor, Thorfinn, also
three elder sons, one of rvhom was named Brusi, who had a
son named Ronald. Family contentions arose over the
ancestral lands, and Brusi and Ronald sought refuge and
help from their overlord, Olaf, King of Norway.
Snorri,
in the,Sf. Olaf's Saga, states " there is a long storv about
that. " To make this short, these episodes brought Northmen
and the Brusi family into direct contact with and interest
in the affairs and crown of Alban, or Scotland.
became a ubiquitous \/iking,
Ronald
seeking brilliant adventures at
sea and on land till ro46. Robert de Bruis, or Brusde, a councillor
of Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, is said
to have been Ronald's brother.
ro36.
Brusi died probably before
Meantime, in the welter of English affairs, Emma,
daughter of Richard I., Duke of Normandy,
married the
English King, ^/Ethelred the Unready (9I6-ror6), and subsequently
King Cnut (ror6-rot5),
who tried to subjugate Scot-

164 Roennr :rHB BRucn.
land in the reign of Malcolm II.
These events brought
Robert cle Bruis and his son Adelme, or Adam, into the
northern drama.
Robert marr:ied Emma, daughter of Alan
o.f Brittany, a vassal of the Duke of Normandy, and Adam
was in the entourage of Queen Emma, and is credited with
helping Malcolm III.
in Scotland before, as a Norman, he
fought for \Arilliam the conqueror in to66 at Senlac. He
died in rog4. This rvary practice of scions of a family fighting
upon opposing sides, rvhich was not uncommon, secured
the safety of the heritage.
had for his reward in supporting William
I{obert, son and heir of Adam,
the Conqueror,
the rich grant of a hundred manors in the East and Nortir
Ricling of Yorkshire, including Gyseburn, now Guisborough.
This magnilicent gift of ro,ooo acres in clevelandonce
the lovely heritage of Gaufrid and Uchtred, whose g'reen
pa.stures, heathery moors, rvooded vales, are surmounted by
" Ohensberg," n'ow Rosebery
'lopping,
and Easby ridge,
now adorned with captain
cool

Henry I.
Rosnnyrrrn Bnucr. 165
At Court, probably also in clevelzr"nd, fortune
brought these exiles into cultured society, notably that of
the Bruses.
At least, according to \\,-illianr of Nlalnresbury,
a new education in the ascendant chivalry of the Normans
"
influenced David, who, had rubbed off all the tarnish of
Scottish barbarity through being polished front his boyhood
(then 5) by intercourse and friendship with us. " Scon,
'lhe
however, through the influence of Atheling, King
William, and the No'rnran knights, Edgar was placed on
the Scottish Throne (ro97), then succeeded bv Alexander, and
finally in r I 24 by David himself.
Edgar soon made David
Earl of Lothian ancl Cumbria, and in the latter territorv the
lovely lordship of Annandale lay.
David ever remenrbered,
and in gratitude rervarded, the friends of his exile; and
when he came into Royal power'
in turn, granted that
domain to his former comrade, Robert de Brus of Skelton.
This baron gave it to Robert, his son, rvho predeceased his
father.
Accorcling to Ailred, their friend, Chronicler of Clairvaux
Abbey, Robert the elder was a wise, leal, loveable, charming
Knight.
Years afterrvards he proved the nobilitv of his
nature, when, in r r38, on the borders of Clevelancl, he
entered the camp of his former liege-lord, King David, and
Prince Henry, then invaders of England, and made a tearful
appeal to them to turn back and uot to cortrt defeat at the
Battle of the Standard. He thus adjured " ttty dearest
friend "
"
rvith memories of the bestorval of many gifts
. the youthf ul slxrrts u'hich we practised together
after the affairs o,f rvar, u,'here in many dangers we were
ever together the splendid feasts the
hunting, etc. " David, hou,everr persisted and lost the day.
Robert the younger, being his nerv vassal, fought for him
and was made prisoner; while his father and elder brother,
Adam, kept their pledges of fealty to the English King, and
retained the Lordship o'f Cleveland.
The first act of Robert of Skelton was to enrich the local
churches o,f St. Cuthbert's land, notably Gyseburne, now St.
Nicholas's.
In the south aisle of that restored church there

166 RosBRr rnr Bnucr.
stands a chastely carved cenotaph, of date r12r. and thought
to be of Scottish workmanship, figuring in armour on o,ne
side five English Bruces o,f Skelton and five Scottish Bruces
of Annandale on the other side, also representing evangelists
and saints. This fine monument is a reminder of the adjacent
tombs of a history-making
family, whose coat-of-arms suggests
their fearlessness-a lion rampant, with the motto,
" Esto ferox ut Leo,.
"
;
Ix
t
The next pious work of Robert was the erection and
endowment of the Priory of Gyseburne for the canons regular
of the Augustinian Order, of which his brother, William
rr55) became the first prior.
David in Scotland.
(ob.
He attended the C,ourt of
In r r 19 Robert, Agnes (de Paganell),
and Adam, their son and heir, dedicated the priory to God
and the Virgin Mary. Although enclosed with embattled
walls within a lovely pleasance it was burnt by Scots invaders
in 1289, re-built, again ravaged, and often repaired
under twenty-four priors before its dissolution in r54or when
its attenuated brotherhood of z5 was dispersed, and thereafter
its rich rentals leased to the Chaloner family.
C)f an
extensive and beautiful edifice and beneficent institution, dating
from r3o9, only the eastern gable ruined remains, overshadowing'
a green su,ard rvith hidden foundations, all rvithin
a broken cincture of stately old forest trees round the former
gardens of the monks.
'fo this priory Robert also grzrnted rentals from his new
lands in Annandale, where he also enriched churches reminiscent
of St. Patrick, as in Rainpatrick (distrlct of
Patrick), whence his new vassals, the De Kirkpatricks, took
their name. The charters of the n-rany benefactions granted
to Gyseburne (Guisborough), Annandale, and elsewhere by
the Brus family, are reprinted by The Surtees Society
(Cartularium Prioratus de Gyseburne, Ebor. Dieceseos
'fhe
OrChis S. Augttstitti, &"., \u-ols. 86, 89. r889).
original charter of Annandale, granted by King David I. to
Robert de Brus in r r 24, is a tiny strip o,f parchment, bearing
eleven lines of script, and is now preserved in the British
Museum. It adds not a little interest to the Brus t'omance

RosnRr rua Bnuce.
167
to know that this rare document was preserved bv Sir Robert
Bruce Cotton (r57r-r63r), himself belonging to Huntingdonshire,
a domain of the Bruses.
fwo
lt was written at Scone.
distinctions of the Brus administration of their
lands were the apparent development of the agriculturists
into free-holders, and the establishment of parish churches.
In Annandale, for example, after six hundred years of government
since the advent of the Bruses there, only one neu'
'fhese
parish church was added. facts are suggestive of a
period of great culture and advancement.
After the deaths of Alexander III. and little Queen
i\{argaret both troubles and ro'mances occurred, and fortune
favoured the bold Bruses. The marriage of King David I.
w'ith Matilda (",f Northumberlan'd and Northampton) and
the acquisition thereby of the Honour of Huntingdon
resulted
two centuries later in their great-g'randdaughter,
Margaret,
elder daughter o,f Earl l)avid, brother of William
the Lion, becoming ancestress of the Balliols;
while the
younger daughter, Isabel, married Robert de Brus V. o'f
Annandale, and became the grandmother of Robert (VII.)'
the father of the King
In this procedure of king-making
Robert I. of Scotland (t274't329)-
another romance ended
happily. By chance, or aforethought, lsabel's 56n-215r;
Robert of Annandal€-w?s hunting or u'andering in the
domain of Marjorie, heiress of the old-time Kings of Carrick,
near her grim sea-battered castle of 'I'urnberry on the Avrshire
coast.
The gallant nraid rvith her orvn hand seizing
the rein of his charger, apprehended the intruder, and led
him captive, willy-nilly, and retained him there till he ntarried
her; so runs the local tale of love.
Their son Robert was par excellence " l'he Brus, " Scotland's
greatest hero, Liberator and Saviour of his
'fhe
country. He could hardly escape becoming illustrious a-nd
victorious, having in him the blood o'f heroes and great
rulers. Local tradition in Lochmaben asserts that he lvas
born in the Castle there (t"Z+).
That mighty and imposing
eclifice, erected on a promontory running into an extensive
lake, and now a ruin, superseded in the thirteenth century

168 Roernr rHE BRUCE.
ern olcler fortress, whose site is visible between the church
and the loch; but this, like other.ho'lds of the Bruses in
Annan and elsewhere, is obliterated. During warfare these
lands ancl fortresses had diverse owners-the Edwards themselves,
Iiandolph, Percy, Bohun, Douglas, ctc'--till in t487
the Scottish Parliament attached the Brus patrimony to the
Crown.
The accession of Robert to the throne did not terminate
the romances of the Brus family. Robert's eldest daughter,
l,{arjory, in I3r5 married Walter (t"itzalan), the High
steward, a gallant young commander at Bannockburn,. and
their son Robert, after the death of Marjory's brother, King
Davicl II., in r37r without an heir, gucceeded to the crown'
arnd became the first Stewztrt king, and, as Robert II', reigned
till r39o. Probably there are other arresting romances regarding
Bruses or Bruces in other territories. f'he writer,
*frit" visiting the isle of Rhodes, on passing up the main
street of the torvn and viewing the houses of the Crusaders
there, noticed on one a shield bezrring thc lion ranlpant, and
has been wondering since if that could be the very cognisance
of Sir Rayner de Brus, g,,ho held for t|e
crusaders the
important fortress of Subeibeh in Syria, or that of a
Fitz-Alan, ar a Steward fronr Dol'
To-day the restless Viking Brus blood still continues its
immortal pilgrirnage through m?rny far lands, florving'
reigning, and romantic still in nrarny roval palaces now existing
in Europe, as rvell as in many a baronial castle'

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Field Meetings.
13th June, 1951.
The first field meeting of the season, which was
organised by NIr R. C. Reid, took place on the above date,
when a large party left the Ewart Public I-ibrary at ro a.m.
The definite stages in the journey were the Abbeys of
Dryburgh and Melrose and Newa,rk Castle, a tower that
overlooks the valley of the Yarrow. The route was by
Annan and Mosspaul, past Branksholm Tor,r'er to Hawick,
and thence down Teviotdale to St. Boswells, where the
rnembers were joined by u company from the Berwickshire
Archaological Society. Dryburgh was reached soon after
one o,'clock, where the party was welcomed by Colonel and
Mrs Xtlurray Thriepland. After luncheon on the lawn 'they
proceeded to the Abbey, where Mr Peter Murray Thriepland
gave a 'lvell informed paper on its history and pointed o,ut
the principal architectural features. The company inspected
with great interest the fine Norman Arch, originallv the
west door\vay, the North Transept called St. Nlary's Aisle,
and St. Modan's Chapel, as well as the tombs near by of
Sir Walter Scott and Earl Haig. Before leaving the thanks
of the two associations were conveyed to Colonel and N{rs
Murray Thriepland by Mr G. W. Shirley, librarian, as also
to Mr P. N{urray Thriepland for his address, ancl to Miss
Hope, secretary of the Berr,r'ickshire Society, for her assistance
in arranging the visit.
From Dryburgh the party next went on to Nlelrose,
where they were met by Mr J. Curle, an acknowledged
authority on the architecture and history of the famous
Abbey. N{r Curle read a paper on the general configuration
and plan of the Abbey, and then proceeded to give an
account of the decline of this ancient house. On the motion
of Mr James Reid the compa4y accorded to N{r Curle a
hearty vote of thanks for his information and guidance.

72
Frsro i\Imrtxcs.
Af ter tea the expediti

t$
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l l
I
L
Frnr,o IVInB:rrNcs. 173
\,
t
reached Rome.
For he died at Clairvaux in the arms of
St. Bernard, on znd November, r r48. The late Canon
Wilson has rhade these journeys of St Malachy the subject
of exhaustive revierv.
I{e is of opinion that it is clearly
futile to attempt to identify Viri,de stagnum. with this spot.
I am by no means so clear about that futility.
For rvhen a
tradition consists of a simple statement of fact unadorned
b-v.- any additional accretions it rvill usually be found to be
true.
Canon Wilson was one of the few great mediavalists
of the Church of England, but on early Scottish Church history
his name is unl

L,74 Frer,o Mprtrncs.
perilous place fo.r the preaching of the Gospel. Not till
after rr38 does Fergus appear as Lord of Galloway, and
not till rr54 did a definite diocese of Gallorvay apryar with
the consecration of Bishop Christian. That date signifies
the end of po,litical chaos in Galloway anC the beginning of an
organised Church. Six years before that event St.
Ivlalachy's abbey was established. Its fate we can only
conjecture. It may have failed to take root. It may have
been blotted out. More probably it may have been absorbed,
a tender fragile seedling that had never properly taken roo't,
by the new and vigorous growth of the Premonstratensian
Abbey of Sedes Animarum or Soulseat that was founded here
about the year r 16o. This new foundation has been ascribed
to Fergus.
Of this Premonstratensian Abbey very little is known--
a feature r,r'hich .it curiously shares u'ith all the other Scottish
houses of that Order-Whithorn, Tungland, and Holywood.
Even of the names of its abbots few have come down to us.
John Abbot of Saulsete witnessed the foundation charter of
Sweetheart Abbey in 1273.3 Abbot Patrick M'Chaquhirky,
after the lapse of a century and a half, figures as resigning
office, whereupon on z r st November, 1458, Gilbert
M'Wilnane was apparently appointed Abbot by the Crown,4
for he was granted the " Abbot's temporalities.
" No mention
is made of the spiritualities. By 1493 Quintin, Abbot
of Soulseat, is mentioned in a grant of Church lands.
N{,Kerlie (I., p. 146) states that he was of the Vaus family,
though the connection has not been established. By r52::
Quintin was very old and in failing health, so a coadjutor and
successor was appointed in the person of David Vaus.5
Quintin must have been dead by 1529,6 when Abbot David
obtained the ward of the lands of the late Patrick M'Dowall
of Logan, which he assigned to John Vaus of Barnbarroch.
The Abbey Chapter raised objections and troubled Barns
Laing Cha,rbers, 46.
4 R.M.S., L424/L5L3, 652.
5 Agnew's H,ereiXitara Sherifrs, L, 349, n. 2.
6 M'Kerlle,I., 147, says that David succeeded in 1531.

Fruo Memrxcs.
L75
barroch in his use of the lands till a Crorvn precept was
directed to the Sheriff to do justice to, the parties.T In July,
1532, Abbot David set forth on a visitation of all the Premonstratensian
Houses in Scotland, and rvas dead by September.
For on the r8th of that month James Johnstone, lay
parson of Johnstone and son of John Johnstone of that M
'l'here
(r5o9-r 524)rB became Commendator.
can be little
doubt that he was a lay Commendator of Soulseat.
He was
a well-known character on the Border, shifty, unreliable, and
treacherous to everyone, especially the English.
FIe must
have been taken prisoner at Solway M

176 Fruo MrmtNcs.
business affairs of his chief, one of which led to his undoing,
his impoverishment and imprisonment as a common debtor.
It no doubt hastened his death, though he must have been
well past the allotted span of three score and ten.
But it is as a Churchman that Abbot John will be remembered.
In an age distinguished for the celerity with
which every rank of Churchman forsook the Church o'f Rome,
the Abbot stands out as a landmark in his adherence to the
faith of his fathers. Long after the Reformed Faith had
been firmly established he continued to celebrate Mass.
Trial and condemnation left him unmoved.
But his worst experiences related to the lands of the
'fhese
Abbey and to the teinds thereof.
lands were by no
means extensive when compared to other monastic properties.
Soulseat was a modest temporality compared with
Dundrennan or even Whithorn.
Its lands were embraced
in two small baronies which may conceivably preserve faint
evidence of the two foundations'--the baronies of Soulseat
and Drummaston, the baron courts of vvhich were held
" "
apud montem de Regressie in baronia de SouJseat
(Ex. R., V., zz and 5rZ).1'1 \Arith the advent of the Reformation
the story o,f the devolution of these lands presents an
extraordinary parallel to the break up of Crossraguel Abbey'
'Ihe,re
rvhich we visited two years ago.
a courageous and
strong-minded Abbot dared to uphold the ancient faith and
even to debate in public with the redoubtable J(nox.
The
lands of which he rvas titular adjoined the estates and castles
of the Kennedy clan. The Kennedys seized Abbot Quintin,
and as he refused to sign a transfer o,f the Abbey lands
tortured him at Dunure Castle by roasting him over a fire
till in agony he consented.
Yet he lived to'lead the Kennedys
a pretty dance.
At Soulseat Abbot John had as near neighbours another
family of Kennedys, whose castle we are shortly to inspect.
They, too, cast longing eyes on these conventual lands, and
11 Perhaps the Mound on Galla Hill about a quarter mile
west of Loch Magille, described in the ordnance survey as a
Mote (Ancient Monuments Commission, p. 28).

I
I
I
I
I t
FrBr,o MBBnNcs. 177
I
were opposed by an Abbot just as courag'eous as Abbot
puintin. Abbot John,, too', was seized by these unprincipleci
brigands and removed, not to Castle Kennedy, which might
have been too public for their ways o'f darkness, but to
Dunskey Castle, and there tortured, not bv the ordeal of fire
which Abbot Quintin had to face, but by the ordeal of u'ater.
Abbot John Johnstone had infeft a Johnstone relative in
the 5 merkland of Auchlure and a cro'ft called St. John's
Croft, with which was associated St. John's Chapel and the
Tower now known as Stranraer Castle. In 1549 Robert
Johnstone disponed those lands to James Kennecly, brother
to Gilbert, Earl o'f Cassillis,lz the same ruffianlv nobleman
who roasted the Abbot o'f Crossraguel. Thus did the
Kennedys get their first foothold in Soulseat. Twenty-eight
years later Abbot John gave a tack of the teinds of Kirkmaiden,
in the Rhynnes, to Ninian Adair of Kinhilt, rvho
ownecl Dunskey Castle.
Adair after a while refused to pay
the teinds, and when the Abbot took out letters of horning
against him, conspired rvith the Kennedys, who had ceased
to pay their feu duties. No document dated during the
Abbot's
lifetime has yet been found that narrates rvhat
happened to him, but his executors have left on reco,rd an
account of his treatment.
At the bottom of the business
was the Earl of Cassillis " quha maist ungodilie steirrit upt
certane of the said Abbot's awin freindis with the Laird of
I{inhilt
and utheris, quha tuik the said ttmqle Abbot and
cleteinit him in captivitic in the Castle of l)unskey and ilk
uther clay hangit him orvir the wall be the heillis richt abone
the sey mark Quhill he n'as forcit in end to set ane feu of
the haill lancls and baronie of Saulset upon sick conditionis
as pleissit thame. "
The Castle of Dunskey stands on a windswept crag
overlooking the biliows of the Atlantic. It is perched on
the very eclge of the cliff, and almost overhangs the water.
I am told by those familiar with the site that at one place it
might still be practical rvith a long 1rcle to carry out this
tz Aets and Decre,efs, Iff., P. 302.

178 Frrro Mperlrvcs.
treatment. Imagine, then, for a moment what must have
occurred. Head downwards, suspended by his feet at the
end of a rope whose length we may be sure was nicely
calculated, hung the Abbot of Soulseat. The rope was
attached to the end of a long fo,le thrust forth from
Castle.
the
The parapet or perhaps a window sill of the Castle
would make an effective fulcrum.
held by some delighted retainers.
One end of the pole rvas
At a given signal they
would lever it up and the head of the Abbot rvould disappear
within the waves. Another order, and up he u'ould come
to hang a dripping object of hilarity a fen' feet above the
r,vaters. Then he would be invited from above to sign the
feu. If his answer was a half-drorvned curse, down he
went again. And so the fun u'ent on. Such u'as the ordeal
by water. It speaks volumes for his resolution that he had
to suffer this torment
" ilk uther day." In the end, like
Abbot puintin, Abbot John gave in. The deed was signed.
No so'oner was Abbot John set free than he moved
heaven and earth to upset the disposition. Abbot Quintin's
successful appeal has survived. Abbot John's has not vet
been found.
Perhaps it may be lying unrecog'nised amongst
the title deeds of the Earl of Stair.
It is clear that this
monstrous consent u,'as undone, for he was pursued to the
end of his life by the Iiennedys and their friends.
Close on
5o times did he appear in court to defend himself. No mercy
was shown to him. iVIanv years before he had bec'ome a
cautioner for the chief of his clan, and he had long been
discharged of his liability.
His enemies got hold of the
discharge, and then persuaded John Johnstone, parson of
Johnsto,ne and son of the late John Johnstone of that IIk, to
sue him under the o'riginal bond. I{is lands of Courance
were devastated, and as.he could not pay he was flung into
the Edinburgh Tolboo,th. Here he languished until June,
rS98, when he was released on his nephew paving to the
jailor the balance of the expenses of his imprisonment.ls
For prisoners in those days were not his Majesty's guests.
78 E,egister of De'eds, vol. 65 (16th Sept., 1598).

Frpr,o Mperrucs. 179
His natural son, Mr William Johnstone, minister of l,ochmaben,
was slain and his church burnt to the
'l'he
ground.
Abbo.t himself was wounded and left for dead in the streets
of Dumfries.
allies.
Such was the fury of the Kenneclys ancl their
He died in 16oo, an old and broken man, rvell over
Zo years o'f age. His rvill is still preserved at Raehills, ancl
his only effects were debts due to him. At the very end his
indomitable spirit flashed out once moret for he bequeathed
to his executors two' pending actions at law against the Earl
of Cassillis and Adair of Kinhilt. He rnust have been a
" bonnie fechter.
"
At his death his enemies reaped their
reward, and Vlr John I(ennedy of Baltersan became Commendator
of Soulseat, and at once paid his ally, John Johnstone,
parson of Johnstone, 3oo nrerks " in respect of a
favour done. "14 To kidnapping, imprisonment, torture,
tampering with legal documents, and attempted murder t

180 Frno Mnnrrxcs.
happily still with us. The latter tells me that " some remains
of a wall were found underground but not enough to go on. "
Nevertheless I think that quite a lot of the lay-out of the
Abbey might be recovered were a systematic excavation
undertaken. Where the few tombstones now stand amongst
the rank herbage and nettles was probably the chancel of
the church, if analogy is any help. The conventual buildings
must have lain on the south of this. In the garden of
the manse was found by N{r Paton the seal of the Priory
of Whithorn, now in an Edinburgh Nluseum. In 1588, just
after the Reformation, Dean Frederick Bruce, brother of an
Edinburgh burgess, was sub-prior of Whithorn and vicar of
Soulseat.ls Perhaps he had charge of the seal of \Vhithorn
and kept it here.
At certain seasons of the year Soulseat Loch becomes
overspread with a ffreen seed-like substance, a weed, from
which it has got the name, the Green Lake, airide stagnum,
On the banks of the loch on a calm summer evening a curio'us
phenomenon is sometimes seen. What looks like a
pillar of cloud rising to fifty feet or more in height appears,
rvhich at a distance lool

FrBro llrnrrNcs.
I ttl
NIr Reid wils awarded a hearty v

182 Frnlo MBBrrrcs.
i
I
i
I
one at 'I'eroy, another
of the Rhins peninsula,
Bav of I.uce.
All brochs conformed
at Ardwell
Point on the rvest coast
and the third near Stairhaven on the
to one main plan or type, but
rvith such difference of detail that no two were exactlv alike.
They were cylindrical in shape, having rvalls tz Lo 15 feet
thick, built of dry stonework,
about lo feet in diameter, op€n to the sky.
enclosing a circular area of
The only opening
to the outside in the wall was the doorway at ground
level, and that was securely defended by a guard chamber
left hollow in the thickness of the wall, and checks formed
in the stonework
and sliding bars.
of the entrance passage for stout doors
At a height of 8 to ro feet from the
ground the wall was divided into trvo sections forming
outer and an inner ring, rising,
inrportant brochs, to heights of 4o to 5o feet.
an
in the case of the more
These tw

Frr*o NIBBUNcs
f83
'feroy, red land (Tir-land : ruadh, red), as given by Sir
Herbert Maxwell in his recent book, 'I'he Place Names of
Galloway, is perhaps suggestive of tilled fields and agriculturists
in ancient days on these high braes of Inch.
Inncrmossan Motc.
At the Mote of Innermessan, three-quarters of a lnilc
to the south-west, we find another and later type of defensive
construction, and come rvithin the range of clearer
history.
The brochs were designed for the collective benefit
of the family or tribe, the motes to secure the donrinance
'fhat
of the overlord. change came u'ith the establishment
in Scotland of the feudal system in the reign (rrz4 to I r53)
of David I., who courted the assistance of Norman knigh,ts
from England, giving them grants of land.
NIotes are therefore
Anglo-No,rman institutions, and in Sco,tland they are
f.ar more numerous in Dumfriesshire and Galloway than
elsewhere.
There are eleven in the county of Wigtown.
Their dis,tribution in Scotland is in the inverse ratio of the
brochs, there being no mt-rtes north.of
county of Caithness alone contains r4.5 brochs.
Inverness, while the
The large number o,f motes in Gallowa-v is due to the
turbulence of the ancient Gallovidians and their unwillingness
to subnrit themselves to the rule of the Scottish king.
The Anglo-No'rmans
who came among them reared great
mounds of earth and stone, surrounded r,r'ith a deep ditch,
and on the top of the mound placed a fo,rtified residence,
constructed of timber, and connected by an easily-defended
gangway with the outer edge of the surrounding ditch.
During the short period of the captivity of William the
Lion in rLZ3 the men o,f Gallou'ay rose against their Anglo-
Irforman overlords,
ofl, and demolished their fortresses.
slevv all of them they could lay hands
That is doubtless the
origin and some part of the history of the Mote of Innermessan.
It was not till r23+ that the ascendancy of the
Pictish chiefs gave r,l'ay to feudalism.
Craigcafie Tower.
Sometime in the reign of King Robert the Bruce,
probablv after Bannockburn (r3r4), the lands of Craigcaflie

184 liu.u N{rprtncs.
were, by royal charter, granted
to John, son of Neil of
Carrick, who took the name of Neilson as his patronymic.
He was most likely a kinsman o,f the l

Flnln N{rrrrxcs. 185
fitting inserted, which in its original position may have
carried the jo,ugs. 1he only entrance is the door on the
north side, high over rvhich, close up to the eclge of the
roof, is the machicolation, thc sloping shoot don'n u'hich
the inmales could clrop nrolten lead or other convincing
substances calculaled to discourage imgrrtunate callt:rs.
l'he g:rblc u'etlls ^re I feet thick and the side walls 3 feet,
ancl therc is no rvindorv nearer the ground than 12 feet,
so that forcible entrancc \\:as not easily obtainable.
Thc
first and second floors are lighted by trvo windows, one on
each side. l'hc roof is steeply pitched u,ith crorv-steppccl
gables, and on ezrch gablc is :r parapet u'alk, terminating
in two open pcpper-box turrets, access to these being
obtained from the attic chzrmber. l'hese paraltets and turrets
g'ave the warders full vierv of all sides of the castle.
the faces of the lou'est crorvsteps arc carvings. Tlrose to
the north have on onc the initials " I. N. " and " N[. S. "
(John Neilson ancl Margaret Strang), ancl on the other thc
dnte r57o; and those on the south have heraldic emblents.
Well up above the cloorway, but hiclclen bencath the mantling
iuy, is a nroulded panel, bearing, as the reco.rds sa5
initials and heralclic insignia of John Neilson ancl \{argaret
Strang.
On
the
Internallv the building' may be described as having three
rooms and a kitchen.
The outer door opens directly on to
the foot of the spiral stair leading to the upper floors.
the left is thc ground-flo,or chambcr-doubtless the kitchen
-2 v2ulfed apartnrent u'ith a large fireplace, and what u,as
once a drarv-well in thc centre of the lloor.
To
Originally this
chamber appears to have been lighted by four very narrow
apertures or peepholes, u'hich are no\\: built up.
Off it is
a small domicallv-vaulted chamber rvith a trap in the do,me
fo,r the passage o,f food and drinl< to the first floor or
living-room, immediately above. The second floo'r and attic
would be sleeping apartments. Each of the floors is
practically one apartment, measuring, roughly,
fength hy ,4 feet in breadth.
Sttch \\'as the acconmodation
r7 feet in
considered appropriate

186 Frnro MBgrIwcs.
to the circumstances of a Galloway laird and his household
in the reign of James VI.
One has scarcely tg think a
nroment 1o notice how much in the days of the Scottish
Solomon comfort and propriety had to be sacrificed for defence.
We have travelled far since those days. A benevolent
Department
of Health for Scotland aims at having
the humblest dr,r,elling furnished r,l'ith a bathroom, a lavatory'
a scullery, and hot and cold water taps. John Neilson and
Margaret Strang lived before their time.
But, still, along rvith their hardships, the Neilsons had
adventures and thrills which they probably enjoVed to the
full. In r4g4 Neil Neilson was one of a company of six
"
young lairds who,, for their grait solace .and divertisement,
" raided the lands of Sheriff Agnerv of Lochnaw, and
had, by decree of the Superior Court, to which the Sheriff
had appealed, to restore " "+ ky", rvith their calffs, 22o
sheep, 8 oxen, and 3 hors,es. "
Happier revels occurred on
occasions such as when King James of the Iron Belt made
pilgrimage to whitho,rn. In r4g7 the King's cavalcade
'l'he
stopped to picnic bv the shores of Lochryan. horses,
u,hich had been turned loose, ate the groll'ing corn, ancl
the King had to compensate'the owners. Ten years later
he was accompanied by the Queen to shorv at the shrine of
Ninian her o,rvn gratitude for recovered health, and all the
Wigton,nshire lairds, in their best attire, srvelled the grandettr
of her train. About r66z Gilbert Neilson of Craigcaffie rvas
fined {r3oo for his adherence to Presbyterian Covenanting
principles. About t67z Gilbert Neilson, presumably the
stalwart cove,nan,ter, had the misfortune to lose his rvife.
Enamoured o'f a young lady in the neighbourhood, who was
being ardently wo,oed by an Ayrshire laird, he hurried off,
abducted, and married her before the dead wife's funeral
day, to make sure his younger rival would not forestall him.
In 1685 " Gilbert Neilson of Craigcalfie " was appointed a
commissioner o,f Supply, and in r68q " the Laird of craigcaffie
" appears on the roll of wigtownshire barons. F'rom
about that period the fo,rtunes of the family became adverse'
The estate was assigned as security for debts, and ultimately
passed from their hands in r759.

Frnrn Mrrrrwcs.
187
Turning again to Sir Herbert Maxrvell's Place Names,
\\'e find the name Craigcalfie is derived from a name prominent
in Irish story-Cathbhaidh (pr. Caffe). It does not
appear clifficult to reconcile u'ith that the name Kellechaffe
appearing in Bruce's charter to John Neilso,n. In her golden
age Ireland u'as the " Isle of Saints and Scholars," sending
Christian nrissionaries to Scotland and many other counrries.
Perhaps Cathbhaidh u'as one of tliese, and found his vocittiorr
sonrervhere by the shore of Lochryan.
Innormessan-Town and Castle.
puite a thousand years before the rn,ote \\,:ts reared,
the Novantes hacl a tou'n by the mouth of the \,Iessan-the
stream rvhich drains the lochs of Inch to the sea.
It tvas
the town identified rvith the Rerigonium of the Romans,
s'hose storm-to'ssed galleys found safe haven there early in
the Christizrn era.
rnainly ^ maritime people.
It is pro,bable that its clrvellers were
It hacl cristence as a tairly
important place until nearly our o\\/n duy. Writing in
1864, Sir Andreu' Agnew in T'he Hereclitarl Sherifls ol Galloi(t&y
tells us that u'ithin thc recollection of the then oldest
inhabitants there had been four-score houses of the better:
so,rt, as u.ell as t\r'o rnills; and confirmzrtory evidence is
afforded by old plans of the Stair Estates, dated fronr 1760
1o r8oo, u'hich shou' a consiclcr:rble r:rngc of houses and
mills on sites that long hztver bcen.arablc l:rncl.
Herc :rls'o the Agneu's of l,ochnau' had a c:rstle, of u'hich
no vestige renr:rins. About the middle of the rzlth century
l)avicl II. e'ranted the lzrnds t

188 Iituro Mrnrtncs.
Marshal and Ambassador.
r74
By a contract of excambion in
the castle ancl lands of Innermessan were transferred
to the Earl of Stair in exchange fo'r lands in the vicinity of
Lochnaw. Thereafter the old feudal keep, after having
served for a time as cavalry barracks, was allowed to fall
into decay, and ultimately the stones were used as a quarry
for builde,rs, the entire steading of the farm of Balyett
having been built o,f them
In The Heredi'tary Sheriffs Sir Andrew Agnew tells us
in one quaint, grave sentence that Innermessan was famous
for boat-builders and wizards. 1'hey may have been the
craftsmen immortalised in the ballad, Fu.ir Annic of Lochtyan,
and Annie herself may have been a daughter of one or other
of the houses of Craigcaffie and Innermessan.
journey over sea in search of her missing lover
" Ifer father he gar'd build a boat,
And fitted it roYallie;
The sails were of the light green sillr,
The tows of ta,ffetie.
t'The masts of burnished gold were made,
And far o'er sea thoY shone;
The bulwarks richlY were inlaid
lYith Pearl and roYal bone."
For her
So rvith this non-historical fancy, to which the chronicles
of the r4th century may give some clegree of aptness, we take
leave of the silent. vanished folk u'hose true tale rve have
tried to trace.
A vote of thanks was given to the Bailie on the nrotion
of Rev. Mr Anderson.
The company then proceeded to Stranraer,
'where tea
was served in the King's Arms Hotei, the proprietor of
which, Mr l\4acRobert, pointed out a part of the old Castle
of Stranrae,r embodied in a partition wall of the hotel.
Shirley thereafter made fitting refe'rence to the loss by death
since last meeting of Mr w.
I;lr
H. Armistead, Kippford, one
of the most valued members of the Society and a frequent
contributor to the Trantsacti,ons, 'Ihe members testified their
regret at Mr Armistead's sudden and untimely demise bv
standing for one minute's silence.

It
Frpr,u .Nlpurrxcs.
r89
Stranraer Castle was the next objective, where the
party was under the guidance of Lieutenant-Co'lonel Johnson,
Eduiation Officer fo,r Wigtownshire. I'le gave a summary
of the history of the Castle and of various notable persons
connected with its histo,rv and that of Stranraer and district.
Loch Ryan and Stranraer.
t
{
I
;
I
I
I
l
I
I
I
I
II
I
L
'['he name Loch Ryan is of doubtful
o,rigin, but it is
traditionall.v thought to be derived from the name of some
old Celtic hero.
we find it mentioned as Loch Reon.
In 'faliessin's poems of the 6th. century
T'he Romans called it
Rerigonium Sinus, and the chief place on its shores at that
time was Rerigonium. What was Rerigonium is now
Innermessan, and consists of only a few houses.
Rerigonium
Sinus was reg'arded bv the Romans as a very safe
anchorage, and this feature is perpetuated in the motto of
the burgh of Stranraer, rvhich lies at the end of the loch,
viz,, " 'I'utissima Statio.
"
The Scar, a headland jutting
far into the loch but
inrmersed at high tide, suggests a Norse origin,
does \Vig
as also
Buy, rn'hich suggests that the N'orsemen fotrnrl
it a convenient placc for beaching their galleys.
Loch Ryan was, and still ir, famous for its oysters.
It used to be fitnrous for its pearls.
When the Fair iVlaid
r-rf Lorn \\ras arr:ryed f

190 I.-rnI-u N'Irouxcs.
the side of Edward

of succouring pilgrims
and healing sick persons in accordance
with the vorvs of their Order.
I. rplo MeorrNcs. 191
The memory of their
connection with Stranraer is preserved in the name St.
John's Well-a sp,ring of fresh water which bubbles up on
the beach, in front o'f what is now Agnew Crescent, between
high and low r,vater mark.
We find reference to this in the
old Sfotistical Account of Scotland, published in ry9t, where
lve read ;-"
fhs only natural curiosity in this parish is St.
John's Well, considerably within high water mark. It is
flooded every tide by the sea, and in five minutes after the
tide retires it boils up in a copious spring of excellent soft
fresh water. "
Fo,r neighbours the Hospitallers had the MacDoualls
of Stranraer, and, as we have seen, NlacDouall was on the
side of Edward of England and took an active part against
Bruce in 13o6. When Bruce came into his kingdom Mac-
Douall was deprived of his lands, and these were grantetl
to Fergus de N{andeville, a Norman
supporter of Bruce.
These lands were on the west side of a little stream that
flowed thro,ugh the centre of the town. A E:werful family
called the Adairs at this time ou,ned the estates of Dunskey
and Kilhilt, and shortly afterwards we find them established
on the east side of this stream. Here in the rqth century
'lhis
one of the Adairs erected a chapel. chapel must have
been of some imlrcrtance, for when Ninian Adair built his
castle in r5zo the castle got the name of " Chappell," as
did also the village that sprang up around it'
Meanu'hile
the village of Stranraer was g'ro'wing on the other side of
the stream, and it n'as do,ubtful for a time rvhich of the
villages would give its name to the other, viz., whether the
fgture name would be " Chapel " or " Stranraer. "
About ISgo one of the Kennedys acquired the castle of
Stranraer, and several mansions were built round the Chapel.
In r59r, according to Sir Andrerv Agnew, autho'r of the
Hereditary Sheri'ff s, we find the rising town styled
" Clachane de Stranraer."' In r.596 it becomes
" Librum
Burgum Regalium,"
and in a ferv years we find it becoming
quite a centre of society. All the principal families had

192 lirur-u trIugrtxcs.
large tolvn houscs - the Laird of G:rrth Latnd, Quintin
Agnerv, the Sheriff's brother, as well as Syni of Larg and
the Kennedys of Chappell, to mention onlv ei few.
John
Iiennedy of Creach was one of the first provosts and cadets
of the Agnews; the NlacDoualls and others were among its
bailies.
An authentic acco,unt of the structure and history of the
Castle will be founcl in Vol. I., page r58, of the Historical
fuIonutnents (scotlantl)
comnilssion. (Gtrll.owuy, IVigtown).
The town q'ets maclc a Royal Burgh in 1617.
In that year
James VI., " being of deliberate mind that the place should
flourish," arnd, " understanding that the said burgh and
harbourie, distant :4 miles from any burgh in this kingdome,
is ancl in a short tinre by the large buildings and policie to
bc made rvithin the same, n'ill not only be to the inhabitants
frequenting, but zrlso to all others resorting thither, vcry
convenient for the frequent trade which will be there in buying
and selling of all sorts of victuals, merchandise and
other things necessar for the corumodic and sustentation of
our leidges in the countrv abgut, tending greatly to the publict
utility of this our kingdoltt,"
crcated the to'wn " alne
frce burgh I{ovall, to be callecl the Burgh g'f Stranraer with
1ll the liberties and privileges of ;t Rovztl Burgh. " Thesc
privilcges incluclecl thc right to levy custotlrs, and thgse
"
fr

t-roro Nluurrxcs.
te3
century all the tr:rde rvas carried on by se:t, ancl mostly by
small sailing vessels. Until r8zo there was no pier at u'hich
passengers o,r cargoes could be landed.
In r8zo the sho,rt
masonry pier on the west side of the harbour was erected.
'I'his answered its purpose well enough for 3o years until
daily st'eamers began to ply between Ay. and Stranraer.
These steamers were not able to, come alongside the jetty
at all states of the tide, so that passeng'ers r,vho arrived when
the tide r.r'as lo,rv \\'ere first conveyed in boats and then carried
ashore by the boatnren.
improvements were carried out.
Betrveen r85o and 186o inrportant
The pier was considerably
lengthened, a sea rvall rvas built oppositc Agneu' Crescent,
and the breastwork was formed at the quay head.
Thi-s
latter was constructed from plans urztde by Sir John Ross,
the cclebrated Arctic explorer, rvho spent his latter days in
Stranraer at his residence, North-West Czrstle.
'fhe
grorvth of the tou'n during the last zoo years is
strikingly shou'n in the fo'llowing ligures :-In rTSo the
populati

194 Ftrlo MBBrrNcs.
soon at our port,
the boat's company consumed most of
our provision : so that by a caln-r and a little contrary wind,
being three days at sea, the last day rve had neither meat
nor drink, no,r could reach no coast. "
" "
"
When I first came to Stranraer, he adds, some
of the folks of the town desired to come to our ho'use to be
lrresent at our family exercise; therefore I propounded that
I rvould rather choose every mo'rning to go to the Church'
and so each nto,rning the bell was rtlng and we convened :
and after two or three verses of a psalm sun$r and a short
prayer, some portion o'f Scripture was read and explained
only so long as an half hour glass ran; and then closed with
prayer."
In 1648 John Livingstone was translated to Ancrum'
in Roxburghshire. On the accession of Clharles I [' sentence
of banishment was passed upon him, and he lvas ordered to
leave scotland in trvo months and until his departure to
remain north of the Tuy.
He removed to Rotte'rdam. where
he afterwards continued until his death in 167z'
Livingstone wzts one of the nrost eminent clergvmen
.f his time. He rvas succeecled bv Mr John Park' previously
minister of Mochrunt, who I'r'as afterwards ejectecl from his
charge at the Restoration.
Park was a rnan of great solidity
and much learning, and is the author of the fztmous Treatise
on Patronages.
The conlpanv therr r.isitecl North-west castle, where
Lieut.-Colonel Johnson u'as zrgain the guide' This building
rvas erected by Sir John Ross, of North-\Arest Passage fame'
of whose life and rvork Lieut'-Colonel
summary.
Tohnson gave a brief

limo rVruuNcs. l gb
Sir John Ross, Arctic Explorer, North=West Castle,
Stranraer.
John Ross, the fourth son of the Rev. ,\ndrerv Ross,
ruinister of Inch, a parish in the western Division of wigtownshire,
was born on the zgh June, rZZZ.
His mother
u'as Elizzrbeth Corsern of the family

196 I, rrilu \fu:u'r'rxcs.
16 guns, and in r8r5 to the " Driverr" sloop of war.
-l'he
u'ar bcing ended, and having little prospect of further active
service, Captain Ross, as he now was, married his first wife
with the prospect of enjoying domestic life on shore.
In this respect, however, his expectations were to be
rudely shattered.
The interest of the Government of the day
was aroused by reports of extraordinary changes that had
taken and were taking place in the state of the North Polar
Sea, and norv that the war was over, and so many good
ships with their brave and skilful commanders available, they
thought that in the long interval of peace that these might
be usefully employed in voyag'es o'f scientific discovery, the
most important of which was " to ascertain the existence or
non-existence of a North-\Vest Passage "; zrnd to Captain
John Ross was assigned the honour of the attenrpt.
Accordingly, in Decenrber, t9r/, while in conrmand of
the " I)river, " sloop o'f wzrr in L

FrBru MnnrtNcs. 197
buy forming a chain of mountains connected with those
which extended along the north and sottth sides. Under
the impression that it rvas use.less to proceed further, the
" "
Isabella's course was turned eastu'ard and a signal
'l'he '' "
given for her consort to follorv.
Alexander wtls a
slow-moving vessel, and was so'lrl€; distancc behincl thc
" Isabella." I)zrrry could see no nrountains :tt the encl of
the bay, and it was with u'onder zrncl disappointment that
he beheld the signal of his superior officer and very rcluctantly
obeyed. Ro'ss, horvever, was so convinced that
Lancaster Souncl w1s closed that he laid dou,n the high
lands o,n a chart and called them the Crolcer \{ountains. Irr
November, r8r8, he retu'rned to England, and in the follou'-
ing month was advanced to the rank of Post-Captain. ln
r8r9 he published a " \toyage of l)iscoverv, made under
the Orders of the Admiralty in FI.VI. Ships'Isabella' ancl
'Alexander ' for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay anrl
inquiring into the probability of a North-West Passag'e."
On I rth May, r8r9, Parry returned to the Polar Seits
in command of an expedition consisting o,f trvo vessels, the
,, " Heclzr and the " Griper. " On this occasion |e pushecl
through Lancaster Sound and found, as he had suspected
before, that the Croker Mountains had no existence. In
September, r8I9, he crossed meridian lIo degrees west
longitude in 7+ degrees 44 feet 20 inches N. I,atitu

98
Frrrn Mrerrrvcs.
citizen of London, Mr Felix Booth, stepped in and supplied
the means for the new venture in the steamship " Victorv, "
lvith a newlv invented and patented engine.
An attendant
vessel, the " Krusenstein " of r(-r tons, was supplied by the
Government, and Ross had for his Lieutenant, Commander
Clark Ross, his nephew, rvho had accompanied his uncle
on his first vo'vag€r and rn,ho had subsequently been rvith
Parry in his later voyages in the Poiztr Seas.
The object

F'rnln MBB'r'rNcs.
r99
In 1834 he received the honour of Knighthood, and
published the results of his voyage in a " Narrative of a
second voyag'e in search of a i\orth-West
Passage and of
a residence in the Arctic Regions during the years 1829,
r8?o, r83r, 1872, and 1833 by Sir John Ross, C.B., etc.,
Captain in the R.N., including the repo,rts of Captain J. C.
Ross, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S., etc., and the discover,n- of the
Northern Nlagnetic Pole. "
In N{arch, 1839, Sir John Ross \\/as appointed British
\
Consul at Stockholm, where he remained till 1845. In this
yea,r the Admiralty fitted out still another expedition to
d.iscover a North-West Passage, and entrusted the conlmand
of it to Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin. who set off
with the two ships, the " Erebus " and the " Terror, " in
May, 1845. Ross rvould fain have accompanied him. but
he promised that if Franklin \!'ere lost o,r frozen up he
would go out in search of him. Sir John Franklin's tragic
fate is now well known. Sir John Ross at the age of. 73,
and at his own expenser redeemed his promise. Having
relinquished his half-pay and pensions for the purpose, he
fitted out the " Felix " of 9o tons and set off in r85o. He
remained a rvinter in the ice, and would have staved another
,v-ear had his means pernritted. He had to return unsuccessful.
He published in 1855 his " Narrative of the circumstances
and causes u'hich led to the, failure of the searching
expeditions sent by the Government ancl others for the rescue
of Sir John Franklin. "
In r85r he rvas promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral,
and he died in London on qoth August. r 856. His first
u'ife died in r8zz, and he married again in 1834. His onlv
son (by his first marriage) went to India, and became a
n-ragistrate in Cawnpore.
With ^ characteristic love for his native soil, this
int,repid old explore'r named many o,f his most imlrcrtant
discoveries in the Polar Regions after people dear to him
in his orvn native Wigtorvnshire. Hence we find in those
regions to-day such familiar nam,es as
" Andrew Ross
"
Land," Agnew River,"
" " Cape Carrick Moore," Cape

200 lirur,n MRpttNcs.
"
Dalrymple Hayr" Port Logan,"
" Cape N{acl)ouall," etc.
Equally characteristic, too, to find that when he lookcd foru'ard
to a space of domestic peace and leisure after his
first voyage that he should choose the shores of Loch Ryan
for his habitation. I{ere he built rvhat then rvould be :t
nragnificent ho,use, ancl he equippetl it in accondance u'ith
his own ideas. He made it face north-rvest, zrncl called it
" "
North-West Castle. As far as can be learned this house
was built betu'een r8rq and 1825, ancl it contains many
unique features, rvhich one could only zrssocizrtc rvith a man
rvhose lifelong ruling passion was the sea. l'he front
windou's conrmand the r,vhole length of Loch Ryan, which
in those days rvas a fair haven, a " Tutissin-ra Statio " for
ships of war and other vessels. In ntanv of these rvindorvs
are to be seen little circular apertures on hinges, through
u.hich the end o,f a telescope could be inserted when hc
rvished to examine the character of vessels in the Loch.
Here also he had his orvn private chapel, rvhich n'as also
open to the use of friends ancl neighbours. On the top of
the building he had a camera obscura, u'here, from that
elevated height, he could, rvithout exertion. survev u'hztt
rvas taking place in the immediate vicinity, but bv far the
most interesting and characteristic feature is the cabilr
room, which was added after 1833 and after he had returned
from his memo,rable second voyag'e. This lvas a facsimile
of his cabin on board the " Victory. " It is lit only front
the roof, and round the rvalls there are sink-like arrangements,
rvhere he had relief maps of the Polar Regions.
These could be filled with water, and with model boats he
illustrated to his friends the course of his various voyages.
At one end of this room a stage was erected for the display
of panoramic viervs. Another feature of this hottse is the
great thickness o{ the walls, and all the beams supporting
the first floor are o,f stone. The large garden is su'rrounded
by a high wall, which at that time was washed by the waters
of Loch Ryan. At the north-west corner was the po'rter's
lodge, and at the north-east the boat-house, so that he had
direct access to the sea, BetrVeen lhe boat-house and the

Frnr,o MBnrrwcs.
20L
sea a public highrvay and a sea wall now intervene, but
the Town Council of Stranraer have to maintain a slip-way
immediately opposite the boat-ho,use.
Sir John Ross adopted the seal as his coat-of-arms, and
this is emblazoned ove,r the main gateway; over a diagrammatic
representation of the Polar Regions appears the
motto,
" Arcilos numine finesr
"
and below,
" Spes asperat
levat. " From what we have learned of his life we can
appreciate the aptness of these mottoes. Sir John Ross
has an assurecl place in the distinguished roll of British
explorers. His country honours him, his native lVigtownshire
loves and reveres him.
Th'rough the kindness of the tenant, Mr Adair,
the members of the party were allorved to visit the various
parts of the building, and also to inspect an original logbook
in the handwriting of the explorer. A vote of thanks
to Lieut.-Colonel Johnson, to Mr Adair, and to the Corporation
of Stranraer for pe,rmission to visit Stranraer Castle wa'
heartily given on the motion of lVIr G. \M. Shirley.
The co,mpany then left fo'r Dumfries, which was reached
about ro p.m.
5rd September, 1951.
The last field meeting of the season was held in Carlisle.
Unfortunately the weather \^/as unpropitious so that a
smaller number than usual started from the Ervart Librar-v
at r.3o p.m. Reaching Carlisle the first visit was to the
Cathedral, where the party was met and taken round by
the Very Reverend the Dean, tvho gave a short history of
the building from its foundation as a Priory Church and the
various vicissitudes that had befallen it during the strenuous
times of Border warfare. A description of the fabric itself
followed, special attention being drawn to various peculiarities,
the shortening of the nave and the curious shape of
some of the supporting arches. Through the kindness of
the Dean the party was also able to inspect the Prior's
Room and other parts o,f the Prio,ry, now used as a Deanerv.

202 Frpro Mrn'rrNcs.
The Dean was most cordially thanked on the motion of IVIr
R. C. Reid.
Under the guidance of Canon Saunders a visit rvas then
paid to the Fratry, the Undercroft and r,vhat remains of the
Cloisters and Chapter Flouse, and Canon Saunders was
accorded a hearty vote of thanks for his services.
Leaving the Cathedral, the next visit was made to the
Castle where the guide was \Ir W. f. NI'Intyre, M.A.'
F.S.A. In spite of wind and rain, the party, following the
general description given by Nfr M'Intyre at the entrance,
went over the buildings and other parts of the Castle.
Particularly interesting' were the references to some of its
historical associations with Scottish history and Border
w-arfare. After tea in the County l{otel, the Roman roo'ms
in Tullie House Mttseum were visited, where again n{r
M'Intyre r,vas the guide. After a brief description of 'fullie
House and its history, he gave a very interesting address
on the Roman occupation of Carlisle and its neighbourhood,
and pointed out some of the more interesting articles of
military or domestic use in the N{useutn. NIr M'Intyre was
warmly thanked for his services here and at the Castle, on
the motion of NIr Wm. Dinwiddie, and the party then left for
Dumfries which was reached about 8 p.rn.

203
Exhibits.
31st October, 1930.-R. C. R€id, Esq., Cleuchbrae*Oollection of
implements, viz., Scottish and English goffering irons, rushlight
holder of 18th century, Scottish cruisie of lEth century,
Dutch oil lamp for hanging or standing; reproduction, halfsize,
of Scottish tirling-pin I wooden corn-crake; three tokens,
assumed to belong to I{alf-Morton, Keir, and Kirtle Kirks.
Mr James Brown, Corberry Avenue, lfaxwolltown-Vase,
presumed to be medireval pottery.
21st November, 1930.-Dr. Semple, Mile Ash, Dumfries-specimen
of Dianthus d,eltoiiles found by Mrs Blair hnrie on Borgue
shore, and hitherto unknown there.
The only species of Dianthus recorded in the Flora of
Dur'friesshire (G. tr'. scott Elliot) is Dianthus aq-meria L.
so far as r know, this is the first time Dia'nthus dettoides L.
has been recorded for either of the tbree counties of our area.
It has been found in Ayishire, Lanarkshire, and Cantire, but
marked doubtful. It is stated in llooker's l-lora to occur
fro,m Invern€ss and Argyll to Devon and Kent.-Communicated
by Dr. William Semple.
Mr Wood, Annan Road, Dumfries, per Mr M,Kerrowl\Ieasure,
said to have been used by llobert Burns: for dry
but not for liquid. C'ase, containing weights, supposed to
havo been used for weighing lint.
Mr G. W. Shirley, Dumfries-Copy of M'Kenzie's ,, I{istory
of Galloway," two volumes in o'ne, the whole bound in
wood taken from a bedstead in Threavo Castle, which had
belonged to the Black Douglas. The binding was carved in a
lnann€r very similar to the 15th century carving o,n a doorway
in Threave C,astle. The volume contained an inscription showing
that it had formerly belonged to Joseph Train.
6th F€bruary, 1931.-Miss Dickson, I'riars' Carse-Dried flower
stalli of tho Great Bno,omrape (Orobunche Ma,ior); quantity
of roots of Rorvan which hacl grown from a hollow in tho
tree without othen sustenance than what they got from the
decayed wood.
I\{r Mitchell, mine manager, \Yanlockhead, per Mr W.
Dinwiddie, Dumfries-Collection of objects found under the
thatch of a very old cottage there, viz., ancient candlestick,
ancient oil cruisie, stock of a cross-bow-, wooden pistol, candleholder,
rams' horns used as powder-holders.
20th llarch, 1931.-Mr n{ilne llome, jun., per }Ir R,. C. Reid--
Stone used as a mould for a mirror and chise,l by a Bronze
Age worker, various coins, stone weight, stone hammer. and
stone polisher.
1

20+
Presentations.
31st October, 1930.-Mr John Robson, C'arsethorn, per Mr G. \Y.
Shirley-Jawbones and part of skull of the Red Deer.
31st October, 1930.--.Nlr Henry Scott, Lockerbie, per IIr G. W.
Shirley-Two bits and sna'ffles which had been in Dumfriesshiro
for the last hunclre

205
Abstract of Accounts
For Year ending 30th September, 1931.
I.-CAPITAL.
Sum Invested at close of last Account ...
Interest on Deposit Receipt
Invested thus-
War Stock
Dumfries County Council Loan
Dumfries Savinss Bank
II.-REV.ENUE.
Balance
A;;;;i Subscrilrtions' and A.r"urr"
Interest on Investrnents
Donations
Sale of Transacti,orts
Nliscellaneous
Bv llplifted from Public Account
Ainouirt due Publications Account
Drscu:rncp.
Transactions
Rent and Insurance ...
Stationery and Advertising
Postages, including Secretary's ..'
Repairing, etc., of Library ...
Miscellaneous (Hire of Lantern, etc.)
Transferred to Branch III.
€218 10
I24 t0
111 3
... f'4521 5 0
1 8 6
0
0
6
9454 3 65454 3 6
... f,205 7 4
11617
6
1 8 21l 11915
0
218 0
0 6 880
2 L 2
13 16
€498 6 1
... f336 1 0 0
13 6 0
L41 3 0 ,, 1 3 7
I 0 6
, 3 0
1191 5 0
f498 6 1
IU.-PUBLICATION ATJCOUNT.
Sum at close of last Account
'.. f130 120
Interest on Deposit Receipt - .. .. 0 13 10
I)onations during year Transfet'recl from Ilcvenue 119 1 5 0
Less rvithdrawn
during year
Invested as follows-
Treasury Bonds ...
Savings Banh
Donations during year, consisting
of-
In Savings Banli
On C'urrent Acco'unt
Due by Revenue ...
IV.-EXCITRSION
Bv Proceeds of Three Excursions ...
Less Cost of Hires
s70 0 0
3519 0
1316 0
9 5 0 0 0
6 0 3 2
s25r
21
010
2 8
fDq ltt 2
11915 0
- s22e rs 2
ACCou;r.
::: :.: :::
"?t 38
Balancs ou Current Account 9 8 6 6

Owing to a rnisunderstanding the List of Office.Bearers
'fhe
for 193O,31 was printed in Volume XVI. (1929'30).
appropriate Iist for that volume is herewith appended.
Office-Bearers for 7929-7930.
Hon. President.
F. Mrr,r,nn, Cumbe,rland lfouse, Annan.
Hon. Vice-Presidents.
G. 3'. Scorr Ellror, F.R.G.S., Howpasley, Cousley Wood, Wadhurst,
Sussex.
Rev. J. Krxa flnwrsow, D.D., King's Mead, Thornhill.
E. A. HonNu, Broughton Hous€, Kirkcudbright.
Vice-Presidents.
T. A. Illlltolv, Parkhurst, Dumfries.
Ronnnr Mlxwnr,l, Irish Street, Dumfries.
R. C. Rnnn, F.S.A.(Scot.), Cleuchbrae, Ruthwell.
G. W. Snrnlny, Ewart Library, Dumfries.
Ar,nxeNnnn Tunxnn, Glens,orrel, Xfa,xwelltown.
Hon. Secretary.
Il{iss L. It,. ANnnows, 8.A., F'.L,.A., County Lilirarl', Durnfries.
Editors of Transactions.
lVliss L. R,. ANnREws, 8.A., F.L.A., Clounty Library, Dumfries.
W. R. Gounlav, Kenbank, Dalry. Jeuns Tevr,on, M.A., B.Sc.
l,I. H. M'Knnnow,
Hon. Treasurer.
tr'.S.A.(Scot.), Buccleuch Streef, Durnfries.
Hon. Departmental Curators.
Antiquities-Jas. Flnrr, Ifilhead, Bankend Road, Dumfries.
I{erbarium-Dr. W. S,nurr,n, }Iile Ash, Dumfries. Ilorr. Secy.
Photographic Section-J. P. MrllreeN, High Street, Dumfries.
Members of Council.
The President; Vice.Presidents I Secretary ; Treasurer; Departmental
Cluratons; Secretary, Photographic Section; Miss A. J.
GonnoN, Kenmure T€rrace, Maxwelltown; Mr Trros. Ifu,NonnsoN,
Lo,ckerbie; Mr Bnnrneu M'Gow,r,r, Linrvood, I)umfries;
1\[r JonN M'Bunurn, The Garth, Ardwall Road, f)umfries; Dr.
T. R. BunNnrr, Education Offices, Kirkbank, Dumfries; Mr
Wu. DrNwrDDrE, IIigh Street, Dumfries; Mr Jls. Rnrn, Braehead
Terrace, Maxwelltown.

207
INDEX.
Adairs, of Dunskey anrl Kilhilt . .. .. . 191
Ad,air, Ninian, of Krnhilt .. t77, 779, tgL
Affiick, Ja,mes, titl.esnran ab Water of
Urr .. 111
Agnew, Sir Andrew ...... 187, 188, t9t
Sir Andrew, son of Sir Jalnes . .. . 187
Sir James 187
Lady Mary .. .. ... .. 187
Quintin ., 191, 192
Sheriff, of lochn'aw ...... . 185
Agnews of Lochnaw .. 187-8
Airds . ....,. 42, 43
Airlie, Sacrament house,at .......... 34
Alexander. Mr . .. tl4
Allen,by, Cumberhnd ......,.. i13
Anderson. Rev. n[r ......... 188
Robert, land surveyor, Dumflies .. 131
Andrews, Miss L. It., hon. secretary,
retiral 10
Miss L. R., eo,unty librarian, Dumfriesshire.
........9J
Angles .... 76
Annan. Port of 101, 104
Anrr'arndale, Churches in .... ... 107
An,n.andale, trbrts, mo'tes, and enclosrrres
in (Waugh) .. ... 1J1-4
Annand,ale, Lordship ot ........ 165, 166
Antim'ony Ctrmpany, Wcsterkirk .... 154
Arbigland, Laird nf . .. . 105, 106
Ardwall Point, Broch 182
Arkenholm, Batble of ..... . 148
Armistead, W. H., Kippford . .. . 9, 188
Arrnstrong, Kinrrount Willie ....... 139
Auchencairn 55
Auchenrivoch (Sta,kehouch) Castle .. 135
Auchenshinnoch, Deil's DJke .. 65,70, 72
Auchlure, Lands of ..,.,.,. 177
Aum,bries (Sacra,rnent l{ouses) . .. .. . 33-5
Bain, Thomas, tidesman ,at Dumfries, 111
B.alcarry Point . ....... 119
Ba,lcary Point, Saltpan .... ... 107
Balliol fa,mily ... 167
Balyett farm . ....... 188
Barnhourie Poin,t, Saltpan . .. .. ..... 107
Barnkirk, Penninghame, Stone hamtner,
99
Ba.rras Dyke, Cu,mberl.and . .... 74
Barton, Bernard ......... 17
Barvenochan, Whauphill, lVigto,wnshire,
Stone axe ........ . 98
Bath, Countess of . ,..., 23
Batisoun, John, of Arkenholm ..., 148
Bead, Amber, Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire
. .... 100
Sweethe,art Abbey ., 100
Beads, Glass, Smieston, Kennethmont,,
Aberdeenshire ..... ........ 100
Be,at, Ilo,bert, riding officer, Dumfries,
1J1
Beattie, -, Kir- g's Sergeanit, and
Office,r of EskCale ........ 14J
Bell, Capl. Thomas, of the King's
Ctuiser (1762).
..., tla
Ben,brack, Deil's D.yke .. .. . 60-1
Ben,net, George, tidesrnan' ... ... .. 108
Berrys, Miss . ,,......,.27
Birley, D. B., Carlislc ..... . 9i
Bishop's Dike, Cu,nrberland ... .. .. .. . 74
Black, Archibald, boatmarr ... .. ..... 126
Blair, 1\{r Bryce . .. .... . t25, 727
Bryce, Surveyor-General, Dumfries, 131
David, collector o.f customs, Durnfries
. .... ... 130
Blind Harry .. ... 32
Booth, Felix . ... .. .. . 198
Botany : Dianthus deltoides, 203 ; Orobauche
l\{ajor (Great I}roomrape),
203; Rowan .. .. ... 20J
Boyes, Mr, shepherd .. .. ., .. . 64
Breckenside Deil's Dyke . .... . 66
Brochs,
Brodie.

208 IwoBx. r
Brusi, son of Sigurd, Earl of OrkneY,
165
Brythonic people . .... . 77-9
Buccleuch
...... . 1Jg
Buckingham, Peter, shipmaster . ... 120
Buittle Churchyard
.... 159
Burnett, Dr. T. 11., oducation ofrcer,
Dumfrie,sshire
93
Burney, Fanny .
w
Willia,m, author of
" Dumfriee: A
Poem "
55
Burns, Robert, 71, a4, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54,
104
Dry measure . .. .. ... 203
Election Balla'ds of, Notes on (Muir),
36-43
Miniature portrait by Reid .. ' ... 158
Bushby, John . ...... ... 38
CLa,ird, Mrs llenryson, Creetown . .. . . . 9
C,airns, George, of Kipp . .. . ' . 158, 160
Caithness, Alexander, master of the
"Ne,lly" ....
...,.. L22
Callender, Dr. J. Grah,am . 91, 92
C,ally, Episoopal chaPel at, 40; house,
39, 42
C'ampbell, Alex., tidesman at Auchen'
cairn . """ 111
George, banker, London ,.'.. 20
of the " Lively " of Kirkcudbright' 119
C,a.ndlestick ...... 203
C'annel coal whorls . ..... 96
Cano,nbie parish, Place names . '. . 135-9
Cardone,ss Oasble ' ....... 38
C'arlinwark (Crastle-Douglas), J8; lorch,
48
Carlisle, 78, 20I, W2; castle, 139; Tullie
Ifouse . '...... 93
C,arlyle, John, Isle of trfan . " lz'i
Carmichael, tr{r, tide surveyor ' .. ... 11c
Carrick, Neil, Earl of . .. . .'. ' ' I84
Carroch (Kerroclr), I)eil's DYke,
65, 70, 72
Carron Wa,ter .. 28, 29, 3!
Carruthers, George, so'n ol William.. 124
James, servant, in Crarlisle . . -'. ' 724
William
......'.724
C,arsethorn, .'... L02, 104' 118, 119
Clarsethorne, Smuggling at . .. . 105' 109
C'assilis, Earl of (1638) .. .. . 19J
Gilberb, Earl of
t77, t79
C'a.sUe-Douglas .... ' .. . 38' 4'o, 50, 52, 53
" "
Castle-Dougl'as Academy ......,..- 57
Ca.stle.Douglas MiscellanY,
52, 53, 56, 57, 58
Castle-KenrnedY ... ..'..' 181
Causew,ayernd (Castle-Douglas)....."'18
Chappell (Str'an'raer) Castle ......'. 190
Cha,rles Edrrard, Prince . . .. . 130
Charlotte, Princess of Wales ... ' ' ... 16
Chisholm, Hugh, Chelsea pensioner, 117
Christian, Bishop of Galloway -.... t74
Christie, Tibbie, of Kennethmont .... 100
Clayhole Vill,ago (Str'annaer) 190
Cleveland. Yorkshire .. . 164' 165
Cleuohheads, Lint vat, Johnstone' 13J-4
Clochm,abon ..... 762
Cochr,ane, iVIr, broLher-in-law of John
Coutts
... 20, ZL
Cocking, Thomas ' .... . 160
Cogrie Fort . .... 153
Collector's house a:t Dumfries ...... t21
COLLINGWOOD, w. G.: The Deil's
Dike . ..... 72'79
Collium Burn .
' 28, 29, 3l
Colquhon,, Adam, tidesman at Dumfries'
111, 1J1
Colquho,un, Daniel, ComPtroller ot
Custorns, Durnfries .....'. 131
Colvend (C,owen) .... . 108
Comyn, The Red ..... . 189
Cook, Captain .... LlB, 719, 722
Coope, tr'rancis ........ 204
Corbet, Thomas, riding offlcer, Dum'
fries .
........ i31
William, Comptrolter ol Customs,
Dunrfries ' ' 131
Corfardine, \Yater of Scaur .......... 11
Corn-crake Wooden ..... ..... 203
CORRID, J. M.: Notes on a Small Collection
of Antiquities at Broughton
House, Kirkcudbright'....... 94-100
C,orrie. Provost Jantes, of Speddoch.. 109
John, lan'd surveyor' Drtmfries .. 131
Corsan, Eliz., w, of Rev. Andrew Ross,
195
Corson, X'. Reid .'. .. ' 158
Coston, David, of lt{iln'bank . .. . . .. . 108
Cotts. Sir Wm. l(itchell, London .... 9
" " County nlagazine (Salisbury) .... 55
Co,uper, Rev. W. J., D.D. ...'. 16
Co,urance, Lands of . .. ' 178
Corrtts, J'ames, banker . 19, AJ' 22
John, banker ..... .. 19, 20, 26
John. Lord Provost of Edinburgh.. 20
Patrick, s. of John ... '.... - 20
Thomas, banke,r 19, 20, 22, 23
Cra,igcaffic, Lands of .... .... . 184
Ctaigcaffie Tower (ll.'Cbnchie), 181, 18J-7
Craigentray }Ioss . 59' 60
Craik, --, of Arbigland '. . 105-6
A

h.lppx. 209
Crockett, S. R. . .. . 41, 159
CrossraguelAbbey.
.L76-7
Clo'sbie, Mr Andre,w, merchan,t, Dumfries
. ........ 109
Cross-bow ....... 203
Cruisies .. 203
Cunningha.m of Lainshaw, Diary... 41-43
Thornas, son of Lainshaw ,,... ,.... 42
Curle, Mr J., of Melrose ... .... .... . L7l
CURLE, J.: The Roman Road from the
Tyne to the Tweed .. .. . '. 43
Curling 48
Customs, collectors, conlptrollers, etc.,
of Dumfries ..... 1J0-1
Custom House Rereords, I)u,mfrie,s, Selections
from the (Leftwich) .... 101-J1
C'utlar, l\{iss, w. of W. S. Lawrie of
Redoastle and Woodhall .......... 4L
Dacre, Sir C'hristopher ... .... 135
DaIIio, Honorius, Valencia '. ... 21
Dalry, Kirkcudbrigirtshire, Stone axe'
98; stone ha,nuners .. .. .. .. . 99
Dalrympla, Honr. Hew 179-80' 182
Dalsha,ngan,, Deil's Dike ... 59, 7L
Davidson, Alex., townr clerk of Castle'
Douglas 57
Anthony, son of
Douglas, James, Darl of .... . 157
Sir William, of C:rstle.Douglas,
55, 38, 40
Dowalton. Stone hlmrrrer
Downie, lliss, Ann,an
Dru'mla,nrig .......,.
99
. 9
28, 29
Drummaston, Barony of .... 176
Drummond, James, Duke of Perth'
127,
Peter,
Dumfries,
204;
rt,
a
(J.
surveyor of customs,
115, 114, 116, 117, 118
David, Surveyor-General, Dumfries, 131
Family .. .... ... 28
James, of Orch,ardtori, brother of Sir
William, of Castle'Douglar .. 35, J8
Duncan',
Dundrennan
Dunglinson,
Du'mfries
Dunlop, Mrs ..
Dunragit, Sto.re irnplenrents from..
Dunskev Castle
Ecclefechan, Superiority of
E.dgar, lVilliam, collector
Dumfries
tsdin'burgh Castle .
Edinburgh MonChly (Quarterly) Maga'
zine and Ileview .... 16
Edwards. Willia,rn, tidesman at Annan'
111
Enoch, Bai.ony of, 28, 32; Manrse of, 29
lXansion house of ......... 28
Enoch C;astle: An In,terirn Report qt the
Excavations at (I'hornton L. Taylor)'
28-33; Dated stone at .... 28,3l' 32
D:nterkin ......... 65
Eskdalemuir, Place Da.mes ... ... 159-144
Ewart, Jannes, Oompt'roller of Clrstom,s'
Dumfries ..... 131
Ewe Close, British Settlement ......79
Ewer, Tripod, Medieval, bronzes, Gatehoqsg
.' ..' ' ' .? r ' r . '. .' '. r . | ' ....'. . 99

2r0
IupBx.
Ewes parish, Place na,mes . .. .. .. . 144-8
" Fair Annie r>f Io

I
INorx.
2tl
William. brothe,r of James
Holburn, Capt,. Francis . .. ..
Eolme C'ultram Abbey
Ilolywood Abbey, Comrnend.ator of,
Ilome, J. H. llilne
Hope, Sir George
Miss, secrefary,
logical Socie'ty
Hopetoun, Earls of
Eorne, J. Ci.: A
brightshire Poet .
llornel, E. A., Broughton f{ouse,
cudbright ........ 50,
Ilorse bits and' sn,affies
Eouston, llr Pat.rick
Hunter, James, tide
20, 21, 22, 23,24, 25
Huske, M,ajor-General . .. . .. .. . 130
Hut circles . .. .. . 62
I,mrie,, Mrs Blair . .. . 203
India Bill (Fox's), 178.3 .. .....26
fnrnerme,ssan C'astle, 187, 188, 789, 792;
Lands of, 187-8; llote (M'Conchie),
181, 183
Inverness, Prison of ,...
Iron' axe'head, Dalry
Irvin,g, Joseph, boatm,an,
Willia,m Scott .
tl?
100
tn
14
Isle.of Man, Smuggling at ... 724
Jackson, Robert, Cc,mptroller of C,ustoms,
Dumf,ries
.......... 1Jl
Jardine, John, boatman, Carsethorn.. 116
Jefirey (Je,fery), X'rancis ...... 15, 16,77
Joh,n, Abbot of Soulseat ..... tT4
John, son, of Neil of Carrick ....,, lB4
JOHNSO)i.FEItCT SOr-. COLO\EL SIIi
EDWARD: Pla

212
INoBx.
Land wa.iters, I)umfries .. .. . 1J1
Langholm parish, Place names .. 148-151
La.ngholm, Smuggling at ......... ... 118
Largvey, Deil's Dyke .. .... ... 62
Lawrie,, Walter Sloan, of Itedcastle and
Woodhall
. 40, 4l
Lawson, Ja'mes, collector of customs,
Dumfries .. .. .. .. . 130
LEFTWICU, B. Ii.: Sclections from the
Customs Records at. Durnfries.. 101-31
Lidderdale, lfr, collector of customs,
110, 111
Lindsuy, Willia,m, of l{aing ... 107
Lint vat, C'leuchheads, Johnstone.. 133'4
Lint weights .......... 203
Little, John, Isle of trfun .. ..' t27
Livingston, John., of Airds ....'... 42,4J
John, minister of Stranrae,r .. 193, 194
Lloyd's Bank . .... 25
Locherben, Closeburn .''...... 11
Lochfergus, Three-legged pot, bronze,
100
Lochmaben Castle, 167: stone, jaw bone,
and pottery from kitchen middon, 204
Loch Magille . .. ..
.... . LT6
Lochrutton, Stone axe ... ..... 98
Loch Ryarr (Lieut.-Colonel Johnson)'
189-194
Lochspraig Burn . ...... . 60
Iofft, Capell '..... 17
Louden, Thomas, tidesman, Water of
Urr .. .. .. .. .. 108
Loughton, Robert, tidesman at Carsethorne
"""' 111
Lovel, Monsieur Ilugh, of Enoch ..'.. 32
Lowther, Tristram, Annan '.. t26
Luca,n, Earl of .'..... 40
Lymington Acade,nrY ... ' .. . 5J' 55
Mabon ""'""' t62
II'Chaquhirky, Patrick, ,abbot of Soulseat
" """' t74
M'CONCHIE, BAILIE:
'IeroY
Broch,
Innermessan Mote, Craigc"". ttil;_?
lI'Cormack, Eugh, ComPtroller of
Customs, Dumfries ...... . 131
lf'Cornock, Mr Hugh .. .. ..... U0
M'Douall, John, of Logan . .. '... ... 184
MacDoualls, of Stranraer .. 189, lgt, 192
lf'Dowall, John, Comptroller of Customs,
Dumfries " ' 131
John, collector of custotns, Dumfries,
130
Patrick, of, Iogan .. 174
M'Glill, Inspector ....'.. 95
M'Intyre, W. T., Carlisle --. ZVA
Df,ackenaie, John, Comptr'oller of Custom,s,
Dumfries ..... 151
trf'Kenzie, Simon, Comptroller of Customs,
Dunrfries .. .. . 131
William,
" "
History of Galloway itt
wooden binding .... 203
l\I'Kemow, M. II., hon. treasurer, 181 ;
retiral, 10; president ..... . 10
1\'I'Leay, Alexander Rose, collector of
custonrs, Dutnfrie,s ,. .. ., .. . 130
l\I'Math, Williarn .. 50, 161
Nf'Naught, John, land waiter, Dumfries,
1J1
lVlaqueston Ilill, Deil's Dyke . .. .. .. .. . 69
lVlacltobert, \Ir, King's Arms Hotel,
Stranraer 188
l\IcWilnane,, Ciilbert, abbot of Soulseat,
ti4
I[alachy, St., of Armagh ,... 172-3, 180
l\:[alcolm, ]'1r, uncle of lfrs Diront,
llount AIr,nan ... .. . 12
l{rrndeville, Fergus de, of Stt:anraer, 191
lVlarrn, Cathe,rine, wife of llev. F. H.
Foote, of Ch,arlton Place . .... ... 27
Sir Horace .. .. 27
Ludovic M'Lellan . 84, 85, 93' 94
Ilobert, of Lirrton ... . 27
lfan,x smuggling boats, Seizure of .. 113
llarskaig (llooncaig), Deil's Dike,
65, 71, 72
IIartind,ale, J. II., Carlisle . ...... ... 93
llatthewson, James . .. .. .., ., 52
tr'laxwell, Charles, boatman, Calsethorne,
116
Ch,arles, contractor 79, 80, 83
George, collector of cttstotns, Dumfries,
130
Gruce, wife of John Henderson of
Ilroadholme
Sir Herbert, 72; Place nalnes.. 18J, 187
llr llerries .. .. . 34
John, Lord
... 74t
Sir Patrick, of Springkell . .. " .. . 27
liobert, collector of customs, Dumfries,
130
Wilwood .. ..... 115
Willwood, collector of custorns, Du.mfries
130
Wellward, C'omptro,ller of C'ustoms,
Dumfries 131
Wellwood, of Kirkennan ... ...... . 157
Sir Willi,am, of Springkell ........ 23
Maxwells of Orchandton ..... ........ . J5
Maxwelltown Park, Urns .... . 92
tr{,ayne, John, author of
" The Siller
Gun " 55
Measure, Dry .. .. .. .. 203
Melrose Abbey . L40' 742, 148' 155
l\fenzies of Weerm and Dnoch ... '.... 32
lfein, William, I'an'd waiter, Dumfries,
1S1

INoBx.
213
L
MILLER, I'RANK: Unpublished Letters
of the Dttrick Shepherd to a Dumfriesshire
Lair'd . .. .. .. . 11-18
Frank, Annan, President ... ..., .. . 10
James, collector o,f custom$, Dumfries
130
Milton Farm. Fort ... 133
tr'litchell (Ilichel), Laurence . ....... 113
Mitchell, I\Ir, mine manager, Wanhxkhead
203
l\{oira, Earl of (}Iarquis of Hastin,gs),
18
Ilontgomery, Earl Hugh, of Airds.. 179
More, Hannah... .,.,,,28
Morrison, John, land surve]'or and
painter ..... . 14
Morrow, Jno., o1 Nidw,ood .. . 106
trIousa Broch, Sh'etland 181, 182
tr{ount Annan (Cleuch'ead)... .... .. . 11
n[otes, Wigtownshire ..... ... 18J
MUIR, JOHN: Alexar:'de'r Ileid, Gallovidian
La,ird and Miniaturist of
Burns ... 757-t6t
IIUIlt, JOHN: Notes on the Dlectiou
B.all'ads of Ilobert Burn's . .. . 36. 45..
Muir, James, i\'Ianchester ............ 51
Murray of Broughton 37, 39, 42
Murray, Alexander, son of J,as. nlurray
of Broughton 40
C'harles, riding officer, Dumfries .. lcl
Sir James (Ptrlteney) ....... 25
Ja.m'es, o{ Broughton .. ... 139-42
Walter, collector of custorns, Dumfries
. ,.... 130
Merrie, Thomas, I'and surveyor, Du'mfries
lJ1
Names, Place: Ca.nonbie, Eskdalemuir,
Dwes. Langholm, We,sterkirk, (Johnson-
Ferguson) 135-157
Napier's Bank, C'astle-Douglas ...... 56
Neilson, Gilbert, of Craigcaffre . .. . 186
John, of Craigcaftie ...... 184, I85, 187
Neil, of Craigcaflie .... .. .. . 186
Neilsons of Craigcafhe .............. 184
Newcastle, Duke of ......... L28
Newton-Douglas (Newton-Stewart),
38, 39
Newtonrig, Holywood, Urn .. ........ n
Nicholson, Ja,rnes, bookseller, Kirkcudbright
. .... . 50, 55, 56
Ninian, St. ... .... 77
Nithsdale 75
Normanr, ltobert' A., Ciomptroller of
Cirstoms, Dumfries ...... . 131
Northumbria ..... 76
North-West Castle . . L93, !94, 195, 200-1
North-West Fassage 196-9
Norse in Glalloway, 181 ; Vikings in
Galloway ..... ?5
Novantae ,.,.... 77
Oatmeal, Smuggling of ... .. ..... 110, 129
Offa's Dyke ..,...76
Ogilvy, Mr ... ......... 117
Orchardion, Glarlieston, Stone axe, 98;
Note on a Sacrament llouse at
( Iteid) J3-5
O'Ileilly, Mrs W. H. ... .. IL, tz
Osborne, R. S., A.l\I.Inst., M.C.trl. .. 9J
Fagan,, D. C., Oomfitroller oI Customs,
Dumfries 131
William, servant to James Wilson, 108
Palmallet, Wigtownshire, Bronae axo, 99
Falmerston, Grol,p of tsulial Urns lound
at (Shirley) . 79-93
Palnure, Stone axe .... 98
Park, Mr John, minister of Stranraer,
194
Parry, C,aptain W. E. ... 196, 797
Pasley, l\Iargaret, wife of Lieut..General
Alexander Dirom, Mount Annan.. 11
Ilobe,rt, of Cleuchead .. .. .. . r1
Paton, Francis, land surveyor, Dunrfries
. 131
Mr, minister of Inch .,. 179-80
Patten, Admiral 28
Pearls, Loch llyan .... 189
Penninghame
........... J8
Perth, Duke of, James Drummond,
tz7, L28
Phillips, Margaret, wife of James Eogg,
the Ettrick Shepherd .... . 11
Philips, Peter, An,nandato ....... ..... 11
Picts .17
Polmaddy Burn, Deil's Dyke . ..... 63-64
Portpatrick Church ,.,. 179
Pot, Three-legged, bronze, Lochfergus,
100
Pottery, l\Iedi*val, vese . . .. .. . ZOJ
Powder holders, rams' horn ....... . 20J
Price, F. G. Ililton,
" London B,ankers,"
. 2 3
Priestside, Ruthwell, Saltpans on .. 10?
Pulteney, Daniel
Zs
Sir William (Johnston) of Westerhall
.. .. .. .. 2J
Queensberry, Du,ke of (1784) . ,... ,... . Zs
Quintin, abbot of Crossraguel ,... 176-g
Quinten, abbot of Soulseat ........ t74
Rae, Rev. Peter . 28, 29, J0, Jz
Raethg Mr, general surveyor (of
customs)
IZI
Rafferty, Miss 8., elected hon. treasurer,
10
Rainfall Records for the South-Western
Counties . L69,170
R'ainpatrick, Annand,ale 166
Rebellion of '45, 127-30; Customs lette,rs,
103

214 Ixopx.
rtcdcastle, Urr .. 4L
Iled Deer, Jawbones and skull .... 204
Ilegalium (Stranraer) .... .. ... 191
lleged, Kingdom of .... ....... 77
Regiments, Scottish, Recruiting for, 130;
Scots, in Dutch service ......... 728
Regressie hill, Soulseat ... .. .. .. ... 776
Rei'd, Alexander, Gallovidian laird and
miriaturist (Muir) .. . 157-161
Alexander, of Kirkennan .... .. 42, 54
J:rmes, land waiter, Durnfries . .. . 131
John, of Kirkennan .. .... . 158
William, of Glen of Almorness .. 156
Williarrn, of Kirken,n,ltn . .. .. .. ... 158-9
n. c., 10, 7L, 29, 3I, 32, 33, Ill, L72,
180, 202, 203
BEID, R. C. : Note on a Sacrament Honse
ot Orchardbon...... ........33-35
R. C. AND DR. SEI{PLE: Synopsis
of Two Papers o'n the Deil's Dike,
59-72
Rerigoniunr 187, 189
ll.iddell, ltobert, of Glenriddell,
159. 160
Itiding office,rs, Dumfries . . .. . 131
Itobert I., King of &::ots (the tsruce).
189, 190, 191
Robert, King of Sr:ots, Robert the
Bruce, a Fa,mily Rom,ance (Hervisotl),
t67.8
llobinson,, IIr, riding waiter . .. .. .. . 106
William, servant to David Coston, 108
Robson, John, Carsethorn .....,..,. 204
Iloman, coins in Dumfries an'd G,alloway,
78
Roman Influe.nce in Durnfriesshire and
Galloway .. . 78-9
Roman Ro'ad (Dcil's Dike,) ........ 68, 77
Roman, W'all, Hadrian's . ,. ... 72, 73, 78
Ronald, son, of Sigurd' Earl of Orkney,
163
lloom, Andrew, smuggler . .... .. ... 116
Roscoe, William, historian, Liverpool,
t3, 15, t6, L7
Ross, Ilev, Andrew, minister of I,nch, 195
Oatherine, wife of Sir Robert HerLies,
M.P. .... ..... 27
Comm'ander Clark, nephew of Sir John
Ross 198
Colone'l ........ ' 27
Sir John, Arctic Dxlorer (Lie'ut.-Colonel
Johnrson) ... 193, t94, t95'207
Sir John, Ing-hook of ..... .... '.. 201
Rossedal; Turgot de .... ... 136
R'ushlight holder . . '.. 203
Ruthwell (Rivell) ' ..... 105
Sacrament Eous€ at Orchardton, Note
on (Reid) .. 3&5
Sacr'a.ment Eouses in Scotland ...... 34
St. John's Croft, Stranraer ........ li7
Salt pans on, Sollv,a.y ..... t02, t07
$car, The', Loch Ryan, .. .. .. . 189
Scott, Alexander, collector of customs,
Dumfries ......... 1J0
X'rancis, tidesman .......... 1U8
Eenra, Loekerbie .... 204
Dr. John, Edinburgh, son of William
of Singlee ........ 18
Troasurer, of Selkilk ..... I72
Sir Walter . .. . 14, 15, 38
William, of Singlee ........ 18
" Scottish Review .... ... 16
Scrope', Mr, secretary to the Treasury
(1745) .... .. . 128
Seal, Cbm,missary of l)umfries . ., . . . 204
Selgovre ........,,77
Semple, Dr. William ..... 93, 203
Seyrrnour, Dlizabeth, w. of David Davidson
.. .... 52, 53
Shand, John, tidesmanr at Annan .. 111
Sharpe, trfr, proprietor of Dumlries
Custom Ilouse .... 111
Shaw, Nichol, larrd surveyor, Dunrfries,
101
Shaw, Pictish King .,. 154
Shell, Bi-valve ... 204
Shields, F., Lockerbio ... .. ..... 3I, 2M
Shinmount, Deil's Dyke 62
SIIIRLEY, G. W.: A Grouyr of Burial
Urtrs found :rt Pahnerston .... 79-93
Shitley, G. W. . ....... L7t, 20t, 203, 204
Shirley, Mrs, elet:ted hon. se.cretary.. 10
Short, 1\Ir, wrtter, I)rrnrfries ...... 115
Sigurd, Earl of Orkney .... 163
Simps.on, Dr. W. Dougf as ,. ... i1
Skelton Castle . 164
Sloan, John, (,ornptroller of Customs,
Dumf rie,s
i31
Srn,ith, An'drew ...... 117
$olway, Srrruggling on, 102. t03, 122, t23;
fo'reign trrrde, 102 i salt |2ns on, 102,
107; wrecking on . ....... 103
Somers, l\lr ...
...,,.. I28
Som'erset, 10th Duke of .............. 54
l1th Duke of ... . .... ... 5J, 58
Sorbie Tower, Stone ilxe ............ 98
Soulseat, Barony oI, 176-7; Loch,
172-3, tW
$oulseat (Reitl) . .. t72-180
Southerne,ss ,... 118
Southwick ...... 120
Staig, David, collector of customs,
115, 130
Staig, John,, collector of customs, Dumfries
.
...... 1i0
Stair, Earl of .... ... L78, 181, 184
Stair, Earls of .... 184, 187, 188
Stair Estates, Plans of ....... ..... 187

\
rI
hsprx.
2t5
t-
Stairhaven Broch, Luc: Bay ........ I82
STEPHIIN, A. C.: Some 1\forlern Anim.als
and their Ancestors ....... 4J
1\Ir, brother-in-law o,f John C,outts,
20, 21
Stewart, General 37
James, bo,atman ., ,.,, , thi, 126
Ilobert, riding waiter at Carse'thorne,
105. 106
Il'obert, tidesman at New Abbey .. 111
Willie, f riend of IJurns . . .. . 42
William, third son of 2nd Darl of
Galloway .... 39
Willi,am, Cromptroller of Oustoms,
Dumf ries
1J1
Stewarts of Galloway
40
Stewart-n{urray, H. G.,
75. 76
Stroanfreggan Cairn, Clay-lutin,g .. 95-6
Stuart, Sir John, of Allanba'nk ....., 20
Surveyors-General, Dum,fries,....... 131
Sutherland, William, land waiter,
108, 1J1
Sweetheart Abbey, 174; bead found at
100
Swor'd stick ..... 2A4
Sym of Larg .
........ t9Z
TAYLOR, THORNTON L.: An Interim
Report on the Excavation,s at Enoch
Castle . ... 28.33
Telford, Thom.as, engineer ......, ... 12
Tenrnant, Willia,m, collector of customs,
Dumfries ... 1.i0
Tererran, Deil's Dyke ........ 69
Teroy tsroch (trI'Conchie) 181-5
Threave Clastle,, wood from bedstead,
20J
Thriepland, Ool. trfumay, of Dryburgh,
t7l
n[rs ][urray, of I)ryburgh ......171
I\Ir P. trlurray, of Dryburgh . . . .. . iil
Thomson, George, Burns's correspondent
11
James, author of " The Season,s,"
44-45, 49
William, writer, at Dumfries .... t23
Willie
9i
Thorfln,n, Earl . ......... 75
Son ,of Sigurd, trlarl of Orkney ... 16J
Ttruriot's Squadron in the Solway .. 112
Tirling pin, ... .... 203
Tobacco trade, Dumfries . . .. . 1J1
Tokens: Half-l\'Iorton, 203; Ke,ir, 20J;
Kirtle . .. .. . 203
Tomlinson, ,Iarnes, land waiter, Dumfries
. ........ 151
William, land waiter, Dumines .. 1i1
Tradoston Village (Stranraer) 190
Train, Joseph .....
65, 20J
Traprain, Larv . ....... 78
Trogg, Alexa,nder, Comptroller of C'ustoms,
Dumfries ..
...,.. 1J1
Trotter, Mr, Dalshangan ............ 64
Dr., Da,lry .... . 99
Turner, Jacob, a Quaker .... . 105
Tw,addale,, Thomas, land waiter at Durnfries
.. .. .. .. . 114, 116, 118, 131
Underwood, David, lluthwell 107
Urien, King of Reged .... ..... 77
Urn, Cairngill, Colvend, 92; Greystone
Park ....,.,, 92
Urns, Group of Burial, found at Patmerston
(Shi:"ley), 79-93; trfa.xwelltown
Park,92; Newtonrig, Ilolywood
.
....... m
Urr (Orr), \\'ater of, Smuggling at,
106, 108
Urswick Stone Walls, British Settlement
. ........ 79
Vans, David, Abbot of Soulsoat .. 174-5
John, of Barnbarroch ..,.. t74
Veitch, Professor .... . 45
Victoria, Queen . ....... 190
Volunteer seamen, E,nrolment oI .. 123
Wallace, Mr ... .... ..... 39
Walpole, Horlce .. 27, 28
Waters, Edward, collector of customs,
Dumfries
1J0
Watson, Prof, W. J. .... ..,., 77
WAUGH, W.: tr'orts, Mo0es and Dnclosures
in Annandale . .. .... . 1J1.134
We,ights, Lint ........ 203
Westerkirk parish, Place names .. 15t-7

2t6
INpsx.
Whitehead, D. II., press reporter .. 93
Whitelaw, J. W', Dumtries .....'.... 9
whiteside ""'" 106
Whithorn, 79, 186; Anglian bishops at'
76, TIi Candida Casa .... 7i,78,'19
lYhithorn Priory, Seal .. '.... 180
Wig Bay, Loch RYan .. ..... 189
Wightma,n,, General .. ... 106' 107
Wigtown, Port of 101' 104
Wigtown'shire, Brochs in, 181 ; lllotos
in .... """' 183
lililliam III., Witlia,m of Orange .... 190
Williams, Rev. Gl., of Norrieston .... 50
Williamson, Peter 58
Wilson, Mr \{''., of Tyuron ..........67
Willson, Ja.mes, tenant at lfacks . ' 108
John, son ol Jarnes Wilson at trfacks'
108
Wood, Mr, Annan lload, Dumlries.. 20J
Ilenry, shipmaster of Tidehaven .. 109
Woodend Far.n, Johnstone, Fort .. 131'3
Woodhall, Batm,a.ghie .. ..' .... 41
Wooton, Samuel, riding ollicor, Dutn'
fries .
.. .... . 1J1
Wrecking on Solway Coast ........ 103
Wright, John, boatrnan ... .. 125
Yo,u'ng, James , ........ 106
James, collector of cusl,oms, Duntfries,
130
Joh,n,, collector of customs, Dumfries'
130
John, Comptroller of Customs, Dumfrieg
. "' 131
James, Cornptroller of Customs, Dum'
fries . ...... 131
Thos. Eunter, Watson & Oo., Ltd., Dumfrie>

Publications of the Society.
I ransactions ancl Journal of Proceedings :-(a) 186.e-3t
7s od; (b) r8tr3-4, out ot' print; (c) r86a-5, ou.t of print;
(ai 18o5-6, oit'o1 print; (e) fi66-7, out oi 'Prm{,; (f)
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zs 6d; FZ, pt" S), r9o4-5, 5s,' (i8) 1905-6, 7s 6tl; (tg)
19o6-7, 5s; (to) tgoT-8, 5s,' (rt) r9o8-9, 5s; (zz)
r9o9-ro, 5s; (t:) rgro-rr, 7s 6d; (r+! tgrr'rz,
tos-6d;'I'hird Series (i.) rgiz-r3, ros 6d; (ii.\ r9r J-r4r
Zs bd ; (iii.) rgr4-rS, 7s 5d; (iu.) r9r 5-r6,' 5s; (u.)
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tus bd; (r'iii.) rgzo-2r, tos 6d; (ix.) rgeL-22'. ro.s 6d,' (x")
rgzz-s3, ros 6ch (xi.) rg23-24, rcs 6t1; (xii.) r924-5t
.ros od; (xiii.) tgz5-6, ros 611; (xiv.) 19z6.z8, 2rs;
("u.) rgzti-zg, tos 6d; (xvi.) tg2g-3o, ros 6d; (xvii-)
r930-3rr tos 6d.
;\ List of the lllou'ering' Plants of l)unifriesshire and Kirkc.ucibriglitshire,
by Jarnes M'Andrerv, 1882, ottt of print.
iJirrcns and its Antiquities, with an Accouut of Recent Excavaticns
and therr Results, by Dr James iv.[acdonald and
l'ir Jaiiies Barbour, tBgZ, js 6a.
Conununion 'I-okerrs, rviih a Catalog'.t.r c,f those of Durnfriesshire,
by the Rer'. H. A. Whitelarv, rgi rr 7s 6d, out o!
t>rintl{istcrl'
of the Dumfrieb i'ost Ollice, by J. M. Cor'rie, rgr2,
5r.
, 'I'ire History of the Dunrfries and Gailoway Natural Flistory
ancl Antiqitarial Societ.i', b,l'- H' S. Giadstone, r913,.is 6d.
'i'l:,c lluth,,veil C:':.,s:;, by W. (;. Collingw