The Exploit: A Theory of Networks - asounder

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Nodes 43 ning of the data object. For most Web traffic, the outermost layers are the IP layer and the TCP layer. Next typically comes an http header, which in turn encapsulates HTML text and simple ASCII text. Many technological protocols come into play during any typical network transaction, some interesting to humans, others interesting only to machines. The application layer is perhaps most interesting to humans. It operates at the level of user software. The application layer often must deal with the messy requirements of human users, users who care about the semantic quality of “content.” A good metaphor for application layer communications is the perfunctory “paratextual” headers and footers attached to a written letter such as a salutation, a signature, the date, or a page number. These add - ons serve to encapsulate and structure the content of the letter, which itself is written using entirely different protocols (poetry, prose, or what have you). The application layer is unconcerned with infrastructural questions such as addressing or routing of messages. It simply frames and encapsulates the user “content” of the communication at the highest level. The transport layer is the next layer in the hierarchy. The transport layer is responsible for making sure that data traveling across the network arrives at its destination correctly. The transport layer acts as a concierge. It ensures that messages are bundled up correctly and are marked with the appropriate tags indicated by the various application layers encapsulated by it— e - mails directed over here, Web pages over there. In TCP, for ex - ample, each application in the application layer is inscribed into the transport header by numbers representing the source and destination ports (ports are computer interfaces that can send and receive data). To continue the metaphor, these are roughly equivalent to apartment numbers contained within a single building. If data is lost in transit, the transport layer is responsible for error correction. It is also the layer that is responsible for establishing persistent connections or “abstract circuits” between two machines.
44 Nodes The third layer is the Internet layer. This layer is more fundamental still than both the application and transport layers. The Internet layer is concerned with one thing: the actual movement of data from one place to another. The Internet layer contains the source address of the machine sending the data, plus the destination address of the machine receiving the data. It is not aware of the type of data it is sending, simply the sender and receiver machines for that data. The Internet layer guides messages as they are routed through complex networks. It is also able to repackage the message in such a way as to fit through very small pipes or flow quickly through large ones. The fourth layer, the physical layer, is the protocol layer specific to the actual material substrate of the communication network. Copper wires have different physical properties from fiber - optic wires, despite the fact that both are able to transport an e - mail from one place to another. The physical - layer protocols interface directly with photons, electrons, and the material substrate, be it glass or metal or another medium, that allows them to flow. Consequently the physical layer is highly variable and differs greatly depending on the technology in question. It is less of a purely software - based layer in that it must take into account the material properties of the communications medium. We wish to foreground the layer model of the Internet for several reasons. The first is to illustrate the technical basis for how multiple or “exceptional” topologies may coexist in the same network. A classic example is the topological schism between the Domain Name System and the Internet protocol, two technologies that are in - tensely interconnected but are structured on radically different models of network control and organization: the Domain Name System is a database of information that is centralized in its core administration but decentralized in its global implementation (there are a limited
Page 2 and 3: The Exploit
Page 4 and 5: The Exploit A Theory of Networks Al
Page 6 and 7: Contents On Reading This Book vii P
Page 8 and 9: On Reading This Book It is our inte
Page 10 and 11: Prolegomenon “We’re Tired of Tr
Page 12 and 13: Prolegomenon 3 opportunities that t
Page 14 and 15: Prolegomenon 5 centralized armies f
Page 16 and 17: Prolegomenon 7 the other hand, the
Page 18 and 19: Prolegomenon 9 Following Foucault,
Page 20 and 21: Prolegomenon 11 Provisional Respons
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Page 24 and 25: Prolegomenon 15 grams, where ultima
Page 26 and 27: Prolegomenon 17 rorism in the same
Page 28 and 29: Prolegomenon 19 has nothing to do w
Page 30 and 31: Prolegomenon 21 sovereignty. In the
Page 32 and 33: PART I Nodes The quest for “unive
Page 34 and 35: Nodes Discourse surrounding network
Page 36 and 37: Nodes 27 Benkler, and others, posit
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Page 40 and 41: Nodes 31 tify the political fissure
Page 42 and 43: Nodes 33 From the perspective of gr
Page 44 and 45: Nodes 35 Indeed, one of the argumen
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Page 48 and 49: Nodes 39 and “rule” lies. The n
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Page 70 and 71: Nodes 61 and at all scales. Perhaps
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Nodes 93 to our bodies, which has t
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Nodes 95 True, in extreme cases suc
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Nodes 99 guarded condition, it will
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Nodes 101 Societies of Control . .
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PART II Edges —Well there it is.
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Edges The Datum of Cura I Imagine a
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Edges 107 In these visions of healt
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Edges 109 control it seeks to estab
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Edges 111 treatise: Machiavelli’s
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Edges 113 Joseph - Marie Jacquard h
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Edges 115 but that, in the guise of
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Edges 117 tension, duration, and in
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Edges 119 abstract, mathematical pr
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Edges 121 Consider current developm
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Edges 123 simply mean symmetrical c
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Edges 125 focuses on code in isolat
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Edges 127 player online games, and
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Edges 129 role of medicine is to re
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Edges 131 of the supernatural, a di
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Edges 133 proteins, processes that
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Edges 135 muted into quality,” wr
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Edges 137 which cannot be cast into
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Edges 139 the thing, a particular f
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Edges 141 If Latour gives us a para
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Edges 143 tion. Nondistinction effa
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Edges 145 from the technological ve
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Edges 147 spellings, grammatical er
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Coda: Bits and Atoms Networks are a
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Coda 151 robustness that centralize
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Coda 153 tributed network form, jus
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Coda 155 The point here is not that
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Coda 157 ignored, and the network i
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Appendix Notes for a Liberated Comp
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Appendix 161 infinity palimpsest po
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Appendix 163 singular unordered vit
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lose DEVICE mutate SEQUENCE narcole
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Notes Prolegomenon 1. For more on t
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Notes 169 7. Gilles Deleuze, Negoti
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Notes 171 clude GM foods, chemical
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Notes 173 bodies, the new nondiscip
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Notes 175 61. For a popular overvie
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Notes 177 22. On December 1, 2003
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Notes 179 6. Ibid., 2. 7. Ibid., 20
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Electronic Mediations Katherine Hay
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Index abandonment, 110- 11, 136 Abu
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Index 185 body politic, 109- 11 Boe
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Index 187 distributed network. See
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Index 189 Health and Human Services
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Index 191 Metzger, Gustav, 108 Mich
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Index 193 poltergeist, 161 populati
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Index 195 TCP/ IP. See Internet pro
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Alexander R. Galloway is assistant
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