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So what is Fishery Management? - RAFTS

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…. but <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ???<br />

A phrase that’s often used but seldom defined


Where <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />

THE<br />

FRESHWATER<br />

ENVIRONMENT<br />

PHYSICAL<br />

CONDITION<br />

OF<br />

WATERCOURSES<br />

WATER<br />

QUALITY<br />

AND<br />

QUANTITY<br />

Non – commercial<br />

species<br />

WILD FISH:<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />

NATURAL<br />

SPORT<br />

FISHERIES<br />

NETTING<br />

TOURISM<br />

& LEISURE<br />

INDUSTRY<br />

PUT & TAKE<br />

FISHERIES<br />

FARMED FISH:<br />

AQUACULTURE<br />

FISH<br />

FOR<br />

FOOD<br />

FOOD<br />

INDUSTRY<br />

F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong>’s Place in the World


What’s in<br />

F<strong>is</strong>heries<br />

<strong>Management</strong> ?<br />

Assessment &<br />

Control<br />

PREDATORS<br />

ALIEN SPECIES<br />

FISHERIES MANAGERS<br />

FISHERMEN<br />

Catch regulations<br />

INFORMATION<br />

CLIMATE :<br />

Temperature<br />

Rainfall<br />

THE FISH<br />

RIVERS & LOCHS<br />

Adult & Juvenile Counts<br />

& Assessments<br />

Bank & Instream<br />

Protection & Restoration<br />

GEOLOGY<br />

HYDROLOGY<br />

VEGETATION<br />

THE CATCHMENTS<br />

Whole catchment<br />

Protection & Restoration<br />

CATCHMENT<br />

MANAGEMENT<br />

PLANS<br />

AGRICULTURE<br />

FORESTRY INDUSTRY ROADS URBANISATION<br />

F<strong>is</strong>heries Input<br />

Bad / Neutral / Beneficial<br />

PEOPLE<br />

INFORMATION<br />

KEY<br />

IMPACT<br />

NATURAL INFLUENCES<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />

OPERATIONS<br />

INFORMATION REQUIRED for<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT


What are F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> operations?<br />

Assessment &<br />

Control<br />

PREDATORS<br />

FISHERIES MANAGERS<br />

ALIEN SPECIES<br />

FISHERMEN<br />

Catch regulations<br />

INFORMATION<br />

CLIMATE :<br />

Temperature<br />

Rainfall<br />

GEOLOGY<br />

HYDROLOGY<br />

VEGETATION<br />

THE FISH<br />

RIVERS & LOCHS<br />

THE CATCHMENTS<br />

Adult & Juvenile Counts<br />

& Assessments<br />

Bank & Instream<br />

Protection & Restoration<br />

Whole catchment<br />

Protection & Restoration<br />

KEY<br />

IMPACT<br />

NATURAL INFLUENCES<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />

OPERATIONS<br />

INFORMATION REQUIRED for<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

1: Catch your f<strong>is</strong>h in the estuary<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F<br />

COUNTS<br />

E<br />

EXPLOITATION<br />

INPUTS<br />

C<br />

D<br />

CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

B<br />

NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />

2: Put a radio-tag in it<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

3: Follow it upriver<br />

ESTABLISHING YOUR “PRODUCT RANGE”


Technical<br />

University of<br />

Denmark<br />

THE SECRETS of the SEA-TROUT<br />

The Ednam House Hotel, Kelso,<br />

27 th March 7pm<br />

HOME AREAS OF<br />

SEA-TROUT<br />

CAUGHT IN EAST<br />

COAST NETS<br />

Moray Firth<br />

Eye, Tweed, Aln &<br />

Coquet<br />

Tyne & Wear<br />

Tees & Yorkshire Esk<br />

Engl<strong>is</strong>h Channel /<br />

Wadden Sea<br />

Dan<strong>is</strong>h or German<br />

NETTING REGION<br />

Tweed to Blyth Tyne to Wear Yorkshire East Anglia


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F<br />

COUNTS<br />

E<br />

EXPLOITATION<br />

INPUTS<br />

C<br />

D<br />

CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

B<br />

NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

TRACKING DOWN THE KILLER-CULVERTS !


TRACKING DOWN THE KILLER-CULVERTS !


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F<br />

COUNTS<br />

E<br />

EXPLOITATION<br />

INPUTS<br />

C<br />

D<br />

CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

B<br />

NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE !


LEADER WATER


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F<br />

COUNTS<br />

E<br />

EXPLOITATION<br />

INPUTS<br />

C<br />

D<br />

CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

B<br />

NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

200<br />

150<br />

100<br />

MAY<br />

50<br />

0<br />

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000<br />

CHANGE AND DECAY ALL AROUND ME DO I SEE ……. ?


Percent Annual Catch<br />

Percent Annual Catch<br />

Spring & Autumn Phases on Tweed<br />

Lower Tweed : Percent Annual Catch taken in April & May (smoothed by 9 )<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995<br />

Lower Tweed : Percent Annual Catch taken in October (smoothed by 9 )<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995<br />

TIMING OF CATCHES ON THE LOWER TWEED 1865-2002


Ratio<br />

Grilse (1SW) to Salmon (MSW) ratios on Tweed 1740-2004<br />

TWEED ESTUARY: Salmon/Grilse ratios in net catches<br />

5.00<br />

4.50<br />

4.00<br />

3.50<br />

3.00<br />

2.50<br />

2.00<br />

1.50<br />

1.00<br />

0.50<br />

0.00<br />

Grilse per Salmon<br />

Salmon per Grilse


Average weights of salmon on Tweed<br />

20<br />

MIDDLE TWEED: Average weights (lbs) of salmon in<br />

Spring, Summer & Autumn 1880-2012<br />

20<br />

LOWER TWEED: Average Weights (lbs) of Salmon in<br />

Spring, Summer & Autumn 1860-2012<br />

A<br />

V<br />

E<br />

R<br />

A<br />

G<br />

E<br />

W<br />

E<br />

I<br />

G<br />

H<br />

T<br />

18<br />

16<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

8<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

0<br />

A<br />

V<br />

E<br />

R<br />

A<br />

G<br />

E<br />

W<br />

E<br />

I<br />

G<br />

H<br />

T<br />

18<br />

16<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

8<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

0<br />

Spring (Feb-May) Summer (Jun-Aug) Autumn (Sep-Nov)<br />

Spring (Feb-May) Summer (Jun-Aug) Autumn (Sep-Nov)


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F COUNTS<br />

E EXPLOITATION<br />

D CATCH RECORDS<br />

INPUTS<br />

C JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

B NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

Month No. Tagged Percent Caught<br />

February 2 50.00%<br />

March 4 25.00%<br />

April 38 18.42%<br />

May 29 17.24%<br />

June 60 8.33%<br />

July 23 9.09%<br />

August 48 4.65%<br />

September 674 4.98%<br />

October 130 3.08%<br />

November 9 0.00%<br />

SPRING 67 19.18%<br />

SUMMER 125 5.34%<br />

AUTUMN 761 4.43%<br />

River Dee (Wales) : Angling recapture rates of Salmon &<br />

Sea-trout tagged through the seasons 1992-1995<br />

MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT<br />

% Recapture 39.4 38.2 24.9 19.9 21.7 17.9 10.8 5.5<br />

3 Sea-winter ( 3SW ) 2 Sea-winter ( 2SW ) Grilse ( 1SW )<br />

% Recapture 25.3 20 15.3<br />

CATCHING CAPITAL OR INCOME ?


MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

Ettrick counter results<br />

ESCAPEMENT<br />

PRODUCTION<br />

Number<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F<br />

COUNTS<br />

6000<br />

5162<br />

4883<br />

E<br />

EXPLOITATION<br />

5000<br />

4163 4309<br />

3934<br />

4371<br />

4564<br />

INPUTS<br />

C<br />

D<br />

CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

4000<br />

3000<br />

3019<br />

3203<br />

2306<br />

2132<br />

2472<br />

3448<br />

3180<br />

2600 2675<br />

2753<br />

2567<br />

3109<br />

B<br />

NURSERY AREAS & HABITAT<br />

2000<br />

1508<br />

1557<br />

1627<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

1000<br />

0<br />

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />

Trout<br />

Salmon<br />

Year<br />

124cms c.50lbs 5 th Oct 2005 Ettrick counter<br />

COUNT FISH, NOT BEANS !


OUTPUTS<br />

INPUTS C<br />

B<br />

A<br />

MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

(1) ESCAPEMENT (2) PRODUCTION<br />

F COUNTS<br />

E EXPLOITATION<br />

D CATCH RECORDS<br />

JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION<br />

“<strong>Management</strong> Levels”, are the<br />

packages of policies and<br />

regulations required to achieve<br />

the two basic outputs of f<strong>is</strong>heries<br />

management (Escapement and<br />

Production) and they differ<br />

widely depending on the state of<br />

the f<strong>is</strong>h stocks<br />

They are decided on by using the<br />

information from the Inputs


OUTPUTS<br />

MANAGEMENT LEVELS<br />

(1) ESCAPEMENT (2) PRODUCTION<br />

OUTPUTS<br />

F COUNTS<br />

E EXPLOITATION<br />

D CATCH RECORDS<br />

INPUTS<br />

B<br />

C JUVENILE STOCKS<br />

NURSERY AREAS AND HABITAT<br />

“<strong>Management</strong> Plans”,<br />

Are HOW to put together<br />

all the work needed for the<br />

Inputs and Outputs in to<br />

practical programmes<br />

A<br />

STOCK DISCRIMINATION


M<br />

A<br />

N<br />

A<br />

G<br />

E<br />

M<br />

E<br />

N<br />

T<br />

L<br />

E<br />

V<br />

E<br />

L<br />

S<br />

Ex tin c t<br />

P oor<br />

Mo d era t e<br />

H EA L T H / S TAT U S O F T H E S T O C K<br />

G oo d<br />

F u ll<br />

Ca p ac it y<br />

INPUTS from Genetics, Habitat, Electric-f<strong>is</strong>hing & other<br />

surveys, Exploitation Rate tagging, F<strong>is</strong>h Counts etc. define<br />

how many stocks there are and <strong>what</strong> state they are in.<br />

Different stocks within the same river may be in different<br />

states.


M<br />

A<br />

N<br />

A<br />

G<br />

E<br />

M<br />

E<br />

N<br />

T<br />

L<br />

E<br />

V<br />

E<br />

L<br />

S<br />

f<br />

o<br />

r<br />

S<br />

T<br />

O<br />

C<br />

K<br />

S<br />

DEGREE OF<br />

INTERVENTION<br />

LOW<br />

MEDIUM<br />

HIGH<br />

Ex tinct<br />

(1) No F<strong>is</strong>hing.<br />

Re-introduction by<br />

Stocking<br />

(2) Total Catch & Release /<br />

Reduction of mortalities /<br />

Stocking from captive<br />

broodstock<br />

Poor<br />

(3) Partial Catch & Release /<br />

Reduction of mortalities /<br />

LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED<br />

Moderate<br />

(4) Restrictions on F<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

Methods / Bag or other<br />

Limits<br />

HEALTH / STATUS OF THE STOCK<br />

(5) Monitoring of numbers<br />

escaping to spawn in each<br />

stock<br />

Good<br />

Full<br />

Capacity


M<br />

A<br />

N<br />

A<br />

G<br />

E<br />

M<br />

E<br />

N<br />

T<br />

L<br />

E<br />

V<br />

E<br />

L<br />

S<br />

f<br />

o<br />

r<br />

H<br />

A<br />

B<br />

I<br />

T<br />

A<br />

T<br />

The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their<br />

habitats do not always match :-<br />

While good f<strong>is</strong>h stocks will always be related to<br />

good habitat quality<br />

Poor f<strong>is</strong>h stocks do not always come from poor<br />

habitat


The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match:-<br />

• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat<br />

could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h


The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match:-<br />

• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but<br />

supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h<br />

• Or if the problem <strong>is</strong> pollution in an estuary,<br />

upstream may still be perfect for f<strong>is</strong>h


The state of f<strong>is</strong>h stocks and of their habitats do not always match :-<br />

• If over-f<strong>is</strong>hing <strong>is</strong> the problem, then habitat could be pr<strong>is</strong>tine, but<br />

supporting few f<strong>is</strong>h<br />

• Or if the problem <strong>is</strong> pollution in an estuary, upstream may still<br />

be perfect for f<strong>is</strong>h<br />

• Only if the state of the habitat <strong>is</strong> wholly or<br />

partly the problem for a f<strong>is</strong>h stock will state of<br />

f<strong>is</strong>h stock and state of habitat be related


THE ATTACK-DEFENCE CONTUUM IN<br />

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT<br />

FISH STOCK ACTIONS<br />

STOCKING<br />

CATCH & RELEA SE<br />

BAG LIMITS<br />

ATTACK<br />

REPAIR<br />

DEFENCE<br />

RE-ENGINEERING<br />

“ASSISTED”<br />

RECOVERY /<br />

RESTORATION<br />

HABITAT ACTIONS<br />

BUFFER<br />

ZONES<br />

FISH<br />

STOCKS<br />

and / or<br />

HABITAT<br />

POOR<br />

FISH<br />

STOCKS<br />

and / or<br />

HABITAT<br />

MODERATE<br />

FISH<br />

STOCKS<br />

and / or<br />

HABITAT<br />

GOOD


PUTTING SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT TOGETHER- b<br />

OUTPUT 2: PRODUCTION PRIORITY<br />

(3) Partial Catch & Release<br />

(4) Restrictions<br />

on F<strong>is</strong>hing Methods<br />

(5) Monitoring of<br />

Escapements<br />

NUMBER<br />

OF<br />

(2) Total Catch & Release<br />

SMOLTS<br />

LEAVING<br />

(1) No F<strong>is</strong>hing - Stocking<br />

Minimum<br />

Spawning<br />

Requirement<br />

NUMBER OF EGGS SPAWNED<br />

HABITAT<br />

RESTORATION<br />

–if degraded<br />

habitat a cause of<br />

the problem<br />

HABITAT<br />

REPAIR<br />

– if and where<br />

cost effective<br />

HABITAT<br />

DEFENCE<br />

– to maintain<br />

production


F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> - Is it<br />

necessary ?<br />

• F<strong>is</strong>h can look after themselves perfectly well as<br />

they did long before man came on the scene.<br />

• F<strong>is</strong>h don’t need “management” therefore


….. but people do !


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

• Stop people blocking waters


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

• Stop people blocking waters<br />

• Stop people polluting waters.


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

• Stop people blocking waters<br />

• Stop people polluting waters<br />

• Stop people from degrading habitat


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

• Stop people blocking waters<br />

• Stop people polluting waters<br />

• Stop people from degrading habitat<br />

• Stop people from introducing alien species


….. but people do !<br />

• Stop people over-f<strong>is</strong>hing<br />

• Stop people blocking waters<br />

• Stop people polluting waters<br />

• Stop people from degrading habitat<br />

• Stop people from introducing alien species<br />

• Stop people mixing up genetic stocks in f<strong>is</strong>h<br />

hatcheries


<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />

• It <strong>is</strong> about managing people, not managing f<strong>is</strong>h<br />

• Because f<strong>is</strong>h can cope with all natural problems<br />

• But can’t cope with the problems people cause<br />

them


<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />

• Giving people information so they can do the<br />

things that have to be done in catchments –<br />

farming, forestry, road-building etc. in ways that<br />

damage f<strong>is</strong>h as little as possible (or benefit them)<br />

• Essentially, it <strong>is</strong> working for the co-ex<strong>is</strong>tence of<br />

f<strong>is</strong>h and people in our over-crowded and humantransformed<br />

<strong>is</strong>lands.


<strong>So</strong> <strong>what</strong> <strong>is</strong> F<strong>is</strong>heries <strong>Management</strong> ?<br />

• It <strong>is</strong> therefore about NOT duplicating effort<br />

• Let the f<strong>is</strong>h do <strong>what</strong> they can do best - to<br />

reproduce<br />

• Do the the things they can’t do - like protect and<br />

improve their habitat & stop over-exploitation


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