So what is Fishery Management? - RAFTS
So what is Fishery Management? - RAFTS
So what is Fishery Management? - RAFTS
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…. but <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ???<br />
A phrase that’s often used but seldom defined
Where <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />
THE<br />
FRESHWATER<br />
ENVIRONMENT<br />
PHYSICAL<br />
CONDITION<br />
OF<br />
WATERCOURSES<br />
WATER<br />
QUALITY<br />
AND<br />
QUANTITY<br />
Non – commercial<br />
species<br />
WILD FISH:<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />
NATURAL<br />
SPORT<br />
FISHERIES<br />
NETTING<br />
TOURISM<br />
& LEISURE<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
PUT & TAKE<br />
FISHERIES<br />
FARMED FISH:<br />
AQUACULTURE<br />
FISH<br />
FOR<br />
FOOD<br />
FOOD<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong>’s Place in the World
What’s in<br />
F<strong>is</strong>heries<br />
<strong>Management</strong> ?<br />
Assessment &<br />
Control<br />
PREDATORS<br />
ALIEN SPECIES<br />
FISHERIES MANAGERS<br />
FISHERMEN<br />
Catch regulations<br />
INFORMATION<br />
CLIMATE :<br />
Temperature<br />
Rainfall<br />
THE FISH<br />
RIVERS & LOCHS<br />
Adult & Juvenile Counts<br />
& Assessments<br />
Bank & Instream<br />
Protection & Restoration<br />
GEOLOGY<br />
HYDROLOGY<br />
VEGETATION<br />
THE CATCHMENTS<br />
Whole catchment<br />
Protection & Restoration<br />
CATCHMENT<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
PLANS<br />
AGRICULTURE<br />
FORESTRY INDUSTRY ROADS URBANISATION<br />
F<strong>is</strong>heries Input<br />
Bad / Neutral / Beneficial<br />
PEOPLE<br />
INFORMATION<br />
KEY<br />
IMPACT<br />
NATURAL INFLUENCES<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />
OPERATIONS<br />
INFORMATION REQUIRED for<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
What are F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> operations?<br />
Assessment &<br />
Control<br />
PREDATORS<br />
FISHERIES MANAGERS<br />
ALIEN SPECIES<br />
FISHERMEN<br />
Catch regulations<br />
INFORMATION<br />
CLIMATE :<br />
Temperature<br />
Rainfall<br />
GEOLOGY<br />
HYDROLOGY<br />
VEGETATION<br />
THE FISH<br />
RIVERS & LOCHS<br />
THE CATCHMENTS<br />
Adult & Juvenile Counts<br />
& Assessments<br />
Bank & Instream<br />
Protection & Restoration<br />
Whole catchment<br />
Protection & Restoration<br />
KEY<br />
IMPACT<br />
NATURAL INFLUENCES<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />
OPERATIONS<br />
INFORMATION REQUIRED for<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
1: Catch your f<strong>is</strong>h in the estuary<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F<br />
COUNTS<br />
E<br />
EXPLOITATION<br />
INPUTS<br />
C<br />
D<br />
CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
B<br />
NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />
2: Put a radio-tag in it<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
3: Follow it upriver<br />
ESTABLISHING YOUR “PRODUCT RANGE”
Technical<br />
University of<br />
Denmark<br />
THE SECRETS of the SEA-TROUT<br />
The Ednam House Hotel, Kelso,<br />
27 th March 7pm<br />
HOME AREAS OF<br />
SEA-TROUT<br />
CAUGHT IN EAST<br />
COAST NETS<br />
Moray Firth<br />
Eye, Tweed, Aln &<br />
Coquet<br />
Tyne & Wear<br />
Tees & Yorkshire Esk<br />
Engl<strong>is</strong>h Channel /<br />
Wadden Sea<br />
Dan<strong>is</strong>h or German<br />
NETTING REGION<br />
Tweed to Blyth Tyne to Wear Yorkshire East Anglia
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F<br />
COUNTS<br />
E<br />
EXPLOITATION<br />
INPUTS<br />
C<br />
D<br />
CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
B<br />
NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
TRACKING DOWN THE KILLER-CULVERTS !
TRACKING DOWN THE KILLER-CULVERTS !
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F<br />
COUNTS<br />
E<br />
EXPLOITATION<br />
INPUTS<br />
C<br />
D<br />
CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
B<br />
NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE !
LEADER WATER
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F<br />
COUNTS<br />
E<br />
EXPLOITATION<br />
INPUTS<br />
C<br />
D<br />
CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
B<br />
NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
MAY<br />
50<br />
0<br />
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000<br />
CHANGE AND DECAY ALL AROUND ME DO I SEE ……. ?
Percent Annual Catch<br />
Percent Annual Catch<br />
Spring & Autumn Phases on Tweed<br />
Lower Tweed : Percent Annual Catch taken in April & May (smoothed by 9 )<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995<br />
Lower Tweed : Percent Annual Catch taken in October (smoothed by 9 )<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995<br />
TIMING OF CATCHES ON THE LOWER TWEED 1865-2002
Ratio<br />
Grilse (1SW) to Salmon (MSW) ratios on Tweed 1740-2004<br />
TWEED ESTUARY: Salmon/Grilse ratios in net catches<br />
5.00<br />
4.50<br />
4.00<br />
3.50<br />
3.00<br />
2.50<br />
2.00<br />
1.50<br />
1.00<br />
0.50<br />
0.00<br />
Grilse per Salmon<br />
Salmon per Grilse
Average weights of salmon on Tweed<br />
20<br />
MIDDLE TWEED: Average weights (lbs) of salmon in<br />
Spring, Summer & Autumn 1880-2012<br />
20<br />
LOWER TWEED: Average Weights (lbs) of Salmon in<br />
Spring, Summer & Autumn 1860-2012<br />
A<br />
V<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
G<br />
E<br />
W<br />
E<br />
I<br />
G<br />
H<br />
T<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
A<br />
V<br />
E<br />
R<br />
A<br />
G<br />
E<br />
W<br />
E<br />
I<br />
G<br />
H<br />
T<br />
18<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
Spring (Feb-May) Summer (Jun-Aug) Autumn (Sep-Nov)<br />
Spring (Feb-May) Summer (Jun-Aug) Autumn (Sep-Nov)
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F COUNTS<br />
E EXPLOITATION<br />
D CATCH RECORDS<br />
INPUTS<br />
C JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
B NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
Month No. Tagged Percent Caught<br />
February 2 50.00%<br />
March 4 25.00%<br />
April 38 18.42%<br />
May 29 17.24%<br />
June 60 8.33%<br />
July 23 9.09%<br />
August 48 4.65%<br />
September 674 4.98%<br />
October 130 3.08%<br />
November 9 0.00%<br />
SPRING 67 19.18%<br />
SUMMER 125 5.34%<br />
AUTUMN 761 4.43%<br />
River Dee (Wales) : Angling recapture rates of Salmon &<br />
Sea-trout tagged through the seasons 1992-1995<br />
MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT<br />
% Recapture 39.4 38.2 24.9 19.9 21.7 17.9 10.8 5.5<br />
3 Sea-winter ( 3SW ) 2 Sea-winter ( 2SW ) Grilse ( 1SW )<br />
% Recapture 25.3 20 15.3<br />
CATCHING CAPITAL OR INCOME ?
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
Ettrick counter results<br />
ESCAPEMENT<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
Number<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F<br />
COUNTS<br />
6000<br />
5162<br />
4883<br />
E<br />
EXPLOITATION<br />
5000<br />
4163 4309<br />
3934<br />
4371<br />
4564<br />
INPUTS<br />
C<br />
D<br />
CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
3019<br />
3203<br />
2306<br />
2132<br />
2472<br />
3448<br />
3180<br />
2600 2675<br />
2753<br />
2567<br />
3109<br />
B<br />
NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />
2000<br />
1508<br />
1557<br />
1627<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
Trout<br />
Salmon<br />
Year<br />
124cms c.50lbs 5 th Oct 2005 Ettrick counter<br />
COUNT FISH, NOT BEANS !
OUTPUTS<br />
INPUTS C<br />
B<br />
A<br />
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
(1) ESCAPEMENT (2) PRODUCTION<br />
F COUNTS<br />
E EXPLOITATION<br />
D CATCH RECORDS<br />
JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />
“<strong>Management</strong> Levels”, are the<br />
packages of policies and<br />
regulations required to achieve<br />
the two basic outputs of f<strong>is</strong>heries<br />
management (Escapement and<br />
Production) and they differ<br />
widely depending on the state of<br />
the f<strong>is</strong>h stocks<br />
They are decided on by using the<br />
information from the Inputs
OUTPUTS<br />
MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />
(1) ESCAPEMENT (2) PRODUCTION<br />
OUTPUTS<br />
F COUNTS<br />
E EXPLOITATION<br />
D CATCH RECORDS<br />
INPUTS<br />
B<br />
C JUVENILE STOCKS<br />
NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />
“<strong>Management</strong> Plans”,<br />
Are HOW to put together<br />
all the work needed for the<br />
Inputs and Outputs in to<br />
practical programmes<br />
A<br />
STOCK DISCRIMINATION
M<br />
A<br />
N<br />
A<br />
G<br />
E<br />
M<br />
E<br />
N<br />
T<br />
L<br />
E<br />
V<br />
E<br />
L<br />
S<br />
Ex tin c t<br />
P oor<br />
Mo d era t e<br />
H EA L T H / S TAT U S O F T H E S T O C K<br />
G oo d<br />
F u ll<br />
Ca p ac it y<br />
INPUTS from Genetics, Habitat, Electric-f<strong>is</strong>hing & other<br />
surveys, Exploitation Rate tagging, F<strong>is</strong>h Counts etc. define<br />
how many stocks there are and <strong>what</strong> state they are in.<br />
Different stocks within the same river may be in different<br />
states.
M<br />
A<br />
N<br />
A<br />
G<br />
E<br />
M<br />
E<br />
N<br />
T<br />
L<br />
E<br />
V<br />
E<br />
L<br />
S<br />
f<br />
o<br />
r<br />
S<br />
T<br />
O<br />
C<br />
K<br />
S<br />
DEGREE OF<br />
INTERVENTION<br />
LOW<br />
MEDIUM<br />
HIGH<br />
Ex tinct<br />
(1) No F<strong>is</strong>hing.<br />
Re-introduction by<br />
Stocking<br />
(2) Total Catch & Release /<br />
Reduction of mortalities /<br />
Stocking from captive<br />
broodstock<br />
Poor<br />
(3) Partial Catch & Release /<br />
Reduction of mortalities /<br />
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED<br />
Moderate<br />
(4) Restrictions on F<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
Methods / Bag or other<br />
Limits<br />
HEALTH / STATUS OF THE STOCK<br />
(5) Monitoring of numbers<br />
escaping to spawn in each<br />
stock<br />
Good<br />
Full<br />
Capacity
M<br />
A<br />
N<br />
A<br />
G<br />
E<br />
M<br />
E<br />
N<br />
T<br />
L<br />
E<br />
V<br />
E<br />
L<br />
S<br />
f<br />
o<br />
r<br />
H<br />
A<br />
B<br />
I<br />
T<br />
A<br />
T<br />
The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their<br />
habitats do not always match :-<br />
While good f<strong>is</strong>h stocks will always be related to<br />
good habitat quality<br />
Poor f<strong>is</strong>h stocks do not always come from poor<br />
habitat
The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match:-<br />
• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat<br />
could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h
The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match:-<br />
• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but<br />
supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h<br />
• Or if the problem <strong>is</strong> pollution in an estuary,<br />
upstream may still be perfect for f<strong>is</strong>h
The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match :-<br />
• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but<br />
supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h<br />
• Or if the problem <strong>is</strong> pollution in an estuary, upstream may still<br />
be perfect for f<strong>is</strong>h<br />
• Only if the state of the habitat <strong>is</strong> wholly or<br />
partly the problem for a f<strong>is</strong>h stock will state of<br />
f<strong>is</strong>h stock and state of habitat be related
THE ATTACK-DEFENCE CONTUUM IN<br />
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />
FISH STOCK ACTIONS<br />
STOCKING<br />
CATCH & RELEA SE<br />
BAG LIMITS<br />
ATTACK<br />
REPAIR<br />
DEFENCE<br />
RE-ENGINEERING<br />
“ASSISTED”<br />
RECOVERY /<br />
RESTORATION<br />
HABITAT ACTIONS<br />
BUFFER<br />
ZONES<br />
FISH<br />
STOCKS<br />
and / or<br />
HABITAT<br />
POOR<br />
FISH<br />
STOCKS<br />
and / or<br />
HABITAT<br />
MODERATE<br />
FISH<br />
STOCKS<br />
and / or<br />
HABITAT<br />
GOOD
PUTTING SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT TOGETHER- b<br />
OUTPUT 2: PRODUCTION PRIORITY<br />
(3) Partial Catch & Release<br />
(4) Restrictions<br />
on F<strong>is</strong>hing Methods<br />
(5) Monitoring of<br />
Escapements<br />
NUMBER<br />
OF<br />
(2) Total Catch & Release<br />
SMOLTS<br />
LEAVING<br />
(1) No F<strong>is</strong>hing - Stocking<br />
Minimum<br />
Spawning<br />
Requirement<br />
NUMBER OF EGGS SPAWNED<br />
HABITAT<br />
RESTORATION<br />
–if degraded<br />
habitat a cause of<br />
the problem<br />
HABITAT<br />
REPAIR<br />
– if and where<br />
cost effective<br />
HABITAT<br />
DEFENCE<br />
– to maintain<br />
production
F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> - Is it<br />
necessary ?<br />
• F<strong>is</strong>h can look after themselves perfectly well as<br />
they did long before man came on the scene.<br />
• F<strong>is</strong>h don’t need “management” therefore
….. but people do !
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
• Stop people blocking waters
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
• Stop people blocking waters<br />
• Stop people polluting waters.
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
• Stop people blocking waters<br />
• Stop people polluting waters<br />
• Stop people from degrading habitat
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
• Stop people blocking waters<br />
• Stop people polluting waters<br />
• Stop people from degrading habitat<br />
• Stop people from introducing alien species
….. but people do !<br />
• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />
• Stop people blocking waters<br />
• Stop people polluting waters<br />
• Stop people from degrading habitat<br />
• Stop people from introducing alien species<br />
• Stop people mixing up genetic stocks in f<strong>is</strong>h<br />
hatcheries
<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />
• It <strong>is</strong> about managing people, not managing f<strong>is</strong>h<br />
• Because f<strong>is</strong>h can cope with all natural problems<br />
• But can’t cope with the problems people cause<br />
them
<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />
• Giving people information so they can do the<br />
things that have to be done in catchments –<br />
farming, forestry, road-building etc. in ways that<br />
damage f<strong>is</strong>h as little as possible (or benefit them)<br />
• Essentially, it <strong>is</strong> working for the co-ex<strong>is</strong>tence of<br />
f<strong>is</strong>h and people in our over-crowded and humantransformed<br />
<strong>is</strong>lands.
<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />
• It <strong>is</strong> therefore about NOT duplicating effort<br />
• Let the f<strong>is</strong>h do <strong>what</strong> they can do best - to<br />
reproduce<br />
• Do the the things they can’t do - like protect and<br />
improve their habitat & stop over-exploitation
Any Questions ?