Department of Physics annual report 2000 - Fysiikan laitos - Helsinki.fi

CONTENTS 

CONTENTS 

PREFACE 2 

RESEARCH 5 

Laboratory Overviews 

Highlights of Research 

Publications 

Research Collaboration 

Conferences Organized 

EDUCATION 25 

Basic Education 

International Student Exchange 

Post-graduate Education 

Adult Education 

1 

NOTABILITY AND OUTREACH 29 

Expert Services 

Awards and Honours 

SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 30 

Administration 

Library 

Computing Facilities 

Technical Support 

RESOURCES 34 

Funding 

Personnel 

Premises 

90 YEARS OF PHYSICS AT SILTAVUORI 36 

APPENDICES 56 

Personnel 

Publications 

Patents 

Theses

P R E F A C E 

P R E F A C E 

2 

T 

he millennium year, 2000, was a historical 

one for the Physics Department. It 

was the last full calendar year in a building 

designed 90 years ago especially for physics. 

In the beginning of the year 2001 the new departmental 

building, Physicum, will be given over to 

the University and the move to the new premises 

on the Kumpula Campus will take place in February. 

In March teaching and research will be commenced 

in the new Physicum building. The activities 

and plans during the year have been much 

flavoured by the approaching move. 

The possibilities provided by the new lecture 

theatres, seminar and problem session rooms and 

teaching laboratories have been utilized in the 

curriculum for the end of spring term. Ordering of 

new equipment for both research and teaching 

laboratories has been done keeping in mind the 

activity in the fine new premises. 

In its last meeting of the year, the Faculty 

accepted the founding of the Science Library in 

Kumpula. The new possibilities offered by the 

Science Library have been utilized in development 

of the library services of the Department. 

The move from Siltavuorenpenger to Physicum 

has also been associated with changes of our administrative 

structure. The foundation of the new 

Department of Physical Sciences has been much to 

the fore in all the procedures connected with Physicum. 

In its last meeting before Christmas, the 

Faculty decided to present to the University Senate 

(Consistorium) the merging of the disparate departments 

of physical sciences, that is Physics, Meteorology, 

Geophysics and Astronomy as the Department 

of Physical Sciences from the first of August 

2001. (The new Senate decided in its first meeting, 

actually its first meeting in 2001, that the Department 

of Astronomy will remain distinct from this 

new department.) 

The planning of support functions and services 

on the new campus as well as development of research 

and education have been well coordinated. 

The structuring of a new division, tentatively called 

atmospheric research, keeping in mind the tight 

collaboration between our Aerosol and Environmental 

Physics Laboratory, the Department of Meteorology 

and the Finnish Meteorological Institute 

is the most noticeable part in the planning. 

University elections were held at the end of 

the year. The formation of the Department of Physical 

Sciences requires, however, that new elections 

for the departmental board will be held during the 

spring 2001. As for our personnel the fact that two 

persons were again elected as members of the Senate 

is an example of the Department’s integration 

into the common affairs of the University. 

As a continuation of strategy planning from 

the previous year a plan for the structure of the 

personnel and posts has been completed during the 

year. The separate agreement for conditions of 

service for the persons employed by the University 

of Helsinki, coming in force from the beginning of 

the year, fixed the plan for job structure as a part of 

the national agreement system. We were among 

those few departments both in the Faculty and the 

whole University, to fill vacancies according to the 

new job structure. 

During the year the Physics Department was 

one of the three pilot units among Finnish higher 

education departments evaluating the guidance of 

studies coordinated by the Finnish Higher Education 

Evaluation Council. The opinion of both our 

students and teachers is that the guidance of studies 

has proceeded well. Integrating the results of 

the evaluation of study guidance will commence in 

2001. 

The nomination of Professor Dan Olof Riska 

as the Director of the Helsinki Institute of Physics 

from the beginning of July has consolidated further

3 

the already fluent cooperation between the Department 

of Physics and the Helsinki Institute of Physics. 

This collaboration extends to the sharing of 

mutual facilities, such as library, laboratories and 

the use of lecture theatres and agreeing on the 

financial effects of common degrees. The new 

funding scheme dictated by the Ministry of Education 

for the Helsinki Institute of Physics has 

stressed the necessity of common effort. 

Changes in the personnel have arisen due to the 

new job structure, research strategy, and retirements. 

Two new professors were nominated, Markku 

Kulmala from November and Kari Enqvist from the 

beginning of the year 2001. The rector awarded 

Tony Green the title of a professor at the end of October. 

Appointments to the chairs of biophysics and 

electronics are pending, awaiting a referee’s report 

or appointment of referees, respectively. 

At the beginning of July senior secretary 

Martta Kurppa retired and general technician 

Raimo Jouhten from the beginning of September. 

Personnel supported by outside funds still 

constitute a large fraction of our total personnel. 

Outside funding has made it possible to maintain 

the many-sided educational activity of the Department 

and to develop research, and it has also enabled 

the purchasing of significant and expensive 

devices and apparatus. The total amount of personyears 

is still growing although the University budget 

funded person years are shrinking. 

The educational program has been developed 

according to earlier plans. There have not been 

decisive directions but many small changes have 

been accomplished. The steady growth in the 

number of degrees per year still continues. 

As a part of the national LUMA (“Finnish 

mathematical and natural science awareness 

2002”) effort, further education of physics teachers, 

qualified at the bachelor level, continues to 

emphasize the importance of the Department in 

training physics teachers. The increase in graduation 

of teachers has been an important contribution 

to our graduate output. 

The Ministry of Education, which has provided 

the funds for the education of teachers of physics, 

terminated its special support to the university at 

the end of the report year. Hence financing for this 

activity must be sought from the Faculty of Science 

for the continuation of the program, which has been 

so fruitful to date. 

The research activity of the Department has 

been productive. In addition to the general high-

4 

level of publication and the rate of publishing, one 

unit was chosen by the Academy of Finland as 

suitable to compete in the final phase of assessment 

for status as a top research unit. The competitive 

position we hold is also clear from the funding 

decisions of the Academy of Finland. 

On the basis of its strong research activity the 

Department has, also this year, even increased its 

outside funding. Funding according to the model 

adopted by the University, basic budget funding, 

has been about 40% of our total funding. The remainder 

of the funding consists of specific projects 

within the University and outside funding, about 

half of which comes from the Academy of Finland. 

Further outside funding has come from other 

sources, in excess of the level in previous years. 

From its purpose-built premises, which it has 

occupied for 90 years, the Physics Department has 

greatly influenced the development of research and 

teaching in physics in Finland. We have educated 

a large proportion of past and present physics professors 

in universities in Finland. A significant 

proportion of physics teachers in the schools of 

Finland have achieved their degrees here. Many of 

the historically important developments in nuclear 

and materials physics research performed at accelerators 

have been pioneered by our researchers. 

Our Department has also been a leader in the use 

of x-rays and later synchrotron radiation in studies 

of condensed matter. Particle physics research 

performed in Finland was started in our Department 

and we still carry a notable responsibility in 

it. Our theoreticians, in collaboration with the 

former Research Institute of Theoretical Physics, 

decisively influenced the development in theoretical 

physics in Finland. The Department has also 

been a leader in the application of computers in 

physics. 

Feelings of nostalgia arise when thinking of 

the move from Siltavuorenpenger, the historical 

home of physics in Finland. The new ultramodern 

and purpose-built Physicum, however, stimulates 

the imagination to see the bright future and continuity 

in physics research and education in the new 

millennium. The personnel and students of the 

Department are not only witnessing but also the 

dramatis personae realizing the changes. 

The long and notable history of the Physics 

Department in scientific endeavour in Finland, 

together with our ability for absorbing the changes 

generated by the rapid development of physics 

research are strong grounds for believing that we 

shall continue to contribute in a similar way in the 

future. 

Juhani Keinonen 

Professor 

Head of the Department

R E S E A R C H 

R E S E A R C H 

A 

comprehensive evaluation 

of research activity was 

are found in international data bases, 

the total University and outside fund- 

as the number of invited talks in international 

scientific conferences. 

performed in the University 

ing, and the number of PhD theses. 

The journals chosen by the De- 

of Helsinki in 1999. The next such 

Also the number of researchers in the 

partment for monitoring high-standard 

evaluation will be realized in four 

personnel employed either by budget 

publication were given in the previous 

years’ time. As a part of the Faculty’s 

or outside funds will be taken into 

Annual Report. Of all the peer-re- 

plans for supporting the development of 

account. The researchers are divided in 

viewed articles published 64, 58, 70, 

research the Faculty of Science seeks 

two categories, those with a PhD are 

56 and 71% appeared in these jour- 

reliable means to follow both the quality 

classed as scientific staff and those with 

nals in the years 1996-2000, respec- 

and the quantity of its own research. 

a MSc degree as graduate students. 

tively. It is important to note that arti- 

Having taken into account the feedback 

The volume indicators are partly 

cles published in these journals are 

from the departments, the scientific 

shown as in the previous annual re- 

not the only ones of high scientific 

expert group of the Faculty (MATIAS) 

ports in the chapters Publications and 

merit, neither is the list of journals 

has defined assessment scales for fol- 

Funding. Here, only the new indicators 

exhaustive in considering the publish- 

lowing the progress of the volume and 

are shown, which concern the number 

ing in high-class journals. 

the quality of the research in depart- 

of PhD theses and the number of sci- 

The funding obtained from the 

ments. The intention is to follow research 

in the Faculty with the aid of 

entific staff and graduate students. 

The quality of research will be 

Academy of Finland per scientific staff 

member was 166 kFIM. During the 

5 

assessment scales which are as uniform 

followed using the number of peer 

years 1997, 1998 and 1999 the fund- 

as possible. The assessment scales 

reviewed publications in high-class 

ing was 95, 128 and 177 kFIM, re- 

developed have, however, been intend- 

scientific journals, the citation index 

spectively. 

ed only for the follow-up of the internal 

of the Department per scientific staff 

In 1996-2000 the numbers of 

development of each department. 

member, the funding obtained from the 

invited talks and plenary lectures in 

The volume of research will be 

Academy of Finland per scientific staff 

international scientific conferences 

followed taking into account the 

member (the scientific staff are those 

were 25, 23, 31, 49 and 56, respec- 

number of refereed publications which 

researchers having a PhD degree) and 

tively. 

20 

Ph.D. THESES 

16 

12 

8 

4 

RESEARCHERS 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

Scientific staff 

Graduate students 

Number of scientific staff (with a PhD) and 

graduate students (with a MSc) in the 

Department in 1996-2000

Laboratory overviews 

ing study of the recharging process in 

cellular phone batteries was started. 

polymers has continued productively. 

The members of the medical phys- 

GENERAL DIVISION 

Measuring x-ray fluorescence line 

energies, which depend on the ioniza- 

ics group were active users of the 

ESRF medical beam line ID17. To- 

6 

▼ X-Ray Laboratory 

(www.physics.helsinki.fi/ 

~xray_www/) 

S e p p o M a n n i n e n 

The number of the laboratory personnel, 

which has been growing during 

recent years, is now about 30 scientists, 

which is close to the maximum capacity 

under the present circumstances. 

The inelastic scattering group 

continued the Israeli cooperation in 

the studies of “hollow” atoms. New 

projects at ESRF (European Synchrotron 

Radiation Facility) were (i) 3Dreconstruction 

of momentum densities 

based on 1D-Compton profile experiments 

together with a Polish theoretical 

physics group in Crakow and the 

University of Dortmund, (ii) a first trial 

to determine molecular wave functions 

by measuring simple gases and liquids 

and comparing the results with molecular 

calculations. At NSLS (National 

Synchrotron Light Source) an interest- 

tion state of the desired atom the 

charging process can be followed. The 

non-resonant inelastic x-ray scattering 

theory project continued and new experiments 

to verify its predictions were 

made at ESRF and NSLS. 

The small-angle scattering (SAXS) 

group is taking part in the structural 

biology program, funded by the Academy 

of Finland. In cooperation with the 

Institute of Biotechnology the first 

project has been to study the binding 

properties of a specific cardiac protein. 

Together with the Finnish Forest Research 

Institute (METLA) they have 

also made an extensive systematic 

study on the cell wall structure of Norway 

spruce and Scotch pine, both 

grown in Finland. The crystallinity of 

wood, the thickness of the cellulose 

crystallites and the microfibril angles, 

obtained in these studies are important 

parameters for the wood and paper 

industry. The long-lasting project with 

the Helsinki Institute of Technology on 

gether with the Helsinki University 

Central Hospital and ESRF physicists 

extensive preliminary studies in bronchography 

were made. The aim is to 

study the functioning of the lungs, 

rabbits have been so far used in these 

tests. Participation in the angiography 

project at ESRF has also continued. A 

new project is to study cancerous 

breast tissues by SAXS. An experiment 

was carried out at ESRF, and 

very different scattering distributions 

were observed from healthy and cancerous 

tissues, which may be used for 

mammography. 

The collaboration with the Institute 

of Semiconductor Physics, Kiev, 

Ukraine continued to study the defect 

structures in binary semiconductors. 

Low temperature measurements on the 

structure of langasites and nonlinear 

optical materials were performed with 

the Institute of Crystallography, Moscow, 

during the five visits of the Russian 

collaborators. 

RESEARCH FACILITIES 

The main research facility of the Accelerator Laboratory, the 5 MV tandem accelerator EGP-10-II, is actively 

used for both basic and applied research. Other noteworthy equipment in the Accelerator Laboratory are the 

2.5 MV electrostatic accelerator (of the Van de Graaff type), a 60 kV isotope separator, a plasma accelerator, 

equipment for preparing thin films, an atomic force microscope, laser spectroscopic equipment based on dye 

lasers, and Raman spectroscopy equipment. 

The main devices in the X-ray Laboratory are a four-circle diffractometer, powder diffractometers, smallangle 

X-ray scattering equipment and spectrometers. In the Electronics and Industrial Physics Research 

Laboratory there are measuring devices for thermal radiation and fibre optic sensors as well as a spectrometer. 

In the Aerosol and Environmental Physics Laboratory there are apparatuses for measuring aerosol 

size distribution, aerosol hygroscopicity, and aerosol and gas fluxes.

Both scientifically and financially 

▼ Aerosol and Environmental 

field measurements and using compu- 

the year 2000 was exceptionally good. 

Physics Laboratory 

ter models developed in the laboratory. 

The number of publications in refereed 

journals was more than 30 and the 

external funding, 3.4 MFIM, exceeded 

(mist.helsinki.fi/) 

M a r k k u K u l m a l a 

Other topics of theoretical and numerical 

investigations were heat and mass 

transfer as well as nucleation process- 

the previous record, 3.1 MFIM, obtained 

in 1999. The main funding 

organizations were the Academy of 

Finland, Tekes, the Ministry of Education 

and ESRF. Altogether 70 scientific 

visits were made abroad, mainly for 

experiments at synchrotron facilities 

and 14 foreign visitors were working in 

the X-ray Laboratory during the year. 

The laboratory is ready to move 

into the new premises in the Kumpula 

campus during the spring term. Some 

major investments have been planned. 

These include a rotating anode x-ray 

system and a 2-dimensional detector to 

be used in the small angle scattering 

experiments. Combined with our 

present equipment facilities we expect 

interesting developments in 2001. 

In 2000 the research activity of the 

Laboratory of Aerosol and Environmental 

Physics has focused on basic 

and applied aerosol science, cloud 

microphysics and forest-atmosphere 

interactions. Studies on heat and mass 

transfer, nucleation, condensation, 

aerosol dynamics, aerosol measurement 

technique, atmospheric aerosols, 

deposition and fluxes of atmospheric 

gases, and formation and growth of 

cloud droplets were performed. The 

main aim of the studies is to develop 

practical applications, based on mastering 

fundamental physical and 

chemical phenomena, to solve different 

aerosol and environment-related 

problems. 

Formation and growth of atmospheric 

aerosol particles and cloud 

droplets have been studied performing 

es. Different atmospheric nucleation 

routes have been proposed. 

The field station SMEAR II (in 

Hyytiälä) was constructed in 1995 and 

continuous measurement activity started 

in 1996. The main finding so far 

has been numerous observations of 

atmospheric nucleation bursts. Also 

aerosol and gas fluxes have been investigated 

(see Highlights of Research). 

At our field station, two EUfunded 

projects BIOFOR (aerosol 

formation) and EUROFLUX were completed 

and the results have been reported 

in international journals, such 

as Nature. Participation in other field 

campaigns during the EU-funded 

project PARFORCE (aerosol formation 

at coastal site, Mace Head, Ireland) 

and in the Finnish Antarctic project 

has enhanced our experience on at- 

7

mospheric particle formation, growth 

have had close collaboration especially 

ics and electronics combined. An in- 

and hygroscopic properties. 

with the Department of Forest Ecology 

frared imaging system for the Techni- 

The main output of our experimen- 

and the Department of Chemistry, both 

cal Research Centre of Finland (VTT) 

tal laboratory work has been the devel- 

in the University of Helsinki, and with 

was completed and delivered as part of 

opment of tools for investigating nuclea- 

the Air Quality Department of the 

an EU project which VTT is adminis- 

tion phenomena and cloud condensa- 

Finnish Meteorological Institute. 

trating. With the IR camera system 

tion nucleus activation. We have also 

The international postgraduate 

developed in our laboratory an infrared 

carried out measurements of aerosol 

training programme for aerosol and 

image of wooden planks can be ob- 

particle size distributions in a variety of 

environmental physics (started at the 

tained on-line from a moving conveyer. 

laboratory systems as well as in atmos- 

beginning of the autumn semester 

On-line quality control of wooden 

pheric conditions. Our special interest 

1994) was continued during 2000. 

planks has become more and more 

has been targeted on the nanometer size 

Financial support from the Acade- 

important as better surface finish is 

range using recently developed aerosol 

my of Finland, the Environment and 

demanded. 

instrumentation such as electrical mo- 

Climate Research Programme (The 

We have completed the design of a 

bility spectrometry and the diffusion 

European Commission), the Nessling 

prototype coherence microscope. The 

battery technique, whereas for micron- 

Foundation and Tekes is gratefully 

coherence microscope utilizes the so- 

sized particles optical counting of parti- 

acknowledged. 

called white-light interference phe- 

cles is typically used. 

nomenon. With the table-top prototype 

8 

International cooperation has had 

a significant role in both the theoretical 

and the experimental activities of 

the group. During 2000 various projects 

(including five EU projects) continued 

▼ Electronics and Industrial 

Physics Research Laboratory 

(www.physics.helsinki.fi/~etlab/) 

M a u r i L u u k k a l a 

we can take high-resolution surface 

profile microscopy pictures of various 

samples such as micromechanical 

parts, milled surfaces and even biological 

samples, as the microscope can be 

in cooperation with research groups 

In our laboratory we continue develop- 

scaled for different resolutions. The 

from Austria, Canada, the Czech Re- 

ing various novel measurement meth- 

illumination for the coherence micro- 

public, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, 

ods and sensors using optics, ultrason- 

scope can be created either with a 

Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, 

Sweden, the United Kingdom and the 

United States. On the national level we 

3D presentation of a profile of a wafer 

sensor measured using white-light 

interferometer

pocket-lamp bulb or a white light LED 

has been done in cooperation with the 

of Finland, the University of Helsinki, 

lamp which creates a certain degree of 

Medical Department of the Brookhaven 

the State Subsidy for University Hospi- 

simplicity in the microscope. 

National Laboratory. The Finnish BNCT 

tals, the Radiology Society, the Finnish 

team is also a partner in “A code of 

Society of Nuclear Medicine and the 

▼ Laboratory of Medical Physics 

S a u l i S a v o l a i n e n 

practice for dosimetry of BNCT in Europe” 

project. The major objective of 

this project is to prepare generally 

Ida Montin Foundation which are 

gratefully acknowledged. 

In 2000 there were 5 predoctoral students 

working at the Laboratory of 

Medical Physics in different positions. 

The main research areas were boron 

accepted and detailed guidelines for 

the dosimetry of epithermal neutron 

beams to be used for treatment of cancer 

patients by BNCT at European 

▼ Theoretical Hadron and Nuclear 

Physics 

D a n O l o f R i s k a 

neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and 

research reactors and accelerators. 

The research topics of the group during 

medical imaging applications. There 

In the area of medical imaging 

the year 2000 were (a) the strangeness 

has been dynamic cooperation with the 

applications, the utilization of multi- 

components of the nucleons and (b) the 

Helsinki University Central Hospital 

modal imaging techniques has had a 

structure and decays of heavy light 

(HUCH), the Technical Research Cen- 

powerful impact. Combined MR imag- 

mesons and nucleon resonances, (c) the 

tre of Finland (VTT), the BioMag Lab- 

ing, transcranial magnetic stimulation 

phenomenological application of the 

oratory and the Finnish Centre for 

(TMS) and EEG techniques have been 

consistently qualified Skyrme model for 

Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK). 

applied to study the neuronal connec- 

baryons and nuclei as well as (d) η 

Overall there are ten PhD students in 

the Medical Physics research group. 

tivity of healthy human brain. The 

collaboration with the BioMag Labora- 

meson production in proton-proton 

collisions. The research was carried out 

9 

During the years 1999-2000 the 

tory was continued by quantifying the 

in collaboration with colleagues at the 

clinical Phase I trials of 12 glioblasto- 

physiology of healthy brain using si- 

California Institute of Technology (Pa- 

ma multiform patients at the Finnish 

multaneous TMS and EEG-registra- 

sadena), the Escuela Superior de Física 

BNCT research reactor FiR 1 were 

tions. The main goal is to develop a 

y Matematicas (Mexico), the Institute of 

carried out and Phase II trials were 

method for mapping the connections 

Theoretical Physics and Astronomy 

initiated. Special interest has been 

between different cortical areas. 

(Vilnius), the Instituto Superior Tecnico 

focused on modelling the kinetics of 

The Laboratory of Medical Phys- 

(Lisbon) and the State University of 

the BPA-fructose complex. This study 

ics has been financed by the Academy 

New York at Stony Brook.

On topic (a) the strangeness mag- 

vector mesons to the resonances. A 

Accelerator Laboratory of the Univer- 

netic moment as well as the strange- 

model for the resonance widths in terms 

sity of Jyväskylä. The work has fo- 

ness form factors were calculated us- 

of 5-quark admixtures in the wave func- 

cussed on in-beam and decay spec- 

ing the chiral quark model. These form 

tions was formulated. 

troscopy of exotic nuclei in the lead 

factors have recently been measured 

On topic (c) the form factors of the 

and translead region. During the past 

by the SAMPLE and HAPPEX collab- 

nucleon were calculated with the ab 

year the first experiments to comple- 

orations. The model suggests very 

initio quantized Skyrme model. The 

ment the pioneering in-beam gamma- 

small values for these observables, 

possibility for dibaryons was studied 

ray studies of 252,254 No by in-beam 

which is consistent with the most re- 

with the rational map ansatz to the 

electron spectroscopy using the new 

cent results. The model was also 

consistently quantized Skyrme model. 

SACRED electron spectrometer were 

shown to lead to very small values for 

On topic (d) the contribution of 

successfully accomplished by interna- 

the anapole moment of the proton. 

the two-nucleon mechanisms that are 

tional collaboration. More conventional 

On topic (b) the heavy-light mes- 

associated with the short range compo- 

studies of new exotic α-decay emitters 

ons were described as interacting two- 

nents of the nucleon-nucleon interac- 

have concentrated on 195,196 Rn. 

particle systems formed of light consist- 

tion to the cross section for emission of 

The nuclei 102,103 Sn close to the 

ent quarks and heavy antiquarks. 

η mesons in proton-proton collisions 

double magic nucleus 100 Sn are studied 

A model for the scalar confining and 

near the production threshold was 

through in beam measurements both 

hyperfine interaction between the quark 

calculated and shown to be significant. 

with the GASP and Euroball detector 

and antiquark was developed and fitted 

For articles, see list of publications in 

setups. Preparations for g-factor meas- 

10 

to the spectra. The electromagnetic M1 

and pionic decay rates were calculated. 

Appendices. 

urements of isomeric states in the 100 Sn 

region are also in progress. In-beam 

Large two-quark contributions were 

noted. Finally the hadronic decays of 

the nucleon resonances were calculated 

▼ Experimental Nuclear Physics 

K a r i E s k o l a 

measurements on light Tl-nuclei using 

the recoil decay tagging method are 

also performed and more experiments 

in the chiral quark model for the deter- 

Experiments in nuclear physics have 

are planned. 

mination of the transition couplings of 

centered at the RITU facility at the 

▼ Didactical Physics 

(didactical.physics.helsinki.fi/) 

H e i m o S a a r i k k o 

The main developments in didactical 

physics in 2000 can be summarized as 

follows: 1) study of learning processes 

based on the empirical-constructive 

approach, 2) increased international 

cooperation and 3) learning to utilize 

modern education technology. The 

group has continued its project on the 

perceptional approach, i.e. search for 

constructive principles of teaching 

based on the conceptual and processual 

structure of physics, and on devel-

opment of different kinds of applications 

for all levels of physics instruction. 

Among other things, this includes 

developing and refining the courses of 

the teacher education program, and 

planning courses for in-service training 

for both primary and secondary 

school teachers as well as development 

and adaptation of lecture demonstrations. 

The research on the conceptual 

understanding of mechanics has been 

continued, and results of the standardized 

tests for assessing the conceptual 

understanding of physics has been 

reported. Methods to analyze the interviews 

have been developed in collaboration 

with Arizona State University 

and Northern Arizona University. The 

role of qualitative knowledge and perception 

in the learning process has 

been studied with the aim of adapting 

it in teaching and learning of electrical 

circuits, in collaboration with the University 

of Joensuu. The conceptual 

understanding of quantum mechanics 

has been investigated, and will be 

continued in collaboration with the 

University of Barcelona, concentrating 

on constructing a picture of the students’ 

conceptual understanding of 

quantum entities (quantum ‘particles’). 

Other developments include exploring 

the use of real and virtual laboratories 

and simulations in physics 

teaching, as well as offering new workshop 

type courses in teacher training. 

Much emphasis has been laid on the 

development and renewing of the facilities 

of modern education technology, 

e.g. utilizing the Net for web-based 

instruction and microcomputer-based 

laboratory systems. A web-based 

teaching experiment has been carried 

out during the term 2000, and webbased 

material has been made available. 

The network-based interactive 

learning and discussion environment 

“WebCT” has been taken to use in 

some courses. Modernization of the 

basic equipment for demonstrations 

and teacher training laboratories has 

been continued, and cooperation with 

the Physics Department of the University 

of Kazan in developing demonstrations 

has been continued. Intensive 

collaboration with the Faculty of Education 

of Helsinki university has continued 

in developing teacher training. 

Extensive complementary-education 

programmes in Didactical Physics 

(DFCL´ s, see Adult Education) have 

brought the new practices of modern 

processual teaching and perceptional 

experimentality everyday practice in 

many of the schools of the participants. 

All new theses are added in electronic 

form to a Network Thesis Library of 

Didactical Physics (http:// 

didactical.physics.helsinki.fi/kirjasto/ 

ont/index.htm). The additions to the 

library are announced on the DFCL e- 

mail list. This e-mail list has developed 

from a mere information channel 

of a complementary training project to 

a national discussion forum of physics 

teachers. 

The group has continued its participation 

in developing and studying 

the educational potential of the Solisproject 

on science for secondary 

school pupils. The Solis-project is 

based on a kind of national and international 

solar energy gathering network. 

The writing of several textbook 

series with extensive teachers’ guides 

for secondary school physics has continued. 

11

ACCELERATOR LABORATORY 

the analysis magnet has been widened 

Among other studies of laser spec- 

(beam.helsinki.fi/) 

E e r o R a u h a l a 

and the off-axis dose measurement 

system added. Next, the gas pumping 

system at the high-energy terminal will 

troscopy, our laser physics group has 

conducted studies concerning noise 

properties of laser systems and non- 

12 

During 2000 our researchers have 

devoted their efforts to ion beam based 

materials science in experimental and 

computational studies. Materials physics 

applications of ion-solid interactions, 

such as implantation induced 

phenomena, diffusion, energy exchange 

and reaction cross sections have been 

studied in semiconductors, optoelectronic 

thin films, carbon based composites, 

metallurgical and biomaterials. 

The experiments have succeeded in 

shedding new light on the atomic layer 

deposition of thin oxide films (more of 

this in the Highlights section of this 

Annual Report), the retention of deuterium 

in Si-doped diamond-like carbon 

for fusion reactor applications and to 

the amorphisation mechanisms of Si, 

Ge and GaAs during ion irradiation. 

In the simulations, the first significant 

batch of results was obtained in 

two new research lines, fusion reactor 

materials and compound semiconductors, 

while the long-running studies of 

be updated. When completed, the beam 

throughput will be significantly improved 

and the system will enable the 

detection of 14 C atoms up to a level of 

1/10 15 . In connection with this work, 

the modification of most of the accelerator 

functions to allow computer control 

has continued. Neither of these 

tasks has demanded long shutdown 

periods and experimental work has 

progressed without much interference. 

The new scanning probe microscope, 

acquired in a joint effort with 

other laboratories of the Department of 

Physics, was installed in February. 

The apparatus includes several functional 

modes - e.g. atomic force, scanning 

capacitance and magnetic force, 

it is also equipped with an optical 

microscope. It has already proved an 

important new tool for the structural 

characterization of thin film surfaces. 

The topographical information obtained 

has been used as a valuable 

supplement in ion beam analysis. 

linear dynamics in optically injected 

semiconductor lasers. The collaboration 

with the Institute of Biotechnology, 

initiated a year ago, has continued 

with the construction of facilities and 

equipment. 

The half century epoch of the old 

Van de Graaff accelerator is soon to be 

over. The machine will be dismounted 

in April 2001. As a partial replacement 

to the old accelerator, but more 

essentially, to open completely new 

fields of inquiry in implantation and 

materials modification by ion beams, a 

new 500 kV accelerator from High 

Voltage Engineering has been purchased. 

The installation of the equipment 

will start late in 2001. The new 

accelerator makes a major element in 

an accelerator assembly using common 

target chambers with the old EGP and 

a new 30 kV isotope separator. 

Three new doctors have successfully 

defended their theses and five 

Masters of Science graduated. More 

irradiation effects in metals and elemental 

semiconductors continued to 

yield new findings. Noteworthy among 

the compound semiconductor projects 

was the first detailed study of irradiation 

effects at compound semiconductor 

interfaces, and concerning the 

fusion materials the discovery of the 

swift chemical sputtering mechanism. 

In the study of elemental semiconductors, 

the year 2000 marked the completion 

of a new, fully atomistic method 

for analysing x-ray scattering experiments 

on defects in crystals. 

The first 14 C beams in the accelerator 

mass spectroscopy have been successfully 

tested and the last modifications 

needed to the EGP-accelerator are 

underway. The vacuum chamber inside

than 10 scientists have visited our 

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DIVISION 

theorem, such a violation does not res- 

laboratory from our foreign collabora- 


cue the situation. In view of the second 

tion institutes. The total number of our 

~www_sefo/sefo.html) 

aspect, which was aimed at the calcula- 

visits to institutes abroad and to inter- 

tion of some phenomenological conse- 

national conferences has been more 

▼ Theoretical High Energy Physics 

quences of noncommutativity (NC) in 

numerous. 

M a s u d C h a i c h i a n 

space, we developed a formulation of 

The annual University funding 

amounted to about 3300 kFIM for 

equipment, consumables and salaries. 

Outside funding has again been a major 

source of finance. These assets, 

with a total of about 2700 kFIM, have 

been utilized to cover the expenses of 

various research projects and the National 

Graduate School of Materials 

Physics. The external supporters comprise 

the Academy (with a share of 

about 70%), Tekes, the EU, various 

foundations (Väisälä, Kordelin and 

Ehrnrooth) and institutions from 

abroad (NASA and IAEA). Significant 

resources (about 1000 kFIM), additional 

to the regular annual funding, 

were also conferred by the University 

to supply the Physicum building and 

the Accelerator Laboratory with new 

research equipment to replace old 

equipment left behind at Siltavuorenpenger. 

The research activity of the Theoretical 

Group of the High Energy Physics 

Division covers several topics of current 

interest in theoretical physics and 

in the theory of elementary particle 

physics. These topics include Quantum 

Field Theory, Noncommutative 

Geometry, Supersymmetry, Gauge and 

String Theories, BRST-Symmetry and 

Confinement. 

Investigations have been carried 

out concerning both principal aspects of 

noncommutative quantum field theories 

and the implications of such theories. 

In the first respect, we studied the issue 

of unitarity for the noncommutative 

field theory on compact space-times, 

showing that such theories violate unitarity. 

We have also considered the 

problem of the violation of causality, 

but, although this feature allows for a 

possible violation of the spin-statistics 

NC quantum mechanics and studied 

the NC hydrogen atom, with an emphasis 

on the Lamb shift, showing that 

some corrections to this effect arise 

from noncommutativity even at the field 

theory tree level. In the same framework 

of NC quantum mechanics, the 

corrections to the Aharonov-Bohm 

effect were calculated and proven to be 

invariant under the noncommutative 

gauge transformations. 

The mechanism of colour confinement 

as a consequence of an unbroken 

non-abelian gauge symmetry and asymptotic 

freedom is elucidated and 

compared with that of other models 

based on an analogy with the type II 

superconductor. It is demonstrated that 

a sufficient condition for colour confinement 

is given by Z 3 

-1 

= 0 where Z 3 

denotes the renormalization constant 

of the colour gauge field. It is shown 

that this condition is actually satisfied 

13 

Photo Kaarle Hämeri

14 

in quantum chromodynamics and that 

some of the characteristic features of 

other models follow from it. 

We have studied the localization 

of gravity in the presence of an extra 

time-like dimension. While the proposed 

model allows one to reconcile 

the solution to the hierarchy problem 

with a correct cosmological expansion 

of the visible universe, it generally 

suffers from the appearance of phenomenologically 

dangerous tachyonic 

KK graviton modes. Some ways to 

overcome this problem have also been 

suggested. We have also studied necessary 

conditions for the Einstein gravity 

to be correctly reproduced on the 4- 

dimensional hypersurface embedded 

in the higher-dimensional bulk spacetime 

within the scenario of warped 

compactification. 

The Theoretical High Energy 

Physics Group maintains close research 

and scientific contacts with the Helsinki 

Institute of Physics (HIP), with several 

theoretical high energy groups in 

Europe and in other Nordic countries, 

as well as with several research centres 

in USA, Japan and with CERN. 

▼ Experimental High Energy 


R i s t o O r a v a 

With the LEP (Large Electron Positron 

Collider) program ending, the focus of 

high energy physics will shift to 

hadron colliders, first to Tevatron at 

Fermilab and then to the Large 

Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. With 

the hands-on experience gained in the 

development and construction of detector 

systems for the DELPHI experiment 

at LEP, the group of the High 

Energy Physics Division, in close cooperation 

with the Helsinki Institute of 

Physics, went on preparing for experimentation 

at the LHC, putting the 

focus on a design of a sub-detector for 

forward physics to enrich the physics 

potential of the LHC experiments. This 

small angle detector system would be 

based on the new concept of microstations, 

a cooled semiconductor detector 

element, integrated with the beam 

vacuum chamber. 

Physics analysis at LEP and linear collider 

studies 

The group has contributed both to the 

data taking as well as the data analysis 

of DELPHI. The group has developed 

tools for flavour tagging and methods 

for reconstructing the colour flow in 

multiparton final states. Both were 

used in the continued search for a pair 

of charged Higgs bosons, predicted by 

several extensions of the Standard 

Model, in the 2000 DELPHI data. The 

most recent results exclude mass values 

below the W-mass. The group 

actively studied QCD coherence phenomena 

at LEP and prepared two publications 

in this field, one on identifying 

gluon jets and another one showing 

for the first time the dead cone effect 

in heavy quark final states. In addition 

during the year in the field of heavy 

flavour physics the group completed 

the measurement of the V ub 

CKM mixing 

matrix element at LEP, which is 

the single most precise measurement. 

Next generation of a high energy 

e + e – collider will most probably be a 

linear collider, which would cover the 

energy range from the Z pole up to 500 

The Big Bang

GeV and beyond. The group has exam- 

Detector development for LHC 

THEORETICAL PHYSICS DIVISION 

ined the discovery potentials and the 

precision measurements that could be 

made in the Higgs sector at such a 

A detector upgrade of an LHC experiment 

is proposed in order to enable 


~tfo_www/) 

collider since a precise investigation of 

the Higgs sector, beyond the potential 

of the Tevatron and LHC, is required 

studies of forward physics at the LHC 

along with luminosity and total cross 

section measurements. The new detec- 

▼ Particle Physics 

K e i j o K a j a n t i e 

to understand the mechanism respon- 

tor system consists of several inelastic 

Research in the division is mainly 

sible for electro-weak symmetry break- 

detector stations inside the experimen- 

carried out in particle and space phys- 

ing. These studies rely heavily on the 

tal cavern and a number of Micro Sta- 

ics. The topics of study in particle 

vertex tracker performance and hence 

tions in more distant locations in the 

physics are particle cosmology, quark- 

the group made a conceptual design of 

machine tunnel to provide measure- 

gluon plasma formation in collisions of 

a Tracker based on a novel type of 

ment of scattered protons. Sensors of 

large nuclei, beyond-the-standard 

silicon pixel sensors to match the 

two different technologies will be uti- 

model phenomena in high energy colli- 

physics requirements. The silicon 

lized in the forward detector: silicon 

sions, neutrino physics and the phys- 

pixel sensor development has been 

and gaseous (GEM-based) pixel detec- 

ics of hadrons. 

done in cooperation with the INFN 

tors. As these new detectors have to 

In particle cosmology, combined 

group of Milano and the Institute for 

meet the severe performance require- 

analytic and numerical techniques 

Nuclear Physics in Kraków. The group 

ments of the LHC, a dedicated R&D 

have been used to study the effects of 

has also showed - for the first time - 

that the full reconstruction of the very 

project is carried out. The detector 

R&D activities of the group were sup- 

intense cosmic magnetic fields on the 

properties of cosmic matter. Similar 

15 

heavy charged Higgs boson decay is 

ported by the Academy of Finland 

techniques have been applied to the 

possible. The group’s work on linear 

grant and recognized by the European 

creation of topological defects, like 

colliders has been done within a series 

Commission, which invited the group 

vortices, in cosmological phase transi- 

of ECFA sponsored workshops on 

leader (R. Orava) to chair an EC Con- 

tions. A very important observational 

linear colliders physics that was final- 

certed Action on novel detector tech- 

tool for theories of particle cosmology 

ized at the end of 2000 by the prepara- 

niques in x-ray imaging. 

is provided by measurements of the 

tion of a Technical Design Report for 

cosmic microwave background radia- 

the TESLA linear collider. 

tion anisotropies. The nature of initial 

Photo Kai Puolamäki

density perturbations has been studied 

CP violation can be studied in various 

The division works in very close 

against the results of recent balloon 

astrophysical and cosmological phe- 

connection with the Helsinki Institute 

experiments and also in view of forth- 

nomena. Neutrino masses and mixings 

of Physics. Nationally, the contacts are 

coming observations carried out with 

have been investigated in the frame- 

close with the universities of Turku 

the MAP and Planck satellites. 

work of neutrinoless double beta de- 

and Jyväskylä and with the Finnish 

The RHIC collider at Brookhaven 

cay. The possibility of determining the 

Meteorological Institute. The super- 

Laboratory in the US, permitting one to 

neutrino mixing angles by measuring 

computing facilities of the Finnish 

study collisions of large nuclei at ener- 

the neutrino fluxes coming from active 

Center for Scientific Computing (CSC- 

gies ten times larger than ever previ- 

galactic nuclei has also been studied. 

Tieteellinen laskenta Oy) are indispen- 

ously, has started producing experi- 

In the phenomenology of particle 

sable for many workers within the 

mental results in June 2000. The pre- 

collisions the main emphasis has been 

division. Full-time graduate students 

dictions worked out for these collisions 

in the study of various scenarios be- 

researching on a doctoral topic are 

by the Theoretical Physics Division 

yond-the-Standard-Model. In particu- 

supported by the Graduate School in 

quark-gluon plasma group have been 

lar, the phenomenology of the singly 

particle and nuclear physics. Interna- 

tested and have been seen to agree 

charged Higgs boson in various alter- 

tionally, contacts are particularly close 

with experiment remarkably well. The 

native models has been analysed from 

with Brookhaven National Laboratory, 

new saturation ideas developed by the 

the point of view of the planned Next 

CERN, DESY, Nordita and Universi- 

group give thus new insight into 

Linear Collider. 

ties in Aachen, Bern, Bielefeld, Cam- 

quark-gluon dynamics and make pos- 

In hadron physics the studies of 

bridge, Lausanne, Liverpool and Lund. 

16 

sible reliable predictions for the Heavy 

Ion program of the CERN LHC collid- 

heavy-light quark systems using lattice 

methods have been continued, the 

The division is associated with three 

EU networks. 

er in Geneva, expected to start opera- 

constituent quark-meson model has 

tion in 2005. 

One of the most interesting facts 

one has learnt about nature recently is 

been used to investigate the nature of 

scalar resonances in heavy meson 

decays and effective field theory tech- 

▼ Space Physics 

H a n n u K o s k i n e n 

that neutrinos have mass and that they 

niques have been employed to study 

Research in Space Physics is focussed 

mix with each other just like quarks. 

charge symmetry breaking and meson- 

on space plasma physics, in particular 

In addition to laboratory experiments, 

nucleon systems. 

on the interaction chain from the Sun 

neutrino masses, mixings and possible 

through the solar wind to the planetary 

Photo Kai Puolamäki 

Photo Kai Puolamäki

magnetospheres. The terrestrial magnetosphere 

and its dynamics involving 

magnetic storms and auroral processes 

are the main research field. A particular 

emphasis is given to problems how 

solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) 

drive the magnetic storms. This belongs 

to the realm of the so-called 

space weather research where the 

long-term goal is to develop forecasting 

and protection systems against 

various space environment-induced 

technological hazards. 

The research is conducted in 

close collaboration with the space 

physics group at the Geophysical Research 

Division of the Finnish Meteorological 

Institute (FMI), which is the 

leading Finnish space research unit. 

The collaboration is based on a professorship 

jointly supported by the University 

and FMI and the majority of the 

research personnel are located at FMI. 

The international cooperation is wide, 

in particular within the ongoing International 

Solar-Terrestrial Physics 

(ISTP) Programme. Other presently 

visible sectors are the involvement in 

the world-wide development of space 

weather activities, including contract 

studies for the European Space Agency 

(ESA), and active participation in 

the study projects of the International 

Space Science Institute in Bern. 

During the last few years the FMI 

group has developed strong expertise 

in numerical modelling and simulations. 

Based on this work a University- 

FMI research consortium was awarded 

a 3-year project within the MaDaMe 

programme of the Academy of Finland 

for further development of magnetohydrodynamical 

simulation methods and 

their applications in magnetospheric 

research. 

17

Highlights of Research 

BINDING OF LEVOSIMENDAN TO 

MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF NOR- 

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF 

FREE ELECTRON GAS 

CARDIAC TROPONIN C 

Interesting new cooperation in the 

WAY SPRUCE COMPRESSION 

WOOD 

18 

Free electron theory serves for metals 

in most cases as a first order approximation 

and with suitable extensions 

and corrections it can be applied to 

more complicated solid state systems. 

In cooperation with the University of 

Dortmund and synchrotron radiation 

facilities at ESRF and NSLS we have 

performed an extended experimental 

study using high-resolution inelastic 

scattering of x-rays to check various 

theoretical approaches of the metallic 

systems. The basic quantity, the free 

electron density, was changed in a 

challenging experiment where high 

pressure (up to 42 kbar) was applied to 

a sodium sample [1]. In addition to 

this, several simple metals were measured 

using different incident photon 

energies [2]. Simultaneous theoretical 

analysis was made; the most important 

field of structural biology was started 

with the group of Doc. Arto Annila 

(Institute of Biotechnology). Interaction 

of the two-domain protein Troponin 

C with an inodilatory drug levosimendan 

was studied by SAXS and 

NMR in aqueous solution. The experiments 

showed the binding of levosimendan 

to Ca(2+) saturated Troponin 

C but that this binding did not introduce 

domain-domain closure. 

T. Sorsa, S. Heikkinen, M.B. Abbott, E. 

Abusamhadneh, T. Laakso, C. Tilgmann, R. 

Serimaa, A. Annila, P.R. Rosevear, T. Drakenberg, 

P. Pollesello and I. Kilpeläinen, Binding 

of levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, to 

cardiac troponin C, Journal of Biological 

Chemistry, in press 

The first systematic study by x-rays 

and synchrotron radiation was made on 

the cell wall structure of Norway 

spruce and Scots pine grown in Finland. 

The variation of microfibril angles, 

the crystallinity of wood, and the 

thickness of the cellulose crystallites 

as a function of the year ring were 

studied by wide angle x-ray scattering 

(Andersson et al. 2000 and forthcoming 

articles). The microporosity of the 

cell wall was studied by ultra-small 

angle x-ray scattering (Hasylab, Hamburg). 

S. Andersson, R. Serimaa, P. Saranpää, E. 

Pesonen, M. Torkkeli and T. Paakkari, Microfibril 

angle of Norway spruce (Picea Abies 

(L.) Karst.) compression wood - Comparison 

of different measuring techniques, J Wood 

Science 46 (2000) 343-349 

observation was a fundamental limit of 

resolution due to the final state interaction 

between the ejected electron 

and the many-particle system [3]. 

1. K. Hämäläinen, S. Huotari, J. Laukkanen, 

A. Soininen, S. Manninen, C.-C. Kao, T. 

Buslaps and M. Mezouar, Phys Rev B 62 

(2000) R735-8 (Rapid Communication) 

2. S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, S. Manninen, 

S. Kaprzyk, A. Bansil, W. Caliebe, T. Buslaps, 

V. Honkimäki and P. Suortti, Phys Rev B 62 

(2000) 7956-63 

3. C. Sternemann, K. Hämäläinen, A. Kaprolat, 

A. Soininen, G. Döring, C.-C. Kao, S. 

Manninen and W. Schülke, Phys Rev B 62 

(2000) R7687-90 (Rapid Communication) 

Radial cross section of a spruce sample. The 

border between late wood and early wood 

layers can be seen on the right hand side.

BIOGENIC AEROSOL FORMA- 

ry layer. The most probable formation 

ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF 

TION IN THE BOREAL FOREST 

mechanism is ternary nucleation (wa- 

FOOD QUALITY 

ter - sulphuric acid – ammonia). After 

Aerosol formation and subsequent 

nucleation, growth into observable 

Ultrasound has appealing properties as 

particle growth in ambient air have 

sizes (≥ 3 nm) is required. This growth 

a means to monitor quality of industri- 

been frequently observed at a boreal 

is probably due to condensation of 

ally manufactured food items. Changes 

forest site (SMEAR II station) in 

organic vapours. Based on measure- 

in ultrasonic signal properties are 

Southern Finland. The EU funded 

ments and theoretical calculations, a 

associated with changes in raw materi- 

project BIOFOR (Biogenic aerosol 

value of 2-10 x 10 7 molecules cm -3 for 

al or process parameters. Here is intro- 

formation in the boreal forest) focused 

the amount of condensable vapour 

duced a concept based on an ultra- 

on: a) determination of formation 

needed to explain the observed growth 

sound transmission measurement 

mechanisms of aerosol particles in the 

was estimated. Then the vapour source 

which has shown ability to monitor the 

boreal forest site; b) verification of 

rate should be 7.5-11 x 10 4 cm -3 s -1 . 

temperature of minced beef during 

emissions of secondary organic aero- 

Also model calculations [2] are in good 

simulated automated roasting. Com- 

sols from the boreal forest site; and c) 

agreement with these results. 

mercially available beefs were roasted 

quantification of the amount of con- 

and the change in internal temperature 

densable vapours produced in photo- 

1. M. Kulmala, K. Hämeri, P. Aalto, J.M. 

of the beef was correlated to changes 

chemical reactions of biogenic volatile 

Mäkelä, L. Pirjola, E.D. Nilsson, G. Buzorius, 

in the ultrasonic transmission signal. 

organic compounds (BVOC) leading to 

Ü. Rannik, M. Dal Maso, W. Seidl, T. Hoff- 

Correlation coefficient (R 2 ) values of 

aerosol formation. 

We found that nucleation takes 

mann, R. Janson, H.-C. Hansson, Y. Viisanen, 

A. Laaksonen and C.D. O’Dowd, Overview 

0.94 were obtained. 

Another concept based on an 

19 

always place in cold air advection, in 

of the international project on Biogenic 

ultrasound reflection measurement 

polar and arctic air masses, under low 

aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIO- 

with an echo classifier has shown abil- 

cloudiness, and nucleation is closely 

FOR), Tellus (in press) 2001 

ity to detect and classify foreign bodies 

connected to the onset of strong turbu- 

2. M. Kulmala, L., Pirjola and J.M. Mäkelä, 

(FB) in commercial food samples. The 

lence, convection and entrainment in 

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new 

probed products were different kinds 

the morning-noon transition from a 

atmospheric particles. Nature 404 (2000) 66- 

of cheese and marmalade. The FB’s 

stable to an unstable stratified bounda- 

69 

ranged from bone to steel and their 

Measurement vessel for ultrasonic microbe 

testing of UHT milk 

The modelled (a) and experimental (b) particle number size distributions at Hyytiälä measurement 

station (SMEAR II) on 20 May 1998.

sizes were 1 to 14 mm in diameter. The 

frequency was 5 MHz and the probing 

depths were 25, 50 and 75 mm. All of 

the FB’s investigated could be detected 

and identified in one of the tested 

food products. 

using water or other compounds for an 

oxygen source, oxygen is obtained from 

a metal alkoxide. It serves as both an 

oxygen and metal source when it reacts 

with another metal compound such as a 

metal chloride or metal alkyl. These 

reactions generally enable deposition of 

STORMS - A THREE-SATELLITE 

CONSTELLATION 

An international team led by Prof. 

Koskinen proposed a three-satellite 

constellation called STORMS to study 

the physics of the inner magnetosphere 

E. Hæggström and M. Luukkala, Ultrasonic 

oxides of many metals. With this ap- 

and magnetic storms to ESA’s medium- 

monitoring of beef temperature during 

proach, an alumina film has been de- 

size flexi-mission programme. From 

roasting, Food Science & Technology 33 

posited on silicon without creating an 

the total of 42 candidates this was 

(2000) 465-470 

interfacial silicon oxide layer that other- 

selected among the 6 proposals whose 

E. Hæggström and M. Luukkala, Ultrasound 

wise forms easily. The grown films were 

feasibility was further assessed during 

detection and identification of foreign 

depth profiled by the time-of-flight 

an intensive study period March-June 

bodies in food products, Journal of Food 

elastic recoil detection analysis. 

2000. Although the mission was finally 

Control 12 (1) (2001) 37-45 

This finding adds to the other ben- 

not selected, the concept was favoura- 

efits of the ALD method the atomic- 

bly received and will be promoted in 

NEW GATE DIELECTRICS BY 

ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION 

level thickness control and excellent 

uniformity. It makes possible a major 

step towards the scientifically challeng- 

future competitions. 

STORMS, A three-spacecraft constellation 

20 

The search for new gate dielectrics is 

motivated by the shrinkage of microelectronics 

devices. The replacement of 

aluminium with copper has begun and 

ing and technologically important task 

of replacing silica as the gate dielectric 

in the future generations of metal oxide 

semiconductor field effect transistors. 

for Earth magnetic storms and inner magneto–spheric 

studies, ESA-SCI(2000)7, 68 pp. 

new dielectric substitutes for silica are 

being studied. 

M. Ritala, K. Kukli, A. Rahtu, P. I. Räisänen, 

M. Leskelä, T. Sajavaara and J. Keinonen, 

A chemical approach to atomic 

Atomic Layer Deposition of Oxide Thin 

layer deposition (ALD) of oxide thin 

films is reported in our work. Instead of 

Films with Metal Alkoxides as Oxygen 

Sources, Science 288 (2000) 319-321 

High-resolution transmission electron microscope 

image of an interface between 

ALD grown Al 2 

O 3 

film and a silicon substrate. 

The orbits of the three spacecraft of the 

proposed STORMS mission cross the most 

interesting region of the inner magnetosphere. 

The three-satellite constellation 

yields synoptic observations in three widely 

separated spatial locations.

ULTRARELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION 

COLLISIONS AND QCD PLASMA 

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 

RHIC at Brookhaven Laboratory, colliding 

two beams of gold nuclei, both 

moving with a velocity of 0.99995 c, 

started operating in the summer of 

2000. An even much larger collider, 

LHC, will start operating at CERN, 

Geneva, in 2005. The physics aim of 

these is to create QCD plasma, a new 

phase of matter in which quarks and 

gluons are no more confined in 

hadrons. 

The Helsinki-Jyväskylä QCD 

plasma theory group has studied a 

crucial question: what is the efficiency 

of plasma generation with these colliders? 

New dynamical ideas about Quantum 

Chromodynamics have been introduced 

and the associated predictions 

have been computed in [1] and [2]. 

Fig. 2 shows on the horizontal axis 

the number of participants which for 

central collisions is about 400 and 

decreases for peripheral ones. The 

vertical axis shows how many new 

particles are produced per participant 

pair. The RHIC data points are the 

squares and the prediction, marked by 

the total energy 130 GeV, is the curve. 

One sees that the system is under 

theoretical control at RHIC energies. 

This lends credence to the prediction 

at LHC energies, total energy = 5500 

GeV. Heavy ion collisions at the LHC 

will be very efficient plasma generators, 

one produces some 13 pions per 

subcollision while the same for protonproton 

collisions is only 5. 

1. K. J. Eskola, K. Kajantie, P. V. Ruuskanen 

and K. Tuominen, Nucl Phys B 570 (2000) 

379, [hep-ph/9909456] 

2. K. J. Eskola, K. Kajantie and K. Tuominen, 

Phys Lett B 497 (2001) 39, [hep-ph/0009246] 

21 

Fig. 1. Pictorial representation of the collision of two beams of gold nuclei moving with a 

velocity of 0.99995 c. Blue represents colder regions. 

Fig. 2.

22 

Publications 

PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES 

In 2000 the personnel of the Physics 

Department published 189 articles in 

esteemed scientific journals with international 

peer reviewing systems. A 

complete list of these publications is 

given in the Appendix. 

There were 56 invited talks, 78 

other oral presentations and 65 poster 

presentations in international conferences 

and 11 invited talks, 40 other 

oral presentations and 43 reports in 

domestic meetings. Detailed information 

about these can be found in the 

supplementary Annual Report 

(www.physics.helsinki.fi/~fyl_www/ 

annual.html). 

BOOKS 

The researchers of the Department have 

contributions in several international 

physics books published in 2000. The 

International Union of Crystallography 

published a book entitled “Defect and 

Microstructure Analysis by Diffraction” 

which contains a chapter “Effects of 

instrument function, crystallite size, 

and strain on reflection profiles” written 

by two researchers from the X-Ray 

Laboratory. A chapter, “Physical 

Chemistry of Aerosol Formation”, in the 

book “Aerosol Chemical Processes in 

the Environment” has been written by a 

group of researchers two of whom were 

from the Department. In “Adsorption 

on Silica Surfaces” the chapter entitled 

“Fumed Silica as a Host for Study 

of Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio 

Problems in finely Divided Aqueous 

Systems: Implication for the Atmosphere” 

has been written by another 

researcher from the Laboratory for 

Aerosol and Environmental Physics. 

Several textbooks for university 

students have been written by the 

personnel of the Department, “Statistinen 

fysiikka” (Statistical physics, 

3rd extended and revised edition, in 

Finnish), “Johdatus sähködynamiikkaan 

ja suhteellisuusteoriaan” (An 

Introduction to Electrodynamics and 

Relativity Theory, extended and revised 

edition, in Finnish), “Elektroniikan 

perusteet” (Basic Electronics, in 

Finnish). Basic Electronics has been 

so popular that a new edition was published 

within a year of its first appearance. 

Three books for the three highest 

years of secondary school on Mechanics, 

Electricity and Magnetism and 

Physics as a Natural Science (in Finnish) 

have been printed in new editions 

and three guides for the teachers appeared, 

too. A professor emeritus is 

one of the authors of these books. Valo 

ja varjo (Light and Shadow), a book 

describing science, scientists and the 

scientific method, was published in 

Finnish. Full details of these books are 

given in the Appendix. 

Research Collaboration 

The Department of Physics has wide 

collaboration with many foreign universities 

and research centres. During 

the 3-year period 1998-00 peer reviewed 

articles involved collaboration 

with scientists from 189 European 

institutes, 63 institutes in North and 4 

in Central and South America, 10 

PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS 

200 

150 

CONFERENCE CONTRIBUTIONS 

250 

COLLABORATION INSTITUTES 

200 

100 

200 

160 

150 

120 

50 

100 

80 

50 

40 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

0 

Europe America Asia, Australia 

GEN ACC HEP TPH 

international 

domestic 

96-98 97-99 98-00 

Number of peer reviewed publications in 

1996-2000 (Nota bene: Publications of the 

DELPHI Collaboration are included in those 

for the Division of High Energy Physics commencing 

from 2000, whereas earlier they 

were in the list for the General Division.) 

Number of international and domestic 

conference contributions in 1996-2000 

The numbers of collaboration laboratories 

in different continents in the 3-year periods 

96-98, 97-99 and 98-00. Domestic and 

CERN collaboration with large research 

groups are excluded. Only those laboratories 

are included with which a peer reviewed 

article was published in a 3-year 

period.

institutes in Asia, 3 in Israel, 3 in 

Australia and about 70 domestic ones. 

Twenty-five foreign scientific 

visitors worked in the Department for 

longer than one month (altogether 73 

months), 10 visited for more than two 

weeks (altogether 7 months) and 76 

persons paid a shorter visit. Of the 

departmental staff 18 persons visited 

foreign research centres for periods 

longer than one month (altogether 132 

months, 8 people spent a whole year 

abroad) and 12 people for more than 2 

weeks (altogether 9 months). A list of 

the visitors is given in the supplement 

part of the Annual Report. Detailed 

information can also be found from the 

University Data Base at http://wwwdb.helsinki.fi/muti/. 

The research groups of the Department 

are in cooperation with tens 

of university departments in Finland 

(University of Helsinki, about 25 laboratories 

and departments in 4 faculties, 

Helsinki University of Technology 

10 laboratories, Technical Research 

Centre of Finland 6 departments, University 

of Jyväskylä, University of 

Kuopio, University of Oulu, Tampere 

University of Technology, University of 

Turku, Åbo Akademi, about 10 other 

state or research institutes) and with 

research institutes in both physics and 

interdisciplinary research. 

Collaboration with the Helsinki 

Institute of Physics (HIP), of which 

Prof. Juhani Keinonen is a board member, 

is being developed both in research 

and post-graduate education. 

Conferences organized 

The First Workshop on Forward Physics 

and Luminosity Determination at 

the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was 

organized by the Physics Department 

together with the Helsinki Institute of 

Physics in Helsinki, November 2000. 

R. Orava was the chairman of the organizing 

committee. The workshop 

attracted 45 participants, including 

representatives from the LHC accelerator 

and detector sections as well as 

theoreticians. The issues discussed 

were forward physics (diffraction, lowx 

physics and QCD and γγ physics), 

together with methods in measuring 

the luminosity. Among the conclusions 

of the workshop was that a rich programme 

of forward physics is available 

at the LHC and the interested community 

is encouraged to develop ways of 

exploiting it. Moreover, given the experience 

at the Tevatron, it is recommended 

that two experiments measure 

σ tot 

and methods to measure the luminosity 

based on QED processes should 

be developed further. Further details 

may be found at the URL http:// 

fwdlhc.home.cern.ch/fwdlhc. Future 

workshops will also be organized as 

well as a joint LHC machine and experiment 

meeting at CERN to discuss 

a coherent forward physics and luminosity 

measurement strategy. 

The 16 th Nordic Meeting on Particle 

Physics, “Spåtind2000”, was arranged 

on 4 th to 10 th of January 2000 

by the organizing committee Keijo 

Kajantie (chair), Christofer Cronström 

(vice-chair), Janne Ignatius (secretary), 

Paula Eerola (Lund), Kari J. Eskola 

(Jyväskylä), Katri Huitu (HIP), Kimmo 

Kainulainen (Nordita), Claus Montonen 

(HIP) and Jorma Tuominiemi 

(HIP). This traditional Nordic meeting, 

23 

VISITING SCIENTISTS 

50 

TOTAL LENGTH OF VISITS (months) 

160 

40 

30 

20 

120 

80 

10 

40 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

to Dept. 

from Dept. 

to Dept. 

from Dept. 

Number of visiting scientists in 1996-2000 

who stayed more than two weeks 

Cumulative duration of visits (> 2 weeks) in 

months in 1996-2000

24 

has been organized since the early 

seventies, in a Norwegian mountain 

hotel in Spåtind, some four hours by 

bus from Oslo. There were nine invited 

lecture series on current topics in 

particle physics and a number of 

shorter contributed talks. The number 

of participants was 86. The meeting 

was financially supported by the Finnish 

Society of Sciences and Letters and 

by Academia Scientiarum Fennica. 

More detailed information can be 

found on the home page 

www.physics.helsinki.fi/~spaatind/ 

spaatind2000.html 

The Planck Surveyor Mission LFI 

Consortium winter meeting was held in 

Saariselkä, in the Finnish Lapland, on 

24 th to 26 th of February. The Planck 

satellite specifications and scientific 

issues were discussed. There were 64 

participants from 28 institutes, 14 

participants were Finnish. 

Together with the Finnish Association 

for Aerosol Research, the Allergy 

and Asthma Federation and Suomen 

Omakotiliitto (Finnish House Owners’ 

Association Ltd.) the Laboratory of 

Aerosol and Environmental Physics 

arranged on August 29 th an information 

seminar concerning the effects on 

health of small particles and the burning 

of wood. The seminar was held in 

the auditorium of the Allergy building 

in Helsinki and was attended by 60 

participants from various areas of the 

society. 

A workshop on Stochastic Models 

for Turbulent Transport Processes was 

held at the Weierstrass Institute for 

Applied Analysis and Stochastics, 

Berlin, 23 rd to 24 th of October 2000. 

Timo Vesala was one of the organizers. 

The workshop concerned the development 

of new computational stochastic 

models and measurement technique 

for simulating and evaluating the 

transport of gases and aerosol particles 

in the turbulent atmosphere with specific 

applications to the footprint problem 

which assumes to evaluate the 

concentration and its fluxes at the 

detector contributed from different 

surface and volume sources. The were 

in total 20 participants from Germany, 

Australia, Italy, Turkmenia, Finland, 

Russia, Japan, Belgium, UK and USA 

and 15 presentations were given. 

Photos Jussi Väliviita

EDUCATION 

EDUCATION 

Basic Education 

In the Department, education is given 

in both physics and theoretical physics. 

The Department of Physics also 

arranges basic education in physics in 

Swedish. The education of physics 

teachers also belongs to the traditional 

main tasks of the Department. This 

includes both education for the Master’s 

degree and further education programs 

for physics teachers and general teachers 

specializing in physics. 

The educational program of the 

Department is more diverse than that 

of any other department of physics in 

Finnish universities. The number of 

lecture courses given yearly is about 

90, 10 of which are given in Swedish 

and 6-8 in English. 

The quota of new students in 

physical sciences approved by the 

Consistorium Major in 2000 was 160. 

Additionally, 40 students entered the 

physics teacher line of whom 15 were 

chosen via a special autumn entry at 

the end of the term. There were 420 

applicants of whom 152 entered. The 

selection method has been revised to 

favour majoring in physics with arrangements 

for the education of those 

aiming to major in other subjects in 

the open university and the summer 

university. 

The number of ECTS (European 

Credit Transfer System) credits taken 

in the Department was 16,963.5 in 

2000, which was 9.6% of all those 

taken in the Faculty of Science. (The 

study week concept, commonly used in 

Finland, is 1.5 ECTS credits.) 

In 2000 48 students took their MSc 

degree in the Department. A list of the 

MSc theses is given in the Appendix. 

For the 5-year period 1996-00 the median 

age of those finishing their Master’s 

degree was 26.3 years, about one 

year less than the median, 27.6 years, 

for the 5-year period 1991-95. 

The proportion of women of those 

graduating from the Physics Department 

in the 5-year period 1996-00, with 

figures for comparison for the 5-year 

period 1995-99 in parentheses, were: 

PhD 23% (24 %) and MSc 26% (25 %). 

The similar proportion of women 

taking their PhD degree in the Department 

to the one taking their MSc degree 

shows that physics research in the 

Department has to a great extent fulfilled 

the aim of equality for researcher 

education. 

The summer school for the research-oriented 

physics students was 

held at the Lammi biological station in 

late August. The topic this year was 

“Materials physics and nanotechnology”, 

with the aim to give the student a 

view of the exciting things going on in 

modern materials science. The four 

main lecturers, Dr. Sami Franssila 

(Helsinki University of Technology), 

Dr. T. Baumbach (Fraunhofer Institut, 

Saarbrücken), Prof. K. P. Lieb (Universität 

Göttingen) and Prof. J. Pekola 

(University of Jyväskylä), covered a 

range of interrelated topics ranging 

from manufacturing of nanometer-scale 

devices, x-ray and ion beam analysis 

of them to actual present-day nanotechnology 

applications. In addition to 

25 

ECTS CREDITS 

25000 

20000 

15000 

10000 

5000 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

60 

40 

20 

0 

DEGREES 

96 97 98 99 00 

AGE AT COMPLETING MSc DEGREE 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 

M.Sc. Lic.Phil. Ph.D. 

Number of ECTS credits taken in the 

Department in 1996-2000 

Number of students taking MSc, Lic.Phil. 

and PhD degrees in 1996-2000 

Age distribution of students taking their 

MSc degrees in 1996-2000

lectures, plenty of time was allocated 

to group exercises carried out under 

direct guidance by the lecturers. 

The excellent premises and beautiful 

nature at Lammi allowed students 

to interact closely both during the 

exercises and the social programme 

during the evenings, and made an 

enjoyable summer school both for the 

organizers on site (Drs. K. Arstila and 

K. Nordlund, MSc S. Galambosi and 

stud. Kristoffer Meinander) and the 24 

students attending it. 

dent guidance in the Department was 

in general good. Especially tuition of 

the first year students, as well as the 

research student program, the teacher 

training program and the international 

student exchange program received 

praise. However, different aspects of 

the student guidance practices will be 

developed in the future, in cooperation 

with student (association) representatives. 

In the new premises on the 

Kumpula campus closer cooperation 

with other departments is foreseen. 

gest” courses students are also given a 

questionnaire on paper because it has 

been observed that more feedback will 

be obtained with this traditional method. 

The feedback is presented to the 

departmental board. 

In order to increase the interest of 

the personnel in education “the best 

teacher” chosen by the students has 

been given a prize since 1994. In 2000 

Docent Jouni Niskanen was chosen 

teacher of the year. MSc Ossi Pasanen 

was chosen as the problem solving 

teaching assistant of the year. 

26 

EVALUATION OF STUDENT 

GUIDANCE 

The Department of Physics was invited 

by the Finnish Higher Education Evaluation 

Council to participate, together 

with two other Finnish educational 

institutions, in the pilot project “Evaluation 

of student guidance in higher 

education”. The evaluation consisted 

of an extensive self evaluation, followed 

by external audit. The conclusion 

confirmed by an independent 

assessment of students was that stu- 

EVALUATION OF TEACHING 

Student critique of lecture courses and 

other teaching was started in collaboration 

with the Faculty during the 

spring term 1995 and has been continued 

since then. A www-based questionnaire 

is in use in the Department 

so that students can send comments 

during each course. This gives rapid 

feedback to the teachers and encourages 

students to take part in the development 

of the teaching in the Department. 

However, at the end of the “big- 

International student 

exchange 

In accordance with the University’s 

general policy the Department of Physics 

has a vigorous internationalization 

programme accommodating Erasmus/ 

Socrates agreements and Nordplus 

collaboration with over twenty institutions 

around Europe. As a result of 

these efforts, after a period of rapid 

expansion the number of the Department’s 

students leaving to pursue for- 

PROPORTION OF WOMEN 

TAKING MSc DEGREES 

100 % 

90 % 

80 % 

PROPORTION OF WOMEN 

TAKING PhD DEGREE 

100 % 

90 % 

80 % 

12 

10 

NUMBER OF STUDENTS 

STUDYING ABROAD 

70 % 

60 % 

70 % 

60 % 

8 

50 % 

50 % 

6 

40 % 

30 % 

40 % 

30 % 

4 

20 % 

10 % 

0 % 

93-97 94-98 95-99 96-00 

20 % 

10 % 

0 % 

93-97 94-98 95-99 96-00 

2 

0 

96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 

women 

men 

women 

men 

ACADEMIC YEAR 

The number of students from the 

Department of Physics pursuing foreign 

studies for an academic year

eign studies for a semester or two has 

stabilized at the ambitious level agreed 

on by the Faculty and the Ministry of 

Education (i.e. a quarter of the awarded 

Master’s degrees). 

In 1998, under the umbrella of 

these programmes, seven student semesters 

were spent in different countries 

of Europe, even in the USA. With 

the active encouragement of students 

this number had increased to thirteen 

in 1999 and 14 in 2000. The graph 

presents the development of the 

number of leaving students for recent 

academic years. 

While the number of departing 

students is stabilizing at a healthy 

level, the number of incoming students 

is rapidly increasing. In 1999 the 

number of foreign exchange or visiting 

students of the Department participating 

in our curriculum reached twelve 

and seventeen in 2000 (compared with 

five in 1998). In addition, there were 

also still more foreigners taking courses 

in individual research groups and 

HIP. Most advanced courses in the 

Department can be taken in English 

when necessary. 

Since the spring of 1997 the Department 

has published its biannual 

ECTS Guide Book to accommodate 

fully the studies in physics as part of 

the common European Credit Transfer 

System. In addition, the book gives 

information about the contents and 

lecturing languages of the courses 

provided by the Department for European 

student exchange coordinators 

and potential students. It was well 

received by European student exchange 

coordinators and has certainly 

had an impact on the increased international 

interest in studies in our Department. 

This guide is also available 

on the web. 

Another channel of internationalization 

for students is afforded by CERN 

summer trainee positions. Three students 

from the Department were able to 

take this opportunity to gain international 

laboratory experience. Also research 

groups may send advanced or 

graduate students abroad for short term 

research or conference trips. 

Teacher exchange is another important 

part of the University’s international 

pursuits. In 2000 one teacher 

from the Department gave advanced 

courses abroad under the auspices of 

the Erasmus/Socrates programme and 

two foreign teachers lectured here. 

Further, several foreign researchers 

gave short courses ranging from Finite 

Temperature Field Theory or Quantum 

Information to Environmental Physics. 

Post-graduate Education 

The Department of Physics is responsible 

for post-graduate training in 

physics, theoretical physics and in 

physics teacher training, jointly with 

the Department of Teacher Education. 

Its size and extensive research 

activity enable the Department to offer 

an effective post-graduate training 

program. On the basis of the number of 

post-graduate degrees the Department 

of Physics is in the top rank in Finland. 

The collaboration in post-graduate 

education with the Helsinki Institute 

of Physics (HIP) and with the 

Helsinki University of Technology has 

a long tradition. International cooperation 

is pursued actively, and is seen as 

27 

8 

AGE AT COMPLETING PhD DEGREE 

6 

4 

2 

0 

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 

Age distribution of PhD graduates for 

1996-2000

an essential element of post-graduate 

Adult Education 

pants have already gained the Master of 

education. 

Science degree. The e-mail list of the 

In 2000 14 post-graduate students 

Great attention is given to the direc- 

DFCL programme is continued as a 

took the degree of Doctor of Philoso- 

tives and plans of the controlling bod- 

free-form network seminar to support 

phy. Lists of the students who complet- 

ies in the university and of national 

these studies. A new DFCL programme 

ed their Lic.Phil and PhD theses in 

education programs. There is growing 

for 2000-2001 has been continued by 

2000 in the Department are given in 

emphasis on explaining the functions 

50 participants. More detailed informa- 

the Appendix. 

and roles of physics in our society to 

tion can be found in the URL http:// 

In the period 1996-00 the median 

schools, sixth forms and colleges to 

didactical.physics.helsinki.fi/dfcl/. 

of the age distribution of the graduat- 

ensure good student orientation prior 

During several decades the De- 

ing doctors in the Department was 

to application for admission. 

partment has arranged a week’s sup- 

31.3 years, less by one year than the 

The extended degree programme in 

plementary education fulfilling the 

median 32.7 years in the period 1991- 

adult education has continued in 2000. 

requirements of the employment crite- 

95. The effort to shorten the time 

The supplementary-education pro- 

ria for teachers at lower and upper 

needed to accomplish a doctor’s degree 

grammes, DFCL, in didactical physics 

secondary schools. This is noteworthy 

by increasing monitoring of student 

successfully completed by more than 

even nationwide. During the last few 

progress will still continue. 

200 physics teachers has formed an 

years a large number of teachers from 

In order to support and promote 

important part of the national develop- 

the present colleges of advanced edu- 

doctoral education the new “research 

ment effort “Finnish mathematical and 

cation have participated in these 

28 

education program” has been continued 

in the Department. A maximum of 

natural science awareness 2002”. According 

to the responses of the partici- 

courses. Mainly teachers from the 

Physics Department have been the 

20 undergraduate students with a doc- 

pants the new practices of modern proc- 

educators. The popularity of the course 

toral perspective are chosen annually. 

essual teaching and perceptional exper- 

shows that such education is needed 

The total number of students in this 

imentality have become everyday prac- 

and the procedure will be continued 

program exceeds now 100. First PhD’s 

tice in many of their schools. Several of 

with an annually changing topic. In 

are expected in 2001. 

the study groups continue their activity 

2000 Environmental Physics was the 

The nationwide researcher educa- 

as local centres of development. About 

theme of the course and it was attend- 

tion programs (Graduate School, GS 

100 participants have decided to con- 

ed by 58 teachers (42 of them being 

programs), which commenced at the 

tinue their studies and research in di- 

women) from lower and upper second- 

beginning of 1995, form an effective 

dactical physics for a higher degree, 

ary schools, institutes of technology 

platform for realizing post-graduate 

and by now more than 20 of the partici- 

and polytechnics. 

education. The Department is along in 

four nationwide programs: Materials 

physics GS (eight persons), Particle 

and nuclear physics GS (four persons), 

Mathematics, physics and chemistry 

teachers GS (two persons), and Graduate 

School in Astronomy and Space 

Physics (one person). 

The progress of the studies and 

research work of post-graduate students 

were encouraged by employing 

the most successful students in research 

groups, assistantships which 

have become vacant and allowing them 

to work as locums.

N O T A B I L I T Y A N D 

O U T R E A C H 

N O T A B I L I T Y A N D O U T R E A C H 

P 

hysics education and research 

form an important 

part of a national policy of 

development towards an information 

society in Finland. As a country of 

high technology Finland has overtaken 

many of its competitors. Research in 

physics as the basis of technology is in 

a pivotal role. Research activity makes 

it possible to follow what is happening 

elsewhere in the world, to understand 

it and to transplant necessary knowledge 

quickly into Finnish society. A 

prerequisite for this is basic research 

at a high international level. Applications 

profiting from physics research 

findings and connected with the wellbeing 

of citizens are found in industrial 

research and in health and environmental 

research. 

Expert Services 

Twenty-one of the Department’s researchers 

had leading positions in 66 

international scientific organizations 

and twenty-two researchers in 31 domestic 

ones. These are listed in the 

supplementary part of this report 

(www.physics.helsinki.fi/~fyl_www/ 

annual.html) and can be found in the 

Helsinki University Data Base MUTI 

at http://www-db.helsinki.fi/muti/. 

The Department’s researchers had 

17 positions on the editorial boards of 

foreign scientific journals and four on 

the boards of domestic scientific journals. 

Twenty-eight researchers acted as 

referees for a total of 60 different international 

scientific journals, with altogether 

88 refereeing positions. 

Fourteen of our staff were active 

members of 26 domestic boards, committees 

and other public bodies outside 

the University and five persons members 

of seven international ones (see the 

supplementary part of this report). 

The researchers of the Department 

have often been invited to give 

interviews or lectures of public interest. 

They (7 persons) gave 27 lectures 

for the “wide public” in happenings 

around Finland. In 2000 they also 

gave 6 radio interviews and lectures in 

Finland and appeared in 14 TV programs. 

Our researchers were interviewed 

in twelve interviews in domestic 

journals and one in an international 

one. (For further details, see the Helsinki 

University Data Base YHTI at 

http://www-db.helsinki.fi/yhti/.) 

Awards and Honours 

Professor emeritus Antti Siivola was 

awarded the Cross of Liberty, 1 st class, 

of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, on 

the 4 th of June, 2000. Professor Siivola 

has actively functioned as a member of 

the Scientific Committee for National 

Defence, Matine, and as its chairman 

from 1969, and he is still a member of 

the Committee of the National Defence 

College. Senior secretary Tuulikki 

Pitkänen was awarded a Medal, First 

Class with Golden Cross, of the Order 

of the White Rose of Finland, on the 

Independence Day, the 6 th of December. 

29 

Photo Kaarle Hämeri

S U P P O R T I N G A C T I V I T I E S 

S U P P O R T I N G A C T I V I T I E S 

Administration 

Doc. Mikko Sainio 

from 25.5.2000) Jussi Sillanpää vice 

THE DEPARTMENTAL BOARD 

(Dr. Ari Hämäläinen) 

MSc Lauri Laakso 

member of the board in the quota of 

students till 16.8. Prof. Heimo Saarik- 

The Departmental Board consists of 

ten principal members and nine vice 

members. Three are professors, three 

belong to the other personnel group 

and three are students and one person 

is elected from outside the University. 

Professor Juhani Keinonen contin- 

(Student Walter Rydman) 

MSc Tommi Raita 

(Student Johanna Airaksinen) 

Student Kristian Jaakkola 

(Student Hannu Ollikainen) 

Director, Lic. Phil. Tytti Varmavuo, 

Nokia Oyj 

ko functioned as the vice-chairman of 

the Consultative Committee for Subject 

Teacher Education, appointed by 

the Senate. 

The Department had the following members 

on the Board of the Faculty of Science: 

ued as the chairman of the Board and 

the members of the Departmental 

Board were (with vice members in 

Dr. Aino Vahvaselkä continued to 

function as the secretary of the Board. 

Prof. Juhani Keinonen 

(Prof. Dan Olof Riska) 

Prof. Timo Paakkari 

parentheses): 

Doc. Kaarle Hämeri 

OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE POSTS 

(Prof. Heimo Saarikko) 

30 

Prof. Keijo Kajantie 

(Prof. Markku Kulmala) 

Prof. Juhani Keinonen 

(Prof. Dan Olof Riska) 

▼ Administrative posts at university 

and faculty level 

Student Tommi Bergman 

(Student Anssi Collin) 

Student Hannu Ollikainen 

Prof. Seppo Manninen 

(Prof. Kari Eskola) 

Doc. Keijo Hämäläinen 

(Doc. Kaarle Hämeri) 

Doc. Niklas Meinander 

(Dr. Tomas Lindén) 

Professor Juhani Keinonen was a 

member of the University Senate, Docent, 

senior assistant Björn Fant a 

member of the Senate in the quota for 

non-professorial representatives of 

teaching and research and MSc (PhD 

In the Faculty of Science the Department 

had members in the following bodies: 

Faculty Planning Board: Prof. J. Keinonen; 

Faculty Board for Developing

Education: Prof. S. Manninen; Faculty 

of Geophysics, Meteorology, Geogra- 

Prof. H. Saarikko (chairman), Prof. F. 

Entrance Board: Prof. S. Manninen 

phy and Geology and the Helsinki 

Stenman, Dr. S.M. Eskola and Student 

(chairman till 31.7.) and Doc. N. 

Institute of Physics, the Physics Infor- 

A. Lauri; Researcher education: Prof. 

Meinander; Subject-teacher Student 

mation Technology Department and 

D. O. Riska (chairman), Prof. K. Esko- 

Entrance Board in the Faculty: Prof. 

the Carbon Dating Laboratory of the 

la, Prof. S. Manninen, Doc. M. Sainio 

H. Saarikko, vice chairman and Doc. 

Finnish Museum of Natural History, all 

and Student J. Airaksinen; Open uni- 

B. Fant as a vice member; Subject- 

involved in the Kumpula stage III for 

versity: Prof. H. Saarikko; Kumpula 

teacher Student Evaluation Board in 

the Physicum building. 

campus stage III planning committee 

Physics: Prof. H. Saarikko; Faculty 

for the Physicum building: Doc., sen. 

and Kumpula Campus Library Boards: 

Prof. K. Eskola. 

Prof. Kari Eskola was the representative 

of the Faculty of Science in the 

library board of the Viikki Science 

Library. Prof. Heimo Saarikko was 

Master of Ceremonies of the official 

conferment ceremonies of the Faculty 

of Philosophy. Prof. Juhani Keinonen 

and Doc. Eero Rauhala were members 

of the Helsinki University Kumpula 

campus stage III building executive 

committee for the Physicum building. 

In the Department the responsibility for 

surveying the various fields of activity have 

been divided as follows: 

Budget: Prof. M. Kulmala; Job nominations: 

Prof. K. Eskola; International 

affairs: Doc. J. Niskanen (chairman), 

Prof. D. O. Riska and MSc L. Laakso; 

Student affairs: Prof. S. Manninen; 

Tutoring: Doc. I. Koponen; Education 

planning and development working 

group: Prof. S. Manninen (chairman), 

Prof. D. O. Riska, Doc. M. Sainio and 

Student W. Rydman; Student selection: 

ass. E. Rauhala (chairman), Doc., sen. 

ass. K. Hämäläinen, Prof. M. Kulmala, 

Doc. M. Sainio, Doc. J. Tuominiemi, 

Eng. S. Kousa and Student K. Jaakkola; 

Collaboration with senior secondary 

schools: Prof. J. Keinonen, Prof. K. 

Eskola and Prof. S. Manninen. 

31 

Doc. Eero Rauhala was also a member 

of the Helsinki University Physicum 

Planning Committee. He was the coordinator 

for the Faculty of Science of 

the contact persons of the departments

Library 

(www.kumpula.helsinki.fi/li- 

the 16 th century. Currently 124 journals 

are received. During 2000 154 

“Helka” database (wwls.lib.helsinki.fi) 

and in the Finnish scientific libraries’ 

brary/) 

books were acquired. In preparation 

“Linda” database. These databases 

for the coming move to the Kumpula 

(and some others) can be accessed by 

The library of the Department of Phys- 

campus duplicate copies were removed 

all computers whose IP address is 

ics was founded in 1854 and reorgan- 

from the collections both on the side of 

maintained by Helsinki University. 

ized in 1995 when the libraries of 

periodicals and monographies. Most of 

The loan method is computerized 

physics and theoretical physics were 

them were sent to the National Reposi- 

and is a self-service application of the 

merged. The millennium year was the 

tory Library in Kuopio. 

Helka VTLS system. During 2000 4252 

last full year of function of the library 

The books and periodicals are 

items were borrowed, and the total 

as a departmental library. The libraries 

mainly located in five different places 

number of loans with renewals was 

of the departments of physics, chemis- 

and there is room for about 2000 shelf- 

19,148. Altogether 302 interlibrary 

try, geography, meteorology, geology 

metres of volumes. The main collec- 

loans or copy orders were received from 

and geophysics will be merged to form 

tion at Siltavuorenpenger 20 C, 4 th 

outside the Department. The library 

the Kumpula Science Library on the 

floor, consists of the most used books 

sent 84 interlibrary requests. 

first of March 2001. 

and journals. These books in the fields 

Another service that the library of 

The physics library is financed by 

of modern and classical physics and 

physics offers to the personnel of the 

the Department of Physics and the 

applied mathematics are arranged by 

participating institutions is the cata- 

Helsinki Institute of Physics, and, in 

subject. In the database, the books in 

loging of bibliographic data of their 

32 

part, by certain other funds. In 2000 

the library was run by one librarian 

the library of physics are classified 

according to the INSPEC classification 

research articles to the publication 

database of the University of Helsinki 

and two library secretaries. One of the 

scheme. The newer books are also 

(JULKI, searches on which can be 

librarians was on leave planning the 

provided with subject words. As part of 

performed at http://www-db.helsinki.fi/ 

new Science Library to be founded on 

the national electronic library plan 

julki/). 

the Kumpula campus. 

there are over 200 physics journals as 

The collection of the library of 

well as the INSPEC data bank availa- 

physics contains 460 periodicals half 

ble via the University network. 

of which are also on-line and 22,160 

All the books and journals are 

books, the oldest of which date back to 

indexed in the University of Helsinki

Computing facilities 

In the Accelerator Laboratory in 

vides file storage and a possibility to 

Kumpula researchers and technical 

backup Windows workstations. Com- 

The backbone of all the computing at the 

staff are served by about 30 comput- 

putational needs of LAEP are mainly 

Department is the extended Local Area 

ers. The laboratory has one server 

fulfilled by Digital UNIX XP1000 

Network of the University. This network 

computer running a Linux operating 

(EV6/667) workstations and services 

connects all desk computers and termi- 

system which acts as a file server for 

provided by CSC. 

nals with centrally supplied resources 

both Linux and NT workstations and 

There are about 1000 registered 

such as e-mail connections, mainframes, 

also runs most of the programs the 

users, both staff and students, on the 

printers and Netware servers. 

researchers use in their everyday work. 

university Unix mainframes and Net- 

The Department has approximate- 

The computer power available for 

ware servers. Each new student will 

ly 150 PC computers, 10 X-terminals, 

scientists at the Department increased 

get a computer account when enrolled 

20 Macintosh computers and 20 laser 

dramatically in 2000 by the purchase 

in the University. Restrictions on the 

printers. The Siltavuori/Kumpula 

of the “dynamo” mini-supercomputer 

use of accounts of inactive students 

Campus Unit of the University of Hel- 

cluster. It contains ten 700 MHz Alpha 

are planned. 

sinki Administration Office IT Depart- 

processors running under the Linux 

ment (SiKu) has 5 DEC Alpha servers 

which are used both for interactive 

operating system, and is devoted solely 

to high-performance computing of 

Technical support 

work and for heavier calculations. 

researchers at the Department. The 

About 25 PC computers, located 

most resource intensive simulations 

The workshops of the Department have 

in three computer rooms in the Department, 

are available to the students. 

are performed in the Center for Scientific 

Computing (CSC). 

continued to provide high level support 

for research, development and 

33 

One of these rooms is mainly used for 

The Laboratory of Aerosol and 

teaching. In 2000 there were no addi- 

computer-related teaching. This in- 

Environmental Physics (LAEP) has 

tions of sophisticated equipment. For a 

cludes introductory courses on the use 

one Linux server as a file server for 

description of existing equipment you 

of computers, given by the staff of the 

both Linux and Windows NT worksta- 

are referred to the 1996 Annual Re- 

Department. A few PC computers are 

tions. The Linux server also provides 

port of the Department. The staffing 

used in student laboratories, familiar- 

www services and backup services for 

situation remained unchanged till the 

izing the students with the use of com- 

Linux workstations. LAEP has also 

end of August when general technician 

puters for performing measurements. 

one Windows NT server which pro- 

Raimo Jouhten retired.

R E S O U R C E S 

R E S O U R C E S 

Funding 

ment and for running costs, 18.5 

(10.4 person-years) other senior teach- 

MFIM for salaries and the rest for 

ing posts (one lecturer and senior as- 

Outside funding is still at a level of 

project funding. The cost of purchases 

sistants). There were additionally 26 

vital importance for the Department’s 

for the library, 450 kFIM, are included 

(16.2 person-years) assistant posts for 

research and teaching activity. Fund- 

in this amount. The Department ob- 

guiding laboratory practicals and prob- 

ing according to the model adopted by 

tained 18.59 MFIM from outside 

lem sessions. The number of principal- 

the University, basic budget funding, 

funds. About half of that came from 

ly administrative persons on the staff 

formed 40% of the whole funding of 

the Academy of Finland and the rest 

was 15 (12.8 person-years) and that of 

the Department; separate projects 

from many different sources, the most 

technical employees 18 (17.1 person- 

within the University contributed 13% 

important of which were Ministries, 

years); in all 29.9 person-years. In 

and outside funding about 39%. The 

Tekes, EU, and foundations. 

2000 a total of 73.4 person-years were 

resources which came via the financ- 

financed by budget funds and 110.5 

ing of various projects supported both 

an essential part of the research of the 

Personnel 

person-years by outside funds. The 

latter included senior and junior re- 

Department and, to a significant ex- 

searchers of the Academy of Finland, 

tent, its educational program. The rent 

The personnel of the Department is 

post-graduate students in the GS pro- 

34 

for the premises of the Physics Department 

was 8.5 MFIM. This sum is not 

listed in the Appendix. In December 

2000 there were 92 posts for employ- 

gram, researchers financed via the EU 

and researchers on other projects fi- 

included in the figures for funding. 

ment by budget funds, two of which 

nanced by both private and state 

Comprehensive budgeting was 

were financed 45% by another insti- 

funds. 

started at the beginning of 1998 and 

tute (Finnish Meteorological Institute 

Eleven students were chosen to 

the total budget funding also includes 

and Helsinki Institute of Physics). Due 

work as summer trainees on state 

all project monies. Comprehensive 

to the budget cuts directed to the De- 

funds (CERN/HIP 2 posts, Finnish 

budget funding for 2000 was 28.95 

partment all posts could not be kept 

Meteorological Institute 3 posts in the 

MFIM, 6.8 MFIM of which was allo- 

filled during 2000. There were 18 

Geophysical Research Division and 1 

cated for research and teaching equip- 

professors (15.7 person-years) and 15 

in the Air Quality Division, Helsinki 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

BUDGET FUNDS 

24 

20 

16 

12 

OUTSIDE FUNDING 

OUTSIDE FUNDING: NOT IN THE 

UNIVERSITY BUDGET (18.56 MFIM) 

56 % 

5 % 

7 % 

15 % 

10 

8 

5 

4 

5 % 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

12 % 

Academy of Finland Ministries 



TEKES EU Foundations 

Other sources 

Budget funds (MFIM) in different divisions 

of the Department for 1996-2000 (Nota 

bene: comprehensive budgeting started 

in 1998) 

Outside funding (MFIM) in 1996-2000 

in different divisions of the Department

University Central Hospital 1, Institute 

Geology, Meteorology and Geophysics, 

thereafter, a few of the subcontractors 

of Seismology 2, Finnish Centre for 

together with three external units - the 

could not quite keep the tight sched- 

Radiation and Nuclear Safety 1 and 

Helsinki Institute of Physics, the Car- 

ule. In spite of considerable efforts of 

the Department of Geophysics at the 

bon Dating Laboratory of the Finnish 

increasing speed, delays multiplied 

University of Helsinki 1 post). 

Museum of Natural History and the IT 

and the project dropped behind sched- 

About 3.6 person-years were fi- 

Department Campus services. 

ule. The building could not be handed 

nanced by the funds allocated to fee- 

According to the plan finalized in 

over to the customer in time. Yet the 

for-service teachers. 

1999, the project was to be completed 

detailed timetable programmed for the 

by the end of year 2000. Construction 

removal of the departments to the 

Premises 

work proceeded according to the timetable 

until summer 2000 and all par- 

building could not be adjusted. This 

meant that the departments will have 

ties worked hard and in fruitful collab- 

to move in while some of the finishing 

THE KUMPULA CAMPUS 

oration. The wishes of the departments 

work is still going on. 

PROJECT - PHYSICUM 

could be fulfilled to a large degree, 

The successful architecture of the 

E e r o R a u h a l a 

though unfortunately sometimes re- 

building with its central position holds 

stricted by financial realities. The 

great promise that it would be a central 

Towards the end of year 2000 the con- 

interior began to take form with its 

meeting hall for the sciences on the 

struction of the new Faculty of Science 

pleasing brightly and spacious halls 

Kumpula campus. Once completed, it 

building on the Kumpula campus, 

yet compact and logical design. The 

will hopefully fulfil the expectations of 

Physicum, was nearing completion. 

The main parties involved in the enter- 

rapid growth of the outside funding to 

the departments during recent years 

the various departments and institutions 

for many years to come. 

35 

prise have been the State Real Proper- 

has lead to a substantial increase in 

ty Agency - the customer, Lahdelma & 

personnel, which will result in the use 

Mahlamäki - the architect office and 

of the office space to its utmost. 

Hartela - the main building contractor. 

The traditional “harjannosta- 

Within the University those mainly 

jaiset” celebration of accomplished 

involved are the Technical Department 

roofing was held in May with speeches 

and the occupants, the five faculty 

by both University and construction 

departments - Physics, Geography, 

leaders and a traditional menu. Soon 

PERSONNEL 

210 

TOTAL FUNDING (47.96 MFIM) 

13 % 

8 % 

180 

150 

120 

90 

60 

40 % 

Basic budget funds 

Funds carried over 

39 % 

Funds for special 

Outside funding 

30 

0 

96 97 98 99 00 

Profs. Oth. teachers 

Supp. staff 

Personnel by outside funds 

Total number of personnel in 1996-2000 

given in person-years

90 YEARS OF PHYSICS AT SILTAVUORI 

P e t e r H o l m b e r g 

EARLY HISTORY OF PHYSICS IN FINLAND 

during its period as a great power, Sweden 

occupied the Southeast coast of the Baltic. 

This created a continuous coastline, 

which began in Finland, stretched over Karelia, 

Ingria and Estonia to Livonia. At the time when the 

university in Turku (Åbo) was founded, the main 

function of a university was seen to be the education 

of capable civil servants for the Church and 

the State. It was important that all the widespread 

areas that belonged to the Swedish Crown had their 

own universities and that they could educate civil 

servants accordingly to fulfil the needs of the State. 

For that reason the university system in Sweden 

developed rapidly during the 17 th century. The 

University of Uppsala had already been founded in 

1477, then followed the Universities in Tartu (Dorpat) 

(1632) and Turku (1640). When Pommern 

came under the rule of the Swedish Crown in 1647, 

the University of Greifswald became a Swedish 

seat of learning, and after Skåne became a part of 

Sweden, the University of Lund was founded in 

1668. 

In accordance with the general educational 

programme, an upper secondary school was founded 

in Turku in 1630. It was relatively straightforward 

to convert such a secondary school into a 

university as it occurred in Turku in 1640. According 

to the Parisian model, a complete university 

consisted of four faculties, namely the faculties of 

theology, philosophy, law and medicine. It was not 

unusual for a diligent and respected professor to 

advance within the university by being admitted 

into the most highly respected faculty, that of theology. 

There was also a ranking of professors within 

this faculty, and one could even advance to the top 

theology professor’s vacancy. From there, the step 

was not far to an appointment as Bishop. 

The Cathedral School of Turku, which at the 

beginning of the 17 th century was the highest educational 

institution in Finland, was transformed 

into an upper secondary school (gymnasium) in 

1630. The Cathedral School had three teaching 

positions, but these were increased to six in the 

new secondary school. There were two positions in 

theology, and one position in each of oratory, logic, 

mathematics and physics. The secondary school in 

Turku was in existence for only ten years before it 

was transformed into a university. The first Chancellor 

of the University was Count Per Brahe, who 

held the position from 1646 to 1680. Bishop Isac 

Rothovius acted at the same time as vice-chancellor. 

His influence was quite great, as three of his 

sons-in-law also sat in the University Senate. 

With the transformation of the secondary 

school into a university there was a basis to build 

on immediately from the start. The first professor of 

physics was Georgius Alanus, MSc, who had been 

Lecturer of Physics and Botany in the secondary 

school in Turku. During this first phase physics as 

a subject comprised mainly of natural sciences and 

thus included even botany, zoology and anatomy 

(the term physics originates from the Greek physis 

= nature). On the other hand, mechanics and optics 

were not included in physics, but instead were 

taught by a professor of mathematics. The teaching 

of physics consisted of lectures and the public 

Old Academy 

building in Turku 

(second building 

to the right). 

University of 

Helsinki Museum’s 

Collections. 

37

Portrait of Carl Fredrik Mennander (1712-86), Professor of 

Physics (1746-52), later Bishop of Turku and Archbishop of 

38 

Floor plan of the 

old Academy 

building in Turku. 



Collections. 

defences of dissertations and theses. Often they 

were written by a professor who supervised and 

presided over the actual dissertation. The public 

ventilation of dissertations was considered very 

important and instructive for students, which led to 

the retention of the system as well as its frequent 

use. 

In the table we list the professors of physics at 

the Academy in Turku. Many of them contributed 

to science by making observations of phenomena 

and performing experiments. Here Andreas Thuronius’s 

comet observations in 1664 can be mentioned, 

as well as Anders Planman’s analysis of the 

Venus transit in 1761 and 1769, yielding the parallax 

of the Sun. In 1761, Jacob Gadolin was President 

of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and 

Uppsala. A copy made by Väinö Blomstedt about 1913-14, 

from a painting by Lorenz Pasch the Younger. University 

of Helsinki, Galleria Academica. 

participated actively in the preparations of the 

Venus-transit project. He also made observations 

in Turku. 

Many of the professors worked hard and obtained 

good scientific results, contributing to the 

knowledge of physics. Several professors were 

elected members of the Royal Swedish Academy of 

Science. At the same time they were also striving 

for a better, “higher”, academic status and position, 

and when the opportunity came they moved 

over to the Faculty of Theology. There they forged a 

new carrier and for instance Browallius, Mennander 

and Gadolin became Bishops in Turku, 

Professors at the Academia Aboensis 1640 - 1828 

1640-1648 Georgius ALANUS 

1649-1659 Abraham THAUVONIUS 

1660-1665 Andreas THURONIUS 

1665-1682 Andreas PETRAEUS 

1683-1718 Petrus HAHN 

1720-1736 Johan THORWÖSTE 

1737-1746 Johan BROWALLIUS 

1746-1751 Carl Fredrik MENNANDER 

1753-1762 Jacob GADOLIN 

1763-1801 Anders PLANMAN 

Mennander even Archbishop in Uppsala. 

On the 4 th of September 1827, there was a 

great fire in Turku, destroying most of the town and 

the University. The immense fire destroyed the 

Academy building, the library (a small number of 

books, which were on loan, are still in existence) 

and a great part of the collections and apparatuses 

of the University. After the fire the University was 

not rebuilt in Turku. Instead it was moved to Helsinki 

and re-established there under the name of 

the Imperial Alexander University of Finland. 

1801-1844 Gustaf Gabriel HÄLLSTRÖM

THE IMPERIAL ALEXANDER 

UNIVERSITY OF FINLAND 

f 

rom the foundation of the University in 

Turku in 1640, physics was among the academic 

subjects offered to the students. When 

the university was transferred to Helsinki, it was 

natural that physics with its long-standing traditions 

would also follow along. As a result physics 

was taught from the very start at the Imperial Alexander 

University of Finland. 

The first professor of physics in Helsinki was 

Gustaf Gabriel Hällström. He was professor 

throughout the period 1801-44, first in Turku and 

then in Helsinki when the University was moved to 

the Finnish capital. Thus he brought the traditions 

from Turku to the new university site. In the table 

we give a list of the professors of physics at the 

Imperial Alexander University of Finland. All the 

professors made great contributions strengthening 

the position of physics and improving the working 

conditions of physicists in regard to teaching and 

conducting research. Gustaf Gabriel Hällström set 

up the first Physics Cabinet (“laboratory”) in the 

main building of the University. Johan Jakob Nervander 

functioned only for a few years as professor 

until his death at a very early age; but he had 

enough time to construct his famous galvanometer, 

the tangentbussol, which aroused international 

attention. He was also director of the Magnetic 

Observatory and started the long-term measurements, 

which only recently have been analysed and 

published, 150 years after the start. 

Adolf Moberg had a profound knowledge in 

many disciplines coupled with the ability to combine 

them into larger units. As a clever organiser, 

he functioned as Dean, Vice-Rector and Rector of 

the University, concluding his career as State 

Councillor. His influence was great during the 

planning of new facilities and in the organisation of 

old space within the University. As professor of 

physics Moberg was succeeded by Selim Lemström, 

whose contribution weighed heavily in the 

area of teaching as well as in research. Lemström 

followed carefully the development of physics and 

incorporated new discoveries into his lectures and 

demonstrations. In Aurora Borealis research, he 

made significant international contributions. 

From the very beginning and for many years 

following, the Physical Cabinet at the Imperial 

Alexander University of Finland functioned in 

cramped and unsuitable quarters. From the commencement, 

and even still at the beginning of 

Lemström’s era, physicists had been given space in 

the main building of the University. Aside from a 

few small auxiliary rooms, only one proper lecture 

hall was assigned for their use. In part, the physicists 

also worked at the Meteorological Observatory 

in Kaisaniemi. Of course this arrangement offered 

additional space, but was not really suitable for 

teaching and resulted only in the instruments and 

resources being split up in two locations. 

During the latter half of the 19 th century a 

continuous, though slow development occurred in 

the working conditions of physicists. At the time 

when Lemström received his Master’s degree (during 

the 1860's) and began his further education as 

a physicist, the Physical Cabinet at the Imperial 

Alexander University of Finland was not large. The 

personnel consisted of a Professor helped by an 

Professors at the Imperial Alexander 

University of Finland 1828 - 1918 

1801-1844 Gustaf Gabriel HÄLLSTRÖM 

1845-1848 Johan Jakob NERVANDER 

1849-1875 Adolf MOBERG 

1878-1904 Karl Selim LEMSTRÖM 

1907-1938 Axel Henrik Hjalmar TALLQVIST 

Portrait of Gustaf Gabriel Hällström 

(1775-1844), Professor of Physics in 

Turku and Helsinki (1801-44). 

Hällström was also ordained into the 

Church and was appointed Vicar of 

the St. Marie Parish. Painted by 

Carl Peter Mazer, 1837. University of 

Helsinki, Galleria Academica. 

39

Floor-plan of the ground floor of the university’s main building in the 1830’s, 

including the distribution of rooms in the southern part of the building in 

which the physicists and chemists had their space (a = the vestibule, c = the 

corridor, d = the auditorium for physics and chemistry lectures, f = the room 

for instruments and chemicals, g = the hall for the physics instruments). 

nation requirements for a degree in physics. This 

new ordinance was put into effect in 1880, two 

years after Selim Lemström had taken over the 

Chair of physics. 

At the beginning of the 1880's, the Physical 

Cabinet was housed on the top floor of the laboratory 

and museum building of the University. The 

physicists had at their disposal a large hall with 

windows facing South. This hall served as an office, 

a library, an instrument hall and a working 

room for special experiments. Next to this hall was 

a smaller one which served as a place to store instruments 

and a place for newly enrolled students 

to work. In addition the teachers had a room for 

their own research projects. 

40 

Assistant, and during certain periods, if a suitable 

candidate was available, a Docent who lectured in 

addition to being a helper in the laboratory. Neither 

was there much funding available and the facilities 

in the Main Building of the University were meagre. 

When chemistry was assigned a building of its 

own in 1847, the Physical Cabinet could dispose of 

part of the earlier common facilities for its own use, 

though the large laboratory was annexed by the 

administration of the University. In the drawings 

from 1879, the laboratory drawn by Engel was once 

again restored to its original purpose, referred to as 

the “physical-mathematical instrument collections”. 

However, the space available was not large, 

and furthermore it was necessary to share it with 

other disciplines. Despite this, teaching was carried 

out without too many problems, as the number 

of students was limited. As the basic courses in 

physics were obligatory for several other disciplines, 

the higher courses were less populated. 

Lemström, who became a full professor of 

physics in 1878, was a notable experimentalist. All 

his efforts focused on the construction of instruments, 

the taking of measurements and compiling 

results. Lemström was very skilful in this area and 

he considered that a good physicist should master 

experimental techniques. When Selim Lemström 

succeeded Moberg as professor of physics, he immediately 

founded a new physics laboratory and 

practical work was included as part of the exami- 

A NEW BUILDING FOR THE 

iPHYSICS DEPARTMENT 

t is obvious that the facilities described 

above, despite the fact that they were definitely 

an improvement, were still insufficient, 

especially as the number of students now increased 

greatly due to the compulsory laboratory work. 

During the spring term of 1881, about 70 students 

worked more or less regularly in these halls to 

complete the practical exercises that were now part 

of the requirements for the studies of physics. 

Therefore a committee was set up in the 1890’s to 

investigate the possibility of erecting a separate, 

completely new building for the physical laboratory 

and also to plan, make sketches and to calculate 

the costs for such a project. 

The first lot to be considered was on 

Nikolaigatan (present Snellmanninkatu), between 

the National Archives and the Pathology Institute. 

However, certain restrictions regarding the building 

rights revealed that the lot was too small for 

this purpose. Meanwhile the physicists got temporarily 

more space in an already existing building at 

Hallituskatu 3 and the plans for a separate building 

progressed only slowly. 

In a will by Professor Emeritus, State Councillor 

J.A.J. Pippingskiöld, a donation was left to the 

University to establish a Chair in Applied Physics 

“so that instruction in the application of physics 

would include even the most everyday occurrences

Theodor Homén (1858-1923), the first holder of the Pippingsköld Professorial 

Chair of Applied Physics (1898-1923). The portrait was painted by 

Albert Gebhard in 1912 and is owned by the Savolax Student Organization. 

The picture is from the University of Helsinki Museum’s Collections. 

9,274 square meters and it would be possible to build 

premises for four institutions, in addition to the one 

that was already available for the Physiological Institution. 

Soon a decision was urgent and now the University 

acted on its own and in 1905 an agreement 

was signed with the City and the lots could thereafter 

be utilised by the University. Already at the end 

of 1902 a new building project was put forward and 

K.G. Nyström was appointed as its architect. The 

taken from the area of practical life”. As a conse- 

final planning was again delayed by the death of 

Plan of the build- 

quence, the plans for a new laboratory building 

Professor Selim Lemström in 1904, and a pause 

ing site at Silta- 

were again set aside until a new professor had been 

appointed. On the 6 th of June 1895, His Imperial 

Majesty decreed the creation of a Chair in Applied 

Physics and its first holder, Viktor Theodor 

Homén, was appointed on the 12 th of July 1898. It 

could not be imagined that each of the professors of 

physics would have a departmental building of his 

own. They had to share a common laboratory. 

After that, the new building plans could once 

again be presented; in 1897 there was a return to 

the idea of building on Nikolaigatan, on the same 

lot as had been suggested earlier. This plan was 

rejected. In 1900 a new proposal to erect a suitable 

building on a nearby site was presented but again 

came while the Chair was to be filled. Once Hjalmar 

Tallqvist was appointed the successor, the 

planning started again. Now Tallqvist and Homén 

were granted the privilege of planning the new 

building for the Physical Institute and they also 

saw it erected at the Broberg Terrace (Siltavuorenpenger). 

In 1908 the Imperial Senate approved the 

proposal and at last the final drawings could be 

made. In 1911 Hjalmar Tallqvist was finally able 

to furnish his compendium on the new, stately 

physical laboratory, which includes his description 

of the historical development, with a date. 

However, a certain taint of criticism could also 

be perceived, as L.W. Öholm told Svante Arrhenius 

vuori, which was 

at the disposal of 

the University, 

showing the Physiological 

Institute’s 

building (lower 

left), the planned 

laboratory building 

for physics and 

applied physics 

(upper right) and 

the Prefect’s living 

quarters (middle 

left). 

41 

there was no final acceptance. Despite the repeated 

refusals that the Consistorium received from the 

Chancellor when the erection of a separate building 

for a physical laboratory was proposed, the university 

indefatigably continued with the aim of improving 

the working conditions in its different institutions. 

As a consequence of the increasing number of students, 

most of the institutions were becoming 

cramped. It was therefore evident that the university 

in the near future would be forced to enlarge its 

premises considerably and the Consistorium therefore 

started to look around for suitable locations. The 

interest now turned towards Broberget (Siltavuori), 

where many lots still were not exploited and soon 

were to be sold by the city. The area of land was

August Fredrik 

Sundell (1843- 

1924), Extraordinary 

Professor 

Hjalmar Tallqvist (1870-1958), Professor 

of Physics (1907-38). The portrait 

was painted by Elsa Fohström. University 

of Helsinki, Galleria Academica. 

of Physics 

(1878-1904). 

Photograph 

taken in 1893. 

42 

about the planning of the building: “Our physical 

laboratory is now completed. A great part of the 

autumn semester was wasted as the building work 

continued until December. They have now been 

building for two and a half years and the result is a 

big, ugly and expensive building. As a laboratory, 

it is quite old-fashioned and a failure in many 

ways, but in part it is good. There have been obviously 

too many cooks and the broth shows it. None 

of them have been particularly practical or have 

had enough authority to force through some good 

ideas”. Then Öholm continues: “Lucas [that is Th. 

Homén] did have several [ideas] but he did not 

succeed in making his voice heard. He is, however, 

very glad that he finally after all has got his own 

laboratory, namely one third of the building forms 

his department. Once again he may return to his 

interest in physics”. 

There were certainly more positive statements 

also. “Our new, stately Physics Institute is about to 

be completed. I shall install myself in one of the 

rooms there.” Thus A.F. Sundell expressed his satisfaction 

in a letter to Arrhenius over getting a room of 

his own. 

Ugly or not, badly planned or not, the new 

building has up till now served several generations 

New building for physics and applied 

physics at the Imperial Alexander 

University of Finland, erected at 

Siltavuori and completed in 1911.

First-floor plan in the new building, 

showing the great lecture hall as 

well as the plan of side rooms. 

of physicists for 90 years. In a short time students 

crowded it and the building so big at a first sight 

soon turned out to be too small. During the years to 

come several changes in the construction have 

been made. At first the tower was taken down, then 

a new floor was constructed and finally scientists 

invaded the attic floor. Inside the building, reconstructions 

of walls have been performed continuously 

to meet the demands of changing interests 

in physics research. The main lecture hall is of 

course still there, with its pillars, but the smaller 

lecture room on the third floor, also with an amphitheatre 

floor has been changed into laboratory 

space. Still in the early 1960’s it was used as it was 

first planned. The building has been referred to as 

the Tallqvist building. 

43 

Staircases leading 

to upper floors. 

The plain architecture of the lecture hall showing the 

construction of the roof. Electricity and lamps are of 

modern design. University of Helsinki Museum’s Collections. 

Photo: Kari Hakli. 



Collections. 

Photo: Kari Hakli.

The new departmental building soon 

underwent changes. First the tower 

was taken down and then more 

floors were added. The picture 

shows the appearance of the building 

today. The first three floors are, 

however, quite alike the original 

ones. University of Helsinki Museum’s 

Collections. Photo: Kari Hakli. 

44 

iEARLY EXPERIMENTS ON RADIOACTIVITY 

n the early days of the 20 th century there were 

three professors of physics in Helsinki. Hjalmar 

Tallqvist, professor of physics since 

1904, was mainly interested in classical physics 

and was an eager textbook author. August Sundell, 

extraordinary professor of physics since 1880, had 

his interests in mechanics. Th. Homén, professor of 

applied physics since 1898, was interested in the 

temperature balance between the ground and the air, 

the occurrence of night frosts etc. The rapidly expanding 

Department of Physics, the planning of the 

new building for the institution, and positions in 

private enterprises occupied the professors’ minds. 

These circumstances explain partly why no 

larger projects on radioactivity started in Finland 

during the first decades of the 20 th century. Certainly 

the physicists were aware of the development 

in this new research field in Europe, but while the 

main stream ran fast only a few very basic experiments 

were performed by students in Finland. 

In some laudatur works and pro gradu theses 

covering the period from the beginning of the 20 th 

century to the outbreak of World War II one can 

follow the growth of knowledge and interest in 

nuclear physics in Finland. The earliest work 

found is a hand-written essay by Kaarlo Aaltio, 

most probably from 1906 as seen from the references 

given in his text. In this work Aaltio describes 

a method for determining the ‘strength’ or 

activity of radioactive materials. Aaltio finished his 

laudatur text by presenting a series of experiments 

in which he measured the activity of soils and minerals 

collected from different places in the Helsinki 

region. 

After Aaltio’s pioneering work the next experimental 

work relating to radioactivity appeared five 

years later in 1911. Yrjö Tuomikoski measured the 

absorption of γ rays in lead using radium as the 

source of γ rays. He had been for some time in 

England to learn theory and experimental techniques 

in the field of radioactivity. At about the 

same time Lars William Öholm also visited Manchester 

(later Öholm became professor of physical 

chemistry). Öholm met Rutherford and Thomson 

and carried back home regards from them. His trip 

to England also resulted in the purchase of apparatus: 

“I have bought a series of radioactivity apparatus 

for the Physicum in Helsinki. I approached 

Tallqvist [professor of physics, head of the Department] 

and he was willing to lay out the 500 Fmk so 

I could purchase a great deal i.a. three good electroscopes, 

one for α, one for β + γ and one for emanation. 

I also have actinium. If we get a few more 

milligrams of radium, we will be well supplied. But 

how to get a standard without stealing one certainly 

will be difficult.”

A few years later Gunnar Nordström published 

the results of his measurements of radioactivity of 

water from 27 wells in Finland. Most probably he 

used the equipment brought to Helsinki by Öholm 

a few years earlier. Other texts, preserved in the 

Departmental Library, concerning radioactivity, 

ionising radiation and early nuclear physics are 

typical review articles and do not report on any 

experimental results obtained by the writers. Georg 

Sundman wrote on Recent achievements in the field 

of radiation (in Swedish) and in 1927 Bertil 

Sjöström presented in his pro gradu thesis an account 

of how to record α, β and γ radiation. In his 

opinion nuclear physics was very exciting and in 

the introduction he enthusiastically wrote: “With 

the help of these wonderful elements, which possess 

the radioactive power, we can see the construction 

and deconstruction of elements and even 

with our own eyes notice how elements, which we 

have considered unchangeable, like in an eruption 

throw out helium atom like particles, transforming 

into new elements...” When Chadwick in 1932 

reported on the existence of the neutron several pro 

gradu theses were written on that subject in Helsinki. 

The existence of the neutron and neutron 

induced nuclear reactions as well as neutron experiments 

performed at foreign research centres 

were described in these texts. 

aGROWTH OF MEDICAL PHYSICS 

s had been the case with x-rays, medical 

researchers also showed an early interest 

in applying in their own profession the 

new rays originating from nuclei. However, the 

measurement techniques were difficult to master 

and in the beginning physicians were highly dependent 

on the help of physicists. This was especially 

true when it came to the construction of apparatus. 

Very soon a fruitful cooperation existed 

between physicists and physicians. For measuring 

the radiation from radioactive substances used in 

medicine several apparatus were constructed in the 

late 1940’s. 

Looking at the development in nuclear medicine, 

there is Professor Jim Östling (1884-1955), 

who also visited Rutherford’s laboratory in Manchester 

and had good contacts with the Nobel laureate 

George de Hevesy in Stockholm. His son, 

Gustaf Östling, also showed an interest in the medical 

use of radioactive isotopes and established 

contacts with Lennart Simons and Runar Gåsström, 

two prominent physicists at the University of Helsinki. 

Based on early dissertations, there was lively 

activity in this field in Finland and after the wars 

Finland had a position in the front line of research, 

due to the works of the first pioneers. 

Soon it became obvious that the physicians 

could not manage the apparatuses and high technology 

on their own and the field of health physics 

(medical physics) developed rapidly. Here physicists 

and engineers contributed and today some 

70-100 persons are working in this field. In this 

development the Department of Physics has always 

had a strong position. Paavo Tahvonen (later professor 

of applied physics) may be considered one of 

the first hospital physicists in Finland. Later on 

there are several PhD students graduated from the 

Department of Physics who became hospital physicists, 

for example Mårten Brenner (professor emeritus 

of physics at the Åbo Academy university), 

Erik Spring (professor emeritus of applied physics), 

and Peter Holmberg (professor of physics at 

the Faculty of Medicine). 

Present day research in medical physics has 

for some years been focused upon the boron neutron 

capture therapy (BNCT) project with research 

partners from the Helsinki University Central Hospital, 

the Technical Research Centre of Finland 

(VTT) and the Finnish Centre for Radiation and 

Nuclear Safety (STUK). Cooperation with several 

foreign BNCT centres is intense. 

A completely new branch in medical physics 

has been the use of synchrotron radiation in medical 

imaging. Methods like angiography, bronchography 

and diffraction enhanced imaging have been 

developed together with the Helsinki University 

Central Hospital using the experimental facilities 

at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 

(ESRF) in France. 

45

46 

THE FIRST ACCELERATOR IN FINLAND AND 

iGROWTH OF ACCELERATOR BASED PHYSICS 

n the middle of the 20 th century physicists 

showed an increasing interest in nuclear 

physics and they also wished to perform experiments. 

At first radioactive sources were obtained 

from abroad. To work solely with radioactive 

sources, however, did not give the physicists the 

same flexibility in their research projects as could 

be obtained with an accelerator. Therefore it became 

necessary to have an accelerator in Finland. 

There were three types of accelerators, namely a 

Cockcroft-Walton generator, Van de Graaff accelerator 

(VdG) and cyclotron. In the late 1930’s Lennart 

Simons visited Niels Bohr’s laboratory in Copenhagen 

and obtained experience with different 

types of accelerators. Not only physical reasoning 

was of importance when deciding between the 

different types, but also economical aspects had to 

be considered. 

The planning and construction of the 2.5 MV 

VdG accelerator started in 1947 and it was ready 

for use in 1956. The hall for the accelerator was 

built in the rock under the main building of the 

A historical 

moment in 

1949: The small 

top part of the 

pressure tank 

for the Van de 

Graaff accelerator 

is being 

unloaded from 

a lorry to be 

taken into the 

main building 

of the Department 

of Physics. 

Department of Physics. The long building time is 

explained by the fact that no components were 

available in those days and it was necessary to do a 

lot of work to make all the different parts fit each 

other. Also, the aim was to get a really good accelerator 

for the planned research tasks. 

The accelerator was to a high degree ‘home 

made’. The research projects for the accelerator 

were planned thoroughly and proceeded in steps. 

The first publications and academic dissertations 

dealt with the construction of the accelerator and 

equipment (detectors, registering systems etc.) and 

the development of measuring techniques for determining 

nuclear parameters. 

It was quite a miracle that the accelerator could 

be built. It can only be understood on the basis of 

the enormous enthusiasm that was shown to the 

project. Also good contacts with industry both in 

Finland and abroad were of great importance. Due to 

these contacts the scientists at High Voltage Engineering 

Corp. delivered two accelerator tubes by 

special permission in 1953, using the ASLA foundation. 

Many firms in Finland also helped when asked 

to deliver special parts to the accelerator. 

When the VdG accelerator finally was running 

it was immediately observed that the laboratory 

space was far too small and it was noticed that 

ionising radiation penetrated walls and roofs and 

entered neighbouring rooms, to a much higher 

extent than had been calculated. This was a serious 

problem as it turned out that the radiation level 

in the office of the chairman of the department, 

right above the accelerator, was too high. There 

was a warning lamp on the desk and when the 

accelerator was running, the light was on and the 

chairman, Professor Nils Fontell at that time, had 

to leave the room. The only solution to these problems 

was to move the accelerator to another locale. 

In 1957 the Parliament reserved a budget for 

building a new accelerator hall in an annex to the 

main departmental building. The new building was 

taken into use in 1959. 

Several teams with different research interests 

gathered around the VdG accelerator. The enthusiasm 

among researchers was enormous. In the 

1950’s and 1960’s the different research groups 

“begged for time to run the accelerator”. The utilization 

of the accelerator time was therefore very

Professor Lennart Simons in front of 

the analysing magnet of the Van de 

Graaff accelerator in the new laboratory 

building erected for the accelerator 

at Siltavuori. 

effective. All the research groups worked busily in 

the new research fields that opened up for Finnish 

nuclear physicists and the number of academic 

dissertations grew constantly. Also more equipment 

was obtained. Juhani Kantele (later professor of 

physics at the University of Jyväskylä) had a neutron 

generator for 14 MeV neutrons installed in 

1964 in the Siltavuori rock below the accelerator 

laboratory. With this device decays of short-lived 

isotopes were studied, yielding information on the 

nuclear structure. An isotope separator was installed 

in 1964, first producing separated targets 

for research with the VdG accelerator, later being 

used in materials and applied physics experiments. 

In 1968 the Department of Physics was divided 

into two divisions: the General division and the 

Accelerator laboratory. Now the Accelerator laboratory 

was expanded and consisted of the VdG 

laboratory, the isotope separator laboratory, the 

neutron generator laboratory, and the laboratory of 

Raman spectroscopy led later by professor Stenman 

(associate professor 1973-). The first head of 

the Accelerator laboratory was Professor Lennart 

Simons. Simons was appointed to the Swedish 

language chair in physics in 1941 (professor 1941- 

72). His principal achievements were in the area of 

nuclear physics. 

The accelerator laboratory expanded in 1982 

when the new laboratory building was built in 

Kumpula, on the future campus of the Faculty of 

Science. The new premises were needed for a new 

accelerator, the 5 MV tandem accelerator EGP-10- 

II. The research program of the Accelerator laboratory 

shifted strongly to the area of materials and 

applied physics. The research work continued in 

the old laboratory at the VdG accelerator. The 

isotope separator was moved to the new accelerator 

laboratory in Kumpula. The neutron generator had 

been taken out of use ten years earlier. When the 

Department moves in 2001 to the new departmental 

building in Kumpula, Physicum, the VdG will 

be broken up. The high voltage terminal, the ion 

source, and the accelerator tube will be moved to 

the national museum of technology. Some parts, 

such as some target stations, will be reinstalled in 

Kumpula. During the decade 1984-94 the laboratory 

was led by Juhani Keinonen (associate professor 

1982-94 and professor of applied physics 1994-). 

The history of the 2.5 MV VdG accelerator is 

the history of the Finnish nuclear physics and the 

laboratory is the pioneer also in the accelerator 

based materials physics. The VdG accelerator is 

the most important single equipment in the history 

of physics in Finland. During 40 years over one 

thousand scientific articles in international journals 

have been published by the researchers of the 

accelerator laboratory, half of them on the basis of 

the research at VdG. Over 60 PhD theses have been 

47

48 

completed. The impact of the Accelerator laboratory 

on the general development of physics in Finland is 

evidenced by the positions taken by those who performed 

their thesis work at the laboratory. About 20 

of them have become professors in Finland and 

abroad. Many act as teachers in different institutions, 

as research fellows and engineering experts at 

universities and colleges of advanced technology, 

and some are in good positions in industry. 

Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to study 

the structure of nuclei at the VdG accelerator. The 

laboratory became known for the measurements of 

very short life times of excited states in light nuclei. 

The nuclear physics and materials research 

was combined to describe very accurately the slowing 

down of fast recoiling nuclei in the lifetime 

measurements. Asko Anttila (personal extra ordinary 

professor 1990-2001) and Juhani Keinonen 

extended the research program to ion beam based 

materials and applied physics in 1980’s. 

Prior to this time, there was, in the Department 

of Physics, an active group studying the decay of 

heavy elements. Pioneers in this field were Matti 

Nurmia and Antti Siivola (professor of physics 1970- 

99). The former moved to the United States and 

continued his research there. The research in the 

decay of heavy elements has been continued by Kari 

Eskola (associate professor 1976-) in collaboration 

with the Accelerator Laboratory in Jyväskylä. 

Along with the new accelerator laboratory in 

Kumpula the research program of the laboratory 

shifted from nuclear physics to materials and applied 

physics. In close connection with the materials 

research ion beam techniques have been developed 

and used in the characterization of materials. 

The current research by Keinonen is focused on 

the experimental and computational research of 

modern materials, namely on materials in semiconductors 

used in electronics, optics, and metallurgy, 

on thin films, surface coatings and new carbon 

based materials. Anttila’s research focused on 

diamond like coatings for medical implants. 

dSOLID STATE PHYSICS AT SILTAVUORI 

uring the first half of the twentieth century, 

Finnish experimental physicists 

dedicated themselves primarily to the 

phenomena, which exploited the techniques dealing 

with calorimeters and x-rays. 

Nils Fontell (professor of physics 1942-68) 

worked in the area of thermodynamics and performed 

accurate studies on mole-heat utilising 

calorimeters. He also wrote a textbook on thermodynamics, 

which was used for many years to come. 

Many students followed in the wake of Fontell, and 

still in the 70’s experimental work was performed 

along the same line. Nils Fontell was the last head 

of the Department of Physics who had the privilege 

of living in the great, separate building close to the 

main building at Siltavuori. The building was built 

for the professor of physics at the same time as the 

departmental building. When he retired this private 

home was turned into laboratories. The house 

is called the Fontell building. 

One of the pioneers in the field of x-ray physics 

was Jarl A. Wasastjerna, under whose guidance 

14 doctoral dissertations were defended. Wasastjerna 

was a professor of applied physics from 1925 to 

1946 and gained international reputation because 

of his studies on ionic radii. Paavo Tahvonen (pro- 

Nils Fontell, Professor of Physics (1942-68). University of 

Helsinki Museum’s Collections. 

Photo: Yrjö Lintunen 1950-51.

49 

Jarl A. Wasastjerna, Professor of Applied Physics (1925- 

46). The portrait was painted by Atte Laitila in 1947. 

University of Helsinki Museum’s Collections. 

fessor of applied physics 1949-71) succeeded J.A. 

Wasastjerna. Under the leadership of at first 

Wasastjerna, then Tahvonen and Kurki-Suonio 

(professor in educational physics 1973-98), x-ray 

physics developed into a vigorous field of research, 

concentrated mainly on x-ray diffraction. 

Based on this experience different new approaches 

were initiated in the 1970’s and 80’s in 

the X-ray Laboratory. Pekka Suortti (associate 

professor 1975-), after spending a few years in 

USA, became interested in synchrotron radiation 

research, Timo Paakkari (associate professor 1978-) 

started to use diffraction-based methods in the 

studies of soft condensed matter and Seppo Manninen 

(lecturer 1977-) established a group working 

on the inelastic x-ray scattering. At the moment the 

X-ray Laboratory is the main Finnish user of x-ray 

synchrotron sources, especially ESRF in France. 

In addition to the medical applications, mentioned 

earlier, electronic, magnetic and structural properties 

of solids, biomaterials and various industrially 

interesting materials have been studied using x-ray 

scattering and absorption techniques in cooperation 

with domestic and international partners. 

PARTICLE 

p 

PHYSICS AT SILTAVUORI 

article physics in the University of Helsinki 

became established when a professorship 

of nuclear physics was founded in 

1958. Kalervo Vihtori Laurikainen, associate 

professor of physics in Turku, was nominated to 

this Chair. He considered organizing research and 

education in theoretical physics as his most urgent 

task. The Division of Mathematics and Natural 

Science in the Faculty of Philosophy decided in 

1960 that the professor of nuclear physics would 

examine and award degrees in theoretical physics. 

At that time this meant the highest undergraduate 

level in physics on the theoretical line and the 

degree of licentiate of philosophy in theoretical 

physics. At the same time it was decided to present 

to the Consistorium major a requirement for a Department 

of Nuclear Physics to be founded. 

Paavo Tahvonen, 

Professor of 

Applied Physics 

(1949-71). University 

of Helsinki 

Museum’s Collections. 

Photo: Yrjö 

Lintunen 1950-51.

Fontell building, the 

residence of the 

Prefect of the Physics 

Department 

1911-68 (left); on 

the right hand side 

the accelerator 

laboratory building, 

inaugurated in 1959, 

with the central 

heating plant in the 

right hand part of 

the building. 

50 

The Department of Nuclear Physics started to 

probe possibilities to develop experimental research. 

Possibilities of purchasing a cyclotron were 

clarified. The department made several propositions 

for the construction of a cyclotron laboratory 

which did not, however, lead into any result. Hence, 

the Consistorium regarded it as necessary to clarify 

the matter more accurately and in 1962 it set up a 

committee to study questions connected with education 

and research in nuclear physics. The committee 

decided to recommend the strengthening of 

theoretical physics and the construction of additional 

premises which at the same time would ease 

the still growing need for space. The new building 

between the departmental buildings of physics and 

anatomy was taken into use in 1969. The building 

has been referred to as the Laurikainen building. 

When the efforts to promote experimental 

nuclear physics research in the department of nuclear 

physics had failed, opportunities were sought 

to arrange experimental research in high energy 

physics i.e. experimental particle physics. This 

presumed collaboration with an international research 

centre, chiefly with CERN in Geneva. The 

possibilities of such collaboration were investigated 

under the auspices of the Finnish Physical Society. 

These efforts led in 1966 to a qualified official 

agreement; this allowed Finnish researchers participation 

in specific experiments at CERN. Correspondingly 

material could be obtained from CERN, 

mainly bubble chamber pictures of particle reactions, 

to be studied in Finland, often in Nordic collaboration. 

Already in 1965 the department of nuclear 

physics started purchasing devices for bubble 

chamber physics, which were complemented until 

1973. The entire equipment guaranteed a sufficient 

capacity to handle bubble chamber pictures and the 

department of high energy physics participated from 

the year 1966 in many particle experiments both at 

CERN, and in Dubna and in Serpukhov in the Soviet 

Union. An essential support modality was provided 

by the Computing Bureau, especially founded for 

the Department of Nuclear Physics. In the early 

phases of cooperation work the Finnish contribution 

was mainly computational. 

In order to secure the research in high energy 

physics professor Laurikainen, before retiring 

(1979), made the following organizations: The 

Chair of the professor of nuclear physics was 

changed into a Chair of elementary particle physics. 

A new Chair for an associate professor of high 

energy physics was founded. The name of the Department 

of Nuclear Physics was changed into the 

Department of High Energy Physics (SEFL - Suurenergiafysiikan 

laitos). A part of the resources of 

the Computing Bureau for Nuclear Physics was 

moved into the department of high energy physics to 

secure the preconditions for research in the field. 

In 1980 Paul Hoyer was nominated professor 

of elementary particle physics, and Masud Chaichian 

associate professor of high energy physics. 

Their special field is theoretical particle physics. 

In the profile of functioning of the department, 

however, both experimental and theoretical meth-

ods were emphasized as well as the close interaction 

between these two. 

In 1979 a group of researchers in SEFL joined 

a new-generation experiment, the UA1 experiment 

carried out at the proton-antiproton collider in 

CERN. The Finnish reserchers were welcome as 

members of the experimental group due to their 

expertise in data analysis which stemmed from the 

bubble chamber experiments. SEFL was accepted 

as an official participant laboratory of the experiment 

in 1982. Besides data analysis the SEFL 

group participated in the development work of 

information technology by constructing fast micro- 

New accelerator 

processor systems suitable for the needs of the 

laboratory 

UA1 experiment. The scientific results of the UA1 

experiment have been very notable especially due 

to the finding of the so called intermediate bosons. 

The 1984 Nobel prize in physics was awarded to 

both the chief designer of the accelerator used and 

the chairman of the UA1 experiment. 

In 1983 SEFL joined in the construction of the 

DELPHI experiment to be performed at the new 

LEP (Large Electron Positron Collider) collider at 

CERN. From the very beginning SEFL was a member 

laboratory of the DELPHI collaboration. The 

research group of SEFL concentrated in developing 

particle detectors and reading electronics required 

by them, to a great extent in lively collaboration 

with Finnish industry. A technology unit which 

functioned in the technology village in Otaniemi 

was founded in SEFL for the development work of 

particle detectors. The LEP collider started functioning 

in the summer 1989. Already during the 

first year of functioning of the collider an important 

result was obtained according to which there are 

only three types of light neutrinos in nature. From 

that time to the present the so called Standard 

model has been tested to a high degree of accuracy 

in the DELPHI experiment. 

As a result of the connections between the 

leadership of CERN and the Ministry of Education 

a document entitled Memorandum of Understanding, 

delineating the scientific and technical field of 

the Academy of Finland and CERN, was drawn up 

in 1985. The document stated that the aim of both 

parties is to promote cooperation in the fields of 

interest of universities and industry for mutual 

benefit. In 1987 the director general of CERN took 

contact with the Ministry of Education inquiring 

the plans of Finland with respect to developing the 

CERN collaboration in the future. The Ministry 

appointed a so called high energy research committee 

to debate about the matter. The team arrived 

at recommending Finland to negotiate with CERN 

about establishing a collaboration contract of definitive 

duration on the basis of projects. The Committee 

suggested as well the foundation of a research 

laboratory of experimental high energy 

physics complementing the education and research 

task of SEFL. The task of this laboratory would be 

the coordination of the national research activity in 

high energy physics and the collaboration and 

transfer of technology connected with it between 

Finland and CERN. 

In 1988 the Ministry of Education appointed 

another committee, the so called CERN committee, 

to draw up a detailed suggestion for the negotiations 

with CERN about the participation of Finland 

in the project collaboration. The committee presented 

in 1989 the foundation of a High Energy 

Research Laboratory SEFT in connection with the 

University of Helsinki for coordination of the collaboration 

of Finland and CERN. The primary task 

of SEFT would be to practise basic research in 

high energy physics, applied research connected 

with it and product development and to take care of 

the transfer of research knowledge and technology 

between the international research centres of high 

energy physics, especially CERN, and the universities 

and industry of our country. 

In the meanwhile, it had turned out in the 

negotiations with CERN that the CERN council 

building in 

Kumpula, 

inaugurated 

in 1982. 

51

52 

was not ready to consider other forms of collaboration 

than the full membership of Finland. In an 

extra meeting held in April 1990 the CERN council 

accepted Finland as the 15 th member state from 

the beginning of 1991. Thus, this was a significant 

stride forward for science in Finland into the international 

arena. 

The Ministry of Education allotted funds for 

the foundation of SEFT in the University of Helsinki 

in its budget in 1990. Simultaneously the funds 

directed for high energy research projects, and 

decided by the so called Committee of Particle 

Physics, were removed from the budget of the 

Academy of Finland. For the foundation of SEFT 

the Consistorium had in 1989 appointed a committee 

the task of which was to draw up a suggestion 

about the founding and the rules of the Institute. 

According to the suggestion of the committee SEFT 

was founded in 1990 as an independent institute 

under the Consistorium. Making good use of the 

CERN membership, the task of SEFT became to 

perform high level high energy physics, to organize 

education at a high international level, and to promote 

transfer of technology between Finland and 

CERN. Other jobs except teaching posts and one 

senior secretary’s job were transferred from SEFL 

into the personnel of SEFT. The committee appointed 

Docent Risto Orava as the acting chairman 

and later as the chairman. 

In 1992 SEFL, the Department of High Energy 

Physics, was fused with the Physics Department as 

the Division of High Energy Physics (SEFO). A 

national research institute for theoretical and particle 

physics in Finland, the Helsinki Institute of 

Physics (HIP) was founded, and SEFT was merged 

into it in 1996. A Chair in experimental particle 

physics, a joint professorship of the Department of 

Physics and the Helsinki Institute of Physics was 

founded and Risto Orava was appointed as its first 

holder in 1999. 

dTHEORETICAL PHYSICS AT SILTAVUORI 

uring the early part of the century the 

most famous Finnish theoretical physicist 

was Gunnar Nordström, who was a 

docent 1910-18, becoming then professor at the 

University of Technology. He lectured at Siltavuori 

for students of pharmacy and medicine, but communicated 

at the same time with Einstein and 

created his own scalar theory of gravitation, well 

known even today as the Nordström-Reissner theory. 

Hjalmar Tallqvist (professor in 1907-37) was a 

theoretical physicist mainly renowned in Finland 

for his long series of voluminous textbooks. Risto 

Niini worked on problems relevant for geology, 

physiology and atomic physics and became in 

1950 the first professor of theoretical physics in 

Finland. 

Theoretical physics at Siltavuori really started 

with the appointment of K. V. Laurikainen as the 

professor of nuclear physics in 1960. Laurikainen 

came from the University of Turku; he had worked 

in Lund, Stockholm and Zürich and his fields of 

research were general relativity and nuclear theory, 

mainly properties of the deuteron. After his appointment 

Laurikainen could start implementing 

his ideas on strengthening theoretical physics. 

Firstly, the lecture program was oriented towards 

more theoretical topics such as quantum mechanics, 

mathematical methods, special relativity, field 

theories of elementary particles, etc. The formal 

status of theoretical physics was solidified by its 

introduction as a part of the curriculum in 1961 

under Laurikainen’s supervision. As a professor of 

nuclear physics Laurikainen proposed the con- 

Building for theoretical and high 

energy physics, referred to 

as the Laurikainen building, 

inaugurated in 1969.

K. V. Laurikainen, 

Professor of 

Nuclear Physics 

(1960-79). 

This line of research has more recently developed 

into a study of cosmology, represented by Kari 

Enqvist (a pentennial professorship in cosmology 

2001-). Dan-Olof Riska (Swedish language professorship 

1980-) and Anthony Green (personal professorship 

2000-) have devoted their work to the 

low energy end of strong interaction physics; Pertti 

Lipas was a pure nuclear physicist. The more 

mathematical questions within elementary particle 

theory have been studied by Masud Chaichian 

(associate professor of high energy physics 1980- 

1998 and professor of high energy physics 1998-) 

Photo: Nyblin. 

struction of a cyclotron. This proved to be too costly 

and it was decided that a more efficient way of 

supporting science would be to found a national 

Research Institute for Theoretical Physics, which 

started operating in 1964. In 1996 it was merged 

together with SEFT when Helsinki Institute of 

Physics was founded. 

After Laurikainen had created the facilities for 

theoretical physics, he transferred the responsibility 

for it to others by the establishment of an associate 

professorship (Pertti Lipas, 1964-74), a professorship 

(Pekka Tarjanne, 1967-77) and a separate 

department of theoretical physics (1969-1994) and 

devoted his energies to further initiatives of crucial 

importance for physics at Siltavuori and beyond, 

namely particle physics. In 1995 the department of 

theoretical physics fused with the Physics Department 

to form the Division of Theoretical Physics. 

With Laurikainen’s mentorship theoretical 

physics developed in the direction of theoretical 

elementary particle physics. Contacts with the 

forefront of science were obtained by working 

abroad, at CERN or Nordita, in particular. Pekka 

Tarjanne began vigorously with studies on the basis 

of well-known early work on symmetries of elementary 

particles, but he soon embarked on a successful 

political career. Matts Roos (personal extra 

ordinary professor 1977-1998) worked on weak 

interactions, Keijo Kajantie (Swedish language 

professorship 1973-77 and professor of theoretical 

physics 1977-) and Paul Hoyer (professor of elementary 

particle physics 1980-) on various aspects 

of strong interaction physics at very high energies. 

Professors of physics at the University of Helsinki 

1918 – 

PHYSICS 1640– 

1907–1938 Axel Henrik Hjalmar TALLQVIST 

1942–1968 Nils Daniel FONTELL 

1970–1999 Antti Tapani SIIVOLA 

PHYSICS (EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS PHYSICS OR 

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS) 1999– 

2000– Markku Tapio KULMALA 

APPLIED PHYSICS 1895– 

1898–1923 Viktor Theodor HOMÉN 

1925–1946 Jarl Axel WASASTJERNA 

1949–1971 Paavo Erik TAHVONEN 

1973–1992 Erik Alfred SPRING 

1994– Juhani KEINONEN 

PHYSICS (SWEDISH LANGUAGE) 1938– 

1941–1972 Jakob Lennart SIMONS 

1973–1977 Keijo Olavi KAJANTIE 

1980– Dan Olof Wilhelm RISKA 

NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1958– 

ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS 1978– 

1960–1979 Kalervo Vihtori LAURIKAINEN 

1980– Paul Gustav HOYER 

THEORETICAL PHYSICS 1964– 

1967–1977 Pekka Johannes TARJANNE 

1977– Keijo Olavi KAJANTIE 

PHYSICS (ELECTRONICS) (1968) 1977– 

1972– Mauri Veikko LUUKKALA 

PHYSICS (DIDACTICAL PHYSICS) (1969) 1977– 

1973-1998 Kaarle Veikko KURKI-SUONIO 

1999– Heimo Martti Tapio SAARIKKO 

53

54 

and Christofer Cronström (associate professor of 

theoretical physics 1976-). 

The research in space physics by Hannu Koskinen 

(a pentennial professorship of space physics 

1997-) is focused on space plasma physics and the 

interaction chain Sun - solar wind - planetary magnetospheres 

with magnetic storms and auroral 

processes. 

Outside the department the work of Stig Stenholm 

(associate professor 1974-80) in atomic physics 

and quantum optics created a school of its own. 

aERAS OF EXPANSION 

s regards both research and teaching, 

physics in Finland has been represented, 

for nearly a quarter of a millennium, by 

only one person at a time, namely the holder of the 

Chair in Physics, first at the Academy in Turku and 

later, when the university was moved to Helsinki, at 

the Imperial Alexander University of Finland. Quite 

naturally, the professor had a very dominating position 

in the area of physics. Depending entirely on 

the activity of this individual, and his ability to motivate 

students, a group of disciples grew up around 

him who later extended their acquired knowledge of 

physics more widely in the society. 

For a long time, the Imperial Alexander University 

of Finland was the only seat of higher learning 

in Finland for physics. At first there was only one 

professor of physics at the university. However, early 

after the turn of the 19 th century, an expansion began. 

The Pippingsköld Donation Chair in Applied 

Physics and new universities and institutions of 

higher education were founded at which physics was 

part of the curricula. Thus, the University of Technology 

(1908), the Åbo Akademi University (1917), 

and the University of Turku (1920) were established. 

At the beginning of Finland’s independence, 

physical research was concentrated in Helsinki and 

Turku. The activities were lively in both university 

cities and led to an extensive expansion, both with 

regard to the number of students and research. 

During the ten-year period of 1958-1968, a 

new vigorous expansion of higher education began 

again. This can be seen also from the increased 

number of professors of physics at the University of 

Helsinki. At that time, also several institutions of 

higher learning with physics in the programme 

came into being at many new universities in Finland. 

Fortunately physics research had been strong 

at the University of Helsinki and competent researchers 

could be found as the new academic 

vacancies were filled. Often the new professors 

continued their research at their new universities 

along the same lines as they had started in Helsinki. 

When Mårten Brenner moved to Åbo Akademi 

and Juhani Kantele to the University of Jyväskylä, 

accelerator laboratories were founded with effective 

research programmes at both universities. 

During the period 1956-1973 seven associate 

professorships were established (in 1998 they were 

changed into professorships). Most of them are still 

today functioning as originally planned, a few have 

been changed into new areas and one has been 

interrupted. 

The number of professors of physics increased 

continuously in 1980's. In many cases the field of 

duties (research and education) for a professor has 

been more precisely defined. In this way new fields 

of research have been established and opened up 

and the orientation of the activities at the Department 

of Physics towards new modern domains has 

been possible in only a short time period. According 

to this program Mauri Luukkala (1972-) was 

elected to the chair of electronics and Kaarle 

Kurki-Suonio (1973-1998) to the chair of educational 

physics and now succeeded by Heimo Saarikko 

(1999-). The field of didactical physics has 

developed rapidly with extensive complementaryeducational 

programmes for schoolteachers and 

research interests in the learning processes and to 

utilise modern educational technology. 

During the past six years, new areas of physics 

have been included in the curriculum and research 

program of the department. The environmental and 

aerosol physics was established by the election of 

Markku Kulmala (1996-), first as pentennial professor 

and later as permanent professor. Space physics 

was initiated with the pentennial appointment of 

Hannu Koskinen and the area expanded with the 

similar cosmology chair of Kari Enqvist. The chair 

in biophysics founded jointly by the Physics Department, 

the Department of Biosciences, and the 

Institute of Biotechnology, will soon be filled. The

chair in experimental particle physics, held by 

Risto Orava (1999-), is not a new area but now 

becomes consolidated. 

The new ultramodern and purpose-built Physicum 

stimulates the imagination to see the bright 

future and continuity in physics research and education 

in the new millennium. The long and notable 

history of the Department in the scientific endeavour 

in Finland, together with the keeping 

apace of the rapid evolution connected with the 

rapid development of physics research, gives much 

hope and faith that the future course of the Department 

of Physics will continue to contribute in a 

similar major way in the future. 

Acknowledgements. The earlier history of physics 

in this article is based upon texts and books by the 

author (for details see “The Van de Graaff -accelerator 

laboratory of the University of Helsinki” 

(1985), “Auran rannalta Siltavuorelle - Fysiikan ja 

fyysikkojen vaiheita Suomessa” (1991), “The history 

of physics in Finland 1828-1918” (1992)). The 

author wishes to express his thanks to Professor 

Juhani Keinonen, Head of the Department of Physics, 

for carefully reading and commenting on the 

manuscript. Also, contributions from several research 

groups are acknowledged (the text has 

been partly written by Juhani Keinonen, Keijo 

Kajantie, Heimo Saarikko and Seppo Manninen). 

Amanuensis Kati Heinämies of the University of 

Helsinki Museum has kindly provided pictorial 

material. 

Associate professors 

Professors 1998– 


1959–1967 Matti Juhani NURMIA 

1970–1972 Keijo Olavi KAJANTIE 

1976– Kari Aarne Ylermi ESKOLA 

(nuclear physics) 


1963-1966 Paavo Juhani KANTELE 

1969-1970 Antti Tapani SIIVOLA 

1973-1974 Osmo Olavi INKINEN 

(basic education and experimental 

physics at the X-ray 

Laboratory) 

1978– Timo Lauri Päiviö PAAKKARI 


physics) 

THEORETICAL PHYSICS 1963– 

1964–1974 Pertti Olavi LIPAS 

1976– Eige Christofer Eigeson 

CRONSTRÖM 


1969-1972 Kaarle Veikko Johannes 

KURKI-SUONIO 

(solid state physics) 

1975– Hannu Pekka SUORTTI 

(solid state physics) 

NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1967 - 

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 1978 - 1998 

1970–1977 Matts Gustav Wilhelm ROOS 

1980–1998 Masud CHAICHIAN 

PHYSICS 1968 - 

1973– Folke Johan Evald STENMAN 


physics at the Accelerator 

Laboratory) 

PHYSICS (SWEDISH LANGUAGE) 

1973–1994 

1974–1980 Stig Torsten STENHOLM 

(atomic, molecular and nuclear 

physics) 

1982–1994 Juhani KEINONEN 

(experimental physics) 

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS AND 

CHEMISTRY 1996– (5 A) 

1996– Markku Tapio KULMALA 

SPACE PHYSICS 1997– (5 A) 

1997– Hannu Erkki Juhani KOSKINEN 

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 1998– 

1998– Masud CHAICHIAN 

EXPERIMENTAL PARTICLE PHYSICS 1999– 

1999– Risto Olavi ORAVA 

PERSONAL EXTRA ORDINARY PROFESSORS 

1930–1950 Harald Wilhelm LUNELUND 

1950–1968 Risto Ilmari NIINI 

1977–1998 Matts Gustav Wilhelm ROOS 

1990–2001 Asko Jussi ANTTILA 

2000– Anthony Maurice GREEN 

PHYSICS (FACULTY OF MEDICINE) 1961– 

1963–1972 Arvo Eemeli MUSTAJOKI 

1974– Peter Edvin HOLMBERG 

55

APPENDICES 

APPENDICES 

Personnel 2000 

Pietarinen, E., Doc., ol, locum 1.9.-31.12. Dr. 

K. Arstila 

Rauhala, E., Doc. 

Serimaa, R., Doc. 

Tuominiemi, J., Doc., ol 

Vesala, T., Doc., ol 1.8.-31.12, locum Doc. L. 

Pirjola 

1 vacancy, locum 1.1.-31.12. Doc. J. Niskanen 

56 

(ol = on leave; This means paid by outside 

funds or physically absent for any reason. 

mo = months) 

Head of Department 

Keinonen, J., prof. 

▼ Professors 

(annual total 15.7 person-years) 

Anttila, A. 

Chaichian, M. 

Cronström, C. 

Eskola, K. 

Green, A.M., from 27.10. 

Hoyer, P., ol 

Kajantie, K. 

Keinonen, J. 

Koskinen, H. 

Kulmala, M. 

Luukkala, M. 

Orava, R., ol 1.1.-29.2., 1.6.-30.9. 

Paakkari, T., ol 1.1.-31.12., locum Doc. S. 

Manninen 

Riska, D.O., ol, locum 1.1.-31.7. Doc. K. 

Nordlund, 1.8.-31.12. Doc. N. Meinander 

Saarikko, H. 

Stenman, F. 

Suortti, P. 

1 vacancy, locum 1.1.-31.12. Prof. T. Paakkari 

▼ Lecturer, senior assistants, 

assistants and demonstrators 


Lecturer 

Manninen, S., ol 1.1.-31.12., locum 1.1.-31.8. 

Dr. V. Eteläniemi 

Assistants 

Arstila, K., Dr., ol 4 mo 

Aschan, C., Dr., till 31.7., ol 6 mo 

Eteläniemi, V., Dr., till 31.8., ol 

Hæggström, E., Doc., ol 5 mo 

Hakovirta, M., Doc., ol 

Honkimäki, V., Dr., ol 

Hämeri, K., Doc., ol 

Laine, M., Doc., ol 

Lindberg, Å., Doc., till 31.7., ol 

Mäkelä, J.M., Doc., till 31.7., ol 

Sievänen, O.-P., Dr., ol 12 mo 

Suominen, K.-A., Doc., till 29.2., ol 

Torkkeli, M., MSc 

Torri, P., Dr., till 31.8., ol 7 mo 

Vehkamäki, H., Doc., ol 5 mo 

Vuohelainen, R., Dr. 

Österberg, K., Dr., ol 

9 vacancies 

Assistants in locum positions 

Aaltonen, J., MSc, 7 mo 

Blomqvist, J., MSc, 5 mo 

Bogdan, A., Dr., 12 mo 

Eskola, K.O., MSc, 7 mo 

Helminen, C., Dr., 7 mo 

Honkkila, V., MSc, 1 mo 

Huttunen, E., MSc, 6 mo 

Kallunki, V., MSc, 12 mo 

Komssi, S., MSc, 11 mo 

Laakso, L., MSc, 12 mo 

Markkanen, T., MSc, 5 mo 

Pekko, P., Dr., 3 mo 

Piirola, P., MSc, 10 mo 

Räsänen, S., MSc, 12 mo 

Suni, T., MSc, 7 mo 

Tiainen, V.-M., MSc, 12 mo 

Vahvaselkä, S., Dr., 12 mo 

Yli-Koivisto, S., MSc, 7 mo 

Senior assistants 

Eerola, P., Doc., ol 

Enqvist, K., Doc., ol 

Fant, B., Doc. 

Hämäläinen, K., Doc., ol, locum 1.1.-31.7. 

Doc. J.M. Mäkelä, 1.8.-31.12. Doc. H. 

Vehkamäki 

Koponen, I.T., Doc. 

Maalampi, J., Doc. 

Meinander, N., Doc., ol 1.8.-31.12., locum 

Doc. E. Hæggström 

Nordlund, K., Doc., ol, locum 1.8.-31.12. Dr. 

J. Tarus 

Demonstrators 

Hämäläinen, A., Dr., ol, locum Lic.Phil. S. 

Andersson 

▼ Supportive administrative 

and technical staff 


Technical personnel 


• Laboratory managers

Blomberg, M., Doc. 

Lappalainen, R., Doc., ol, locum Doc. P. 

Tikkanen 

Paatero, P., Doc., ol, locum 7.5 mo MSc J. 

Hienola 

Ståhlberg, B., Doc. 

Vikberg, S., MSc, ol 10.-16.1., 21.2.-30.6. 

locum MSc J. Hienola 

Wahlström, K., eng., ol 0.5 mo 

1 vacancy, locum MSc P. Aalto 

• Other technical staff 

Engström, P., general technician 

Ingren, R., BSc, laboratory technician 

Jouhten, R., general technician, retired from 1.9. 

Kousa, S., eng., laboratory technician 

Kurki, M., laboratory technician 

Pekki, I., laboratory technician 

Pihkala, P., laboratory technician 

Sariola, S., laboratory technician 

Sepponen, H., chief technician 

Siiki, P., laboratory technician, ol 0.7 mo 

Urkio, J., technician 

Administrative personnel 


Arponen, J., Doc., amanuensis 

Hardén, T., secretary, ol 26.6.-31.12. 

Hyvönen-Dabek, M., Doc., aman. 

Koivisto, L., secretary 

Kurppa, M., senior secretary, retired from 1.7. 

Laitinen, M., MSc, aman. 

Lintunen, S., secretary, ol, locum 1.1.-8.8. M. 

Anttonen, 9.8.-31.12. M.-L. Louhio 

Luokkanen, S., MSc, librarian, ol 

Luukkanen, M., senior secretary, from 1.7. 

Matvejeff, H., library secretary 

Montonen, C., Doc., aman., ol, locum 1.9.- 

31.12. MSc A. Salmela 

Nurmi, M., library secretary 

Perko, T., Doc., aman. and librarian 

Pitkänen, T., senior secretary 

Sundius, T., Doc., aman. 

Vahvaselkä, A., Dr., aman. 

▼ Personnel supported by external 

funds 


Accelerator laboratory 


Ahlgren, T., Dr., 12 mo 

Alakoski, E., MSc, 12 mo 

Albe, K., student, 1 mo 

Backman, U., student, 3 mo 

Bringa, E., Dr., 0.5 mo 

Edelmann, E., student, 6 mo 

Eriksson, S., MSc, 12 mo 

Erkkilä, J., eng., 6 mo 

Frantz, J., student, 6 mo 

Gustafsson, M., MSc, 3 mo 

Hakovirta, M., Doc., 7 mo 

Hämäläinen, S., student, 2 mo 

Immonen, J., student, 1 mo 

Kiili, P., student, 6 mo 

Kiuru, M., MSc, 7 mo 

Krapu, M., student, 3.3 mo 

Kronholm, H., student, 4 mo 

Lappalainen, R., Doc., 2 mo 

Larjo, K., student, 3.3 mo 

Lehtinen, O., student, 3 mo 

Lindberg, Å., Doc., 3 mo 

Lämsä, V., student, 3 mo 

Miettinen, P., student, 1 mo 

Mizohata, K., student, 6 mo 

Mäkelä, E., student, 1 mo 

Nord, J., student, 9 mo 

Nordlund, K., Doc., 5 mo 

Nurmela, A., MSc, 10.5 mo 

Palonen, V., MSc, 12 mo 

Pekko, P., Dr., 9 mo 

Peltola, J., student, 5.3 mo 

Pusa, P., MSc, 12 mo 

Ruhala, A., student, 3 mo 

Rydman, W., student, 9 mo 

Sajavaara, T., MSc, 12 mo 

Salonen, E., MSc, 12 mo 

Selenius, M., MSc, 6 mo 

Seppälä, A., MSc, 4.5 mo 

Sillanpää, J., MSc, 6 mo 

Sirviö, M., student, 8 mo 

Soininen, Antti, student, 4 mo 

Tarus, J., MSc, 7 mo 

Vainonen-Ahlgren, E., Dr., 12 mo 

Aerosol laboratory 


Aalto, P., MSc, 12 mo 

Aalto, T., Dr., 6 mo 

Altimir Escale, N., student, 2 mo 

Antila, U., secretary, 12 mo 

Asmi, A., student, 12 mo 

Boy, M., MSc, 12 mo 

Buzorius, G., Dr., 7 mo 

Dal Maso, M., student, 12 mo 

Heikkinen, M., PhD, 2.5 mo 

Hiltunen, V., MSc, 12 mo 

Hirvonen, H., MSc, 7 mo 

Hussein, T., MSc, 4 mo 

Hämeri, K., Doc., 10 mo 

Hölttä, T., student, 9 mo 

Karhu, V., BSc, 5 mo 

Karimäki, J., MSc (Tech.), 2 mo 

Keronen, P., MSc, 12 mo 

Koponen, I.K., MSc, 12 mo 

Korhonen, H., student, 12 mo 

Lauri, A., student, 11 mo 

Lehtonen, M., student, 3 mo 

Lietsala, S., laborant, 5 mo 

Linkosalo, T., MSc, 12 mo 

Lushnikov, A., Prof., 3 mo 

Malvikko, S.-P., MSc, 12 mo 

Markkanen, T., MSc, 7 mo 

Mattsson, R., Dr., 1 mo 

Napari, I., Dr., 12 mo 

Nordman, B., student, 3 mo 

O’Dowd, C., PhD, 11 mo 

Paatero, P., Doc., 12 mo 

Palmroth, S., MSc Agr. & For., 5 mo 

Perämäki, M., MSc Agr. & For., 10 mo 

Petäjä, T., student, 12 mo 

Piltz, S., student, 1 mo 

Pirjola, L., Doc., 5 mo 

Puustinen, A., student, 5 mo 

Raittila, J., student, 12 mo 

Rannik, Ü., Doc., 12 mo 

Sevanto, S., MSc, 12 mo 

Shimmo, M., MSc, 12 mo 

Suni, T., MSc, 5 mo 

Vesala, T., Doc., 5 mo 

Viisanen, H., pupil, 1.5 mo 

Vuokko, H., student, 7 mo 

Väkevä, M., MSc, 5 mo 

Didactical physics 


Ahvenisto, U., MSc, 7 mo 

Hannula, I., MSc, 12 mo 

Hämäläinen, A., Dr., 12 mo 

Jauhiainen, J., MSc, 12 mo 

Lepola, J., student, 2 mo 

Mannila, K., MSc, 12 mo 

Olli, T., student, 11.5 mo 

Parviainen, M., student, 2.5 mo 

Paukkunen, M, student, 1.5 mo 

Väisänen, J., MSc, 11.5 mo 

Electronics research laboratory 


Aaltonen, J., MSc, 5 mo 

Hassinen, T., student, 7 mo 

Hirvonen, J., student, 2 mo 

Hæggström, E., Doc., 5 mo 

Karppinen, T., MSc, 8 mo 

Kassamakov, I., PhD, 2 mo 

Korvenoja, J., student, 10 mo 

Saaresto, M., MSc, 2 mo 

Salmi, Atte, student, 12 mo 

Seppänen, H., student, 2 mo 

Stor-Pellinen, J., MSc, 12 mo 

Virkki, K., student, 4 mo 

Wallin, A., student, 3 mo 

High energy physics laboratory 


Bilenky, S., prof., 6 mo 

Capek, V., prof., 0.5 mo 

Chen, W., PhD, 1.5 mo 

Coquereaux, R., prof., 0.5 mo 

Demichev, A., PhD, 11.5 mo 

Fathollahi, A., prof., 1 mo 

Felipe, R., PhD, 1 mo 

Gogberashvili, M., prof., 1 mo 

Harun-or-Rashid, S.M., MSc, 12 mo 

Ioffe, M., prof., 0.7 mo 

Laamanen, J., MSc, 3 mo 

Lehti, Sami, MSc, 12 mo 

Nishijima, K., prof., 1 mo 

Polyakov, D., PhD, 0.5 mo 

Presnajder, P., prof., 3.3 mo 

Savrin, V., prof., 0.5 mo 

57

58 

Sheikh-Jabbari, M., PhD, 0.3 mo 

Tocan, A., MSc, 12 mo 

Yu, Z., PhD, 12 mo 

Medical physics 


Abo Ramadan, U., Dr., 6 mo 

Bjugg, H., student, 6 mo 

Kangasmäki, A., Dr., 3 mo 

Karila, J., student, 6 mo 

Komssi, S., MSc, 1 mo 

Paalanen, S., student, 2 mo 

Ryynänen, P., MSc, 3 mo 

Välimäki, P., student, 1 mo 

Molecular physics 


Blomqvist, J., MSc, 12 mo 

Korpelainen, V., MSc, 12 mo 

Mannfors, B., Doc., 7 mo 

Particle phenomenology 


Amoros, G., PhD, 9 mo 

Polosa, A., PhD, 12 mo 

Törnqvist, N.A., Doc., 12 mo 

Sipiläinen, V., MSc, 12 mo 

Sorri, A., MSc, 12 mo 

Suominen, K.-A., Doc., 2 mo 

Vuorinen, A., student, 2 mo 

Väliviita, J., MSc, 12 mo 

X-ray laboratory 


Brücken, E., student, 3 mo 

Fernandez, M., student, 9 mo 

Galambosi, S., MSc, 12 mo 

Grygoryev, D., PhD, 2 mo 

Huotari, S., MSc, 12 mo 

Hämäläinen, K., Doc., 12 mo 

Ikonen, T., student, 6 mo 

Jokela, K, MSc, 12 mo 

Kladko, V., PhD, 2 mo 

Keyriläinen, J., MSc, 9.5 mo 

Laakso, T., student, 10 mo 

Laukkanen, J., Dr., 6 mo 

Mattila, A., MSc, 12 mo 

Nygård, K., student, 7 mo 

Peura, M., student, 12 mo 

Porra, L., student, 12 mo 

Sarén, M., student, 12 mo 

Soininen, Aleksi, MSc, 12 mo 

Vainio, U., student, 7 mo 

Väänänen, T., MSc, 6 mo 

▼ Maintenance 

(financed by the Technical Section) 

Ahola, R. 

Bies, S. 

Gray, H. 

Kamper, R. 

Kiuru, A. 

Kukkonen, E. 

Laitinen, E. 

Laurila, A. 

Määttänen, L. 

Nikkilä, A., till 30.9. 

Paaso, M.-L. 

Ronkainen, R., from 1.10. 

Viitanen, E. 

Väätäinen, K., till 30.9. 

Space physics 

▼ Teachers from other 

institutions 


Huttunen, E., MSc, 5 mo 

Partamies, N., MSc, 12 mo 

(The teachers paid by a supplementary 

teaching budget have given a full course.) 

Theoretical hadron and nuclear physics 


Carlson, C.-E., prof., 1 mo 

Helminen, C., Dr., 5 mo 

Koltun, D., prof., 1 mo 

Lähde, T., student, 2 mo 

Riska, D.-O., prof., 6 mo 

Robilotta, M., prof., 1 mo 

Wycech, S., PhD, 1 mo 

Theoretical physics 


Enqvist, K., Doc., 12 mo 

Green, A.M., Doc., 10 mo 

Gynther, A., student, 8 mo 

Honkanen, H., student, 6 mo 

Ignatius, J., Dr., 12 mo 

Jokinen, A., MSc, 12 mo 

Kalliomäki, A., MSc, 12 mo 

Lappi, T., student, 4 mo 

Muhonen,V., student, 4 mo 

Puolamäki, K., MSc, 2 mo 

Raita, T., MSc, 3 mo 

Romanenko, N., Dr., 6 mo 

Salmela, A., MSc, 8 mo 

Schröder, Y., PhD, 12 mo 

Sihvola, E., Lic. Phil., 12 mo 

Ahtee, M., Prof., University of Jyväskylä, 

Department of Teacher Education 

Amm, O., Dr., Finnish Meteorological Institute, 

Geophysical Research Division 

Bilenky, S., Prof., Departamento di Física, 

Università di Torino and Joint Institute for 

Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna 

Granlund, K., MSc 

Hari, P., Prof., Department of Forest Ecology 

Heikkonen, J., Doc., Helsinki University Central 

Hospital 

Honkonen, J., Doc., National Defence College 

Huitu, K., Doc., Helsinki Institute of Physics 

Häkkinen, A.-M., Doc., Helsinki University 

Central Hospital 

Kerminen, V.-M., Doc., Finnish Meteorological 

Institute 

Kurki-Suonio, H., Doc., Helsinki Institute of 


Kurki-Suonio, K., Prof. emer. 

Lückenhaus, N., PhD, Helsinki Institute of 


Riipinen, E., chief-eng., Helsinki Institute of 


Ruuskanen, J., Prof., University of Kuopio 

Sainio, M., Doc., Helsinki Institute of Physics 

Savolainen, S., Doc., Helsinki University Central 

Hospital

Peer Reviewed Articles 

▼ Nuclear and Particle Physics 

Experimental Particle Physics 

M. Battaglia, R. Orava, K. Tammi, K. 

Österberg, W. Kucewicz, A. Zalewska, M. 

Caccia, R. Campagnolo, C. Meroni, P. 

Grabiec, B. Jaroszewicz and J. Marczewski, 

High-resolution hybrid pixel sensors for the 

e + e – TESLA linear collider vertex tracker, 

Nucl Instrum Meth in Phys Res A 447 (2000) 

202-209 

O. Bouianov, M. Bouianov, R. Orava, P. 

Semenov and V. Tikhonov, 

Progress in GEM simulation, 

Nucl Instrum Meth in Phys Res A 450 (2000) 

277-287 

P. Abreu et al. with R. Orava, H. Saarikko, K. 

Österberg, M. Battaglia, S. Czellar, K. 

Kurvinen and R. Lauhakangas (DELPHI Collaboration), 

Two-dimensional analysis of the Bose-Einstein 

correlations in e + e – annihilation at the 

Z 0 peak, 

Phys Lett B 471 (2000) 460-470 

idd., 

Λ b 

polarization in Z 0 decays at LEP, 


idd., 

Measurement of the B bar → D (*) π l ν l 

bar 

branching fraction, 


idd., 

Inclusive Σ – and Λ(1520) production in 

hadronic Z decays, 


idd., 

Determination of |V ub 

|/|V cb 

| with DELPHI at 

LEP, 


idd., 

Search for heavy stable and long-lived particles 

in e + e – collisions at √s = 189 GeV, 


idd., 

W pair production cross-section and W 

branching fractions in e + e – interactions at 

189 GeV, 


idd., 

Hadronization properties of b quarks compared 

to light quarks in e + e – → q q bar from 

183 to 200 GeV, 


idd., 

Search for charginos in e + e – interactions at 

√s = 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Measurement and interpretation of 

fermion-pair production at LEP energies of 

183 and 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Update of the search for charginos nearly 

mass-degenerate with the lightest 

neutralino, 


idd., 

Search for SUSY with R-parity violating LLE 

bar couplings at √s = 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Limits on the masses of supersymmetric particles 

at √s = 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Rapidity-rank structure of protonantiproton 

pairs in hadronic Z 0 decays, 


idd., 

Determination of the e + e – → γ γ(γ) crosssection 

at centre-of-mass energies ranging 

from 189 GeV to 202 GeV, 


idd., 

Erratum to: “Hadronization properties of b 

quarks compared to light quarks in e + e – → q 

q bar from 183 to 200 GeV”, 

Phys Lett B 492 (2000) 398 

idd., 

Search for the sgoldstino at √s from 189 to 

202 GeV, 


idd., 

Upper limit for the decay B – → τ – ν τ 

and 

measurement of the b → τ ν τ 

X branching 

ratio, 


idd., 

Search for supersymmetric partners of top 

and bottom quarks at √s = 189 GeV, 


P. Abreu et al. with R. Orava, H. Saarikko, K. 

Österberg, M. Battaglia, S. Czellar, K. 

Kurvinen, R. Lauhakangas (DELPHI Collaboration), 

Determination of P(c → D ∗+ ) and BR(c → l + ) 

at LEP 1, 

Eur Phys J C 12 (2000) 209-224 

idd., 

Measurements of the Z partial decay width 

into c c bar and multiplicity of charm quarks 

per b decay, 


idd., 

Measurement of the gluon fragmentation 

function and a comparison of the scaling 

violation in gluon and quark jets, 


idd., 

Search for supersymmetry with R-parity 

violating LLE bar couplings at √s = 183 GeV, 


idd., 

Consistent measurements of α s 

from precise 

oriented event shape distributions, 


idd., 

A precise measurement of the τ polarisation 

at LEP-1, 


idd., 

Measurement of the strange quark forwardbackward 

asymmetry around the Z 0 peak, 


idd., 

Search for supersymmetric particles in scenarios 

with a gravitino LSP and stau NLSP, 


idd., 

A study of the Lorentz structure in tau decays, 


idd., 

Cross-sections and leptonic forward-backward 

asymmetries from the Z 0 running of 

LEP, 


idd., 

Measurement of the B 0 lifetime and study 

s 

of B 0 s -B0 bar oscillations using D l events, 

s s 


idd., 

Photon events with missing energy at √s = 

183 to 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Searches for neutral Higgs bosons in e + e – 

collisions around √s = 189 GeV, 


idd., 

Identified charged particles in quark and 

gluon jets, 


idd., 

Addendum. Searches for neutral Higgs 

bosons in e + e – collisions around √s = 189 

GeV, A more general MSSM parameter scan, 


idd., 

Charged and identified particles in the 

hadronic decay of W bosons and in e + e – → q 

q bar from 130 to 200 GeV, 


Theoretical Nuclear and Particle Physics 

D.O. Riska, T.A. Lähde and C.J. Nyfält, 

The confining interaction and the M1 decay 

rates of heavy quarkonia, 

Nucl Phys A 663&664 (2000) 663c-666c 

L. Hannelius, D.O. Riska and L.Ya. Glozman, 

The strangeness magnetic moment of the 

59

60 

proton in the chiral quark model, 

Nucl Phys A 665 (2000) 353-364 

T.A. Lähde, C.J. Nyfält and D.O. Riska, 

Spectra and M1 decay widths of heavy-light 

mesons, 


D.O. Riska, 

Mesonic anapole form factors of the nucleons, 


L. Hannelius and D.O. Riska, 

Strangeness form factors of the proton in 

the chiral quark model, 

Phys Rev C 62 (2000) 045204, pp. 1-7 

M. Chaichian, S.S. Masood, C. Montonen, A. 

Pérez Martínez and H. Pérez Rojas, 

Quantum magnetic collapse, 

Phys Rev Lett 84 (2000) 5261-5264, [hep-ph/ 

9911218] 

M. Chaichian, A. Demichev and P. 

Presnajder, 

Quantum field theory on non-commutative 

space-times and the persistence of ultraviolet 

divergences, 

Nucl Phys B 567 (2000) 360-390, [hep-th/ 

9812180] 

M. Chaichian and A.B. Kobakhidze, 

Large hierarchy from extra dimensions, 

Phys Lett B 478 (2000) 299-306, [hep-th/ 

9912193] 

M. Chaichian and T. Kobayashi, 

On different criteria for confinement, 


9903103] 

M. Chaichian and A.B. Kobakhidze, 

Mass hierarchy and localization of gravity in 

extra time, 


0003269] 

M. Chaichian, K. Huitu and Z.-H. Yu, 

R-parity violation in (t + t bar) g~ production 

at LHC and Tevatron, 

Phys Lett B 490 (2000) 87-98, [hep-ph/ 

0007220] 

F. Pompilio, S.M. Harun-or-Rashid and M. 

Roos, 

A toroidal black hole for the AGN phenomenon, 

Astron Astrophys 362 (2000) 865-870 

K. Kajantie, M. Laine, T. Neuhaus, A. 

Rajantie and K. Rummukainen, 

O(2) symmetry breaking versus vortex loop 

percolation, 

Phys Lett B 482 (2000) 114-122, [hep-lat/ 

0003020] 

K.J. Eskola, K. Kajantie, P.V. Ruuskanen and 

K. Tuominen, 

Scaling of transverse energies and multiplicities 

with atomic number and energy in 

ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions, 

Nucl Phys B 570 (2000) 379-389, [hep-ph/ 

9909456] 

K. Enqvist, A. Jokinen and J. McDonald, 

Flat direction condensate instabilities in the 

MSSM, 


0004050] 

K. Enqvist and J. McDonald, 

The dynamics of Affleck-Dine condensate 

collapse, 


9908316] 

K. Enqvist and H. Kurki-Suonio, 

Constraining isocurvature fluctuations with 

the Planck Surveyor, 

Phys Rev D 61 (2000) 043002, pp. 1-7, [astroph/9907221] 

K. Enqvist and J. McDonald, 

Inflationary Affleck-Dine scalar dynamics 

and isocurvature perturbations, 

Phys Rev D 62 (2000) 043502, pp. 1-8 

K. Enqvist, H. Kurki-Suonio and J. Väliviita, 

Limits on isocurvature fluctuations from 

Boomerang and MAXIMA, 


J. Maalampi and N. Romanenko, 

Testing lepton number violation with the 

reaction e – e – -> µ ν q q bar, 


M. Laine and M. Shaposhnikov, 

Remark on sphaleron erasure of baryon 

asymmetry, 


M. Laine and M. Losada, 

Two-loop dimensional reduction and effective 

potential without temperature expansions, 

Nucl Phys B 582 (2000) 277-295 

A. Hart, M. Laine and O. Philipsen, 

Static correlation lengths in QCD at high 

temperatures and finite densities, 

Nucl Phys B 586 (2000) 443-474 

J.T. Peltoniemi and V. Sipiläinen, 

Neutrino propagation in matter using the 

wave packet approach, 

JHEP 06 (2000) 011, 24 pages, [hep-ph/ 

0004162] 

A.M. Green and S. Wycech, 

Coupled K-matrix description of the reactions 

π N → π N, π N → η N, γN → π N and γN 

→ η N, 

Phys Rev C 60 (1999) 035208, pp. 1-8, [nuclth/9905011] 

A.M. Green, J. Koponen and P. Pennanen, 

Variational fit to the lattice energy of two 

heavy-light mesons, 

Phys Rev D 61 (2000) 014014, pp. 1-9, [hepph/9902249] 

J.A. Niskanen, 

Isospin violation in pion production, 

Acta Physica Polonica B 31 (2000) 2683-2688 

U. van Kolck, J.A. Niskanen and G.A. Miller, 

Charge symmetry violation in pn → d π 0 and 

chiral effective field theory, 


G. Amorós, J. Bijnens and P. Talavera, 

Two-point functions at two loops in three 

flavour chiral perturbation theory, 


9907264] 


K l4 

form-factors and π-π scattering, 


0003258] 

M. Chaichian, A. Demichev and P. 

Presnajder, 

Quantum field theory on the noncommutative 

plane with E q 

(2) symmetry, 

J Math Phys 41 (2000) 1647-1671 

M. Roos and N.A. Törnqvist with the Particle 

Data Group, 

Review of Particle Physics, 


L. Bento, P. Keränen and J. Maalampi, 

Neutrino mixing scenarios and AGN, 


A. Kalliomäki and J. Maalampi, 

Neutrinoless double beta decay in fourneutrino 

models, 


S.J. Huber, P. John, M. Laine and M.G. 

Schmidt, 

CP violating bubble wall profiles, 



Low energy constants from K l4 

form-factors, 


S. Spanier and N.A. Törnqvist, 

Scalar mesons, 


R. Gatto, G. Nardulli, A.D. Polosa and N.A. 

Törnqvist, 

Predicting D → σ π, 


0007207]

A.D. Polosa, 

The QCM model, 

Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 23 (2000) 1-75, 

[hep-ph/0004183] 

C. Cronström, 

Hamiltonian formulation and boundary 

conditions in Yang-Mills theory, 

acta physica slovaca 50 (2000) 369-379 

H. Kurki-Suonio and E. Sihvola, 

Constraining antimatter domains in the 

Early Universe with Big Bang 

nucleosynthesis, 

Phys Rev Lett 84 (2000) 3756-3759, [astro-ph/ 

9912473] 

H. Kurki-Suonio and E. Sihvola, 

Antimatter regions in the early universe and 

big bang nucleosynthesis, 

Phys Rev D 62 (2000) 103508, pp. 1-15, 

[astro-ph/0006448] 

M. Hnatich and J. Honkonen, 

Velocity-fluctuation-induced anomalous 

kinetics of the A + A → Ø reaction, 

Phys Rev E 61 (2000) 3904-3911 

J. Honkonen, 

Asymptotic properties of Lévy flights in 

quenched random fields, 


N.V. Antonov, J. Honkonen, A. Mazzino and 

P. Muratore-Ginanneschi, 

Manifestation of anisotrophy persistence in 

the hierarchies of magnetohydrodynamical 

scaling exponents, 

Phys Rev E 62 (2000) R5891-R5894 

▼ Space Physics 

H.E.J. Koskinen, A.M. Mälkki, T.I. Pulkkinen, 

I. Sandahl, E.Yu. Budnik, A.O. Fedorov, R.A. 

Greenwald, K.B. Baker, L.A. Frank, J.B. 

Sigwarth and W.K. Peterson, 

Observations of plasma entry into the 

magnetosphere at late magnetic local times, 

Adv Space Res 25 (2000) 1617-1622 

E.I. Kallio, T.I. Pulkkinen, H.E.J. Koskinen, A. 

Viljanen, J.A. Slavin and K. Ogilvie, 

Loading-unloading processes in the 

nightside ionosphere, 

Geophys Res Lett 27 (2000) 1627-1630 

E.I. Kallio and H.E.J. Koskinen, 

An analytical semi-empirical magnetosheath 

model for solar wind-magnetosphere interaction 

analysis, 

J Geophys Res 105 (2000) 27469-27480 

▼ Materials Physics 

K. Nordlund, U. Beck, T.H. Metzger and J.R. 

Patel, 

Diffuse X-ray streaks from stacking faults in 

Si analyzed by atomistic simulations, 

Appl Phys Lett 76 (2000) 846-848 

K. Nordlund and R.S. Averback, 

Collision cascades in metals and semiconductors: 

defect creation and interface behaviour, 

Journal of Nuclear Materials 276 (2000) 194- 

201 

M. Ritala, K. Kukli, A. Rahtu, P.I. Räisänen, 

M. Leskelä, T. Sajavaara and J. Keinonen, 

Atomic layer deposition of oxide thin films 

with metal alkoxides as oxygen sources, 

Science 288 (2000) 319-321 

K. Kyono, D.G. Cahill, R.S. Averback, J. Tarus 

and K. Nordlund, 

Surface defects and bulk defect migration 

produced by ion bombardment of Si (001), 

Phys Rev Lett 83 (1999) 4788-4791 

K. Nordlund, J. Nord, J. Frantz and J. 

Keinonen, 

Strain-induced Kirkendall mixing at semiconductor 

interfaces, 

Computational Materials Science 18 (2000) 

283-294 

M. Gustafsson, F. Roccaforte, J. Keinonen, 

W. Bolse, L. Ziegeler and K.P. Lieb, 

Oxygen-activated epitaxial recrystallization 

of Li-implanted α-SiO 2 

, 

Phys Rev B 61 (2000) 3327-3332 

J. Sillanpää, K. Nordlund and J. Keinonen, 

Electronic stopping of Si from a three-dimensional 

charge distribution, 


E. Salonen, K. Nordlund, J. Keinonen and 

C.H. Wu, 

Bond-breaking mechanism of sputtering, 

Europhys Lett 52 (2000) 504-510 

A. Kuronen, J. Tarus and K. Nordlund, 

Defect creation by low-energy ion bombardment 

on GaAs (001) and Ge (001) surfaces, 

Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 153 (1999) 

209-212 

A. Climent-Font, K. Väkeväinen, J. Räisänen 

and E. Rauhala, 

Stopping cross-section measurements of 4 He 

in TiN 1.1 

O 0.27 

, 

Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 161-163 

(2000) 101-105 

T. Sajavaara, K. Arstila, A. Laakso and J. 

Keinonen, 

Effects of surface roughness on results in 

elastic recoil detection measurements, 

Ibid. (2000) 235-239 

L. Rissanen, P. Schaaf, M. Neubauer, K.-P. 

Lieb, J. Keinonen and T. Sajavaara, 

The production of the new cubic FeN phase 

by reactive magnetron sputtering, 

Applied Surface Science 138-139 (1999) 261- 

265 

R. Matero, A. Rahtu, M. Ritala, M. Leskelä 

and T. Sajavaara, 

Effect of water dose on the atomic layer 

deposition rate of oxide thin films, 

Thin Solid Films 368 (2000) 1-7 

M. Putkonen, T. Sajavaara and L. Niinistö, 

Enhanced growth rate in atomic layer 

epitaxy deposition of magnesium oxide thin 

films, 

Journal of Materials Chemistry 10 (2000) 

1857-1861 

A. Seppälä, R. Salonen, J. Slotte, T. Ahlgren, 

E. Rauhala and J. Räisänen, 

Lattice sites of diffused gold and platinum 

in epitaxial ZnSe layers, 


(2000) 520-523 

W. Bolse, M. Gustafsson, F. Harbsmeier and 

F. Roccaforte, 

Diffusion of hydrogen implanted in α- 

quartz during air annealing, 


(2000) 641-645 

V. Kyllönen, J. Räisänen, A. Seppälä, T. 

Ahlgren and J. Likonen, 

Annealing behaviour of aluminium-implanted 

InP, 


(2000) 673-676 

J. Sillanpää, 

Electronic stopping of silicon from a 3D 

charge distribution, 


(2000) 302-309 

K. Nordlund, J. Tarus, J. Keinonen, M. Ghaly 

and R.S. Averback, 

Heat spike effects on ion beam mixing, 


(2000) 441-452 

J. Tarus, K. Nordlund, J. Keinonen and R.S. 

Averback, 

Strain effects in Ge surface cascades, 


(2000) 482-486 

F. Roccaforte, M.J. Gustafsson, W. Bolse, J. 

Keinonen and K.P. Lieb, 

Epitaxial recrystallization of alkali-ion implanted 

α-quartz, 


(2000) 148-153 

61

62 

K. Arstila, 

An experimental method for precise determination 

of electronic stopping powers for 

heavy ions, 

Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 168 (2000) 

473-483 

I.T. Koponen, 

Modeling layer-by-layer growth in ion beam 

assisted deposition of thin films, 

Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 171 (2000) 

314-324 

M. Kemell, M. Ritala, H. Saloniemi, M. 

Leskelä, T. Sajavaara and E. Rauhala, 

One-step electrodeposition of Cu 2-x 

Se and 

CuInSe 2 

thin films by the induced co-deposition 

mechanism, 

J Electrochem Soc 147 (2000) 1080-1087 

A. Nurmela, P. Pusa, E. Rauhala and J. 

Räisänen, 

RBS and ERD cross-sections and optical 

model parameters for the analysis of 

lithium, boron and nickel, 


(2000) 130-135 

P. Pekko, 

Tetrahedral amorphous carbon deposited 

with the pulsed plasma arc-discharge 

method as a protective coating against solid 

impingement erosion, 

Diamond and Related Materials 9 (2000) 

1524-1528 

E. Vainonen-Ahlgren, T. Ahlgren, J. Likonen, 

S. Lehto, J. Keinonen, W. Li and J. 

Haapamaa, 

Identification of vacancy charge states in 

diffusion of arsenic in germanium, 

Appl Phys Lett 77 (2000) 690-692 

J. Slotte, A. Laakso, T. Ahlgren, E. Rauhala, 

R. Salonen, J. Räisänen, A. Simon, I. Uzonyi, 

Á .Z. Kiss and E. Somorjai, 

Influence of surface topography on depth 

profiles obtained by Rutherford 

backscattering spectrometry, 

J Appl Phys 87 (2000) 140-143 

L. Khriachtchev, E. Vainonen-Ahlgren, T. 

Sajavaara, T. Ahlgren and J. Keinonen, 

Stability of Si-C films prepared by a pulsed 

arc discharge method: Thermal treatment 

and heavy-ion irradiation, 

J Appl Phys 88 (2000) 2118-2124 

P. Torri, A. Mahiout, J. Koskinen, J.-P. 

Hirvonen and L.-S. Johansson, 

Corrosion properties of amorphous Mo-Si-N 

and nanolayered Mo-Si-N/SiC coatings, 

Scripta Materialia 42 (2000) 609-613 

P. Kuisma-Kursula, 

Accuracy, precision and detection limits of 

SEM-WDS, SEM-EDS and PIXE in the multielemental 

analysis of medieval glass, 

X-ray Spectrometry 29 (2000) 111-118 

J. Laane, E. Bondoc, S. Sakurai, K. Morris, N. 

Meinander and J. Choo, 

Spectroscopic determination of the vibrational 

potential energy surface and conformation 

of 1,3-benzodioxole in its S 1 

(π,π*) 

excited state. The effect of the electronic 

excitation on the anomeric effect, 

J Am Chem Soc 122 (2000) 2628-2634 

S. Söderholm, Y.H. Roos, N. Meinander and 

K. Steinby, 

Temperature dependence of the Raman 

spectra of amorphous glucose in the glassy 

and supercooled liquid states, 

J Raman Spectrosc 31 (2000) 995-1003 

B. Mannfors, T. Sundius, K. Palmö, L.-O. 

Pietilä and S. Krimm, 

Spectroscopically determined force fields for 

macromolecules. Part 3. Alkene chains, 

J Mol Struct 521 (2000) 49-75 

I.S. Ignatyev and T. Sundius, 

Competitive ring hydride shifts and tolylbenzyl 

rearrangements in tolyl and silatolyl 

cations, 

Chem Phys Lett 326 (2000) 101-108 

S. Eriksson, Å.M. Lindberg and B. Ståhlberg, 

A simple extended cavity diode laser for 

spectroscopy around 640 nm, 

Optics & Laser Technology 31 (1999) 473-477 

K. Hämäläinen, S. Huotari, J. Laukkanen, A. 

Soininen, S. Manninen, C.-C. Kao, T. Buslaps 

and M. Mezouar, 

Free electron gas under high pressure, 

Phys Rev B 62 (2000) R735-R738 (Rapid Communication) 

C. Sternemann, K. Hämäläinen, A. Kaprolat, 

A. Soininen, G. Döring, C.-C. Kao, S. 

Manninen and W. Schülke, 

Final-state interaction in Compton scattering 

from electron liquids, 

Phys Rev B 62 (2000) R7687-R7690 (Rapid 

Communication) 

R. Diamant, S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, C.C. 

Kao and M. Deutsch, 

Evolution from threshold of a hollow atom’s 

x-ray emission spectrum: The Cu K h α 1,2 

hypersatellites, 

Phys Rev Lett 84 (2000) 3278-3281 

W.A. Caliebe, J.A. Soininen, E.L. Shirley, C.-C. 

Kao and K. Hämäläinen, 

Dynamic structure factor of diamond and 

LiF measured using inelastic x-ray scattering, 


K. Hämäläinen, J.P. Hill, S. Huotari, C.-C. 

Kao, L.E. Berman, A. Kotani, T. Idé, J.L. Peng 

and R.L. Greene, 

Polarization and momentum dependence of 

a charge-transfer excitation in Nd 2 

CuO 4 

, 


S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, S. Manninen, S. 

Kaprzyk, A. Bansil, W. Caliebe, T. Buslaps, V. 

Honkimäki and P. Suortti, 

Energy dependence of experimental Be 

Compton profiles, 


R. Diamant, S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, C.C. 

Kao and M. Deutsch, 

Cu K h α 1,2 

hypersatellites: Suprathreshold 

evolution of a hollow-atom x-ray spectrum, 

Phys Rev A 62 (2000) 052519, pp. 1-14 

J.P. Hill, C.-C. Kao, K. Hämäläinen, S. 

Huotari, L.E. Berman, W.A.L. Caliebe, M. 

Matsubara, A. Kotani, J.L. Peng and R.L. 

Greene, 

Energy and polarization dependence of 

resonant inelastic x-ray scattering in 

Nd 2 

CuO 4 

, 

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 61 

(2000) 425-429 

S. Manninen, 

Compton scattering: present status and future, 

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 61 

(2000) 335-340 

D. Grigoriev, S. Manninen, L. Datsenko, V. 

Khrupa, V. Molodkin, S. Galambosi, V. 

Klad’ko and V. Machulin, 

Energy-dispersive studies of the integrated 

reflectivity of Bragg diffracted continuous x- 

ray spectrum for high sensitive structure 

diagnostics of imperfect single crystal, 

Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol. 22 (2000) 32- 

40 

R. Diamant, S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, R. 

Sharon, C.C. Kao and M. Deutsch, 

The L α’ satellite of tungsten, 

J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys 33 (2000) L649- 

L653 

S. Huotari, K. Hämäläinen, J. Laukkanen, A. 

Soininen, S. Manninen, C.-C. Kao, T. Buslaps, 

M. Mezouar and H.K. Mao, 

High-pressure Compton scattering, 

Science and Technology of High Pressure 2 

(2000) 1017-1020 

J.A. Soininen and E.L. Shirley, 

Effects of electron-hole interaction on the 

dynamic structure factor: Application to 

nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering, 

Phys Rev B 61 (2000) 16423-16429

P. Suortti, S. Fiedler, A. Bravin, T. Brochard, 

M. Mattenet, M. Renier, P. Spanne, W. 

Thomlinson, A.M. Charvet, H. Elleaume, C. 

Schulze-Briese and A.C. Thompson, 

Fixed-exit monochromator for computed 

tomography with synchrotron radiation at 

energies 18-90 keV, 

J Synchrotron Rad 7 (2000) 340-347 

W. Thomlinson, P. Berkvens, G. Berruyer, B. 

Bertrand, H. Blattmann, E. Brauer-Krisch, T. 

Brochard, A.M. Charvet, S. Corde, M. 

Dimichiel, H. Elleaume, F. Estève, S. Fiedler, 

J.A. Laissue, J.F. Le Bas, G. Le Duc, N. 

Lyubimova, C. Nemoz, M. Renier, D.N. 

Slatkin, P. Spanne and P. Suortti, 

Research at the European Synchrotron Radiation 

Facility medical beamline, Overview, 

Cellular and Molecular Biology 46 (2000) 

1053-1063 

S. Fiedler, H. Elleaume, G. Le Duc, C. Nemoz, 

T. Brochard, M. Renier, B. Bertrand, F. Estève, 

J.F. Le Bas, P. Suortti and W. Thomlinson, 

Dual-energy coronary angiography in pigs 

using a Gd contrast agent, 

In Medical Imaging 2000: Physics of Medical 

Imaging, J.T. Dobbins III, J.M. Boone, Eds., 

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 3977 (2000), pp. 96-103 

K. Jokela, R. Serimaa, M. Torkkeli, M. 

Elomaa, F. Sundholm, N. Walsby, T. Kallio 

and G. Sundholm, 

SAXS studies on Kynar-based membranes 

for fuel cells, 

J Appl Cryst 33 (2000) 723-726 

K. Jokela, Sz. Galambosi, M. Karjalainen, M. 

Torkkeli, R. Serimaa, V. Eteläniemi, S. 

Vahvaselkä, M. Paronen and F. Sundholm, 

Temperature-dependent x-ray scattering 

studies on radiation grafted and sulfonated 

poly(vinylidene fluoride), 

Materials Science Forum 321-324 (2000) 481- 

486 

V. Eteläniemi, T. Laitalainen, A. Oksanen, T. 

Paakkari, J. Pitkänen, R. Serimaa and H. Tylli, 

The effect of the pyrimidine ligand on the 

structure of amorphous platinum green, 


545 

J. Pitkänen, R. Serimaa, V. Eteläniemi, M. 

Torkkeli, H. Sirén and T. Laitalainen, 

AWAXS study of platinum uridine blue and 

green selenate, 


552 

T. Väänänen, M. Toivola, K. Jokela, M. 

Laakkonen, M. Torkkeli, R. Serimaa, L. 

Pietilä and E. Pehu, 

X-ray scattering study on edible potato tubers 

(S. Tuberosum), 

Materials Science Forum 321-324 (2000) 

1125-1130 

M. Torkkeli, R. Serimaa, V. Eteläniemi, M. 

Toivola, K. Jokela, M. Paronen and F. 

Sundholm, 

ASAXS study of styrene-grafted sulfonated 

poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes, 

J Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 38 

(2000) 1734-1748 

H. Kosonen, J. Ruokolainen, M. Knaapila, M. 

Torkkeli, K. Jokela, R. Serimaa, G. ten 

Brinke, W. Bras, A.P. Monkman and O. 

Ikkala, 

Nanoscale conducting cylinders based on 

self-organization of hydrogen-bonded 

polyaniline supramolecules, 

Macromolecules 33 (2000) 8671-8675 

J. Ruokolainen, H. Eerikäinen, M. Torkkeli, 

R. Serimaa, M. Jussila and O. Ikkala, 

Comb-shaped supramolecules of emeraldine 

base form of polyaniline due to coordination 

with zinc dodecyl benzenesulfonate and 

their plasticized self-organized structures, 

Macromolecules 33 (2000) 9272-9276 

S. Andersson, R. Serimaa, M. Torkkeli, T. 

Paakkari, P. Saranpää and E. Pesonen, 

Microfibril angle of Norway spruce [Picea 

abies (L.) Karst.] compression wood: comparison 

of measuring techniques, 

J Wood Sci 46 (2000) 343-349 

▼ Applied Physics 

Publications in Applied Physics related to 

Materials Physics are in the list for Materials 


Aerosol and Environmental Physics 

M. Kulmala, L. Pirjola and J.M. Mäkelä, 

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new 

atmospheric particles, 

Nature 404 (2000) 66-69 

J.M. Mäkelä, I.K. Koponen, P. Aalto and M. 

Kulmala, 

One-year data of submicron size modes of 

tropospheric background aerosol in Southern 

Finland, 

J Aerosol Sci 31 (2000) 595-611 

A.A. Lushnikov and M. Kulmala, 

Foreign aerosol in nucleating vapour, 

J Aerosol Sci 31 (2000) 651-672 

A.A. Lushnikov and M. Kulmala, 

Nucleation burst in a coagulating system, 


E.D. Nilsson, L. Pirjola and M. Kulmala, 

The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol 

nucleation and size distribution, 


M. de Reus, J. Ström, J. Curtius, L. Pirjola, E. 

Vignati, F. Arnold, H.C. Hansson, M. 

Kulmala, J. Lelieveld and F. Raes, 

Aerosol production and growth in the upper 

free troposphere, 


L. Pirjola, C.D. O’Dowd, I.M. Brooks and M. 

Kulmala, 

Can new particle formation occur in the 

clean marine boundary layer?, 


M. Kulmala, K. Hämeri, J.M. Mäkelä, P.P. 

Aalto, L. Pirjola, M. Väkevä, E.D. Nilsson, I.K. 

Koponen, G. Buzorius, P. Keronen, Ü. 

Rannik, L. Laakso, T. Vesala, K. Bigg, W. 

Seidl, R. Forkel, T. Hoffmann, J. Spanke, R. 

Janson, M. Shimmo, H.-C. Hansson, C. 

O’Dowd, E. Becker, J. Paatero, K. Teinilä, R. 

Hillamo, Y. Viisanen, A. Laaksonen, E. 

Swietlicki, J. Salm, P. Hari, N. Altimir and R. 

Weber, 

Biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal 

forest, 

Boreal Environment Research 5 (2000) 281- 

297 

J.M. Mäkelä, M. Dal Maso, L. Pirjola, P. 

Keronen, L. Laakso, M. Kulmala and A. 

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M. Kulmala, Ü. Rannik, L. Pirjola, M. Dal 

Maso, J. Karimäki, A. Asmi, A. Jäppinen, V. 

Karhu, H. Korhonen, S.-P. Malvikko, A. 

Puustinen, J. Raittila, S. Romakkaniemi, T. 

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348 

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Using a cloud condensation nuclei counter 

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L. Pirjola and M. Kulmala, 

Aerosol dynamical model MULTIMONO, 


374 

63

I. Napari and A. Laaksonen, 

Surfactant effects and an order-disorder 

transition in binary gas-liquid nucleation, 


I. Napari, A. Laaksonen and R. Strey, 

Density-functional studies of amphiphilic 

binary mixtures. I. Phase behavior, 

J Chem Phys 113 (2000) 4476-4479 

H. Vehkamäki and I.J. Ford, 

Analysis of water-ethanol nucleation rate data 

with two component nucleation theorems, 



Nucleation theorems applied to the Ising 

model, 

Phys Rev E 59 (1999) 6483-6488 

L. Palva, T. Markkanen, E. Siivola, E. Garam, 

M. Linnavuo, S. Nevas, F. Manoochehri, S. 

Palmroth, K. Rajala, H. Ruotoistenmäki, T. 

Vuorivirta, I. Seppälä, T. Vesala, P. Hari and 

R. Sepponen, 

Tree scale distributed multipoint measuring 

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Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 106 

(2001) 71-80 

64 

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Density-functional studies of amphiphilic 

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C.D. O’Dowd, J.A. Lowe, N. Clegg, M.H. 

Smith and S.L. Clegg, 

Modeling heterogeneous sulphate production 

in maritime stratiform clouds, 


A. Laaksonen, L. Pirjola, M. Kulmala, K.-H. 

Wohlfrom, F. Arnold and F. Raes, 

Upper tropospheric SO 2 

conversion into 

sulfuric acid aerosols and cloud condensation 

nuclei, 


V.-M. Kerminen, A. Virkkula, R. Hillamo, A.S. 

Wexler and M. Kulmala, 

Secondary organics and atmospheric cloud 

condensation nuclei production, 


M. Väkevä, K. Hämeri, T. Puhakka, E.D. 

Nilsson, H. Hohti and J.M. Mäkelä, 

Effects of meteorological processes on aerosol 

particle size distribution in an urban 

background area, 


V.-M. Kerminen, L. Pirjola, M. Boy, A. Eskola, 

K. Teinilä, L. Laakso, A. Asmi, J. Hienola, A. 

Lauri, V. Vainio, K. Lehtinen and M. 

Kulmala, 

Interaction between SO 2 

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Atmospheric Research 54 (2000) 41-57 

A. Laaksonen, R. McGraw and H. 

Vehkamäki, 

Liquid-drop formalism and free-energy surfaces 

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J Chem Phys 111 (1999) 2019-2027 


Critical cluster size and droplet nucleation 

rate from growth and decay simulations of 

Lennard-Jones clusters, 


M. Knott, H. Vehkamäki and I.J. Ford, 

Energetics of small n-pentanol clusters from 

droplet nucleation rate data, 


T. Vesala, T. Markkanen, L. Palva, E. Siivola, 

S. Palmroth and P. Hari, 

Effect of variations of PAR on CO 2 

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(2000) 337-347 

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M. Perämäki, T. Ala-Nissilä, J. Kääriäinen, H. 

Virtanen, J. Irvine and J. Grace, 

Do tree stems shrink and swell with the 

tides?, 

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M. Aubinet, A. Grelle, A. Ibrom, Ü . Rannik, 

J. Moncrieff, T. Foken, A.S. Kowalski, P.H. 

Martin, P. Berbigier, Ch. Bernhofer, R. Clement, 

J. Elbers, A. Granier, T. Grünwald, K. 

Morgenstern, K. Pilegaard, C. Rebmann, W. 

Snijders, R. Valentini and T. Vesala, 

Estimates of the annual net carbon and 

water exchange of European forests: the 

EUROFLUX methodology, 

Advances in Ecological Research 30 (2000) 

113-173 

R. Valentini, G. Matteucci, A.J. Dolman, E.-D. 

Schulze, C. Rebmann, E.J. Moors, A. Granier, 

P. Gross, N.O. Jensen, K. Pilegaard, A. 

Lindroth, A. Grelle, C. Bernhofer, T. 

Grünwald, M. Aubinet, R. Ceulemans, A.S. 

Kowalski, T. Vesala, Ü. Rannik, P. Berbigier, 

D. Loustau, J. Gudmundsson, H. 

Thorgeirsson, A. Ibrom, K. Morgenstern, R. 

Clement, J. Moncrieff, L. Montagnani, S. 

Minerbi and P.G. Jarvis, 

Respiration as the main determinant of carbon 

balance in European forests, 

Nature 404 (2000) 861-865 

E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, R. Olson, P. Anthoni, 

M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, G. Burba, R. 

Ceulemans, R. Clement, H. Dolman, A. 

Granier, P. Gross, Th. Grünwald, D. Hollinger, 

N.-O. Jensen, G. Katul, P. Keronen, A. 

Kowalski, C. Ta Lai, B.R. Law, T. Meyers, J. 

Moncrieff, E. Moors, J.W. Munger, K. 

Pilegaard, Ü. Rannik, C. Rebmann, A. Suyker, 

J. Tenhunen, K. Tu, S. Verma, T. Vesala, K. 

Wilson and S. Wofsy, 

Gap filling strategies for long term energy 

flux data sets, 


(2001)1-7 

F. Berninger, E. Sonninen, T. Aalto and J. 

Lloyd, 

Modelling 13 C discrimination in tree rings, 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14 (2000) 213- 

225 

P. Paatero and S. Juntto, 

Determination of underlying components of 

a cyclical time series by means of two-way 

and three-way factor analytic techniques, 

J Chemometrics 14 (2000) 241-259 

P. Paatero, 

Construction and analysis of degenerate 

PARAFAC models, 

J Chemometrics 14 (2000) 285-299 

W. Chueinta, P.K. Hopke and P. Paatero, 

Investigation of sources of atmospheric 

aerosol at urban and suburban residential 

areas in Thailand by positive matrix factorization, 

Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 3319- 

3329 

Electronics Research 

J. Stor-Pellinen, E. Hæggström and M. 

Luukkala, 

Measurement of paper-wetting processes by 

ultrasound transmission, 

Meas Sci Technol 11 (2000) 406-411 

P. Mattila, J. Stor-Pellinen, J. Ignatius, J. 

Hietanen and M. Luukkala, 

Capacitive ultrasonic transducer with net 

backplate, 

Meas Sci Technol 11 (2000) 1119-1125 

E. Hæggström, R. Vuohelainen, J. Stor- 

Pellinen, M. Luukkala and H. Lätti, 

Paper surface makeup process observed by 

ultrasound, 

TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and 

Paper Industry) Journal Vol. 83, No. 10, October 

2000, p. 66, 

J. Stor-Pellinen, E. Hæggström and M. 

Luukkala, 

Measurement of the effect of high-power 

ultrasound on wetting of paper, 

Ultrasonics 38 (2000) 953-959

E. Hæggström and M. Luukkala, 

Ultrasonic monitoring of beef temperature 

during roasting, 

Food Science & Technology 33 (2000) 465- 

470 

Medical Physics 

P.M. Ryynänen, M. Kortesniemi, J.A. 

Coderre, A.Z. Diaz, P. Hiismäki and S.E. 

Savolainen, 

Models for estimation of the 10 B concentration 

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patients during epithermal neutron irradiation 

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Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 48 (2000) 

1145-1154 

T. Vehmas, J.S. Lampinen, A. Mertjärvi and S. 

Rannikko, 

Factors influencing patient radiation doses 

from barium enema examinations, 

Acta Radiologica 41 (2000) 167-171 

Books 

▼ Books 

K. Enqvist, 

Valo ja varjo, 

WSOY 2000, 140 s. 

M. Kulmala, T. Vesala and A. Laaksonen, 

Physical Chemistry of Aerosol Formation, 

Chapter 2 in Aerosol Chemical Processes in 

the Environment, ed. K.R. Spurny, Lewis 

Publishers 2000, CRC Press LLC, ISBN 0- 

87371-829-1, pp. 23-46 

A. Bogdan, 

Fumed Silica as a Host for Study of Large 

Surface-to-Volume Ratio Problems in Finely 

Divided Aqueous Systems: Implications for 

the Atmosphere, Chapter 22 in Adsorption 

on Silica Surfaces, ed. E. Papirer, Published 

in 2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York & 

Basel, pp. 689-745 

K. Kurki-Suonio, R. Kurki-Suonio, J. Lavonen 

ja H. Hakulinen, 

Galilei 4. Opettajan opas. Weilin+Göös/ 

WSOY. 1997, 141 s., 2. painos 1999 

J. Lavonen, K. Kurki-Suonio ja H. Hakulinen, 

Galilei 3. Mekaniikka 1. Lukion fysiikan 

oppikirja. Weilin+Göös. 1995, 150 s., 3. 

painos 1999 


Galilei 7. Sähkömagnetismi. Lukion fysiikan 

oppikirja. Weilin+Göös/WSOY. 1996, 180 s., 

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fysiikan oppikirja. Weilin+Göös. 1994, 146 s., 

5. painos 1999 

K. Kurki-Suonio, R. Kurki-Suonio, J. Lavonen 

ja H. Hakulinen, 


WSOY. 1999. 93+55 s. 

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V. Honkimäki and P. Suortti, 

Effects of instrument function, crystallite 

size, and strain on reflection profiles, Chapter 

4 in Defect and Microstructure Analysis 

by Diffraction, eds. R.L. Snyder, J. Fiala and 

H.J. Bunge, International Union of 

Crystallography, Oxford University Press 

1999, pp. 41-58 

▼ Textbooks 

J. Arponen ja J. Honkonen, 

Statistinen fysiikka (Statistical physics, 3rd 

extended and revised edition, in Finnish), 

ISBN 951-745-189-X, Limes ry, Helsinki 2000, 

333 pp. 

C. Cronström and P. Lipas, 

Johdatus sähködynamiikkaan ja 

suhteellisuusteoriaan (An introduction to 

electrodynamics and relativity theory, in 

Finnish, extended and revised edition), 

Limes ry, ISBN 951-745-187-3, 234 pp. 

J. Aaltonen, S. Kousa ja J. Stor-Pellinen, 

Elektroniikan perusteet, Limes ry 1999, ISBN 

951-745-182-2, 306 s. 

J. Aaltonen, S. Kousa ja J. Stor-Pellinen, 

Elektroniikan perusteet (Basic Electronics, in 

Finnish), 2. painos (Second Edition), Limes ry 

2000, ISBN 951-745-188-1, 306 [+33] s. 

K. Kurki-Suonio, J. Lavonen ja H. Hakulinen, 


WSOY 2000, 102 + 40 s.

ence N:o 49 (2000), Finnish Association for 

Aerosol Research, Helsinki 2000, ISBN 952- 

5027-25-2, ISSN 0784-3496, PDF-ISBN 952-91- 

2506-2, pp. 27 + 29 (A. Laaksonen) 

Patents 

R. Orava, J. Pyyhtiä, T. Schulman, M. 

Sarakinos, K. Spartiotis and P. Jalas, 

European Patent Office, 8. February 2000, 

Forming contacts on semiconductor 

substrates for radiation detectors and 

imaging devices 

J. Hietanen, J. Stor-Pellinen, P. Mattila and 

M. Luukkala, 

Finnish Patent Office, 29.12.2000, 

Ultraäänianturi, jota voidaan sen joustavan 

materiaalin ansiosta muotoilla halutunlaisen 

kentän aikaansaamiseksi, pat.hak. nro 

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Buzorius, Gintautas, Variation of aerosol 

concentration in ambient air, Report Series 

in Aerosol Science N:o 46 (2000), Finnish 

Association for Aerosol Research, Helsinki 

2000, ISBN 952-5027-22-8, ISSN 0784-3496, 

PDF-ISBN 951-45-9428-2, pp. 30 + 69 (M. 

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Helminen, Christina, Aspects of the quark 

model for the baryons, University of Helsinki, 

Report Series in Physics HU-P-D81, 

Helsinki 2000, ISBN 951-45-8197-0, ISSN 

0356-0961, pp. 68 + 38 (D.-O. Riska) 

Pekko, Panu, Experimental studies of tetrahedral 

amorphous carbon coatings, Acta 

Polytechnica Scandinavica, Applied Physics 

Series No. 223, Espoo 2000, ISBN 951-666- 

544-6, ISSN 0355-2721, pp. 30 + 50 (R. 

Lappalainen) 

Puolamäki, Kai, Breaking of R-parity and 

supersymmetry in supersymmetric models, 

University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of 

Physics, Internal Report HIP-2000-02, ISBN 

951-45-8920-3, ISSN 1455-0563, 53 + 70 pp. 

(Katri Huitu) 

Sillanpää, Jussi, Phenomenological model 

for electronic stopping of low-velocity ions 

in crystalline solids, University of Helsinki, 

Report Series in Physics HU-P-D84, Helsinki 


pp. 39 + 25 (J. Keinonen) 

66 

Kuisma-Kursula, Pirkko, PIXE and SEM studies 

of old Finnish and European glass and 

European oyster Ostrea edulis, University of 

Helsinki, Report Series in Physics HU-P-D80, 

Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-45-8196-2, ISSN 

0356-0961, pp. 41 + 49 (E. Spring, J. 

Räisänen) 

Lampinen, Juha, Calculating patient specific 

doses in X-ray diagnostics and from 

radiopharmaceuticals, University of Helsinki, 



pp. 31 + 41 (S. Savolainen, S. Rannikko) 

Laukkanen, Jarkko, Advanced experimental 

methods in Compton scattering 

spectroscopy, University of Helsinki, Report 

Series in Physics HU-P-D83, Helsinki 2000, 

ISBN 951-45-8199-7, ISSN 0356-0961, pp. 61 

+ 31 (S. Manninen, K. Hämäläinen) 

Lihavainen, Heikki, A laminar flow diffusion 

chamber for homogeneous nucleation studies, 

Report Series in Aerosol Science N:o 45 

(2000), Finnish Association for Aerosol Research, 

Helsinki 2000, ISBN 952-5027-21-X, 

ISSN 0784-3496, pp. 111 (Y. Viisanen, M. 

Kulmala) 

Lindén, Tomas, Strangelet search and particle 

production studies in Pb-Pb collisions at 

158 . A GeV/c with the H6 beamline 

spectrometer at CERN, University of Helsinki, 

Report Series in Physics HU-P-D66, 

Helsinki 2000, ISBN 951-45-8062-1, ISSN 

0356-0961, pp. 115 + 39 (J. Tuominiemi) 

Tarus, Jura, Effect of the surface on irradiation 

induced damage in covalently bonded 

materials, University of Helsinki, Report 

Series in Physics HU-P-D85, Helsinki 2000, 

ISBN 951-45-8940-8, ISSN 0356-0961, pp. 32 

+ 31 (J. Keinonen) 

Toppila, Esko, A systems approach to individual 

hearing conservation, Finnish Institute 

of Occupational Health, Helsinki 2000, 

People and Work, Research Reports 40, ISBN 

951-802-388-3, ISSN 1237-6183, pp. 69 + 48 

(I. Pyykkö, J. Starck) 

Torkkeli, Mika, SAXS studies on ionomers 

and polymer-amphiphile complexes, University 

of Helsinki, Report Series in Physics HU- 

P-D87, Helsinki 2000, ISBN 951-45-8944-0, 

ISSN 0356-0961, pp. 62 + 45 (R. Serimaa) 

Vainonen-Ahlgren, Elizaveta, Release of 

hydrogen isotopes from carbon based fusion 

reactor materials, University of Helsinki, 



pp. 41 + 37 (J. Keinonen) 

▼ Licentiate Theses (supervisor) 

Lautala, Raija, Hahmottavan lähestymis– 

tavan toimivuus peruskoulun ja lukion 

aaltoliikeopin opetuksessa (K. Kurki-Suonio) 

Napari, Ismo, Density functional theory of 

nucleation and phase behaviour in binary 

fluid systems, Report Series in Aerosol Sci-

▼ M.Sc. Theses (supervisor) 

Ahoranta, Jorma, Taulukkolaskentaohjel– 

man mahdollisuudet peruskoulun fysiikan 

opetuksessa (K. Kurki-Suonio) 

Asmi, Ari, Ulkoilman pienhiukkas– 

pitoisuuden vaikutus sisäilman pitoisuuksiin 

(M. Kulmala, L. Pirjola) 

Backman, Ulrika, TiO 2 

Films Using the 

MOCVD Method and Turbulent Flow 

(A. Auvinen) 

Koponen, Jonna, A Variational Fit to the 

Lattice Energy of Two Heavy-Light Mesons 

(A.M. Green) 

Laamanen, Jari, The Particle Limit of Quantum 

Field Theory Using World-line Path Integrals 

(C. Montonen) 

Laine, Mikko J., Tiedelehtien fysiikka. 

Artikkeleiden ymmärrettävyys hahmottavan 

lähestymistavan valossa (H. Saarikko) 

Lehti, Sanna, Timanttipinnoiterakenteen 

väsymiskäyttäytyminen (R. Lappalainen) 

Piirola, Pekko, Pioni-nukleoni-sirontapituus 

GMO-summasäännöstä (M. Sainio) 

Poutiainen, Sanna, Demonstraatiot fysiikan 

käsitteiden omaksumisen tukena lukiossa 

(H. Saarikko) 

Raita, Tommi, Energia-impulssi-tensori ja 

kanoninen formalismi Yangin ja Millsin 

teoriassa (C. Cronström) 

Rantala, Sami, Magneettiset monopolit 

N=2,4 super-Yang-Mills teorioissa 

(C. Montonen) 

Bjugg, Hanna, BNCT-annossuunnittelun 

teoreettiset perusteet (S. Savolainen) 

Collin, Anssi, Bose-Einstein condensation 

and the scattering length in three and two 

dimensions (K.-A. Suominen) 

Hannelius, Lars-Erik, The Strange Form Factors 

of the Proton in the Chiral Quark Model 

(D.-O. Riska) 

Hiltunen, Marianna, Comparison of Mathematical 

Methods for the Compound Sample 

Analysis of Multicomponent Fourier 

Transform Infrared Spectra (J. Heikkonen) 

Himanen, Pasi, Heilurin kokeellinen 

tutkimus fysiikan opetuksessa (H. Saarikko) 

Huttunen, Emilia, Koronan massapurkaukset 

ja magneettiset myrskyt (H. Koskinen) 

Lindroos, Olavi, Nostetaan Schrödingerin 

kissa pöydälle (K. Kajantie) 

Loikkanen, Juha, Chern-Simons-Witten 

Theory and its Conformal Field Theoretic 

Background (C. Cronström) 

Lähde, Timo, Relativistic Description of 

Heavy-light Mesons (D.-O. Riska) 

Lämsä, Vili, A soft X-ray Solar monitor for 

SMART-I satellite (S. Nenonen) 

Mannila, Katja, Kokeellisuus ala-asteen 

ympäristö- ja luonnontiedon opetuksessa 

(H. Saarikko) 

Mattila, Aleksi, Ympyräpolarisoituneen 

synkrotronisäteilyn magneettinen dikroismi 

(K. Hämäläinen) 

Rinne, Raili, Yläasteen verkkoympäristössä 

toimivan valo-opin kurssin suunnittelu 

(K. Kurki-Suonio, H. Saarikko) 

Saaresto, Maaret, Ultraviolettivalolle 

altistetun ihofantomin multispektrianalyysi 

(E. Hæggström) 

Salmi, Atte, Teräksen pintakarkaisu– 

kerroksen kovuusprofiilin määritys 

termisellä ainetta rikkomattomalla 

koestuksella (J. Varis) 

Salminen, Tomi, Simulating Cosmic Structure 

Formation (K. Enqvist) 

Salonen, Timo, Lukion sähködynamiikan 

kurssi tietoverkkoympäristössä wwwtekniikalla 

toteutettuna (K. Kurki-Suonio, 

A. Hämäläinen) 

67 

Immonen, Jani, Fullereenien 

esiintymistodennäköisyys amorfisissa 

timanttipinnoitteissa (R. Lappalainen) 

Jaatinen, Jussi, Aurinkoa ympäröivän 

vetypilven tutkiminen SWAN/SOHO 

mittauksin (E. Kyrölä) 

Jalarvo, Niina, Multimediapohjaiset 

oheismateriaalit energiakäsitteen 

opetuksen tukena peruskoulun yläasteella 

(H. Saarikko) 

Johansson, Milla, Kastuvan paperin 

epälineaarinen ultraäänitransmissiomittaus 

(E. Hæggström) 

Juuti, Kalle, Kiehumisen ja höyrystymisen 

laadullinen ymmärtäminen (H. Saarikko) 

Kiili, Petteri, Amorfisten timanttikalvojen 

kasvatus fullereeni-ionisuihkujen avulla 

(R. Lappalainen) 

Mäenpää, Teppo H., Front-end read-out 

systems for CMS tracker (J. Tuominiemi) 

Niiranen, Anna-Maija, Energiakäsitteiden 

käyttöönotto ja kehitys fysiikan opetuksessa 

(K. Kurki-Suonio) 

Nikki, Sinikka, Hahmottavaa fysiikkaa 

erityisopetuksessa (K. Kurki-Suonio, H. 

Saarikko) 

Nikunen, Petri, Non-Equilibrium Effects in 

Profile Evolution Measurements of Surface 

Diffusion (I. Vattulainen, T. Ala-Nissilä) 

Nord, Janne, Molecular dynamics study of 

irradiation effects in GaAs and semiconductor 

interfaces (K. Nordlund) 

Nulpponen, Jari, Konstruktivistisen 

oppimiskäsityksen huomioiminen 

peruskoulun yläasteen fysiikan opetuksessa 

(H. Saarikko) 

Savolainen, Hannele, Fysiikan opettajan 

työnkuva v. 2000 (H. Saarikko, K. Kurki- 

Suonio) 

Stenberg, Pirkko, Valoilmiöitä tutkiva 

fysiikkakerho peruskoulun 5. ja 6. luokkien 

oppilaille (H. Saarikko) 

Suhonen, Hilkka, Ympäristön radioaktiivi– 

suus ydinfysiikan opetuksessa (H. Saarikko) 

Suominen, Markku, Kosmologisen vakion 

vaikutus FRW-malleihin (T. Perko) 

Torniainen, Ville-Veikko, Haulikkoammun– 

nan fysiikka (H. Saarikko) 

Tuomainen, Helena, Fysiikka-kemian opetus 

valinnaisaineena peruskoulussa ja sen 

vaikutus jatko-opintoihin (H. Saarikko) 

Valtakoski, Aku, Mathematical aspects of 

functional integration (C. Cronström) 

Kiuru, Mirjami, Plasmasuihkujen kiihdytys ja 

energian mittaus (R. Lappalainen) 

Palonen, Vesa, Kiihdytinpohjaisen 

massaspektrometrin tulostenkäsittely ja 

tarkkuus (P. Tikkanen) 

Valtchanova, Snejana, Kvantittumisen 

hahmottaminen peruskoulun fysiikassa 


Kontinen, Samu, Tähtienvälisten 

molekyylien pylvästiheyksien johtaminen 

radiospektriviivahavainnoista (J. Harju, 

H. Koskinen) 

Peltola, Jani, Median tarjoama kuva 

fysiikasta (H. Saarikko) 

Virrankoski, Ville, Kvarkkien massat 

(J. Maalampi)

Vuori, Kim, In vivo 1 H NMR spectroscopy in 

human brain (A.M. Häkkinen) 

Välimaa, Joni, Helsinki-hiukkasteleskooppi 

H2-suihkussa (J. Tuominiemi) 

Välimäki, Petteri, Soluklusterimallit 

mikrodosimetriassa (S. Savolainen, 

A. Kuronen) 

Väliviita, Jussi, An Analytic Approach to 

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 

Anisotropies (K. Enqvist) 

▼ Laudatur Theses (supervisor) 

Malvikko, Suvi-Päivi, Pollution, meteorology 

and deposition in some urban areas 

(K. Hämeri) 

Mäkinen, Tuija, Arkhimedeen laki ja 

kelluminen fysiikan opetuksessa 


Sallinen, Matti, Hahmottava lähestymistapa 

tasavirtapiirien opetuksessa 


Tiainen, Kaarina, Kuinka Suomi sähkön sai 

eli Suomen sähköistämisen historia 

(H. Saarikko) 

68

Department of Physics annual report 2000 - Fysiikan laitos - Helsinki.fi

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