chapter - 1 introduction - Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board

Hills Cement Co. Limited. 

CHAPTER - 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 GENERAL 

For more than hundred and fifty years cement has been used extensively in 

construction of a small building to a multi purpose project. Cement is the 

critical ingredient in concrete, locking together the sand and gravel 

constituents in an inert matrix. Concrete is required for development of basic 

infrastructure such as houses, roads, bridges, water treatment facilities, 

schools and hospitals etc. Concrete is global material that underwrites 

commercial well being and social development. The cement industry 

absorbs a large volume of different agro-industrial wastes such as fly ash 

from thermal power stations, blast furnace slag from iron and steel industry, 

chemical gypsum (phosphorus and fluoro-gypsum) from fertilizer and 

chemical industries. Besides rice husk, bagasse, and to some extent diesel 

sludge are used by some plants. More than 90 percent of the plants are 

based on the dry process technology with suspension preheater and precalcinator. 

With globalization, Indian cement industry has realized that to be 

competitive in the international scene, the production technology must be at 

par with the state of art technology as in advanced countries and 

consistency of quality of the product has to be ensured at any cost. At 

present, our country accounts for less than 7% of the global cement trade 

and exported less than 8% of the cement production, despite being the 

second largest producers. From a level of 0.22 million ton in 2005-2006, 

cement demand in Meghalaya is likely to reach around 0.26 million ton in 

2007-2008 and 0.43 million ton in 2014-2015. 

M/s Hill Cements Company Limited (HCCL) intends to set up a 3,000-tpd 

cement project (In two phases of 1,500 tpd each), a captive power plant of 

10 MW and operate mining lease for lime stone in district Jaintia Hills 

Meghalaya state. The lime stone shall be obtained from nearby lime stone 

lease areas. The proposed project site is located near village Mynkre, 

Taluka Khelirihat, District Jaintia Hills, which is about 115 km from Shillong 

on NH-44 (Shillong-Silchar Road). 

The Company was incorporated on 23 December 2003. It was promoted by 

leading industrialists and businessmen with the objective of manufacturing 

cement. The Jhunjhunwala group of Shillong and the Mittal group of 

Guwahati have promoted the company jointly. 

Pollution Control Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd.


The promoters of the company are existing industrialists/businessmen from 

the northeast region and have good experience in the marketing and 

production of cement, iron and steel, coal and coal products. 

The registered office is at Mynkre, Taluka Khelirihat, District Jaintia Hills, 

(Meghalaya). 

The present directors of the company are: 

1. Shri Basant Kumar Mittal 

2. Shri Narayan Prasad Jhunjhunwala 

3. Shri Pankaj Jhunjhunwala 

4. Shri Ashok Anand Singhal 

5. Shri Madan Lal Mittal 

6. Shri Rajesh Kumar Mittal 

7. Shri Thomas Nongtdu 

8. Shri Anand Kumar Goyal 

9. Shri Connie F Sawknie 

M/s Hills Cement Co. Limited awarded the job of environmental assessment 

to M/s. Pollution Control Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur, who has 

conducted similar studies for Hindustan Copper Ltd and others for their 

industrial and mining projects. Based on the studies & reports environmental 

clearance had been granted by the MOEF. 

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

• Studies for assessment of impacts on environmental parameters, if 

any, due to the proposed project 

• To minimize, if not possible to avoid the environmental impacts, and 

• To formulate plan to mitigate all the adverse impacts, that may arise 

in future due to the project establishment. 

• To obtain environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and 

Forest Govt. of India, before establishing the project, 

Project proponent shall take adequate and efficient measures to keep the 

dust emissions at lowest level, which will keep the ecology of the area 

undisturbed. 

Pollution Control Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd. 2


1.3 SCOPE OF ASSIGNMENT 

The scope includes field study and data collection in respect of - 

a. Air Environment - For one season relating to the existing status of 

Ambient Air Quality, Collection of Meteorological data and establishing 

the range of all existing emission sources in the study area, if any. 

b. Water Environment - By collecting samples of surface and ground 

water in different seasons and analyzing the same as per IS - 

Standards and also conduct ecological examination of site. 

c. Flora & Fauna - The existing status of the Flora and Fauna in 10 Km 

radius of study area shall be studied. 

d. Noise Environment - shall be studied considering existing incremental 

noise level of the study area. 

e. Dust Fall Studies - shall be made as per the guidelines of the 

CPCB/MOEF. 

A reconnaissance survey of the area was undertaken for - 

(i) Collection of prospecting data to propose a suitable actionplan. 

(ii) Collection of base-line information on air, water, soil, 

vegetation, flora, meteorology, noise and vibration. 

(iii) Collection of data on land use pattern, demography and 

Socio-economic conditions from various reports of 

Central/State Government agencies and through field surveys. 

1.4 COST OF THE PROJECT 

The cost of the project has been estimated at Rs. 360 Crores under the 

following heads: 

 

S.No. Particulars Cost Rs. Lacs 

1. Land and site Development 750 

2. Building and other Civil Structures 6,107 

3. Plant & Machinery 18,180 

4. Technical Know-how Fees 200 

5. Expenses on Training 15 

6. Miscellaneous Fixed Assests 5881 

7. Pre-Operative Expenses 2135 

8. Provision for Contingencies 2,143 

9. Margin for Working Capital 564 

TOTAL Rs. 360 Crores (Say) 35,975 



1.5 SCHEDULE OF IMPLEMENTATION 

The implementation of a project depends to large extent upon availability of 

funds, procurement of plant and equipment, methods and materials 

employed for construction and erection at site, etc. Therefore a well-defined 

and elaborated system of project implementation is being followed. The 

implementations plan will involve right from inception to commissioning. 

1.6 SCOPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 

The investigations were carried out to establish scope of environmental 

studies by identifying more prominent parameters and critical issues that 

may have significant impact on environment in present project activities. 

The main concerns include the following: 

• The emissions from the cement plant that releases in the 

environment raise harmful air-borne dust and capable of polluting 

ambient air quality. 

• The existing area configuration gets disturbed due to construction 

and mining activities. The magnitude of disturbance varies depending 

on surface topography, geology, size of operation, manufacturing 

technique, chemical properties of the ingredients used and 

beneficiation process. 

• Generation of huge volumes of overburden due to mining, If not 

planned properly. Top soil gets completely lost during removal of 

overburden. 

• Uncontrolled sediments deposition in surface water bodies causes 

the spoiling of water quality. 

• All the pollutants released from the power plant contribute to 

particulates and gaseous emissions. 

 

• Sometimes increased human activities in and around eco-sensitive 

regions may disrupt migratory route(s) of animals, fragment 

 

connectivity between important eco-systems, affect vegetation and 

wildlife habitat. 

The base line data has been collected to examine these issues in 

detail and to correctly assess the impact of proposed activities on 

environmental concerns. 

Preparation of environmental management plan [EMP] based on actual field 

surveys of the study area; dump yards and the proximity area. Efforts have 



been made to collect all possible information on land use pattern, socioeconomic 

status and other data from various agents and trough public 

interviews. 

The project plan and the studies already conducted have been considered 

and relied upon. The data available have also been utilized to supplement the 

data collected by the field study team of the consultants. The anticipated 

impacts of the various project activities on the different environmental 

parameters have been worked out, by using a checklist method classified as 

beneficial or degradational. The ranking of the impact intensity is rather 

subjective; the identification of the impact area is sufficiently objective in 

nature. The anticipated intensity of impact has been graded as low, 

moderate and high. 

In the present context, M/S Hills Cement Co. Ltd (HCCL) its is an area of 

concern, whose impact is to be evaluated on the existing environmental 

domains. The study area has been selected 10 Kms surrounding village 

Mynkre (Near 116 km stone on NH-44 Shillong-Silchar Road). 

The area has been studied with respect to physiography, topography, 

climate, geology and minerals, hydrology and water quality, forest, flora and 

fauna, land use and crop pattern, socio-economic aspects and places of 

interest etc. 

1.7 PRESENT STATUS 

The above studies are conducted and assessments made to meet the 

requirements specified in the guidelines of the MOEF and or State Pollution 

Control Board as applicable. 

The project profile and Terms of Reference for proposed Environmental 

Studies were presented before the Hon’ble Expert Committee for appraisal. 

The Committee issued following Terms of Reference: 

TORs for Cement Plant: 

1 Present land use based on satellite imagery. Study area should be 

10 km radius. 

2 Details of location of wildlife sanctuary and national parks within 10 

km radius of the plant should be included. 

3 Year-wise availability of resources and future plan for acquiring raw 

material from other mines should be incorporated. 



4 Site-specific micro-meteorological data including inversion height and 

mixing height should be included. 

5 Data on existing air, water, soil & noise etc. should be included. 

6 Ambient air quality monitoring modeling for cement plant and CPP (If 

any) should be incorporated. 

7 An action plan to mitigate SO 2 since Meghalaya coal contains higher 

sulphur content should be included. 

8 Sources of secondary emissions, its control and monitoring as per 

the CPCB guidelines should be included. 

9 Chemical characterization of RSPM and incorporation of RSPM data. 

Location of at least one AAQMS in downwind direction. 

10 One-month data for gaseous emissions for winter season should be 

included. 

11 Water balance cycle data including quantity of effluent to be 

generated, recycled and reused and discharged should be included. 

12 A chapter on hydrology study by the State Govt. may be included. 

Ground water monitoring minimum at 8 locations should also be 

included. 

13 Impact of the transport of the raw materials and end products on the 

surrounding environment including agricultural land. 

14 Surface as well as roof top rain water harvesting and ground water 

recharge should be included. 

15 Scheme of proper storage of fly ash, gypsum, clinker should be 

included. 

16 A write up on possibility of using of high calorific hazardous wastes in 

kiln and commitment regarding use of hazardous waste should be 

included. 

17 Risk assessment and damage control should be incorporated. 

18 Occupational health of the workers should be incorporated. 

19 Green belt development plan for 33% as per CPCB guidelines should 

be incorporated. 

20 Socio-economic development activities should be included. 

21 Compliance to the recommendations mentioned in the CREP 

guidelines should be included. 

22 Detailed Environment management Plan (EMP) with specific 

reference to air pollution control system, water management, 

monitoring frequency, responsibility and time bound implementation 

plan should be included. 

23 EMP should include the concept of waste minimization, 

recycle/reuse/recover techniques, energy conservation, and natural 

resource conservation should be included. 



“These TORs should be considered for the preparation of draft EIA / EMP 

report for the Integrated cement plant (3,000 TPD), Mining Lease (lime 

stone 3000 TPD capacity) and coal based Captive Thermal Power Plant (10 

MW) near Village Mynkree P.O. Khliehriat, District Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya 

in addition to all the relevant information as per the general structure of EIA 

given in Appendix III and IIIA in the EIA Notification, 2006. The draft 

EIA/EMP as per TORs should be submitted to the Chairman, Meghalaya 

State Pollution Control Board for public consultation. The Meghalaya SPCB 

shall conduct the public hearing/public consultation as per the provisions of 

EIA notification, 2006.” 

Compliance of Terms of Reference (Cement Plant and Power Plant) 

S. No. TOR Points Compliance 

1 Present land use based on 

satellite imagery. Study area 

should be 10 km radius. 

2 Details of location of wildlife 

sanctuary and national parks 

within 10 km radius of the plant 

should be included. 

3 Year-wise availability of resources 

and future plan for acquiring raw 

material from other mines should 

be incorporated. 

4 Site-specific micro-meteorological 

data including inversion height 

and mixing height should be 

included. 

5 Data on existing air, water, soil & 

noise etc. should be included. 

6 Ambient air quality monitoring 

modeling for cement plant and 

CPP (if any) should be 

incorporated. 

Study area of 10 Kms surrounding 

project site is considered. Present 

land use based on satellite 

imagery is provided. 

Please refer page no. 40 

There is no wildlife sanctuary and 

national parks within 10 Kms 

radius of the plant. 

Availability of resources and future 

plan for acquiring raw material 

from other mines is incorporated. 

Please refer page no.34-35 

Site-specific micro-meteorological 

data including inversion height and 

mixing height is provided. 

Please refer Annexure - I 

Data on existing air, water, soil & 

noise etc. is included. 


Ambient air quality monitoring and 


CPP is incorporated. 

Please refer page nos. 51-63 & 

82-87 



7 An Action Plan to mitigate SO 2 

since Meghalaya coal contains 

higher Sulphur content should be 

included. 

8 Sources of secondary emissions, 

its control and monitoring as per 

the CPCB guidelines should be 

included. 

9 Chemical characterization of 

RSPM and incorporation of RSPM 

data. Location of at least one 

AAQMS in downwind direction. 

10 One-month data for gaseous 

emissions for winter season 


11 Water balance cycle data 

including quantity of effluent to be 

generated, recycled and reused 

and discharged should be 

included. 

12 A chapter on hydrology study by 

the State Govt. may be included. 

Ground water monitoring minimum 

at 8 locations should also be 

included. 

13 Impact of the transport of the raw 

materials and end products on the 

surrounding environment including 

agricultural land. 

14 Surface as well as roof top rain 

water harvesting and ground 

water recharge should be 

included. 

15 Scheme of proper storage of fly 

ash, gypsum, clinker should be 

included. 

Since Meghalaya coal contains 

higher sulphur, action plan to 

mitigate SO 2 is included. Please 

refer page no.84 

Control and monitoring of 

secondary emissions is included 

as per CPCB guidelines. Please 

refer page no.92-93 

AAQMS shall be established in 

downwind direction and regular 

chemical characterization of 

RSPM shall be carried out after 

commissioning of plant. Record of 

RSPM data shall be maintained. 

Data for gaseous emissions for 

winter season is included. 

Please refer page no. 52-63 

Water balance cycle data including 

quantity of effluent to be 

generated, recycled and reused 

and 

discharged. 



Impact of the transport of the raw 

materials and end products. 


Rains are to the tune of 4,000 mm. 

Water is available in plenty. 

Ground water springs out from 

surface, which will be used in plant 

and process. Ground water 

recharge is not feasible. 

Scheme of proper storage of fly 

ash, gypsum, clinker is included. 

Please refer page no.29 



16 A write up on possibility of using 

of high calorific hazardous wastes 

in kiln and commitment regarding 

use of hazardous waste should 

be included. 

Possibility of using of high calorific 

hazardous wastes in kiln and 

commitment regarding use of 

hazardous waste is included. 


17 Risk assessment and damage 

control should be incorporated 

18 Occupational health of the 

workers should be 

incorporated. 

19 Green belt development plan for 

33% as per CPCB guidelines 

20 Socio-economic development 

activities should be included 

21 Compliance to the 

recommendations mentioned 

in the CREP guidelines should 

be included. 

22 Detailed Environment 

management Plan (EMP) with 

specific reference to air pollution 

control system, water 

management, monitoring 

frequency, responsibility and time 

bound implementation plan should 

be included. 

23 EMP should include the concept 

of waste minimization, 

recycle/reuse/ recover techniques, 

energy conservation, and natural 

resource conservation should be 

included. 

Risk assessment and damage 

control is incorporated. 


Adequate medical facilities are 

being provided to maintain & 

periodically check occupational 

health of workers. 


Nearly 40% area has been 

reserved for green belt 

development. 

Socio-economic development 

activities are included. 

Please refer page no.107 

The recommendations mentioned 

in the CREP guidelines shall be 

complied with. 

Environment management plan 

(EMP) with air pollution control 

system, water management, 

monitoring 

frequency, 

responsibility and time bound 

implementation plan is included. 

Please refer page no, 92-99 

EMP includes the concept of 

waste 

minimization, 

recycle/reuse/recover techniques, 


resource 

conservation. 




Compliance of Terms of Reference (Limestone Mines) 

S.No. TOR points 

1. The study area should comprise of 

10 km zone around the mine lease 

from lease periphery. 

2. Geological map indicating approved, 

estimated, inferred deposits and life 

of the mine should be included. 

3. Land use of the study area 

delineating forest area, agricultural 

land, grazing land, wildlife sanctuary 

and national park, migratory routes 

of fauna, water bodies, human 

settlements and other ecological 

features should be included. 

4. Land use plan of the mine lease 

area should be prepared to 

encompass pre-operational, 

operational and post operational 

phases. Impact of change of land 

use particularly agriculture land and 

gaucher / grazing land, if any. 

5. Stabilization plan to avoid soil 

erosion should be included. 

6. Location of National Parks, 

Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, 

Wildlife corridors within 10 km of the 

mine lease should be clearly 

indicated. A location map duly 

authenticated by Chief Wildlife 

Warden should also be provided in 

this regard. Necessary clearance, if 

any, as may be applicable to such 

projects due to proximity of the 

ecologically sensitive areas as 

mentioned above should be 

obtained from the State Wildlife 

Department / Chief Wildlife Warden 

under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 

1972 and copy furnished 

Compliance 

Study area of 10 Kms surrounding 

project site is considered as study 

area. Present land use based on 

satellite imagery is provided. 

Geological map indicating 

approved, estimated, inferred 

deposits and life of the mine is 

included. 

There is no wildlife sanctuary and 

national parks within 10 Kms 

radius of the plant. 

Impact on land use pattern of the 

study area and land use plan is 

provided 

Please refer page No. 40. 

Stabilization plan to avoid soil 

erosion is included. 

There is no National Parks, 

Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, 

Wildlife corridors within 10 km of 

the mine lease. 



7. Mine technology selected and type 

of the equipments to be used. 

Techno-economical 

and 

environmental compatibility should 

be included. 

8. Details of drilling and blasting 

method to be adopted. 

9. Control of noise and vibration should 

be included. 

10. A detailed biological study for the 

study area [core zone and buffer 

zone (10 km radius of the periphery 

of the mine lease)] shall be carried 

out. Details of flora and fauna, duly 

authenticated, separately for core 

and buffer zone should be furnished 

based on field survey clearly 

indicating the Schedule of the fauna 

present. In case of any scheduled-I 

fauna found in the study area, the 

necessary plan for their 

conservation should be prepared in 

consultation with State Forest and 

Wildlife Department and details 

furnished. Necessary allocation of 

funds for implementing the same 

should be made as part of the 

project cost. 

11. Collection of one season (nonmonsoon) 

primary baseline data on 

ambient air quality, water quality, 

noise level, soil and flora and fauna. 

Site-specific meteorological data 

should also be collected. The 

location of the monitoring stations 

should be justified. 

Mechanized and manual both 

methods of opencast mining shall 

be adopted. Techno-economical 

and environmental compatibility is 

considered. Please refer page No. 

35. 

Details of drilling and blasting 

method are provided. Please refer 

page no. 76-78 

Control of noise and vibration 



A detailed biological study for the 

study area [core zone and buffer 

zone (10 km radius of the 

periphery of the mine lease)] has 

been carried out. Details of flora 

and fauna, duly authenticated, 

separately for core and buffer zone 

is furnished based on field survey 

clearly indicating the Schedule of 

the fauna present. No scheduled-I 

fauna is found in the study area. 

Please refer page No. 42-47. 

Data on existing air, water, soil & 

noise etc. is included. 




12. Air quality modeling should be 

carried out for prediction of impact of 

the project on the air quality of the 

area. It should also take into account 

the impact of movement of vehicles 

for transportation of mineral. The 

details of the model used and input 

parameters used for modeling 

should be provided. The air quality 

contours may be shown on a 

location map clearly indicating the 

location of the site, location of 

sensitive receptors, if any and the 

habitation. The wind roses showing 

pre-dominant wind direction may 

also be indicated on the map. 

13. The water requirement for the 

project, its availability and source 

along with the permission from the 

Competent Authority should be 

included. A detailed water balance 

should also be provided. Fresh 

water requirement for the project 

should also be indicated. 

14. Details of water protection and 

conservation measures proposed to 

be adopted in the project should be 

included. 

15. Impact of the project on the water 

quality both surface and 

groundwater should be assessed 

and necessary safeguard measures, 

if any required should be provided. 

16. Details of rainwater harvesting 

proposed, if any, in the project to be 

provided. 

Ambient air quality monitoring and 


CPP is incorporated. 

Please refer page nos. 51-63 & 82- 

87 

No water is required for mining 

activities except some water for 

wet drilling and for dust 

suppression. Treated waste water 

from plant area shall be used for 

this purpose. No fresh water is 

required for the mining activities. 

Details of water protection and 

conservation measures adopted in 

the project are included. 

Impact of the project on the water 

quality both surface and 

groundwater is assessed. No 

specific safeguard measures are 

required. 

Rains are to the tune of 4,000 mm. 

Water is available in plenty. 

Ground water springs out from 

surface, which will be used in plant 

and process. Ground water 

recharge is not feasible. 



17. Protection plan for river and 

drainage passing through mine 


18. Hydro-geological studies for the area 

should be carried out and included 

in the report. 

19. Precautions to be taken for ground 

water interference should be 

included. 

20. Information on site elevation, 

working depth, groundwater table 

should be provided both in AMSL 

and BGL. A schematic diagram may 

also be provided for the same. In 

case the working will intersect 

groundwater table, a detailed hydrogeological 

study should be 

undertaken and report furnished. 

21. Quantity of solid waste generation to 

be estimated and details for its 

disposal and management should 

be included. 

22. The reclamation plan, post mine 

land use and progressive greenbelt 

development plan should be 

prepared in tabular form (prescribed 

format) and submitted. 

23. Impact on local transport 

infrastructure due to the project. 

Projected increase in truck traffic as 

a result of the project in the present 

road network (including those 

outside the project area) and 

whether it is capable of handling the 

increased load. Arrangement for 

improving the infrastructure, if 

No river is passing through the 

mine area. The water collected in 

mine will be pumped to the sump 

in plant for in-house use. Any 

surplus water is drained into the 

river flowing nearby. 

Hydrology study report by the 

State Govt. is included. Ground 

water naturally springs out near 

site. 

Please refer 

page no. 36-39. 

Limestone is inert and non-toxic 

parent rock of the area. It does not 

have any impact on water regime. 

Information on site elevation, 

working depth, groundwater table 

is provided both in AMSL and 

BGL. 

Estimation of Quantity of solid 

waste generation and details for its 

disposal and management are 

included. 

The reclamation plan, post mine 

land use and progressive 

greenbelt development plan is 

prepared. 

The location of mines is in 

between the hills and the plant 

away from road and habitat. The 

impact will be confined within the 

project boundary and is expected 

to be negligible outside the project 

area. Proper upkeep and 

maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling 

of water on roads and construction 



contemplated including action to be 

taken by other agencies such as 

State Govt., if any, should be 

covered. 

24. Details of the infrastructure facilities 

to be provided for the mine workers 


25. Conceptual post mine land use and 

reclamation and rehabilitation of 

mined out area (with plans and with 

adequate number of sections) 


26. Slope stability, details of bench 

formation and height should be 

included. 

27. OB contents, Management and 

utilization plan, Concurrent 

restoration plan. 

28. Phase-wise plan of green belt 

development as per CPCB 

guidelines in 33 % area, plantation 

and compensatory afforestation 

clearly indicating the area to be 

covered under plantation and the 

species to be planted. The details of 

plantation already done should be 

given. 

29. Occupational health impact of the 

project should be provided. 

30. Measures of socio-economic 

influence to the local community 

proposed to be provided by project 

proponent. As far as possible, 

quantitative dimension to be given. 

31. Detailed environmental management 

plan to mitigate the environmental 

impacts, which should inter-alia also 

include the impact due to change of 

site, providing sufficient vegetation 

etc. are some of the measures that 

would greatly reduce the impacts. 

Details of the infrastructure 

facilities being provided for the 

mine workers. Please refer page 

No. 41-42. 

Conceptual post mine land use 

and reclamation and rehabilitation 

of mined out area (with plans and 

with adequate number of sections) 

shall be submitted later. 

Details of bench formation, height 

and slope stability included. 

OB contents, Management and 

utilization plan, Concurrent 

restoration plan is given. 

Nearly 40% area has been 

reserved for green belt 

development. 

Adequate medical facilities are 

being provided to maintain & 

periodically check occupational 

health of workers. 


Socio-economic development 

activities are included. 

Please refer page no.101. 

EMP includes the concept of waste 

minimization, 

recycle/reuse/recover techniques, 




land use, due to loss of agricultural 

land and grazing land, if any, 

besides other impacts of the projects 

should be provided. 

32. Rehabilitation and resettlement plan 

/ compensation details for the 

project affected people, if any should 

be included. 

33. Public hearing / public consultation 

points raised and commitment of the 

project proponent on the same along 

with time bound action plan to 

implement the same should be 

provided. 

34. Any litigation pending against the 

project and / or any direction / order 

passed by any Court of Law against 

the project, if so, details thereof 

should be provided. 

resource 

conservation. 


Details of Rehabilitation and 

resettlement plan is given. 

Public hearing / public consultation 

points raised and commitment of 

the project proponent on the same 

along with time bound action plan 

to implement the same shall be 

provided after Public Hearing. 

No litigation and / or any direction / 

order passed by any Court of Law 

are pending against the project. 

All the above issues have been complied with and included in the EIA/EMP for 

proposed Cement Plant with captive 10 MW Power Plant and Lime Stone Mines. 



2.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA 

CHAPTER- 2 

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 

The proposed project site is located near village Mynkre, Taluka Khelirihat, 

District Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya state, which is about 115 km from Shillong 

on NH-44 (Shillong-Silchar Road). 

The major criteria for locating a cement plant may be following:- 

• Availability of limestone deposit close to the cement plant site location, 

• The perennial source of water exists in the vicinity of the plant site, 

• Availability of reliable power and fuel supply. 

• The site is flat / slightly undulating area for plant. 

• Proximity to an established township, which would offer reasonable 

amenities to the plant employees. 

• The site is well connected with National /State Highway and nearest to 

the Khelirihat and have basic infrastructure for establishment of a 

cement plant with captive power plant. 

2.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 

(i) 

SITE ALTERNATIVES 

M/s HILLS CEMENT CO. LIMITED has proposed for setting up a 

cement plant of 3,000TPD based on limestone deposits in the area 

along with 10MW CPP. Required infrastructure, off-site facilities 

including residential colony for the employees are also planned. 

Alternative site near village Suruphi was considered. 

The present site was selected having advantages and being more 

eco-friendly. 

The present site has the following advantages: 

• Proximity to captive limestone mines 

• Proximity to river for water intake 

• Availability of fuel (Coal) 

• Availability of adequate land for cement plant 

• Proximity to National Highway (NH-44) 

• Absence of any irrigation canal or drainage channel within the 

selected area 



• Thinly populated area with fairly leveled terrain 

• Availability of infrastructural facilities in the nearby area 

• No sensitive places nearby 

• Availability of manpower from surrounding villages 

• Captive power plant of 10MW capacity proposed 

(ii) 

TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES 

The selection of kiln process is mainly governed by thermal and 

electrical energy economy. Dry process is most widely used for 

cement production in India. The dry process will be used for the 

manufacture of cement in proposed plant. To avail the overall energy 

efficiency, dry process of manufacture with pre-heater and precalcinator 

has been selected for the proposed plant along with 100% 

coal as fuel for kiln and pre-calcinator. A closed circuit ball mill of 120 

TPH has been considered to meet the raw material drying and 

grinding requirements. 

2.3 CEMENT PLANT 

The cement production capacity of the proposed plant is 3,000 tpd. It shall 

be achieved in two phases of 1,500 tpd each. The annual production 

capacity will be one million tons. Captive power plant of capacity 10 MW is 

also proposed for continuous supply to cement plant. 

LAND REQUIREMENT 

HCCL posses land measuring 55.5403 Hectares for proposed cement plant 

and captive power plant. The area is generally plain. M/s HCCL had initially 

planned installation of 600 TPD cement plant for which consent to establish 

was obtained from Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board. Land 

development activities have already been completed by HCCL. The 

company has prospecting licenses of 4 ha, 16 ha and 40.2 ha for exploration 

and mining of lime stone in nearby adjoining area. The exploration work is in 

progress. Reserves have been proved. Mining lease is being obtained. 

MANUFACTURING PROCESS:- 

1. Kiln Feed Preparation: - Raw material preparation is an electricityintensive 

production step requiring generally about 25-35 kWh/tonne raw 

material (23-32 kWh/short ton), although it could require as little as 11 

kWh/tonne. Basic ingredients used for manufacture of cement are 

limestone, coal, fly ash, additives and gypsum. 



Raw mix is prepared in following approximate proportions:- 

Raw mix (%) 

(i) Limestone - 83.00% 

(ii) Clay - 10.48% 

(iii) Sand stone - 6.52% 

i. Clinkerisation Factor - 1.56 

ii. Fuel consumption - 850 

(Kcal/kg Clinker) 

iii. Calorific value of coal - 6,500 

(Kcal/kg) 

iv. Fuel consumption - 13% 

v. Gypsum - 5% 

(Addition in OPC) 

vi Calcinite clay /Limestone - 5% 

(Addition in OPC) 

After primary and secondary size reduction, the raw materials are further 

reduced in size by grinding. 

The storage capacities for various raw materials and products are as under: 

S.No. Section Storage capacity in kiln 

days 

01 Limestone Stockpile 8 

02 Clay 14 

03 Iron Ore 14 

04 Raw Meal Storage (Active) 3 

05 Clinker 10 

06 Coal 30 

07 Calcined Clay 15 

08 Cement 6 

09 Gypsum 15 

Broad Sizing of Main Storages 

The type and capacities of the storages for various materials, as derived in 

the technical concept for the proposed project based on the norms for 

storage capacities are given below: 



Capacity and Type of Main Storages 

SL NO Material 

Capacity Tons Type 

01 Crushed 

Limestone 

3x12,000 Rectangular in-line 

pre-blending stockpile 

02 Clay 7,600 Storage Yard 

03 Sand stone 4,700 Storage Yard 

04 Gypsum 3,000 Covered Storage 

05 Calcined Clay 1,500 Covered Storage 

06 Clinker 23,500 RCC Silo 

07 Cement 18,000 Stock Pile 

08 Coal 7,000 Covered Storage 

2. Dry grinding processing 

The materials are ground into a flow able powder in horizontal ball mills or 

in vertical roller mills. Utilizing waste heat from the kiln exhaust, clinker 

cooler hood, or auxiliary heat from a standalone air heater before 

pyroprocessing may further dry the raw materials. The moisture content in 

the kiln feed of the dry kiln is typically around 0.5% (0 - 0.7%). In a dry 

rotary kiln, feed material with much lower moisture content (0.5%) is 

used, thereby reducing the need for evaporation and reducing kiln length. 

3. Clinker Production 

Clinker production is the most energy-intensive stage in cement 

production, accounting for over 90% of total industry energy use, and 

virtually all of the fuel use. Clinker is produced by pyroprocessing in large 

kilns. While many different fuels can be used in the kiln, coal has been 

used as the primary fuel. 

Alkali or kiln dust (KD) bypass systems may be required in kilns to 

remove alkalis, sulfates, and/or chlorides. Such systems lead to additional 

energy losses since sensible heat is removed with the bypass gas and 

dust. Once the clinker is formed in the rotary kiln, it is cooled rapidly to 

minimize the formation of a glass phase and ensure the maximum yield. 

The main cooling technologies are either the grate cooler or the tube or 

planetary cooler. In the grate cooler, the clinker is transported over a 

reciprocating grate. Air flows perpendicular to the flow of clinker. 



4. Grinding 

After cooling, the clinker can be stored in the clinker dome, silos, and bins 

or outside. To produce powdered cement, the nodules of clinker are 

ground. Grinding of clinker, together with additions (3-5% gypsum to 

control the setting properties of the cement) can be done in ball mills, ball 

mills in combination with roller presses, roller mills, or roller presses. 

Power consumption for grinding depends on the surface area required for 

the final product and the additives used. Electricity use for raw meal and 

finish grinding depends strongly on the hardness of the material 

(limestone, clinker, pozzolana extenders) and the desired fineness of the 

cement as well as the amount of additives. Blast furnace slag is harder to 

grind and hence use more grinding power, between 50 and 70 

kWh/tonne. Modern ball mills may use between 32 and 37 kWh/tonne. 

Modern state-of-the-art concepts utilize a high-pressure roller mill and the 

horizontal roller mill that are claimed to use 20-50% less energy than a 

ball mill. 

Finished cement is stored in silos, tested and filled into bags, or shipped 

in bulk on bulk cement trucks, railcars, barges or ships. Facilities for 

testing the physical properties like sieve analysis, setting time, 

soundness, fineness, CCS, grind ability, moisture content, lime reactivity 

& drying shrinkage, etc. For determining the particle size distribution of 

the raw mix, clinker, cements, etc. a laser diffraction type PSD analyzer 

may be installed having typical particle size range of 0.3 mm – 400 

micron. To ensure consistent product quality and to permit the trouble 

free and cost effective operation, the quality control plan for sampling & 

testing of various raw materials, in-process materials and the final product 

is suggested. 

Additional power for conveyor belts and packing of cement is generally 

low and not more than 5% of total power use that is estimated at 1-2 

kWh/tonne cement. The power consumption for packing depends on the 

share of cement packed in bags. 



Flow Chart of Cement Manufacturing Process Æ 

Mining 

Additives 

Limestone 

Clay 

Crusher 

Homogenous raw material 

(Through Preheater System) 

Crushing 

& Drying 

Coal Crushing 

Kiln Clinker Grate 

& Drying 

Cooler 

Storage 

Ordinary Portland 

Cement 

Grinder 

Gypsum 

Packing 

Dispatch 

QUALITY CONTROL PLAN 

While proposing the methods and procedures for quality control, the following 

aspects have been taken into account: 

• Requirements and norms, particularly in cement testing. 

• Corrective measures to be undertaken as quickly as possible in the 

process operation. 

• Desired degree of automation. 

• Available raw materials and process equipment. 

The three main areas of quality control have been envisaged: 

Facilities and equipment envisaged for quality control of the raw materials 

and final products for the proposed plant are as follows: 



Raw mix preparation 

Pyro-processing 

Cement 

- Raw material control in quarry 

- Raw material control before pre-blending 

- Raw material control after raw mill 

- Kiln feed 

- Fuel 

- Clinker 

- Before cement mill 

- After cement mill 

UTILITY SYSTEMS 

Compressed Air Supply 

The compressed air is required mainly for dust collection equipment and 

operation of pneumatic valves. Blowers will be used for aeration of silos. Two 

centralized compressor room are proposed, one for the Clinkerisation section 

and the other for cement grinding, storage and packing section. Blowers may 

be suitably accommodated under buildings / silos near points of utility. 

Power 

The power requirement for the plant has been estimated as 10 MVA. The 

project proponent has a sanction of 10 MW from MeSEB. The power 

requirement will also be met by captive power plant. 

Water Requirement 

Total water requirement for project is expected to be 400 m 3 / day. Some 

quantity of water will be required drinking and sanitation for plant personnel. 

Total requirement of fresh water make-up including drinking, auxiliary cooling 

etc. will be 6-8 M 3 /Hr. Water is available in plenty from nearby underground 

natural spring. 

Water balance including requirement of water for power plant is given 

separately. (Page ref. 32) 

Manpower Requirement 

Several cement plants are operating in region’s vicinity. Therefore the trained 

manpower in marginal, supervisory and skilled categories is expected to be 

easily available. 

For operation of the power plant and outside service facilities, like coal 

handling plant (for AFBC boiler only), ash evacuation system from the ash 

silo etc. as well as for day-to-day preventive maintenance of the plant, 

necessary manpower has been considered. The estimated number of 

technical personnel required is around 450 comprising executives, skilled, a 

semi- skilled and unskilled worker. About 150 workers and staff shall be 



required for operations of mines. Personnel in the semi-skilled and unskilled 

categories are proposed to be employed from nearby villages/ towns. 

2.4 POWER PLANT 

Basic Requirements 

1. Main fuels : 100% coal 

70% coal / 30% 

Washery reject 

or char 

2. Boiler capacity at 100% MCR : 45 TPH 

3. Steam pressure at super heater outlet : 67 kg / cm 2 

4. Steam temperature at super heater outlet : 495° +/- 5 o C 

5. Field water temperature at economizer : 130 o C Inlet 

6. Rating of Turbo Generator : 10 MW 

7. Auxiliary Consumption : 1.20 MW 

8. Net Power output from power plant : 8.8 MW 

Fuel Requirement 

The fuels required for operation of the AFBC Boiler of the proposed CPP are 

as under: 

i) Coal as main fuel from Meghalaya coal mines. 

ii) Coal Fines. 

iii) HSD / LDO as secondary fuel from nearby oil repository for start up of 

Boiler. 

The annual coal (including coal fines) requirement will be about 48,000 MT 

per year with coal of about 18% ash content and of 5,500 Kcal /Kg calorific 

value. HSD / LDO will be used only during start up of AFBC as secondary 

fuel and no regular oil firing is required. 

Main fuels: Coal / Char 

Char 

Coal 

Carbon % : --- 37.10 

Hydrogen % : --- 2.30 

Nitrogen % : --- 0.70 

Oxygen % : --- 6.60 

Sulphur % : --- 0.30 

Moisture % : --- 45.00 

GCV kcals / kg: --- 3500 

Cooling water inlet temperature : 32Û& 

Cooling water outlet temperature : 40Û& 



Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Boiler 

The power plant is envisaged with installation of atmospheric fluidized bed 

boiler of 45 TPH steam capacity at a steam pressure of 67 ata and 

temperature of 495 o C. The atmospheric fluidized bed boiler will meet the 

steam requirement of the turbine of the power plant. The boiler will be of 

single drum construction and will include the complete furnace, the super 

heater, economizer, steam drum, air heater etc. The ash handling system 

comprises of conveying the bed ash generated from the bottom of the 

atmospheric Fluidized Bed boiler and the fly ash generated that economizer, 

air heater and ESP. Bottom ash shall be manually disposed off and fly ash 

shall be pneumatically. The boiler will also be provided with an electrostatic 

precipitator to restrict the outlet dust concentration to 50 mg / Nm 3 . The 

power will be provided with chimney of suitable height to take into 

consideration the Pollution Control Board requirements. 

The Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Boiler will be provided with necessary field 

mounted gauges, switches, transmitters, I/P converters, pneumatically 

operated control valves. 

The transmitters and converters for the open loops and closed loops to 

monitor and control the various process parameters of the boiler will be of 

electronic type. 

¾ 

¾ 

¾ 

¾ 

¾ 

¾ 

Combustion control along with master pressure control 

Drum level control (3 Element) 

Super heater temperature control 

Furnace draft control 

Deaerator pressure control 

Deaerator level control 

The transmitters for the open loops to monitor the pressure, temperature, 

flow and level at various points of the boiler will be directly connected to the 

Analog Input Modules of the main DCS system and the signal will be 

processed and displayed on the monitor. 

Turbo – Generator 

The steam generated from the boiler will be fed into 10 MW Turbo- 

Generators. 10 MW Turbo-Generators will generate power at 11 KV, which 

shall be stepped up to 33 KV through 16 MVA step up cum step down 

transformer. Output of this 33 KV Switchgear will be connected by 33 / 19 KV 



XLPE insulated aluminum conductor screened & armored cable directly to 33 

KV bus of the Substation. 

The concept of the instrumentation system for the TG will also be similar to 

that of traveling grate boiler. DCS will be provided for the following closed 

loop controls: 

¾ Hot well level control 

¾ Gland steam pressure control 

¾ Pressure and temperature control 

The transmitters for the open loops of TG will also be wired to the main DCS 

system. The protection and interlocking system of the turbine will also be 

performed by the main DCS by connecting the field-mounted switches to the 

DCS system. 

The turbine will also be provided with the surface condenser, condensate 

extraction pumps, and gland vent condenser. Governing system of the 

turbine will be by electro hydraulic type to govern the turbine speed during 

varying load demands the fluctuations. The speed governing system will limit 

the over speed of the TG set on loss of full load to avoid tripping by the over 

speed device. 

The instrumentation and control system for the Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 

Boiler and the turbo generator unit, etc., will be of electronic instruments with 

pneumatic final control elements using the latest state of art of technology 

viz., DCS system along with PC based automation system for monitoring and 

control of the power plants from the control room. All the necessary 

instruments required for proper operation of the plants will be provided. 

The CPP is proposed to be operated in synchronous mode with Meghalaya 

State Grid. The generated electrical power will be consumed in-house for the 

existing cement plant and CPP auxiliaries’ power. The plant utility 

requirements like compressed air, instrument air, water, etc., are all suitably 

designed to meet the power plant requirement. The capacities of the 

equipments used in this system have been considered with sufficient margins 

to take care of these requirements. 

WATER REQUIREMENT 

Apart from steam generation, water is used as a cooling medium in the heat 

exchanger equipments in power plant such as condensers, oil coolers, 

generator air coolers etc. of turbo generator. Nearly 1,100 M 3 / day water 



shall be required for steam generation and cooling circuits. 80-85% water is 

recirculated. About 150 M 3 /day shall be the net consumption. Evaporation 

losses from cooling tower and other places account for nearly 100 M 3 / day. 

Waste water from various streams shall be 50 M 3 / day. This waste water 

along with waste water from cement plant (nearly 30 M 3 / day) and 80 M 3 / 

day domestic effluent shall be separately or jointly treated in effluent 

treatment plant. It shall be used for ash quenching, ash handling system, 

dust suppression system in coal storage area, and greenery development. 

The intake water system will consist of an intake pump house near raw water 

reservoir. The intake pump and associated pipe work have been planned 

such that it is sufficient to run the pump for about 48 hours to meet the plant 

requirement. 

Make-up water system: 

Make-up water system will consist of the following major items of equipment: 

1) Raw water treatment plant (RWTP) with raw water pump sets will be 

installed to meet the entire make-up water requirements of power 

plant. 

2) Raw water pipe work from storage sump to RWTP. 

3) Make-up water pipe work from RWTP to filter and softener and to 

cooling water basin cum storage sump. 

The break-up of make-up water for various consumers are given below. 

S.No. System Normal (Approx.) 

Make-up water (m 3 / hr) 

1. Air Cooling water system 5.0 

With Aux cooling Tower 

2. Demineralised make-up water for boiler 3.0 

3. Requirements of demineralization plant, 2.0 

Sludge, back wash, and regeneration 

The total blow down from the cooling tower is expected to be about 6 m 3 / hr 

during normal condition. 

The entire blow down water will be used in dust suppression system and 

green belt development. 

Demineralization & Softening Plant: 

The condenser extraction pumps at the condensate storage tank pump the 

condensate form the surface condenser. The make-up from DM water 

storage tank will be added to the condensate storage tank. Boiler feed water 

from this condensate storage tank will be pumped to the deaerator through 



transfer pumps with standby facility. The level inside the deaerated feed 

water storage tank shall be maintained at constant set valves by controlling 

the quantum of feed pumped by the transfer pumps. 

The deaerated feed water from the feed water storage tank will be supplied 

to the steam generator by means of boiler feed water pumps of adequate 

capacity to cater the requirements of 45 TPH Boiler. To cater the make-up 

water requirement of the steam generation/turbine cycle, a demineralization 

water plant having capacity of 4 cum / hr is proposed. 

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM 

To cater the requirement of the compressed air for instruments and the 

control systems two compressors rated for 100 N.Cu.M/hr at 8.0 Kg/Cm 2 

shall be installed. The air compressor shall be provided with accessories like 

inter cooler, moisture separators, air dryers, air receivers, and control panel. 

Two stage reciprocating air compressors shall be belt driven, oil free, nonlubricating 

type. The design of the reciprocating compressor shall be in 

accordance with API 618. The rotating parts shall be dynamically balanced 

according to the standard to minimize noise and vibrations. 

VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 

Air-conditioning systems, where required with suitable natural as well as 

mechanical ventilation be proved for various plant areas. Filtered air supply 

and exhaust arrangements shall be provided for MCC rooms and switchgear 

rooms. The rooms shall be kept under positive pressure of +5 mm by means 

of gravity louvers. Necessary roof extractors will be provided in the machine 

bay to ensure at least ten (10) number of air change. 

DC Power supply System 

The essential loads within the power plant which are too maintained during 

an emergency situation are listed below: 

Emergency lube oil pump 

¾ 

¾ 

Emergency lighting 

Control power supply to various switchboards, electrical control panels 

of 11 kV. 

Annunciation system 

In order to meet the above requirement at 110 V DC, Maintenance free lead 

acid battery bank of adequate capacity along with charger unit will be 

provided. The battery capacity will be designed based on 30 min supply to 

the essential auxiliaries and one-hour duration for emergency lighting 



system. The 110 VDC distribution board will cater to the needs of the above 

essential auxiliaries loads. 

LT & HT Switchgear room 

The 11 kV generators switch board (GSB) will also be located within the 

power house. The 415 V switchboards and motor control centers (MCC) for 

turbo generator, boiler, ESP, Fuel Handling system will be located in ground 

floor level. These LT boards will have provision for cable entry from bottom. 

All cables within this room will be routed through civil cable trenches. 

Adequate exhaust ventilation system will be provided for the switchgear 

rooms. 

Lightening Protection System 

The plant earth grid as well as the turbo generator building-earthing grid will 

be interconnected in order to limit the overall resistance of the earthing 

system. The design of earthing station will be as per IS: 3043. Galvanized 

steel flats will be used for earth mats. All electrical equipment and steel 

structure will be earthed properly and distinctly at two points. Separate and 

independent earthing connection will be made for electronic equipment in 

order to make its functioning free from system disturbances. The entire 

power plant buildings/structures at isolated locations will be protected against 

lighting. The design of the lightning protection system will be as stipulated in 

IS: 2309. The substation earthing system will be provided to keep touch and 

step potential within limits. Earthing system consists of earthling station, 

earthling conductors and accessories for providing complete earthling to 

equipment and system earthing. The Shielding considered for protection of 

all outdoor equipment from lighting strokes will be with GS spikes supported 

on top of substation structures. Spikes will be connected to the substation 

earthing. The lightening arrestors will be outdoor, heavy duty, gapless, ZnO, 

non linear resistor, station type with the terminal suitable for outdoor bus 

system and earth side terminal suitable for connection with galvanized MS 

flats. The nominal discharge current ratings will be 10 kA. 

Power monitoring system 

Necessary electrical transducers to monitor the parameters such as bus 

voltage, current, frequency, power, energy will be provided as part of the 

electrical distribution system and these transducers will be wired to the main 

DCS unit through remote I/O units for monitoring the power distribution 

arrangement. Also contact inputs for various circuit breakers status positions 

will be wired to the main DCS unit to monitor the status of the different 

distribution breakers and fault condition. 



The PC based automation system provided in the control room will be 

complete with the following: 

Pc Server hardware of latest configuration with CD-ROM drive, printers along 

with 2 nos. of PC based operator stations. Job specific application software 

packages developed for this power plant that includes mimic displays, alarm 

displays, trending, logs and reports will be provided as part of the automation 

system. 

Storage and Handling System: 

Online magnetic separator (permanent magnet) and metal detector on the 

conveyor will be provided. Required monorail beams along with mechanical 

maintenance hoists at strategic points will be provided for maintenance 

purpose. A suitable conveyor will be provided for the fly ash, gypsum and 

clinker separately. 

Mobile loading conveyor (mini-stacker) machines are considered in the fuel 

receipt area near the feeding Zone to utilize the same to stock pile the fuels 

to a heap height of 8 to 10 meters. These mini stackers will also be utilized to 

feed the fuel to de-stoner for processing. Fuel handling system will be 

provided with one belt conveying system. 

Ash Handling System: 

The estimated fly ash from economizer APH & ESPs will be collected in ash 

hopper and will be carried through ms pipes by lean cum dense phase 

system all operation will be through D.C.S. only. Ash silo capacity 300 cu 

meter R.C.C. / Steel and silo discharge ash will be conveyed mechanically. 

Total ash per day 70 / Husk & 30% coal will be approx 120MT/day detail 

calculation will be done during finalization. 

The bottom ash from bed material of will be collected manually by trolley at 

regular intervals and disposed off trolleys at regular intervals and disposed 

off. The temperature of is ash coming out from the bed ash cooler is 

expected to be about 250°C. 

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM 

The following power Supply standard voltage levels will be adopted for the 

various Systems. 



i) Evacuation and Transmission 33 KV, 3 Phase, 3 Wire 50 Hz 

Solidly earthed 

ii) Generator Output 11 KV, 3 Phase, 3 Wire 50 Hz, 

Resistance Earthed 

iii) Station Supply 415 V, 3 phase, 4 Wire Solidly 

Earthed 

iv) A.C. Drive Motors 415 V, 3 phase, 4 Wire Solidly 

Earthed 

v) Instrumentation and Control 

Including Protection inter 

110 V, 1 Phase 2 Wire 50 Hz A.C., 

(Battery Backed up UPS System) 

vi) 

Locking System 

Control & Protection of HT and 

LT Switchgear and D.C. Drives 

110V, 2 Wire Unearthed D.C. 

vii) Panel Lighting and Space 

Heaters 

viii) DCS/PLC Power supply 50 Hz, 

A.C. Stabilized 

240 V, 1 Phase, 2 Wire 50 Hz, 

A.C with one Point Earthed 

110 V, 1 Phase, 2 Wire through 

Battery Backed up UPS System 

ix) Welding Socket Outlets 415 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz. A.C. 

POWER PLANT CONTROL ROOM 

Generator Control, relay and synchronizing panel will be located in the 

control room located at + 6.0 levels in annex bay. VFD panels, ESP 

controllers, battery and battery chargers will also be installed in this floor. 

False flooring will be provided in the control room for cabling. The control 

room will be air-conditioned. 

OTHER FACILITIES 

All equipment / devices essential for safe and reliable operation of the CPP 

shall be controlled from the control room with DCS based interfaced PC and 



key board. Facility shall be provided also for selective manual control from 

local control station / respective switchgears / MCCs. 

The layout of electrical equipment will be provided with consideration of 

safety, ease of movement and with standard clearances stipulated. 16MVA 

Step up with cum step down transformer and CPP auxiliary transformer will 

be located and MCC s shall be suitably located in different locations / floor 

levels of TG Building. Cables will be routed through RCC trenches in 

Transformer yard and 33KV Substation areas. As deemed necessary some 

places Cables will be laid on over head pipe racks or otherwise supported on 

Structures. Once CPP is started synchronization will be done at 11KV bus. 

The functions such as sequencing, protection and interlocking system 

required for other facilities namely fuel handling system, Pump house and 

water treatment plant will also be performed by main DCS system. With this 

arrangement, monitoring and controlling of the auxiliary units also doe from 

the control room. DM plant operation will be controlled through dedicated sub 

controller in the respective plant units and these PLC units will also be 

interfaced to the main DCS system. With this arrangement, monitoring of the 

auxiliary units also can be done from the control room. 

WATER BALANCE FOR CEMENT PLANT ALONGWITH CPP 

Total water requirement for project shall be 1,500 M 3 / day. Nearly 1,100 M 3 / 

day condensate and water from other closed circuits shall be either 

recirculated or reused. Net fresh water requirement shall be only 400 M 3 / day 

out of which 260 M 3 / day shall be evaporation losses. 140 M 3 / day treated 

waste water shall be used in ash quenching, ash handling, dust suppression 

and greenery development. 

The water balance chart follows: 



WATER BALANCE 

Fresh make up water 400 m 

3 /day 

Reuse/Recycle 

(150 M 3 /day) 

Total water requirement for the 

project (1,500 M 3 /day) 

Reuse/Recycle 

(950 M 3 /day) 

Requirement for 3,000 tpd 

Cement Plant (300 M 3 /day) 

Domestic Water Requirement 

(100 M 3 /day) 

Requirement for 10 MW Power 

Plant (1,100 M 3 /day) 

Evaporation Losses 

(120 M 3 /day) 

3 3 


(20 M 3 /day) 

Waste Water 

(80 M 3 /day) 


(100 M 3 /day) 

Waste Water 

(30 M 3 /day) 

Net fresh water requirement 

(400 M 3 /day) 

Losses 

(20 M 3 /day) 

Effluent Treatment Plant 

160 M 3 /day 

Waste Water 

(50M 3 /day) 

Treated water use in ash quenching/ash handling/ dust 

suppression & Green belt development 140 M 3 /day 

3 

Losses (260 M 3 /day) 

140 M 3 /day treated water used 

or dust suppression/greenery 

development 



2.5 LIMESTONE MINING 

Mining normally means an operation that involves the physical removal of 

rock and earth. The process includes excavations in underground mines and 

surface excavations in open-pit, or opencast (strip) mines. 

The deposit occurs in and around the project site near the Shillong –Badarpur 

road (NH-44). The deposit falls in Survey of India topo sheet No.83C/SW 

(Restricted) and is bounded by the following co ordinates: 

Longitude: 92 0 05’00” to 92 0 22’52” 

Latitude: 25 0 10’16” to 26 0 00’00” 

The deposit represents the Sylhet stage of the Jaintia series of Eocene age 

and comprises of three limestone beds interbedded with thin to thick 

sandstone bands. According to the Geological Survey of India (GSI) report, 

the limestone extends over an area of around 76.8 Sq. Kms between the 

rivers, Um Lunar and Um Seshympa. 

HCCL has two prospecting licenses for lime stone mining, one for 16 Ha and 

other for 40.2 Ha (both contiguous and nearby). 

The description reports of the prospecting licenses are as under- 

DESCRIPTION REPORT OF 16 Ha PL 

FIXED REFERENCE POINT-116 KM STONE, NH-44 

FROM TO BEARING DISTANCE 

116 KM STONE 

NH-44 1 358°45’ 91.00 

1 2 19°15’ 111.50 

2 3 95°45’ 185.00 

3 4 91°30’ 263.00 

4 5 88°00’ 138.00 

5 6 88°15’ 265.00 

6 7 106°00’ 187.00 

7 8 96°30’ 237.00 

8 A 52°00’ 20.00 

A B 142°00’ 400.00 

B C 232°00’ 400.00 

C D 322°00’ 400.00 

D 8 52°00’ 200.00 



DESCRIPTION REPORT OF 40.2 Ha PL 

FIXED REFERENCE POINT-116 KM STONE, NH-44 

FROM TO BEARING DISTANCE 

116 KM STONE 

NH-44 1 358°45’ 91.00 

1 2 19°15’ 111.50 

2 3 95°45’ 185.00 

3 4 91°30’ 263.00 

4 5 88°00’ 138.00 

5 6 88°15’ 265.00 

6 7 106°00’ 187.00 

7 L 96°30’ 513.70 

L M 360°00’ 73.59 

M N 90°00’ 791.67 

N O 180°00’ 700.00 

O P 270°00’ 308.33 

P L 322°00’ 791.20 

The exploration work is in progress. Mineable reserves have been calculated based 

on the exposed and presently explored/proven category of reserves. The mineable 

reserves are 11.25 million tons. Considering annual depletion of limestone reserves 

at 0.80 million tons, the total available mineable reserves of inferred category are 

sufficient for about 15 years of deposit life. The anticipated life of the deposit life 

shall be augmented, when additional mineral bearing area, adjoining the present 

area, is acquired and an ML is obtained for it. 

There are many mines in private lands. Limestone is available in plenty. The 

limestone will also be procured from nearby mining leases held by local occupants of 

the area. 

Following activities will be involved in the mining of lime stone 

1. Land acquisition 

2. Topsoil removal and storage 

3. Overburden removal and storage 

4. Limestone & calcite extraction 

5. Heavy Earth Moving machinery {HEMM} and maintenance 

6. Site development – creation of infrastructure including roads 



7. Drilling and blasting 

8. Toxic waste treatment disposal 

9. Mine water pumping 

10. Material (limestone & calcite) transport 

11. Site restoration/reclamation- back filling, treatment, spreading of 

topsoil, re vegetation. 

12. Material processing 

Open cast both manual and mechanized methods of mining will be 

continued to win the mineral. Mechanical loader and trippers shall be 

used for fast removal of overburden, loading of mineral and waste and 

for construction of haul roads. The mining is proposed as per present 

situation of the deposit, about 1,000 meters away from habitation. 

Blasting will be taken up with consent from DGMS/ Concerning 

Authorities. No mineral beneficiation shall be carried out at site. 

The haul road is proposed up to benches, workings, infrastructure and 

site of dumps from nearest tar road. Tractor trolleys and trippers are 

proposed to transport mineral and waste. 

The tentative year wise mineral production and waste generation for first 

5 years is given below: 

Year Waste in tonnes Rom mineral in tonnes 

I 40,200 5,01,000 

II 62,300 7,07,000 

III 63,200 7,51,000 

IV 72,650 8,11,000 

V 73,800 8,15,000 

Total 3,12,150 35,94,000 

The environmental impacts of above various mining activities are assessed and 

EIA prepared as per TORs issued by the Hon’ble Expert Committee of MoEF. 



 

 

CHAPTER-3 

BASELINE DATA GENERATION 

3.1 GEOGRAPHY OF THE AREA 

 

The area is generally plain but will require some cutting and fitting. The 

proposed Plant will be located in the premises of the existing Cement Plant 

Complex at village Mynkree, 116 KM Stone, NH 44, Sub Div. Kheliehriat, 

District Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya). The longitude and latitude (Approx.) of the 

project site are E 92ÛDQG1Û7KHJHRORJLFDOIRUPDWLRQVLts 

resultant topography and tendency of headward erosion by rainwater have 

led to the creation of drainage network in the area. The prevailing weather 

and climate in the study area is characterized by heavy rainfall, which favors 

the action of streams to a considerable extent. 

Predominantly two different kinds of drainage patterns can be seen in the 

study area. They are mainly dendrite and trellis pattern. Dendrite kind of 

drainage pattern has generally developed in the most dissected parts of the 

plateau. In this case the consequent river receives number of tributaries, 

which are fed by innumerable smaller streams. In the case of trellis pattern of 

drainage the consequent stream cuts across the crest and subsequent 

streams follow the strike valleys. Innumerable first order and second order 

streams signify the high density of drainage system of the project area. 

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 

Total area of Meghalaya state is 22,429 Sq. Kms. There are total 7 districts, 32 

blocks and mainly four physiographic units, namely - 

ƒ 

ƒ 

ƒ 

ƒ 

Uplifted Plateau, 

Denudational high hills, 

Denudational low hills and 

Intermontane valleys 

State is drained by Brahmaputra, Meghna and its tributaries. Rainfall is 2,050 mm 

with 200 rainy days. 



GROUND WATER MEDIUM 

The northern part of the State is covered by consolidated formations comprising 

granites, gneisses, schists, quartzite, phyllites and conglomerates with basic and 

acid intrusive. The zone of weathering is the main repository of ground water; 

however, the weak planes, fissure, joints and fractures also hold substantial 

quantity of ground water. Semi-consolidated sandstones with other sedimentary 

formations cover the entire south western and south eastern part of the State in 

Khasi and Jaintia hills district. The tube wells in the sedimentary formations in 

valleys yield 25-50 m 3 /hr. Unconsolidated formations are restricted to a narrow 

belt in the extreme north western fringe where hills rolls down to Assam and 

Bangladesh plains. The deep tube wells in these alluvial formations can yield 54 

to 110 m 3 /hr. Shallow tube wells in river fills in Garo hills district yield 25 to 40 

m 3 /hr. Ground water in the State is characterized by low salinity. 

GROUND WATER EXPLORATION/SOURCES FINDINGS 

Dynamic Resources 

Annual Replenish able Ground water 

Resource 

1.15 BCM 

Net Annual Ground Water Availability 

Annual Ground Water Draft 

1.04 BCM 

0.002 BCM 

Stage of Ground Water Development 0.18 % 

Developmental Monitoring 

Over Exploited 

Critical 

Semi- critical 

Exploratory Tube wells Constructed (as on 

31.03.2007) 

No. of ground water observation wells 38 

Ground water user maps 

NIL 

NIL 

NIL 

78 

7 districts 

Source: Central Ground Water Board. 

 

There are no critical areas in Meghalaya from water availability point of 

view. 

 



TABLE 3.1 

LIST OF INDUSTRIES IN STUDY AREA 

Sl. No. Particulars Distance, (Approx.) Kms Direction 

1. CMCL 10.0 SE 

2. JUD Cement 5.0 SE 

3. Adhunik cement 4.0 SW 

4. MCL 3.0 SE 

5. Green valley cement 3.0 NE 

3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 

Socio-economic environment includes description of demography, and 

available basic data. The study area lies in Kheliehriat community 

development block of district Jaintia Hills. The district of Jaintia Hills lies in the 

eastern part of the Meghalaya and bounded on the north and east by the 

state of Assam, on the west by East Khasi Hills and shares a common 

international boundary with Bangladesh in south. The District has four 

community development blocks viz. Thadlaskein, Laskein, Amlarem and 

Kheliehriat. For administrative purposes, district is divided into two subdivisions 

viz. Amlarem and Kheliehriat. 

The satellite image of the proposed site in placed below: 



The 10 km radius study area around the plant comprises of 14 villages as per 

Census 2001.The socio-economic profile of the study area is presented 

based on site visits, discussions with the villagers and the secondary data 

available form various agencies. 

POPULATION 

The study area includes 14 villages with an estimated population figure of 

9,197 (census 2001), covering an area of 10 Kms around the site. 

Table 3.2 

Demographic Details of the Study Area 

S.No. Particulars Census 2001 

1 Total Population 9,197 

2 No. of Males 4,607 

3 No. of Female 4,590 

4 Household 1,630 

5 Schedule Tribes 9,030 

Table 3.3 Classification of the Villages Based on Population Size 

S.No. Village Group Population 

Range 

Number Of Villages 

Census 2001 

1 Diminutive villages Below 1 

2 Diminutive villages 50 – 99 1 

3 Diminutive villages 100 –199 1 

4 Small villages 200 – 499 9 

5 Medium villages 500 –1999 1 

6 Large villages 2000 – 4999 1 

7 Very large villages 5000 – 9000 NIL 

8 Special villages 10,000 + NIL 

Total 

14 

Most of the villages in the study area have the population less than 500 and 

only two villages in the study area have population more than 1000. No 

village has been found having population more than 5000. 

From table given below, it can be concluded that, study area is mainly 

dominated by schedule tribes and very minor ratio of schedule castes. 

Decadal growth in the population of the study area is 52.7%; and Decadal 

growth in the sex ratio of the study area is 6.1%. 



Demographic details of the study area are summarized in Table 3.4 

 

Table 3.4 

Demographic details 

VILLAGE NAME T_HH T_P T_M T_F ST_P ST_M ST_F 

Thangskai 57 342 178 164 338 174 164 

Umshangiar 59 334 160 174 334 160 174 

Khaddum 37 188 103 85 188 103 85 

Larseng 14 83 56 27 53 32 21 

Lumshnong 231 1250 643 607 1230 632 598 

Mynkre 64 293 148 145 219 96 123 

Nongsning 65 365 185 180 344 172 172 

Nongthymme 50 282 135 147 282 135 147 

Shiehruphi 73 416 211 205 416 211 205 

Umbadoh - - - - - - - 

Umlong 52 260 138 122 260 138 122 

Umtyra 59 330 171 159 330 171 159 

Wahiajer 741 4295 2088 2207 4278 2080 2198 

Wahsarang 81 498 252 246 497 251 246 

 

Total 1630 9197 4607 4590 9030 4494 4536 

Land Use Pattern of the Study Area 

The main crop of the area is Paddy. The minor crops of the area are Maize, 

Rabi &other pulses, Other cereals & small millet, Sesamum, Rape & Mustard, 

Soya bean etc. Land use of the study area i.e. 10 km radius around the 

project site covering five major categories: 

(i) Settlement, (ii) Agriculture, (iii) Forests, (iv) Grassland Scrub and (v) 

Barren land. The land use pattern has been worked out with Satellite 

Imageries of RF 1:50,000 scales. The imageries were overlaid on the 

topographical sheets of Survey of India of the same scale. 

The forest cover accounts for 69% of the geographical area. Agriculture is the 

next important land use in the area. Most of the agricultural lands account for 

orchard, paddy fields etc. The tone and texture of imageries clearly identified 

the grass and scrubs, which account for about 6% of the total geographical 

area. Barren land which occupies about 5% of the area includes broken land, 

rocky knobs, boulders and sandy river bed. 



3.3 INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES 

Nearest habitation is in the village Mynkre at about 3 Km from the plant. All 

basic amenities such as school, hospital, market, etc. are available in the 

Kheliehriat town, which is about 35 Km from the plant site. The study area is 

well equipped with educational and medical facilities, drinking water supply, 

post offices, approach roads etc. Drinking water was available in all the 

villages. The main source of drinking water was through tube wells, springs, 

perennial streams and hand pumps. Some villages also have tap water 

facilities, which have been further improved now. The study area had good 

postal network. All villages were having post offices. 

Transport and communication facilities are considered as administrative 

necessity as well as a public convenience. However, a well-knit transportation 

system is a pre-requisite for the social and economic development of any 

district. The linking of one place with the other byroad is very essential to 

provide good transport system. The study area had good road network. About 

55% of the villages had pucca approach road. Based on the survey made in 

the study area, facilities have further improved now. Almost all the villages 

had access to power supply. Based on the survey made in the study area, 

facilities have further improved now. There are no historical / archeologically 

important sites present within 10 km radius around the project site. 

 

Details of the available infrastructural facilities, are listed in table 3.5 

Table 3.5 

Infrastructural facilities, 

VILL_ EDU_ MEDI_ DRINKING 

POST_ COMM_ BANK_ POWER_ 

NAME FAC FAC WATER TUBEWELL OFF FAC FAC FAC 

Nongthymme 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 

Thangskai 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 

Umshangiar 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 0 

Khaddum 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 0 

Larseng 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 0 

Lumshnong 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 

Mynkre 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 

Nongsning 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 

Nongthymme 1 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 

Shiehruphi 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 

Umbadoh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Umlong 1 1 1 2 0 2 2 0 

Umtyra 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 

Wahiajer 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 

Wahsarang 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 0 



Education 

Almost all the villages had education facilities up to primary level. Based on 

the survey made in the study area, it was found that the educational facilities 

have been further strengthened in the study area. 

Medical and Public Health 

Almost all the villages were having medical facilities. Medical facilities have 

been further strengthened and numbers of private doctors are also practicing 

in the study area. 

3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Biological Environment is one of the most important aspects in view of the 

need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological 

systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic 

components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic 

components comprise both plant and animal communities, which interact not 

only within and between them but also with the abiotic components viz. 

physical & chemical components of the environment. Flora & Fauna has been 

carried out in study area: 

Flora and Fauna 

Flora 

The details of flora found in the study area are given in Tables 3.6 (a, b, c, d) 

Table 3.6 (a) Tree Species Available in the Study Area 

S.No. Species Family 

1 Actinodaphne obovata Lauraceae 

2 Ailanthes grandis Simarubaceae 

3 Albizzia lucida Mimosaceae 

4 Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae 

5 Anthocephalus chinense Rubiaceae 

6 Aralia armata Araliaceae 

7 Ardisia nerifolia Myrsinaceae 

8 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraeceae 

9 Bambusa tulda Gramineae 

10 Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpinaceae 

11 Bischofia javanica Bischofiaceae 

12 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae 

13 Bridelia sp. Euphorbiaceae 

14 Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae 

15 Caryota urens Palmae 



16 Castanopsis indica Fagaceae 

17 Cinnamomum obtusifolium Lauraceae 

18 Citrus sp. Rutaceae 

19 Cyathea sp. Leguminosae 

20 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gramineae 

21 Duabanga grandiflora Sonneratiaceae 

22 Elaeocarpus aristatus Eleocarpaceae 

23 Englegardtia spicata Juglanaceae 

24 Exbucklandia populnea Hammamelidaceae 

25 Ficus sp. Moraceae 

26 Garcinia acuminate Clusiaceae 

27 Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae 

28 Grewia disperma Tiliaceae 

29 Hevea brasiliensis Hernandiaceae 

30 Hibiscus macrophyllus Malvaceae 

31 Hydnocarpus kurzii Flacourtiaceae 

32 Litsaea sebifera Lauraceae 

33 Macropanax disperma Analiaceae 

34 Magnolia hodgsonii Magnoliaceae 

35 Mallotus tetracoccus Euphorbiaceae 

36 Meliosma sp. Meliaceae 

37 Oroxylum indicum Bigoniaceae 

38 Pandanus sp. Pandanaceae 

39 Persea sp. Lauraceae 

40 Pithecellobium sp. Leguminosae 

41 Premna milleflora Verbenaceae 

42 Prunus acuminate Rosaceae 

43 Pterospermum lancifolium Sterculiaceae 

44 Quercus lancifolia Fagaceae 

45 Sapium baccatum Euphorbiaceae 

46 Sarcosperma griffithii Sapotaceae 

47 Saurauia sp. Ternstroemiaceae 

48 Shima sp. Theaceae 

49 Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae 

50 Streospermum chelenoides Bigoniaceae 

51 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 

52 Terminalia chebula Combretaceae 

53 Trema orientalis Ulmaceae 

54 Villebrunea frutescens Urticaceae 

55 Vitex sp. Verbenaceae 

56 Wendlandia paniculata Rubiaceae 

57 Xerospermum sp. Sapindaceae 



Table 3.6 (b) 

Shrub/Herbs Species Available in the Study Area. 

S.No Species S.No Species 

1 Ageratum conyzoides 33 Forrestia sp. 

2 Alpinia sp. 34 Globba sp. 

3 Amaranthus sp. 35 Hedychium sp. 

4 Ardisia nerifolia 36 Jasminum sp. 

5 Aroides sp. 37 Laportea crenulata 

6 Arundina graminifolia 38 Leea indica 

7 Baliospermum montana 39 Licuala peltata 

8 Begonia sp. 40 Luduwigia octovalis 

9 Bidens pilosa 41 Lycopodium sp. 

10 Blachnum sp. 42 Maesa indica 

11 Boehmeria glomerulifera 43 Melastoma malabathricum 

12 Calamus flagellum 44 Mannihot esculenta 

13 Carax cruciata 45 Mimosa himalayana 

14 Chenopodium sp. 46 Morinda angustifolia 

15 Clerodendrum sp. 47 Musa sp. 

16 Coffea sp. 48 Osbekia crenata 

17 Coleus sp. 49 Oxalis corniculata 

18 Commelina sp. 50 Oxyspora sp. 

19 Crassocephalum crepidioides 51 Phrynium capitata 

20 Cyathula prostrate 52 Phrynium pubenervae 

21 Dracena sp. 53 Pinanga gracilis 

22 Elatostema sp. 54 Polygonum chinense 

23 Erigeron Canadensis 55 Pteris sp. 

24 Eupatorium odoratum 56 Randia sp. 

25 Fagopteris auriculata 57 Rhynchotecum ellipticum 

26 Saccharum spontaneum 58 Rungia sp. 

27 Salamona sp. 59 Spilanthus paniculata 

28 Saurauia sp. 60 Tabernaemontana divericata 

29 Scoperia dulcis 61 Thysanolaena maxima 

30 Selaginella sp. 62 Trevesia palmata 

31 Solanum torvum 63 Triumfetta pilosa 

32 Ferns sp. 64 Urena lobata 



Table 3.6 (c) 

Climbers/Epiphytes Species Available in the Study Area. 

S.No. Species S.No. Species 

1 Acacia pinnata 14 Lygodium flexuosum 

2 Acampe sp. 15 Melocalamus compectiflorus 

3 Aeschynanthus sp. 

4 Agapetes sp. 18 Microsorum sp. 

5 Asplenium nidus 19 Mikenia macrantha 

6 Byttneria aspera 20 Neohouzia helferii 

7 Dendrobium sp. 22 Paederia scandens 

8 Derris sp. 23 Porana paniculata 

9 Dioscorea sp. 24 Pothos sp. 

10 Ficus sp. 25 Raphidophora lancifolia 

11 Hedyotis scandens 26 Scefflera venulosa 

12 Hoya sp. 27 Smilex sp. 

13 Luisea sp. 28 Thunbergia grandiflora 

Based on the above tables, flora of the study area may be summarized as 

given in Table 3.6 (d) 

S.No. Particulars Species 

1 Agricultural Crops 

2 Commercial Crops 

Table 3.6 (d) 

Dominant Species Available in the Study Area 

Brassica nigra, Capsicum frutescens, Cucumis 

sativus,Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Raphanus 

sativus,Zea mays 

Citrus aurantium, Haevea brasilensis,Thysanolaena 

maxima 

3 Plantation Litsea citrata, Populus glambelei, Terminalia myriocarpa 

4 Grasslands 

5 Endangered Species 

6 Endemic Species Nil 

Mimosa himalayana, Osbekia sp., Oxyspora 

sp.,Saccharum spontaneum,Salamona sp., Sellaginella 

sp.,Solanum torvum 

Arundina graminifolia, Cyathea spinulosa, Dendrobium 

sp., 



Fauna 

The details of fauna found in the study area are given in Tables 3.7 (a, b) 

Table 3.7 (a) 

Vertebrates Available in the Study Area 

S.No. Zoological Name Common Name Schedule status 

Birds 

1 Acridotheres tristis tristis Indian Myna US 

2 Bubo flavipes Tawny Fish Owl US 

3 Milvus migrans lineatus Large Indian Kite US 

4 Scolopax rusticola rusticola Wood Cock US 

Reptiles 

5 

Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard US 

6 Collophis macclellandi Coral Snake US 

7 Natrix pscicolor Water Snake US 

8 Chameleon sp. Cameleon Schedule II Part I 

Amphibians 

9 Amolops afghanus US 

10 Rana danieli Frog US 

11 Rana livida Frog US 

12 Rhacophorus maximus US 

Fishes 

13 Danio dangila Shalynnai US 

14 Labeo rohita Kha bah US 

15 Puntius shalynius Shalynnai US 

Mammals 

16 Arctonyx collaris Hog Badger Schedule I Part I 

17 Cannomys badius badius Bamboo Rat Schedule V 

18 

Collosciurus erythraeus 

erythraeus Squirrel US 

19 

Crocidura attenuata 

rubricosa Grey Shrew Schedule V 

20 

Felis bengalensis 

bengalensis Leopard Cat Schedule I Part I 

21 Mus booduga Field Rat Schedule V 

22 Mus musculus House Mouse Schedule V 

23 Presbytis pileatus Monkey Schedule V 

24 Rattus rattus House Rat Schedule V 

25 Rhinolopus pearsoni 

Pearson’s Horse Shoe 

Bat 

US 

26 Scotomanes ornatus ornatus 

Harlequin Horse Shoe 

Bat 

US 

27 Suncus murinus griffithi House Shrew US 

US- Un-scheduled animals 



Table 3.7 (b) Invertebrates Available in the Study Area 

S.No. Zoological Name Common Name 

Acari 

1 Malaconothrus sp. US 

2 Scheloribates parvus US 

Annelida: 

Oligochaeta 

3 Drawidia sp. Earthworm US 

Arthopoda: Crustacea 

4 Macrobrachium assamensis Shrimp US 

Arthopoda: Lepidoptera 

5 Arneta atkinsoni US 

6 Halpe kumara US 

7 Matapa druna US 

Arthopoda: Insecta 

8 Trichptera- Immature US 

9 Odonata- Immature US 

10 Chironomidae larvae US 

Mollosca: Gastropoda 

11 Bellamya bendalensis Snail US 

12 Brachonus calciflorus US 

13 Filinia longiseita US 

Zooplankton: Cladocera 

14 Sida crystalline US 

15 Daphnia carinata US 

Zooplankton: Copepoda 

16 Heliodiaptomus sp. US 

17 Mescocyclops leuckrti US 

US- Un-scheduled animals 

3.5 METEOROLOGY AT SITE 

Schedule 

status 

District has tropical climate characterized by high rainfall and humidity 

generally warm summer and moderately cold winter. A meteorological station 

was installed during the months from December 2007 to march 2008 to 

record various meteorological parameters to understand the Wind pattern, 

Temperature variation, Relative humidity and Rainfall. On-site monitoring was 

undertaken for recording of various meteorological variables, viz., wind 



speed, wind direction, relative humidity, rainfall and temperature in order to 

generate site-specific data. The data generated is computed to obtain windroses 

of the area. The wind direction describes three quadrants of 24-hour 

time period. The wind roses plotted for the wind directions recorded during 

the study period from December 2007 to March 2008 are presented. The 

study period from December 2007 to March 2008 recorded ambient air 

temperatures minimum and maximum as 11Û&DQGÛ&UHVSHFWLYHO\ 

Relative Humidity (RH) 

The region generally experiences tropical climatic condition throughout the 

year except during winters. The lowest relative humidity recorded of the study 

area was 60% and highest as 90% and average humidity, yearly was found 

70%. Day times experience higher humidity levels as compared to nights. 

Average rainfall is 3042 mm. The duration of rainfall is about 6 months in a 

year. It is observed that rainfall is occurred towards the end of March, 2008. 

Wind 

The wind direction is WE. The basic wind velocity as per IS: 875-1987, Part 

III, 4 Km/hr can be considered for designing the civil structures. The average 

wind speed ranged from 0.6 m/s during the study period. 

Wind pressure: 

0-8m 900 kN/m 2 

8-20m 1,400 kN/m 2 

Above 20m 1,950 kN/m 2 

Table-3.8 Environmental Attributes & Frequency of Monitoring 

Attribute Parameters Frequency of Monitoring 

Ambient Air 

Quality 

Meteorology 

Water Quality 

SPM, RSPM 

SO 2 , NOx, CO, HC 

Surface: Wind speed, Wind 

direction, Temperature, 

Relative humidity and Rainfall 

Physical, Chemical and 

Bacteriological Parameters 

24 hourly samples twice a 

week during study period. 

8 hourly samples twice a 

week during study period. 

Surface: Continuous 

monitoring station for entire 

study period on hourly 

basis and also data 

collection from secondary 

sources. 

Once during the study 

season 



Ecology Existing Flora and Fauna Through field visit during 

the study period and 

substantiated through 

secondary sources. 

Noise Levels Noise levels in dB Observations for 24 hours 

per location. 

Soil 

Characteristics 

Land Use 

Socioeconomic 

aspects 

Parameters related to 

agricultural and afforestation 

potential 

Trend of land use change for 

different categories 

Socio-economic 

characteristics, 

labour force characteristics, 

population statistics and 

existing amenities in the study 

area. 

Ambient air quality standards* 

Once during the season. 

Data from various 

Government agencies 

(Census Handbooks, 

2001). 

Parameters 

(24 hrs sampling) Industrial 

areas 

Concentration in µg/m 3 

Residential & 

rural areas 

Sensitive areas 

Suspended 

Particulate Matter 

(SPM) 

Respirable 

Particulate Matter 

(RPM) 

Sulphur Dioxide 

(SO2) 

Oxides of Nitrogen 

(NOx) 

Carbon Monoxide 

(CO ) 

Lead 

(Pb) 

500 200 100 

150 100 75 

120 80 30 

120 80 30 

4ppm 2ppm 1ppm 

1.5 1.0 0.75 

*Source: CPCB Publications ambient air quality monitoring 

The data generation for ambient air quality status within 10 km radius of the 

proposed site has been compiled. 

To establish the ambient air quality, air sampling and measurements were 

conducted. Air sampling stations were established at – locations around the 

proposed site to assess the background air pollution levels. The ambient air 

sampling was carried out at following locations: 



 

- Mynkre 

- Umlong 

- Umtyra 

- Lumshnong 

- Umshangiar 

- Khaddum 

 

S.No. Location 

Code 

Table-3.9 AAQ Sampling Location Details 

Location 

Name 

Distance 

(kms) 

form Plant 

Direction 

w.r.t. Plant 

Environmental 

Setting 

 

1 A1 Mynkre 0 - Village 

2 A2 Umlong 6.5 W Village 

3 A3 Umtyra 5.2 N Village 

4 A4 Lumshnong 6 S Village 

5 A5 Umshangiar 7.5 E Village 

6 A6 Umrasong 5.9 W Village 

Table-3.10 Methodology of AAQ Sampling and analysis 

 

S. 

No 

Sampling Details SPM RSPM SO2 NOX CO 

1. Monitoring equipment Respirable dust 

sampler 

2. Sampling media GF/A TCM Abs. 

Soln. 

HVS with Impinger 

assembly 

NaOH 

Abs. 

Soln. 

GC analysis 

Tedler Bags 

3. Flow rate 1.0-1.3 m 3 /min 0.5-1 l/min 1.5 l/min 

4. Sampling frequency 24 Hourly 8 hourly 

5. Sampling period Continuous 24 hours for 24 sampling days 

6. Analysis methodology Gravimetric Method Spectrophotometer Chromatogra 

 

phy 



Table-3.11 AAQ Summary during Pre-monsoon Season (Dec’07–Mar’08) 

Air Quality 

Station 

Mynkre 

Code Particulars SPM RPM SO 2 NOx 

A1 

Minimum 87 16 3.9 7.4 

Umlong 

Umtyra 

Lumshnong 

Umshangiar 

Umrasong 

A2 

A3 

A4 

A5 

A6 

Maximum 112 41 11.2 14.4 

Minimum 62 17 3.2 4.5 

Maximum 115 34 13 10 

Minimum 87 18 3.1 4.8 

Maximum 115 43 8.1 13.7 

Minimum 89 22 4.0 13.3 

Maximum 118 46 9.2 5.1 

Minimum 87 46 3.5 4.5 

Maximum 119 19 9.5 13.7 

Minimum 89 16 4.5 5.1 

 

Observations of Ambient Air Quality: 

Maximum 115 43 11.3 13.7 

The results of AAQ monitoring parameters are summarized in the preceding 

table. The total 8 sampling locations within the study area are well within the 

stipulated limits of NAAQ Standards. Locations in downwind direction were found 

to have more concentrations of SPM and RPM as compared to crosswind 

directions. The overall maximum concentration of SPM, RPM, SO 2 and NOx were 

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JFXPJFXPDQGJFXP7KH&RQFHQWUDWLRQYDOXHVRI&2DQG+& 

are far below the detection limits. 

Ambient air quality of the study area has been assessed during study period 

through a network of 6 ambient air quality stations, which are shown in Table 

3.12-3.17. 



 

Table-3.12: Ambient Air Quality Report for AQ1 

S. 

No. 

Station : Mynkre 

Month Week Day SPM RSPM 62JP 

JP JP 3 ) 12[JP 3 ) 

3) 3) 

06 – 

14 hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 - 06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 -06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

1. December’ I st 1 st 87 23 5.5 7.8 6.9 7.6 12.9 8.2 10.0 11.5 

2007 

2. 

2 nd 88 29 4.2 7.2 5.5 6.0 10.6 10.1 10.2 8.9 

3. IInd 1 st 90 26 6.7 7.8 6.2 7.2 11.3 5.3 9.5 9.9 

4. 

2 nd 90 21 8.5 6.3 5.1 5.6 10.6 6.0 9.2 8.7 

5. IIIrd 1 st 92 32 7.2 6.5 6.5 6.2 11.9 5.8 8.5 9.3 

6. 

2 nd 98 41 6.3 7.8 7.9 4.5 14.4 6.7 8.8 8.5 

7. IVth 1 st 100 18 7.1 3.9 5.6 5.3 10.8 7.8 7.8 9.6 

8. 

2 nd 107 24 4.7 5.1 8.9 6.9 15.3 5.7 9.1 7.4 

1. January’ Ist 1 st 102 24 5.9 4.0 7.9 8.9 11.7 6.9 7.5 9.5 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 100 16 5.0 5.6 6.7 7.0 11.8 7.4 6.4 10.2 

3. IInd 1 st 105 32 7.0 5.6 5.5 7.1 10.6 5.4 7.6 9.1 

4. 

2 nd 98 41 8.2 6.5 5.5 7.7 10.5 8.2 7.6 8.9 

5. IIIrd 1 st 102 24 7.0 7.8 7.3 5.7 12.2 10.1 9.4 10.9 

6. 

2 nd 100 18 7.0 3.9 8.2 4.8 14.7 5.3 12.0 13.3 

7. IVth 1 st 96 24 7.4 5.1 10.2 4.6 10.5 9.3 7.6 9.2 

8. 

2 nd 105 34 4.9 4.0 8.7 9.3 15.1 13.6 11.9 13.5 



1. February’ Ist 1 st 108 19 5.5 5.6 8.6 9.3 12.4 11.2 9.5 11.0 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 102 18 4.2 5.6 7.0 7.5 12.1 10.5 8.8 10.4 

3. IInd 1 st 90 18 6.7 4.0 5.7 6.7 10.8 9.5 7.8 9.4 

4. 

2 nd 94 25 8.5 5.8 4.6 5.5 14.7 13.5 15.0 14.4 

5. IIIrd 1 st 96 24 7.2 7.8 7.1 7.8 11.6 10.5 8.8 10.3 

6. 

2 nd 92 18 6.3 8.8 7.1 8.3 13.6 12.2 7.3 12.1 

7. IVth 1 st 97 25 7.1 12.0 10.1 11.2 10.4 9.2 8.3 9.1 

8. 

2 nd 100 33 4.7 8.9 8.3 8.9 14.7 13.2 7.2 13.1 

1. March’ Ist 1 st 102 20 5.9 11.4 4.4 6.1 8.6 7.4 9.1 10.6 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 102 19 5.0 9.5 3.8 7.1 6.5 7.5 11.3 12.9 

3. IInd 1 st 106 24 7.0 8.2 3.8 3.9 9.6 7.8 7.9 9.5 

4. 

2 nd 98 34 8.2 7.6 4.5 5.1 11.3 8.9 12.1 13.7 

5. IIIrd 1 st 100 19 7.0 7.1 3.3 4.4 6.7 8.6 8.8 10.3 

6. 

2 nd 105 18 7.0 6.7 7.9 4.8 7.2 7.4 8.5 10.1 

7. IVth 1 st 110 18 7.4 6.2 5.6 5.4 7.4 6.0 7.8 9.2 

8. 

2 nd 112 25 4.9 5.8 8.9 3.9 8.0 5.8 7.4 9.1 

Min 87.0 16.0 3.9 7.4 

Max 112.0 41.0 11.2 14.4 

Mean 99.2 24.5 6.5 10.4 



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S. 

No. 

Station : Umtyra 

Month Week Day SPM RSPM 

SO JP 

JP JP 2 3 ) 12[JP 3 ) 

3) 3) 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 - 06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 -06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 


2007 

2. 

2 nd 92 19 7.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.5 7.4 5.7 7.4 

3. IInd 1 st 92 26 7.4 6.7 4.2 5.2 5.0 6.9 5.2 6.8 

4. 

2 nd 97 26 4.9 8.5 4.0 4.9 8.4 7.2 6.5 7.1 

5. IIIrd 1 st 100 20 5.5 7.2 2.9 3.5 6.4 5.3 8.4 5.1 

6. 

2 nd 102 32 4.2 6.3 3.6 6.3 10.2 8.8 3.5 8.7 

7. IVth 1 st 100 41 6.7 5.8 3.8 8.1 13.0 11.8 4.3 11.6 

8. 

2 nd 114 23 6.9 6.3 4.2 6.7 7.0 9.5 41 9.4 

1. January’ Ist 1 st 100 30 6.1 5.2 4.6 5.6 6.8 5.6 5.0 5.5 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 109 31 8.4 4.9 2.9 6.2 10.2 8.6 6.8 8.6 

3. IInd 1 st 112 29 8.6 6/7 3.8 4.5 10.5 6.3 4.5 6.1 

4. 

2 nd 115 27 6.3 6.5 4.4 5.3 8.8 7.6 5.9 7.5 

5. IIIrd 1 st 107 19 6.6 7.8 3.7 4.3 7.0 5.6 3.9 5.4 

6. 

2 nd 89 32 7.2 3.9 5.5 6.6 6.9 9.1 7.4 9.0 

7. IVth 1 st 92 43 6.9 5.1 6.7 7.8 7.3 11.5 9.8 11.3 

8. 

2 nd 97 23 7.0 4.0 5.9 6.5 7.8 9.3 7.6 9.2 




2008 

2. 

2 nd 107 21 7.4 6.6 6.0 6.5 6.4 8.9 7.2 8.9 

3. IInd 1 st 105 28 4.9 5.5 3.7 4.7 7.7 6.4 4.7 6.3 

4. 

2 nd 98 28 5.0 4.6 3.5 4.4 7.9 6.7 5/0 6.6 

5. IIIrd 1 st 105 20 4.8 4.2 3.5 4.1 6.1 5.0 3.3 4.8 

6. 

2 nd 108 29 5.9 6.1 4.4 5.5 9.4 8.0 7.9 7.9 

7. IVth 1 st 110 42 8.1 8.5 6.6 7.7 12.6 6.0 12.1 10.6 

8. 

2 nd 97 23 6.6 6.1 5.5 6.1 10.4 5.8 8.8 12.9 

1. March’ Ist 1 st 92 24 7.2 5.9 3.6 4.4 8.0 6.7 8.5 9.5 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 97 34 6.3 5.0 4.2 3.8 9.0 7.8 7.6 13.7 

3. IInd 1 st 100 19 7.1 7.0 5.8 3.8 8.2 5.7 7.6 10.3 

4. 

2 nd 102 18 4.7 8.2 5.2 4.5 11.3 8.5 9.4 10.1 

5. IIIrd 1 st 100 18 5.9 4.4 7.0 3.3 6.7 9.8 12.0 9.2 

6. 

2 nd 114 25 5.0 7.2 6.1 5.1 10-.8 5.0 7.6 9.1 

7. IVth 1 st 100 24 7.0 8.6 4.8 5.6 7.5 6.7 11.9 11.4 

8. 

2 nd 109 18 8.2 6.5 5.7 3.1 10.5 6.4 10.5 9.9 

Min 87.0 18.0 3.1 4.8 

Max 115.0 43.0 8.1 13.7 

 

Mean 101.4 26.5 5.3 8.5 



S. 

No. 


5VCVKQP.WOUJPQPI 

Month Week Day SPM RSPM 

SO2JP 

JP JP 3 ) 12[JP 3 ) 

3) 3) 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 - 06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 -06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

1. December I st 1 st 106 29 6.2 8.0 3.0 5.7 7.3 7.3 7.6 8.7 

’ 2007 

2. 

2 nd 110 22 6.8 6.2 4.8 6.7 11.0 7.8 11.8 10.6 

3. IInd 1 st 102 31 5.6 7.2 8.9 5.3 14.4 8.5 8.7 7.4 

4. 

2 nd 109 29 5.9 9.6 3.3 7.0 11.7 7.8 5.1 6.8 

5. IIIrd 1 st 112 35 4.6 7.5 4.4 7.1 8.7 8.0 8.6 7.1 

6. 

2 nd 118 43 7.2 9.5 3.8 7.7 10.7 6.9 6.1 5.1 

7. IVth 1 st 101 24 7.4 8.6 3.8 5.7 9.8 8.4 6.5 8.7 

8. 

2 nd 108 32 7.6 4.7 4.5 4.8 6.4 9.1 4.5 11.6 

1. January’ Ist 1 st 110 24 7.9 6.4 3.3 5.4 10.2 8.8 11.8 9.1 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 100 32 8.5 7.0 5.1 7.4 13.0 8.5 8.7 7.9 

3. IInd 1 st 108 25 5.9 6.4 5.6 5.5 7.0 9.1 5.1 8.4 

4. 

2 nd 102 35 5.4 5.2 3.1 5.7 6.8 8.3 8.6 8.1 

5. IIIrd 1 st 106 24 5.2 5.8 5.1 4.8 10.2 6.2 7.6 6.0 

6. 

2 nd 98 28 7.3 7.0 4.5 6.9 10.5 9.6 6.9 9.5 

7. IVth 1 st 100 29 9.3 7.6 5.6 8.9 8.8 13.2 5.8 13.0 

8. 

2 nd 105 22 6.8 7.3 5.5 7.8 7.0 10.2 8.5 10.1 




2008 

2. 

2 nd 112 43 7.0 4.0 4.4 6.6 6.7 10.6 8.9 10.6 

3. IInd 1 st 115 24 6.4 7.2 3.3 6.3 7.2 8.0 6.3 7.9 

4. 

2 nd 110 32 5.9 10.0 4.7 6.2 7.4 7.2 5.6 7.2 

5. IIIrd 1 st 89 24 6.3 8.6 3.9 4.6 8.0 5.6 3.9 5.4 

6. 

2 nd 92 32 6.2 6.4 4.7 5.8 9.0 8.5 6.8 8.4 

7. IVth 1 st 97 30 9.2 9.6 7.7 8.8 8.6 13.1 11.4 12.9 

8. 

2 nd 95 24 7.2 6.7 6.1 6.6 11.3 9.8 8.1 9.7 

1. March’ Ist 1 st 107 27 7.0 7.5 8.1 6.2 7.0 7.8 11.8 7.7 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 105 22 9.6 9.7 6.7 6.2 10.7 5.9 8.7 5.7 

3. IInd 1 st 109 34 7.8 7.1 5.7 5.3 14.7 9.3 5.1 9.2 

4. 

2 nd 112 46 7.2 7.1 6.8 4.0 11.9 13.5 8.6 13.3 

5. IIIrd 1 st 115 25 8.2 7.3 4.5 6.6 8.0 10.4 6.1 10.3 

6. 

2 nd 108 35 5.7 6.5 4.8 9.2 11.9 6.8 6.5 6.7 

7. IVth 1 st 112 24 6.3 5.0 4.1 7.2 9.1 10.3 4.5 10.3 

8. 

2 nd 115 28 5.4 4.6 5.8 6.4 9.4 7.8 7.9 7.7 

Min 89.0 22.0 4.0 5.1 

Max 118.0 46.0 9.2 13.3 

Mean 106.1 29.6 6.4 8.7 



 

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S. 

No. 

 


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Month Week Day 630JP 3) RSPM 

SO JP 

JP 2 3 ) 12[JP 3 ) 

3) 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 - 06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 

06 – 14 

hrs 

15 - 22 

hrs 

23 -06 

hrs 

24 hrs 

Average 


2007 

2. 

2 nd 100 20 6.7 5.7 4.1 6.4 9.6 7.4 9.1 12.9 

3. IInd 1 st 114 32 8.5 8.0 3.0 8.0 8.2 5.4 11.3 9.5 

4. 

2 nd 100 41 7.2 6.2 4.8 9.3 8.4 8.2 7.9 13.7 

5. IIIrd 1 st 108 23 6.3 7.2 8.9 11.3 6.4 10.1 12.1 10.3 

6. 

2 nd 102 30 7.1 9.6 3.3 9.3 10.2 5.3 8.8 10.1 

7. IVth 1 st 106 31 4.7 7.5 4.4 9.3 13.0 6.0 8.5 9.2 

8. 

2 nd 98 29 5.9 9.5 3.8 7.5 7.0 5.8 7.6 5.2 

1. January’ Ist 1 st 100 27 5.0 8.6 3.8 6.7 6.8 6.7 7.6 8.1 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 105 19 7.0 4.7 4.5 5.5 10.2 7.8 9.4 10.0 

3. IInd 1 st 110 32 8.2 2.8 3.3 8.1 10.5 5.7 12.0 5.2 

4. 

2 nd 112 43 7.0 6.3 5.1 6.7 8.8 8.5 7.6 9.9 

5. IIIrd 1 st 115 23 7.0 5.2 5.6 5.6 7.0 9.8 11.9 8.7 

6. 

2 nd 110 35 7.4 3.7 3.1 6.2 11.3 5.0 9.5 10.6 

7. IVth 1 st 89 24 4.9 6.5 5.1 5.6 6.7 5.6 8.8 7.4 

8. 

2 nd 92 28 5.0 7.8 3.8 6.2 7.2 8.6 7.8 6.8 




2008 

2. 

2 nd 95 22 5.9 5.1 3.5 5.3 8.0 7.6 8.8 5.1 

3. IInd 1 st 107 35 6.6 4.0 4.1 6.9 9.0 5.6 4.2 8.7 

4. 

2 nd 105 43 7.8 5.6 3.3 8.9 8.6 9.1 7.6 11.6 

5. IIIrd 1 st 98 24 9.4 5.6 5.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 11.8 9.4 

6. 

2 nd 105 32 7.1 4.0 8.1 7.1 9.6 5.8 8.7 5.5 

7. IVth 1 st 108 24 10.0 6.8 6.7 7.7 7.0 6.7 5.1 8.6 

8. 

2 nd 110 32 9.4 7.5 5.7 6.3 6.8 7.8 8.6 6.1 

1. March’ Ist 1 st 97 21 8.1 3.7 4.5 8.1 10.2 5.7 6.1 7.5 

2008 

2. 

2 nd 110 18 6.7 5.8 4.1 6.7 10.5 8.5 6.5 9.9 

3. IInd 1 st 103 24 7.0 4.4 3.0 5.6 8.8 9.8 4.5 8.7 

4. 

2 nd 100 24 8.6 5.8 4.8 6.2 6.7 5.0 11.8 10.6 

5. IIIrd 1 st 109 16 9.7 4.7 8.9 4.5 10.5 6.7 8.7 12.9 

6. 

2 nd 112 24 11.7 3.4 3.3 6.7 12.7 6.1 5.5 9.5 

7. IVth 1 st 115 34 9.8 4.6 4.4 5.9 10-.8 6.9 3.6 13.7 

8. 

2 nd 108 19 10.1 5.2 3.8 5.5 6.8 6.9 7.1 10.3 

Min 89.0 16.0 4.5 5.1 

Max 115.0 43.0 11.3 13.7 

Mean 104.4 27.6 6.9 9.1 

Hydro Carbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the ambient air is found below 1 PPM. Overall ambient air quality in and around the 

proposed project area is found to be well within the AAQ standards. 



MONITORING OF NOISE LEVELS 

Noise levels were measured near highways, residential areas and other 

settlements located within 10 km radius around the project site. The noise 

recording stations are shown in Fig-3.6 and the summary of noise levels in 

the study area is given in Table-3.17. The day equivalent noise levels and 

night equivalent noise levels were found to be less. Noise levels were 

recorded at each station with a time interval of one minute for about 30 

minutes in each hour and were computed for equivalent noise levels for 

day-equivalent, night-equivalent & day-night equivalent. Noise monitoring 

stations were established at six locations around the proposed site to 

assess existing noise levels. Noise level monitoring locations are given 

below: 

The noise level standard is given below: 

Ambient Noise Level Standards for Different Category of Area 

Category 

Day time 

Limit in dB 

Night time 

Industrial Area 75 70 

Commercial Area 65 55 

Residential Area 55 45 

Silence Zone 50 40 

Table-3.18 Noise Monitoring Locations 

S. 

No. 

Location 

Code 

Location 

Name 

Distance 

(kms) 

w.r.t. plant 

Direction 

w.r.t. 

Plant 

Environm 

-ental 

Setting 

1 NQ1 Mynkre 0 - Village 

2 NQ2 Umlong 6.5 W Village 

3 NQ3 Umtyra 5.2 N Village 

4 NQ4 Lumshnong 6 S Village 

5 NQ5 Umshangiar 7.5 E Village 

6 NQ6 Umrasong 5.9 W Village 



Table-3.19 Equivalent Noise Levels in the Study Area (10 km radius) 

Time 

Noise Level Monitoring Station 

in Hrs Mynkre Umlong Umtyra Lumshnong Umshangiar Umrasong 

 

6:00 40.6 40.9 43.2 43.1 43.3 43.6 

8:00 46.2 44.5 46.5 45.1 44.2 45.4 

10:00 54.7 53.2 55.1 54.8 52.6 53.5 

12:00 50.3 50.5 51.3 51.1 49.6 50.2 

14:00 48.7 49.2 48.4 47.2 46.7 47.3 

16:00 44.8 47.4 45.3 45.1 44.8 46.2 

18:00 56.3 54.7 52.8 53.6 54.2 53.8 

20:00 45.1 48.3 46.6 47.1 45.9 47.5 

22:00 44.2 45.8 44.6 45.8 44.6 45.6 

00:00 43.6 44.7 43.8 45.1 44.1 45.2 

2:00 43.3 44.2 43.5 44.3 43.4 44.1 

4:00 43.2 43.5 43.2 44.3 43.1 43.9 

The noise levels values are well below the acceptable standard noise 

levels. 

H. Water Environment 

Assessment of baseline data on water environment includes 

• Identification of surface water sources 

• Identification of ground water sources 

• Collection of water samples 

• Analyzing water samples for physio-chemical and biological 

parameters 

Assessment of water quality in the study area includes the water quality 

testing and assessment per the Indian standard IS 10500 (drinking water 

standard). The locations of water sampling are shown in Fig 3.7 water 

samples from various locations in and around the lant site within 10 km 

radius were collected for assessment of the physico-chemical and 

bacteriological quality. Methodologies adopted for sampling and analysis 

were according to the IS methods. 

Field parameters such as pH, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen were 

tested at site. The parameters thus analyzed were compared with IS 

10500. Details of water sampling locations are given in table below. 



 

S.No. 

Location 

Code 

Table-3.20 Water sampling locations 

Location Name 

Distance 

(kms) 

w.r.t. Plant 

Direction 

w.r.t. Plant 

Sample 

Source 

Sample Source 

1. GWQ1 Mynkre 0 - Ground 

Water/Bore Well 

2. GWQ2 Umlong 6.5 W Ground 


3. GWQ3 Umtyra 5.2 N Ground 


4. GWQ4 Lumshnong 6 S Ground 


5. GWQ5 Umshangiar 7.5 E Ground 


6. GWQ6 Umrasong 5.9 W Ground 


Table-3.21 Summary of Water Quality Analysis Results 

 

GWQ1 

GWQ2 

GWQ3 

Mynkre 

Umlong 

Umtyra 

S. Parameter Unit GWQ1 GWQ2 GWQ3 

No. 

1 Colour Hazen uts


Compounds 

19 Mercury as mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

(Hg) 

20 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

21 Selenium as mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

Se 

22 Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

23 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

24 Lead (Pb mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

25 Zinc (Zn) mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

26 Chromium (Cr) mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

27 Mineral Oil mg/l Nil Nil Nil 

28 Alkalinity as mg/l 58 27 45 

CaCO3 

29 Aluminium as mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

Al 

30 Boron as B mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.05 

31 Total Coliform MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil 

 

GWQ4 

GWQ5 

GWQ6 

Table-3.22 Summary of Water Quality Analysis Results 

Lumshnong 

Umshangiar 

Umrasong 

S. Parameter Unit GWQ4 GWQ5 GWQ6 

No. 

1 Colour Hazen uts


22 Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

23 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

24 Lead (Pb mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

25 Zinc (Zn) mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

26 Chromium (Cr) mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

27 Mineral Oil mg/l Nil Nil Nil 

28 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 67 38 71 

29 Aluminium as Al mg/l BDL BDL BDL 

30 Boron as B mg/l 0.04 0.03 0.05 

31 Total Coliform MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil 

 

Soil Quality 

Soil sampling was carried out at six locations. The samples were tested 

for physico-chemical properties. The soil samples were collected from the 

agricultural lands from the buffer zone areas. The particulars of soil 

sampling locations are presented in the table below. 

Table-3.23 Location of Soil Sampling Stations 

S.No. 

Location 

Code 

Location Name 

Distance (kms) 

w.r.t. Plant 

Direction 

w.r.t. Plant 

1 S1 Mynkre 0 - 

2 S2 Umlong 6.5 W 

3 S3 Umtyra 5.2 N 

4 S4 Lumshnong 6 S 

5 S5 Umshangiar 7.5 E 

6 S6 Umrasong 5.9 W 



Table-3.24 Soil Quality Analysis Results 

S. 

No. 

Parameter 

Unit 

Soil Sampling Station 

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 

1 pH (1:2 Soil 

Water Extract) 

2 Electrical 

Conductivity 

- 5.5 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.6 5.9 

6FP 120 56 46 52 140 80 

3 Nitrate as N mg/kg 80 180 240 60 280 320 

4 Phosphorous 

as P2O5 

mg/kg 22 51 Traces 18 Traces 42 

5 Potash as K2O mg/kg 210 140 360 530 320 270 

6 Sodium as 

Na2O 

mg/kg 150 95 180 260 310 240 

7 Calcium as Ca mg/kg 1140 1460 980 2130 2670 1860 

8 Magnesium as 

Mg 

mg/kg 340 280 460 1030 140 870 

9 Chloride as Cl mg/kg 32 16 43 16 22 38 

10 Organic Carbon % 0.28 0.18 0.62 0.58 0.78 0.42 

11 Texture - Sandy 

 

Loam 

Sandy 

Loam 

Sandy clay 

loam 

Sandy 

Loam 

Sandy clay 

Loam 

Sand % 75 87 49 74 51 67 

Silt % 11 6 24 12 23 15 

Clay % 14 7 24 14 26 18 

Sandy Loam 



CHAPTER-4 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

Various activities and parameters, which may have impact on environmental 

domain due to the proposed cement plant with captive power project are 

identified and enumerated in the EIA report. Production of cement and 

generation of power always played a vital role in developmental activities. EIA 

presents appraisal of various impacts from the proposed plant in the study area. 

The environmental parameters, which are expected to be affected, by 

developmental activities are: 

1. Topography (Physiography & Drainage) 

2. Water Environment 

3. Ambient Air Quality 

4. Soil Quality 

5. Noise Level & Ground Vibrations 

6. Flora and Fauna due to Deforestation 

7. Natural Resources 

.CPFFGITCFCVKQPFWGVQIGPGTCVKQPQHYCUVGTQEM 

 

The project is likely to create impact on the environment in two distinct phases: 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 

(A) CEMENT PLANT 

4.1 IMPACT ON LAND USE 

-During construction phase (temporary and short term). 

-During operation phase (long term) 

The land available for the proposed plant is 55.5403 ha. Nearly 14 ha 

land will be utilized for cement plant & captive power plant of 10 MW. 

Balance will be used for future expansion and greenery development. 

The construction activities would attract a worker population of about 400. 

Work force will be arranged from local villages except for those, who have 

specialized experience will stay at the site. No significant impact on land 

environment is expected. 



4.2 IMPACT ON SOIL 

The proposed land was unutilized in past. The land had some undulating 

ground profile. The area has been leveled by utilizing the earth from the 

excavation. No significant adverse impact on the soil in the surrounding 

area is anticipated except localized constructional impact. 

4.3 IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY 

During construction phase, suspended particulate matter will be the main 

pollutant, which would be generated from the site development activities 

and vehicular movement on the road. NOx & CO may increase slightly 

due to increased vehicular traffic movement. 

Source of dust emission in the plant are given below: 

1. Coal grinding section 

2. Packing plant. 

3. Cement grinding 

4. Clinker Silo 

5. Preheater, kiln & cooler 

6. Blending Silo 

7. Raw material storage 

Cement manufacture involves 3 main areas of environmental concern, 

namely; 

1. Dust Pollution of the atmosphere and, 

2. Emission of Green House Gases (GHGs), 

3. Noise Pollution 

Cement industry does not generate any hazardous or toxic emissions or 

effluents, which are injurious to health. 

1. DUST POLLUTION 

Dust is generated through emissions, handling, spillage, leakages, 

jamming, etc at every stage of cement manufacture, starting with 

the quarrying of the major raw material limestone and ending with 

the packing and dispatch of cement from the plant. 



The dust sources can be broadly divided into process related and 

fugitive sources: 

I) Process related dust sources 

* Drilling; 

* Crushing and grinding - Limestone, coal and clinker; 

* Kiln and 

* Clinker cooler 

II) 

Fugitive dust sources 

* Conveyor transfer points 

* Open material stockpiles 

* Discharge from hoppers 

* Leaking joints 

* Raw material transport and handling through dumpers and pay 

loaders 

Road traffic: 

The present traffic density nearest to site on NH 44 is 280 per hour 

including all type of vehicles. The contribution due to the proposed 

plant will be 80 on daily basis. The transportation vehicles will be 

regularized and allowed in such a manner so that there existence does 

not disturb the routine traffic. Blow of horns would be prohibited in and 

around parking area. The locations of mines are in between hills and 

the plant and away from habitat. The mineral transport will not have 

any impact on habitat or highway. 

2. EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES (GHGs) 

Cement industry's emission of CO 2 is next only to thermal power plants 

(coal based). Cement kilns burn coal and limestone both of which 

generate CO 2 . The approximate contributions of each of the CO 2 

sources are: 

Calcinations 50 - 55% 

Fuel combustion 40 - 50% 

Electricity 0 - 10% 



Total CO 2 emissions per tonne of cement (assuming a 0.95: 1 

clinker to cement ratio) ranges about from 0.85 to 1.15 tonne, say 

one tonne. 

*Prescribed limit for GHGs emissions: 150 mg/nm 3 

3 NOISE POLLUTION 

In cement plants noise is generated by machinery, such as 

crushers, grinding mills, fans, blowers, compressors, and 

conveyors. The noise levels emitted in cement plants is known to 

vary in general from 65 to 90 dB (decibels). The standards for noise 

levels prescribed for Indian industry are 70 to 75 dB. 

The present noise levels at site in day and night times respectively 

were found to be 65 and 52 dB. 

Major noise generating sources are given below: 

1. Kilns 

2. Raw mill 

3. Cement mill 

4. Crusher 

5. Power plant 

The above plants and equipments will be inside the plant and will 

not contribute much to the ambient noise outside the factory 

premises. All precautionary measures shall be taken to minimize 

the noise level inside plant area. The rotating equipments would be 

mounted on anti vibration pads and regularly maintained so that the 

resultant noise level is not more than 85 dB (A). The damage risk 

criteria as enforced by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration) to reduce hearing loss would be strictly adhered. 

(B) 

THERMAL POWER PLANT 

1. Flue gases from boiler section 



2. Fly ash from the hoppers 

3. Furnace bottom ash 

A Thermal Power Plant is a potential source of environmental pollution 

both atmospheric and surface. Pollutants normally arising the plant are 

coal ash, coal dust, SOx, NOx, effluents from water treatment and blow 

down, sewage etc. besides noise emitted from high speed drives and 

steam exhausts to atmosphere and also at times the leaks of obnoxious 

gases from the system. Nevertheless, adequate provisions, such as 

installation of ESP, treatment of effluents, neutralization, etc. have been 

envisaged for the proposed Power plant to keep the pollution level well 

within limits prescribed by the Statutory bodies and as specifically 

recommended for a Power Plant to come in a location like that of the 

proposed Plant. 

4.4 EFFLUENT WATER 

No process water will be generated, as the cement plant is based d on the 

dry process. Water is mainly used in closed circuits at certain stages in the 

process like in cement and raw mills. All the process water will be 

recycled. 

All blows down water from boiler, auxiliary cooling tower basin, system 

leakage water through equipment overflow drain (EOD) etc. will be 

channelised to a common sump. Water from the CEP will then be pumped 

out for following purposes within the plant area. 

• Horticulture 

• Dust Suppression 

• Ash Conditioning 

The water quality analysis results of all locations show that all the 

parameters are within the prescribed limits as per the surface water quality 

standard of IS: 2296. There will be no industrial effluent generated from 

cement plant. Domestic wastewater will also be generated which have to 

be treated. Rainwater run off may cause turbidity for which control 

measures have to be taken. 



Principle of zero discharge will be adopted and no impermissible 

discharge will be allowed out side factory. All water from DM plant will be 

used. Blow down water from boiler, auxiliary cooling tower basin, system 

leakage water through equipment overflow drain will be managed inside 

the cement plant and factory. 

4.5 SOLID WASTE 

There will be no solid waste generation in the proposed plant. Rejected 

materials like packaging material, steel scrap, used tires etc. will be 

disposed off. Fly ash generation from CPP shall be handled properly. All 

the fly ash will be utilized in cement manufacture. 

(C) 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO MINING: 

Various project activities which may have direct impact on above 

environmental parameters are as follows- 

A) Land acquisition & site preparation 

B) Creation of infrastructure 

C) Mining activities 

D) Blasting 

E) Transportation of mineral and waste rock 

F) Stocking of material 

G) Waste rock disposal 

H) Mine waste disposal 

I) Surface transportation and dispatch of mineral 

Land degradation, waste rock generation and management 

The existing land will be disturbed by the mining operations by three 

typesa) 

Land degradation caused due to excavation of pits. 

b) Land degradation caused due to dumping of waste generated 

during mining. 

c) Land degradation due to erection of infrastructure facility such 

as mines road, site office, rest shelter etc. 



The lease area is having exposed rocks. The area is hilly and devoid 

of any vegetation except wild bushes and shrubs. Major direct 

impact on land use during the pre mining phase is the removal of 

vegetation. No displacement of any habitat is involved. By opening 

the mine no loss of rare plants and endemic species is involved. 

Rehabilitation measures can take care of regeneration of species 

suitable for species without disturbing the surrounding area due to 

installation of crusher and movement of limestone by road. There will 

be no crushing and screening at the mine. The planning of 

development work have thus, addressed fully to the importance of least 

disturbance to the existing flora. It shall be normal duty of the lessee to 

utilize the barren land for the plantation growth. Trees most commonly 

available and easily grown in area shall be further planted. 

4.6 IMPACT OF BLASTING 

Limited blasting will be carried out at mining site. The degree of 

damage that may results from blast vibration to a structure will 

depend on the inherent strength, height and foundation design of the 

structure concerned. Another important point of consideration is the 

frequency of blast waves. If, the frequency of blast waves matches 

the natural frequency of the structure, the resonance will occur. 

Since the natural frequencies of the structure and their components 

lie in the range of 5 to 40 Hz the blast waves having low frequency 

(


The pattern of drilling and blasting has been designed as follows: 

Proposed bench height : 6.0m 

Proposed diameter of hole : 100 mm, 

Effective depth of hole : 7.0m 

To maintain good fragmentation 

for quick removal of blasted 

muck, suggested burden : 3-3.5m 

Spacing : 4.0-4.5m 

Stemming column : 3.0-3.5m 

Tonnage of rock per hole : 236 tonnes. 

Impact on stability of slopes 

Rock slides in and around the vicinity- 

There are no visible signs of rock slides around the vicinity of the mine 

and no tension cracks or loosened boulders are present. The mining 

activity will have adverse impact on the slope stability, if appropriate 

control measures are not adopted. Controlled blasting shall be adopted 

to avoid tension cracks and back breaks. Such crack filled with water 

reduces stability of excavated slopes and angle of slopes. Good 

drainage shall be provided in and around the quarry. 

Rolling boulders 

When mining of a bench reaches the edge of the hill, it may give rise to 

rolling of boulders downwards along the hill slopes. It may have 

adverse impacts on flora and structures on the way. It may also lead to 

serious injuries to human beings or animals. Adequate control 

measures as given below have been proposed to prevent this 

phenoena. 

On end bench 8m from the edge is to be considered as “Caution Zone”. 

Regular mining shall not be done in the zone. The orientation of the 

face will be kept parallel to the edge of the hill in the area and the 

bench height is restricted to 2m only. Controlled blasting will be 

adopted for the last blast. Pre-splitting will be done, if required. 



WASTE ROCK MANAGEMENT 

It is expected that about 1, 40, 000 M 3 waste rock will be generated in 

first five years of working. Nearly 40,000 M 3 shall be either used in 

leveling of low lying areas. Part of it will be used in road construction 

and taken by local villagers for house construction free of charge. 

Remaining 1, 00,000 M 3 would be dumped on waste disposal site in 

maximum dump height of 15 M with two benches of 5 M each. Waste 

generation shall be significantly reduced thereafter, since there will be 

no overburden. Two external dump sites are earmarked with total 

dumps area of 

0.7 Ha and 0.9 Ha respectively. The dumps shall be 

later stabilized, planted and reclaimed. 

Year Waste in tonnes Rom mineral in tonnes 

I 40,200 5,01,000 

II 62,300 7,07,000 

III 63,200 7,51,000 

IV 72,650 8,11,000 

V 73,800 8,15,000 

Total 3,12,150 35,94,000 

Impact on soil quality- 

The site for mine pit does not have any topsoil. The site for rejects 

stack yard also does not bear topsoil. Therefore, there may not be an 

adverse effect on topsoil due to the mining. However some adverse 

effects on land use pattern will occur due to mining activities. 

Impact on ambient air quality- 

The major sources/activities of dust emissions are drilling and blasting, 

haul roads, transportation etc. Because of semi mechanized/ manual 

mining and nature of ore and waste, there shall be less air pollution due 

to the mining activities. Some quantity of dust will be generated due to 

drilling and blasting. Adequate precautions shall be taken to control the 

dust generation. There will be no work in the mine in the night. Dust will 



naturally and automatically settle down. There will not be much effect of 

air quality. 

Impact of noise and ground vibrations- 

Noise is caused due to increased mechanization during transport 

activities and blasting operations carried out in mining. In the present 

case the location of mines is in between hills and plant. The hilly terrain 

is also helpful in damping the noise generated. The height of 

surrounding hills is not more. Mining is proposed by semi mechanized/ 

manual open cast mining methods. Wet drilling and delayed detonator 

pattern shall be adopted to reduce noise generation. No heavy 

machinery will be deployed in mining operation except hammer for 

drilling and trucks for transportation. These will neither generate much 

noise to disturb the area nor produce the much vibration. 

4.7 IMPACT ON WATER ENVIRONMENT 

No surface water is found in the area. Thus there would not be any 

degradation or pollution of surface water due to the mining in this area. 

The lime stone is parent rock system of the area. It is inert and nontoxic. 

The major impacts are water pollution due to erosion, oil and 

grease, contamination of water bodies due to discharge of mine water, 

toxic wastes, salinity from mine fires, acid mine drainage, etc. Ground 

water pollution can only take place, if dumps and stockpiles contain 

harmful chemical substances. No chemicals are associated with the 

deposit. The mining activities will not have any impact on water quality. 



4.8 SAFETY AND SECURITY 

Barbed wire fencing is proposed around the proposed excavation to check 

the inadvertent entry of human and livestock in the mining area. Security 

personal shall be deployed for watch and ward duty. The watchman will not 

allow any unauthorized person and livestock near the deep cuttings of the 

proposed workings. The safe workings are proposed in the supervision of 

technical and qualified supervisory staff. Safety measures will be provided as 

per Mines Act. 

4.9 FLORA AND FAUNA 

There is no forest area, wildlife sanctuary in the study area. The site is 

covered with grass, bushes & few trees. No endangered or rare species are 

reported or observed in the study area. Also there is no significant aquatic 

body within the study area. The proposed land was unutilized. 

Construction of plants or operations of mines in nearby areas will not involve 

in clearance of major flora. The impact on fauna is also negligible. 

4.10 SEISMICITY 

The region is one of the well-known seismically active regions and falls under 

Zone V. The study area has experienced two largest earthquakes. 

• 12 June 1897 (mag 8.7) 

• 15 August 1950 (mag 8.5) 

Both these earthquakes are reported to occur causing widespread damage. 

The epicenter of the earthquake in 12 June 1897 occurred at Shillong massif 

while the 1950 earthquake has its epicenter further Northeast. 

The most commendable scientific evidence for the high seismicity is 

attributed to the tectonic features of the Northeast. The Northeast region is 

very close to the junction of Himalayan and the Burmese arcs which bear 

resemblance to that of Pamir Knot at the other extreme corner of the 

Himalayas. 

Shillong plateau of Archaean shied of an altitude about 2 km has been 

affected by several large earthquakes. The western and the northern 

boundaries of the plateau follow the Brahmputra river. On the southern 



portion of the old rocks of the plateau is the thrust over the Haflong-Disang 

fault zone. The Shillong shield extends Northeast and the foreland under the 

Bramhaputra alluvium. The seismicity of the region is defined by the collision 

of the India and the Eurasian plates, as explained above the Indian plates are 

moving at the north easterly direction and is under thrusting the Eurasian 

plate, hence the strong seismic influence in the study area. 

4.11 SOCIO-ECONOMICS 

The major beneficial impacts of mining project are changes in 

employment and income opportunity, infrastructure, community 

development, communication transport, and educational, commercial 

etc. facilities. 

The adverse impacts are the displacement and 

rehabilitation/resettlement of affected people including change in 

culture, heritage & related features. The crime & illicit activities may 

also increase. 

The land is presently unutilized. There shall be no displacement of any 

habitat. There shall be no adverse effect of mining activities on the 

social and demographic profile. The mining activities in this region will 

improve the socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants because the 

mining activities in this area will provide better opportunities to earn 

additional and substantial amount of money to meet their livelihood. 

This will improve the standard of the inhabitants. Mining activities 

provide both direct / indirect employment opportunities to the local 

population. 

Job opportunities for the local people will be generated due to the coming of 

this project. Local people will be given preference, whenever found suitable 

for all jobs in the plant. People will be benefited both directly and indirectly. 

People will be engaged in the form of retailers through out the state. Due to 

the coming of proposed plant, the nearby villages would be developed with 

facilities like good road network and improve the economic structure of the 

area. 

The product is used for making houses and will be available at a cheaper 

cost to local people due to reduction in freight costs. The realization of the 



project will result into direct revenue to both state and central exchequer in 

terms of power tariff, taxes, duties, royalties, etc. 

4.12 AIR DISPERSION MODELLING 

Air quality impact of cement plant (3,000 tons), and captive power thermal 

power (10 MW) project has been assessed with the help of mathematical 

modeling. 

The impacts have been predicted for the proposed Cement and Power plant 

assuming that the pollution due to the existing activities has already been 

covered under baseline environmental monitoring and continue to remain 

same till the operation of the project. 

Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the 

construction phase is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of 

SO 2 , NOx, SPM, and CO. Construction activities may cause changes in the 

SPM levels locally. The impact will, however, be reversible, marginal, and 

temporary in nature. 

The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the 

construction phase. 

The location of mines is in between the hills and the plant away from road 

and habitat. The impact will be confined within the project boundary and is 

expected to be negligible outside the project area. Proper upkeep and 

maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads and construction site, 

providing sufficient vegetation etc. are some of the measures that would 

greatly reduce the impacts during the construction phase etc. are some of the 

measures that would greatly reduce the impacts during the construction 

phase. 

IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE 

The model simulations deal with the major pollutant viz., Suspended 

Particulate Matter (SPM) and Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and Oxides of Nitrogen 

(NOx) for Cement and Captive coal based thermal power plant will be the 

important pollutants. 

The various measures proposed to minimize the pollution from the cement 

plant, power plant and mines are as follows: 



-Electrostatic precipitators with appropriate efficiency will be installed to limit 

the particulate (SPM) emission within statutory limit of 70 mg/Nm 3 . 

-To facilitate wider dispersion of pollutants, 70-m high stack will be provided. 

-Controlling combustion measures, which will be approached by way of low 

NOx burners or by air staging in furnace, will control the NOx emissions from 

the boilers. 

-Wet drilling and delayed detonator techniques for blasting shall be adopted 

to control dust generation. 

-Fugitive dust will be controlled by adopting dust extraction and dust 

suppression measures and development of green belt along the periphery of 

the proposed power plant. 

Prediction of impacts on air environment has been carried out employing 

mathematical model based on a steady state Gaussian plume dispersion 

model designed for multiple point sources for short term. In the present case, 

Industrial Source Complex [ISC3] 1993 dispersion model based on steady 

state Gaussian plume dispersion, designed for multiple point sources for 

short term and developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency 

[USEPA] has been used for simulations from point sources. 

Prediction of ground level concentrations (glc’s) due to proposed cement 

plant and captive thermal power plant has been made by Industrial Source 

Complex, Short Term (ISCST3) as per CPCB guidelines. ISCST3 is US-EPA 

approved model to predict the air quality. 

The model simulations deal with three major pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide 

(SO 2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 

emitted from the proposed projects all together i.e., cement plant, captive 

thermal power project and captive mines. The model uses rural dispersion 

and regulatory defaults options as per guidelines on air quality models 

(PROBES/70/1997-1998). The model assumes receptors on flat terrain. 

OPTIONS USED FOR MODEL COMPUTATIONS 

The options used for short-term computations are: 

• The plume rise is estimated by Briggs formulae, but the final rise is 

always limited to that of the mixing layer 

• Stack tip down wash is not considered 

• Buoyancy induced dispersion is used to describe the increase in 

plume dispersion during the ascension phase 

• Calms processing routine is used by default; 

• Wind profile exponents are used by default, 'Irwin'; 



• Flat terrain is used for computations; 

• Assumed that the pollutants do not undergo physico-chemical 

transformation and that there is no removal by dry dust deposition; 

• Cartesian co-ordinate system has been used for computations; and 

• The model computations have been done for 20 km with 500-m 

interval. 

• Washout by rain is not considered. 

• Meteorological inputs required are wind speed and direction, ambient 

temperature, stability class, and mixing height. 

INPUT DATA 

For the modeling purpose, sulphur dioxide, Oxides of nitrogen and 

Suspended particulate matter from cement and captive thermal power project 

are considered. The emission details are given below: 

Cement and Captive Thermal Power Project Emissions 

Captive Power Plant And Cement Plant Emissions 

DESCRIPTION Raw Mill Cooler Klin Coal 

Mill 

Stack Height Ht. 

(m) 

Exit flue 

Diameter(m) 

Flue gas Exit 

Velocity (m/s) 

Flue gas Exit 

Temp ( 0 C) 

Cement 

Mill 

Packing 

Plant 

70 45 70 45 40 32 59 

3.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 1.2 1 1.3 

CPP 

6.4 18.50 14.28 11.91 38.85 8.39 16.55 

90 325 340 110 120 120 120 

Flow rate Nm 3 /hr 1,80,000 1,80000 230000 60000 120000 18000 60000 

Air Emissions 

SPM in gm/sec 4.5 5.0 9.0 2.0 1.8 0.5 2.5 

SO 2 in gm/sec 20.00 30 

NOx in gm/sec 25.00 12.5 

For the prediction purpose RSPM is taken to be 35 % of SPM emissions. 

Gaussian Plume Model (ISCST3 ) 

The ISC short term area source model is based on a numerical integration 

over the area in the upwind and cross wind directions of Gaussian plume 

formula. This can be applied to the point, area, and line or volume sources 



simultaneously and their resultant incremental concentration of the pollutant 

can be predicted. 

Extrapolation of Wind Speed 

Power law as given below calculates wind speed at stack level. 

U stack = U10 (Stack height/10) p 

Where U10 is the wind speed at 10-meter level and p is the power law 

coefficient (0.07, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.35 and 0.55 for stability classes A, B, C, 

D, E and F respectively) as per Irwin for rural areas (USEPA, 1987). 

Stability Classification 

Hourly stability is determined by wind direction fluctuation method as 

suggested by Slade (1965) and recommended by CPCB (PROBES/70/1997- 

1998). 

1a = Wdr/6 

1a is standard deviation of wind direction fluctuation; W dr is the overall wind 

direction fluctuation or width of the wind direction in degrees. The table for 

stability classes is given as under. 

Stability 

Class 

1a (degree) 

A > 22.5 

B 22.4 – 17.5 

C 17.4 – 12.5 

D 12.4 – 7.5 

E 7.4 – 3.5 

F < 3.5 



Dispersion Parameters 

Dispersion parameters and for open country conditions (Briggs, 1974) are 

used as the project is located on a flat terrain in a rural area. Atmospheric 

dispersion coefficients vary with downwind distance (x) from emission 

sources for different atmospheric stability conditions. (CPCB – 

PROBES/70/1997-98) 

Mixing Height 

As site specific mixing heights were not available, mixing heights based on 

CPCB publication, “SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY MIXING DEPTH 

OVER INDIAN REGION”, PROBES/88/2002-03 has been considered for 

Industrial Source Complex model to establish the worst case scenario. 

Meteorological Data 

Data recorded at the continuous weather monitoring station on wind speed, 

direction, and temperature for the monitoring period was used as 

meteorological input. 

In the present case model simulations have been carried using the triple joint 

frequency data. Short-term simulations were carried to estimate 

concentrations at the receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations 

in concentrations over the site in 20-km radius covering 16 directions. 

The incremental concentrations are estimated for the monitoring period. For 

each time scale, i.e. for 24 hr (short term) the model computes the highest 

concentrations observed during the period over all the measurement points. 

The maximum incremental GLCs due to the proposed cement plant, and 

captive thermal power projects together for SPM, SO 2 and NOx are 

superimposed on the maximum baseline SPM, SO 2 and NOx concentrations 

recorded at the monitoring locations during the field monitoring period winter 

2007-2008. The incremental concentration due to operation of thermal power 

plant, cement plant and their combined cumulative concentrations (baseline + 

incremental) after implementation are tabulated below in Table- 4.1, Table 

4.2 and Table 4.3 respectively. The maximum GLCs for SPM, SO 2 and NOx 

after implementation of the proposed project are likely to be within the 

prescribed NAAQ standards for Rural and Residential areas. 



TABLE 4.1: IMPACT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT ALONE 

(Baseline + Incremental) 

Sampling 

Locations 

Direction 

from 

Cement 

Plant Site 

Aerial 

distance 

in km. from 

site 

Monitored data ( Maximum) THERMAL POWER 

PLANT 

ONLY 

Incremental Maximum 

Resultant Ground level 

Concentration 

RPM SPM SO2 NOx RPM SPM SO2 NOx RPM SPM SO2 NOx 

Mynkre - 0 41.0 112.0 11.2 14.4 1.06 2.1 0.5 0.2 43.2 115 12.2 14.6 

Umlong W 6.5 34.0 115.0 13.0 10.0 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.03 34.7 115.8 13.1 10.03 

Umtyra N 5.2 43.0 115.0 8.1 13.7 0.9 1.8 0.2 0.1 44.5 117.6 9 13.8 

Lumshnong S 6.0 46.0 118.0 9.2 13.3 0.1 0.3 0.08 0.06 46.8 119.2 10 13.36 

Umshangiar E 7.5 46.0 119.0 9.5 13.7 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.01 46.08 119.09 9.55 13.71 

Umrasong W 5.9 43.0 115.0 11.3 13.7 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.09 44.8 117.4 11.9 13.79 

Mines Site W 1.0 42.0 114 12 14 1.0 1.5 0,7 0.6 43.51 115.5 12.7 14.6 



TABLE 4.2: IMPACT OF CEMENT PLANT ALONE 

(Baseline + Incremental) 

Sampling 

Locations 

Direction 

from 

Cement 

Plant 

Site 

Aerial 

distance 

in km. 

from 

site 

Monitored Data ( Max.) CEMENT PLANT Incremental 

Maximum 


Concentration 


Mynkre - 0 41.0 112.0 11.2 14.4 1.8 2.6 0.8 0.3 42.8 114.6 12 14.7 

Umlong W 6.5 34.0 115.0 13.0 10.0 0.1 0.4 0.09 0.05 34.1 115.4 13.09 10.05 

Umtyra N 5.2 43.0 115.0 8.1 13.7 1.2 2.2 0.6 0.5 44.2 117.2 8.7 14.2 

Lumshnong S 6.0 46.0 118.0 9.2 13.3 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.2 46.6 118.9 9.6 13.5 

Umshangiar E 7.5 46.0 119.0 9.5 13.7 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.02 46.07 119.09 9.54 13.72 

Umrasong W 5.9 43.0 115.0 11.3 13.7 1.1 1.4 0.3 0.1 44.1 116.4 11.6 13.8 

Mines Site W 1.0 42.0 114 12 14 2.0 2.5 0,9 0.8 44 116.5 12.9 14.8 



TABLE 4.3: CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT AND CEMENT PLANTS 

Sampling 

Locations 

Directio 

n from 

Cement 

Plant 

Site 

Aerial 

distance 

in km. 

from 

site 

Monitored data ( Maximum) CEMENT PLANT & POWER 

PLANT 

Incremental Maximum 


Concentration 


Mynkre - 0 41.0 112.0 11.2 14.4 2.2 3.0 1.0 0.8 42.06 114.1 11.7 15.2 

Umlong W 6.5 34.0 115.0 13.0 10.0 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.09 34.06 115.08 13.04 10.09 

Umtyra N 5.2 43.0 115.0 8.1 13.7 1.5 2.6 0.9 0.6 43.9 116.8 8.3 14.3 

Lumshnong S 6.0 46.0 118.0 9.2 13.3 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.5 46.1 118.3 9.28 13.8 

Umshangiar E 7.5 46.0 119.0 9.5 13.7 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.02 46.04 119.06 9.52 13.72 

Umrasong W 5.9 43.0 115.0 11.3 13.7 1.8 2.4 0.6 0.2 43.4 115.8 11.4 13.9 

Mine Site W 1.0 42.0 114 12 14 3.0 3.8 1.8 2.0 45.0 117.8 13.8 16 



CHAPTER-5 

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable 

development in the study area (10 Kms) of the project site. The impact assessment 

due to the proposed project has highlighted certain areas, which need special 

attention. The Environmental Management Plan consists of mitigation measures for 

activity during the construction, operation and the life cycle to minimize adverse 

environmental impacts of the project. It would also delineate the environmental 

monitoring plan for compliance of various environmental regulations. 

The project will carry out the control measures for air pollution by installing air 

pollution control system and installation of sewage treatment plant and plantation 

programme. 

5.1 POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES 

CONSTRUCTION PHASE 

Air pollution Control 

During construction phase, effective mitigating measures will be adopted to 

reduce the primary impact on air environment to the minimum. These include 

effective water sprinkling over the transport roads (especially unpaved) and 

over the areas where loose materials (including earth works) are handled 

(excavated, loaded and unloaded), which will reduce the pollution due to 

dust. The machinery used in construction will be well maintained, regularly 

overhauled and tuned which will prevent air pollution due to exhaust 

emissions. In this way, it is anticipated that the air pollution during 

construction will be negligible and will remain well below the prescribed limits 

CPCB/SPCB. 

5.2 OPERATION PHASE 

Fugitive emissions 

It is proposed to cover the trucks loaded with raw material by tarpaulins to 

prevent the material from becoming airborne during transportation. It is also 

proposed to sprinkle water over the roads (especially unpaved) to prevent 

dust from becoming airborne as a result of tire-road interaction in and around 

the plant area. 



Bag filters will be installed at all material transfer points and material 

conveying systems - air slides, bucket elevators etc. Belt conveyor swill be 

used for stacking the -80 mm size limestone to reduce the falling height and 

hence to reduce dust generation. Gypsum and coal will be received in wet 

condition, hence; will not require any specific control measures. All raw 

material storages and conveyors will be covered. In order to control air 

pollution systems like fly ash system with ESPs, dust suppression systems 

with water spraying and ventilation systems have been envisaged. 

The main stacks emitting most of the SPM emission are given in Table 5.1 

along with the proposed air pollution control equipment. 

TABLE 5.1 

MAIN STACKS AND SPM CONTROL EQUIPMENT 

Sl. 

Stack name 

Height 

Dia 

SPM control 

Max. SPM 

No. 

(m) 

(m) 

equipment 

emission in 

mg/Nm 3 

1. Clinker cooler 30.0 1.80 ESP 55.0 

2. Primary crusher 21.0 1.19 Bag house 50.0 

3. Secondary crusher 13.0 1.00 Bag house 60.0 

4. RABH (kiln & raw mill) 47.5 3.00 Bag house 65.0 

5. Coal mill 37.0 1.18 Bag house 50.0 

6. Cement mill 20.5 1.20 Bag house 52.0 

7. Packing plant 10.0 0.60 Bag house 45.0 

8. Power plant 80.0 2.50 ESP 75.0 

Pollution control equipment for outlet of raw mill & kiln has got two options, 

namely: ESP and bag filter, both are extensively used by large cement plants. 

ESP has got the advantage of low-pressure loss, high temperature 

adaptability and low recurring cost. However, tripping due to system failures 

rather common & frequent, requiring high degree of maintenance. Bag filters 

are also available for high temperature (up to 260°C on continuous basis and 

280°C for a shorter period). Pressure loss is high and maintenance cost is 

high as it requires regular replacement of bags. If the system fails due to 

process disturbance and temperature increases, fresh air is automatically 

drawn in, to maintain the temperature of gases within permissible 



temperature range. Many cement plants having excellent environmental 

cleanliness are successfully & satisfactorily using bag filters. For the main 

stack, bag filter offers to be a better choice from environmental point of view. 

Emission levels are generally low in case of bag filter compared to that of 

ESP. For clinker cooler, ESP will be the only choice. Multicyclone will not be 

able to maintain emission level below 50 mg/Nm 3 . Use of efficient multi 

channel burners is envisaged to keep NO 2 emission low. This plant has 

planned to adopt latest technology for low NOx generation in its precalcinator. 

ESP will also be provided for controlling the emissions from captive power 

plant. Thus, it is proposed to restrict the emission to within the stipulated 

norms. 

This in combination with adequate height of the stacks will help in keeping the 

incremental values of pollutants to the bare minimum levels as has been 

proved by dispersion modeling study. In this way, it is anticipated that the air 

pollution during operation will be meager and will remain well below the 

prescribed limits of CPCB/SPCB in respect of stack emissions standards as 

well as ambient air quality standards. 

Since Meghalaya coal contains higher sulphur content (Up to about 3) 

adequate care is taken in designing the height of the chimney of AFBC boiler. 

Stack of around 80 M height in line with the stipulations of the Central 

Pollution Control Board will be provided. 

The following measures will be adopted for the proposed power plant to 

minimize air pollution: 

• Particulate emission rate from flue gas at stack outlet will be restricted 

to a maximum of 150 mg / Nm 3 . 

• Dedusting System will be provided to arrest fugitive emissions in the 

work zone. 

• The dust control System will be installed and Commissioned along 

with the main Plant. These Systems will be checked and their emission 

rates will also be monitored. 

• The stack will be provided with necessary instruments for monitoring of 

SPM, SO 2 and NOx. 

Dust extraction system will be installed at the following sections. The 

location of air pollution control systems is also mention. 



1. Raw material storage and transport- Bag filter 

2. Raw meal preparation- Bag filter & Bag house 

3. Blending Silo- Bag filter 

4. Preheater, Kiln & Cooler- Cooler ESP 

5. Clinker Silo- Bag filter 

6. Cement Grinding- Bag filter 

7. Packing Plant- Bag filter 

8. Coal Grinding- Bag filter 

Similarly ESP will be installed in the Captive power plant to arrest the 

particulate matter. The efficiency of ESP will be 98% to maintain the emission 

level. 

The dust concentration level in the chimney will be periodically monitored. 

Sulphur-dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide can be control by limestone charging, 

or by keeping AFBC boiler combustion temperature below 900°C. 

Fly Ash will be removed on the principle of Dry Dense Phase Pneumatic 

System and transported in dry condition to an Ash Silo. Ash from the Silo will 

be transported internally to the Fly ash inlet hopper of the Cement Plant. Fly 

ash shall be conditioned (moistened by water) at the Ash Silo Outlet 

satisfying the Environmental requirement. 

More granular bottom ash being only of very small quantity will be reused, 

after proper sieving, as bed materials in AFBC Boiler. 

Fugitive emissions are generated from material handling systems; raw 

material storage yards and material movement will be suppressed by water 

spraying. 

There will be no major leveling operation and hence so no major excavation 

will be necessary except for the purpose of foundations. Dust, the major 

source of air pollution is likely to be generated from construction activities and 

transportation. Hence water sprinkling will be done on regular basis in the 

months December to March. The construction vehicles will be properly 

maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust emissions. 



5.3 MITIGATION OF DUST POLLUTION 

The sources and levels of emission before treatment and methods of dust 

extraction/suppression in different section of a cement plant are stated 

below: 

• Crushing 

Cyclone or bag filter is the type of dust collector mainly employed here to 

draw off the air-borne dust through hoods and ducts into a dust collector by 

means of a fan operating downstream of the collector, which provides the 

necessary suction to draw off the air stream. 

• Raw Mill 

Bag type filter is used with ball mills, whereas electrostatic precipitator (ESP) 

functions as dust collector in the case of roller mill. In some cases, 

cyclones/multiclones are used as a pre-collector in order to reduce the load 

on the final dust collectors like bag filter or ESP. 

• Kiln 

Kiln exhaust gases constitute the major source of particulate matter in any 

cement plant. 

Cement plants (more then 600TPD) use ESP's with gas conditioning towers. 

The current trend in almost all new plants is to use reverse air bag houses 

with woven fiberglass fabric. However, since such fabric can not be used over 

high gas temperature of 260° C, the gas is cooled either by atmospheric air 

dilution or by radiant cooler. 

The kiln (as well as cooler) ESP's are provided with electronic instruments 

called ESPMS (ESP Management System) and opacity meter at the chimney 

for constant monitoring of emission. EPMS continuously regulates the current 

and voltage of the ESP to keep the emission below the specified limits, on the 

basis of feedback signal from opacity meter. The combination of opacity 

meter and EPMS keeps the emission always below the specified limits with 

optimum power consumption. 



• Clinker Cooler 

The exit gases from grate coolers contain coarse particles and their 

temperature is about 200°C. The exhaust air from grate coolers is traditionally 

dedusted by means of cyclones or small diameter multiclones, which, 

however, do not dedust completely. For higher efficiency, three different 

types of dust collectors, viz., bag filters, gravel bed filters and ESP, are used. 

ESP has the advantages of a low-pressure drop and low maintenance cost. 

Bag filters are also used having high ratio pulse jet polyester as a fabric 

material, preceded by heat exchanger. Emission of cooler ESP shall be 40-65 

mg/Nm 3 . 

• Coal Mill 

Coal mill gases are generally dedusted by installing bag filters or ESPs. The 

dust contents of the exhaust gases from the coal mill are in the range 25-60 

g/Nm 3 and the dust is usually of a very fine nature. 

• Cement Mill 

Two types of dust collectors are generally employed for dedusting vent 

gas/air from the cement mill, viz., bag filters and ESPs. Use of ESPs is more 

common in cases where internal water spray system is used for cooling. For 

external water spray cooling system, both bag filter and ESPs can be used. 

• Packing 

In the packing area, dust from various dust generating points like hoppers, 

handling points, etc., is collected through proper hoods and ducted to a 

common dust collector. The dust concentration is usually 20 - 30 g/Nm 3 . As 

the volumetric flow rate is low, fabric filters are generally preferred. 

Training and Development 

Smooth operation of environmental management systems (EMS) has come 

into its own as a distinct discipline, as will testify the ISO 14000 standards. So 

much so, training of personnel in this area has become a priority activity for 

Indian cement industry. 



5.4 LIMITING CO 2 EMISSIONS 

The measures in this regard fall broadly under process modification and 

Product modification. 

a) Process modification 

Process modification measures include substitution of coal by lower 

carbon fuels like lignite and natural gas, use of washed coal, improved 

kilns, multiple-stage preheater, precalciners, cogeneration, etc. 

Noteworthy of mention is afforestation and planting of trees in the 

plants' environs by many cement plants; these act like a "sink" for 

GHG's. 

b) Product modification. 

Product modification, on the other hand, includes blended cement 

manufacture and increased use of pozzolana in concrete. This is 

recognized as the most cost effective emission reduction method. 

Each tonne of pozzolana or cementation material used reduces CO 2 

emissions by one tonne. 

The exemplary measures of ecological conservation adopted by 

cement plants in their limestone mines have received repeated 

acclamation from institutions like Indian Bureau of Mines. 

5.5 NOISE POLLUTION 

Noise generation during construction phase will be due to the operation of 

heavy equipments and increased frequency of vehicular traffic in the area. 

The nearest habitation is at a distance of 1-km. Hence the noise generated 

will be diffused by the natural obstructions and with distance. On-site workers 

will be provided earmuffs. As far as possible noise prone activities will be 

restricted during night (10 pm to 6 am). 



TABLE 5.2 

NOISE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE EQUIPMENTS 

Equipments Noise Level in dB (A) 

Mills 86 - 100 

Forced draft fan 85 - 100 

Induced draft fan 76 - 97 

Compressors 82 - 105 

Turbo generator 90 

Mitigation measures 

In general, the following measures will be adopted for noise pollution 

control: 

• Technical Measures 

• Administrative measures 

• Personnel protection Measures 

In Thermal Power Plant, the noise sources are mostly high pressure Pumps, 

Turbines and leaking Steam pipelines. 

The following technical measures will be taken to reduce noise: 

• Checking leakages in High Pressure Pipelines and plugging them, as 

required. 

• Providing enclosures / barriers for turbines high-pressure pumps. 

• Proving silencers at inlet / outlet of the Fans. 

• Regular checking of vibration level due to high speed machines and 

taking necessary step to mitigate the same. 

In the Boiler Plant there are various noise producing areas such as High 

Pressure pipelines where technical measures will not be practically effective. 

In such cases, the following administrative measures are proposed: 

• Workers will be put on rotational duties. 

• Regular medical check up for all workers. 

Besides above, the workers exposed to high noise will be provided with 

personnel protective devices such as earplugs and earmuffs. 



The noise generation will be reduced at source by erecting noise dampening 

enclosures, by maintaining the machines and greasing them regularly. The 

vehicles are and will be equipped with silencers. The equipments shall be 

provided with acoustic shields or enclosures to limit the sound level inside the 

plant, the existing equipment already have these provisions. The secondary 

protective measures will be adopted at receptor points to reduce negative 

impact due to high noise levels. All the workers engaged at and around high 

noise generating sources are and shall be provided with ear protection 

devices like ear mufflers/plugs. Their place of attending the work will be 

changed regularly so as to reduce their exposure duration to high levels. 

They will be regularly subjected to medical check-up for detecting any 

adverse impact on the ears. The existing and proposed green belt will also 

help to prevent noise generated within the plant from spreading beyond the 

plant boundary in its own limited way. 

The following measures will be taken up to keep the noise levels with in 

permissible limits. a) Provision and maintenance of thick green belt to screen 

noise) Proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including 

Transportation vehicles) Provision of air silencers to modulate the noise 

generated by the machines/equipments) Reducing the exposure time of 

workers to the higher noise levels by rotation) Proper encasement of noise 

generating sources will be done to control noise level. Besides, ear 

muffs/plugs will be provided to the workers in the close vicinity of noise 

source) Provision will be made for special vibration dampers and monitoring 

to prevent propagation of vibration to surrounding areas. All workers working 

in noise borne area will be regularly subjected to medical check-up for 

detecting any adverse impact on their TLV of hearing. 

The above control measures have already been adopted in existing 

machinery/plant, which are very successful as is clear from the monitoring 

results. 

5.6 WATER POLLUTION 


The plant is designed for closed re-circulation cooling water system. The 

discharge of wastewater from other sources as DM water plant, boilers blow 

down will not be significant and can be re-used for dust suppression and in 

plant gardening etc. 



The measures envisaged for controlling water pollution will be contain the 

water pollution within tolerance limit as specified in MOEF notifications and 

other related statutory norms. The Waste Water generated from the various 

Plants will be let out after proper treatment in order to reduce pollutants in the 

wastewater within the acceptable limits. 

There will be temporary houses along with canteen and toilet facilities. Water 

for washing & sanitary requirement will be meet out from the stored rainwater. 

There will be negligible impact on the surface water quality. The drinking 

water will be purchased from out side. It is proposed to utilize maximum 

rainwater from the stored reservoir. 

A) Domestic Effluent 

60 m 3 / day waste water will be treated in the effluent treatment plant 

based on activated sludge process. The treated waste water will be 

utilized quantitatively for green belt and plantation in the area. The 

plant will be based on zero discharge principle. Thus there is no 

discharge of effluents envisaged from the plant. 

B) Industrial Effluent 

- To prevent water pollution by oil/grease and sewage waste, following 

control measures are proposed to be implemented: 

- Leak proof containers will be used for storage and transportation of 

oil.- Water quality monitoring will be done regularly. 

- Workshop effluent will be passed through pit / grease trap and 

recirculated. 

- “Demineralization plant regeneration chemicals” will be first led to the 

neutralization pit and then to the common effluent pit 

- Waste water from potable water system, Boiler blow down, CT blow 

down and Waste water from clarifier will be directly led to the common 

effluent pit 

- Thus about 160 M 3 / day treated water will be available from the 

common effluent pit which will be used for dust suppression, gardening 

etc. 

Wastewater management: 

Principle of “Zero Discharge” will be adopted. There is no waste water 

generated from the cement plant except domestic effluent from the colony. All 

effluent from demineralization plant, where chemical will be used, shall be 



properly treated in the neutralization pit and then transferred to the “Common 

Effluent Pit” (CEP). 

Further, all blow down water from Boiler, Auxiliary Cooling Tower basin, 

System leakage water through equipment overflow drain (EOD) etc. will be 

channelised to CEP. 

Water from the CEP will then be pumped out for various purposes like 

Horticulture, Dust Suppression, & Ash Conditioning within the plant area. 

Sewage treatment plant 

i) Sewage Collection System 

Sewage from all the areas will be collected into a collection tank. The 

location of Sewage treatment plant will be beneficial both in terms of 

easy maintenance and most economical system. The location 

advantage of the site is considered like (a) all the waste waters shall 

flow by gravity and (b) total equipment like aerators, pumps etc, will be 

located at one place only, hence operation is easy. 

ii) 

Design data 

Sewage Treatment plant has been designed based on the following 

characteristics of wastewater. 

pH : 6.0–8.5 

Total Suspended Solids : 500 mg/L 

Biochemical Oxygen Demand : 300 mg/L 

COD : 900 mg/L 

Oil & Grease : 20 mg/L 

iii) 

Process description 

All the sewage from colony and plant is collected into a collection tank 

after passing through bar screen and oil & grease trap. In oil & grease 

trap most of the oil & grease is separated. In aeration tank diffusers 

will be provided with powered twin lobe blowers to supply necessary 

oxygen for the survival of microorganisms. 

In the aerobic biological treatment, biological growths will be created 

which absorb organic matter from the wastes and convert it into simple 

end products like CO 2 , H 2 O, NO x etc. by means of oxidation enzyme 

systems in presence of oxygen. External aeration activates sludge 



particles and encourages growth of an active culture of aerobic 

organisms. Main features of aerobic treatment are to clarify effluent by 

absorbing majority of colloidal and suspended solids on the surface of 

sludge particles and oxidize organic matter. 

Over flow from aeration tank shall flow by gravity to secondary clarifier 

(Tube settler). A part of the sludge from secondary clarifier is recirculated 

to aeration tank to maintain desired quantity of mixed liquor 

suspended solids (MLSS) and excess sludge is sent to sludge drying 

beds. The dried sludge is composted and used as manure for green 

belt. The clarified and treated wastewater from secondary clarifier is 

collected into a storage tank and passed through pressure sand filter 

and used for green belt. The treated sewage shall have the following 

characteristics. 

pH : 6.5 to 8.5 

Total Suspended Solids : < 50 mg/L 

Biochemical Oxygen Demand : < 30 mg/L 

COD : < 100 mg/l 

Oil & Grease : < 10 mg/L 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Solid wastes from Thermal Power Plants generally consist of fly ash 

and solid waste from faecal sewage. The following measures will be 

taken to reduce/re-use the solid wastes: 

• Bottom ash, almost in dry form will be sieved for re-cycling as bed 

material in the AFBC Boiler. 

• Fly ash, collected in various hoppers of he dust collection Systems 

provided in the path of the flue gas, will be pneumatically transported 

to the silos from where the same will be taken out to ash dump area by 

totally enclosed dumpers. 

• Normally, the dry ash will be utilized for secondary use, land filling, 

road construction, cement making, etc. 

• Green belt around ash disposal area will be developed. 

The municipal solid waste generated from the plant and the colony 

will be segregated and separated as combustible and noncombustibles 

wastes. The combustible wastes will be used as fuel 

in the kiln. This will solve the problem of solid waste disposal and 

will also reduce the fuel requirement for the kiln. The kiln will act as 

an incinerator in this case. The non-combustible wastes will be land 



filled for composting and other (non-compost able) waste will be 

sold to the authorized recycling vendors. Therefore, no adverse 

impact on soil is anticipated from the solid waste. 

c. Hazardous waste 

The hazardous waste like transformer oil, spent oil etc will be 

utilized in kiln as a source of high calorific fuel, which will also 

reduce the fuel consumption and solve the problem of hazardous 

waste disposal. Therefore, no adverse impact is anticipated on soil 

due to hazardous waste. 

d. Soil 

The solid waste, which will be used for landfill, is basically ground 

dust, which has no toxic elements as constituents. Hence the 

question of soil contamination, by the way of disposal of soil waste, 

does not arise. No adverse impact on soil is anticipated due to 

sewage sludge, combustible, compost able and hazardous waste. 

RAINWATER HARVESTING 

It is hilly terrain. Rains are to the tune of 4,000 mm. The plant layout would 

be evolved in such a manner so that rain water of the plant area is 

collected and stored, which can be used for plant operations. Ground 

water recharge is not practically feasible. The consumption by plant 

operations shall have a positive effect on the overall hydrograph of the 

area. 

5.7 ECOLOGY 


Following measures are proposed to mitigate ecological impacts: 

Plantation programme 

An extensive plantation programme will be carried out inside the plant 

area, which will help in controlling air pollution and also in providing green 

area for various faunal species for shelter. The plantation will cover more 

than 1/3rd of the plant area. Special care will be taken while planting trees, 

as regards the type and the number, within the plant premises in order to 

confine the pollutants to the area and prevent their dispersal. 



To reduce the impact of air pollution, particularly the SPM content, it has 

been proposed to create and maintain a green belt around the plant.Total 

green belt envisaged is 20 ha out of which 4 ha have already been 

planted. Plantation will be carried out within the premises of the plant 

where fugitive dust emissions are anticipated. Lawns and gardens will also 

be created near the office areas and other service areas like canteens, 

parking lot, etc. The number of trees to be planted as a part of the 

plantation programme is taken as 1500 trees per hectare for green belt 

and along roads. 

In addition to the trees planted as mentioned in the above table, a variety 

of small flowering shrubs and plants will be planted in the gardens and 

lawns. These flowering plants will improve the aesthetics of the area. 

Wildlife conservation programme 

Visualizing and interviewing many local residents of nearby villages 

prepare the list of animal diversity. Due to ban in poaching many animals 

have shown increasing trend. There is no schedule I species observed in 

the study area. 

There are no threatened species of plants. Monkey of Schedule II is the 

only threatened species. No special measures are required except that the 

employees as well as the population of surrounding villages will be 

educated for conservation and protection of the Monkey through specially 

arranged camps and continuous campaign through posters at prominent 

places. 

5.8 LAND ENVIRONMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

There is no generation of solid wastes from cement manufacturing 

process as all the dust collected in air pollution control systems is 

continuously recycled into process. Different types of solid wastes are 

generated from the non-process activities in the unit. They include waste 

packaging materials, steel scrap, and empty oil/grease drums, used tires, 

used batteries etc. All the non-process solid waste materials will be 

disposed for further processing as per the directions of Meghalaya 

Pollution control Board. 

All ash will be utilized in the Cement Plant. 



5.9 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH SYSTEM 

For occupational safety in the proposed Plant, the following will be 

provided: 

• Electrical interlocking of ESP inspection doors. 

• Inspection and maintenance of Pollution Control Systems only after 

getting official shut down or with the permission of authorized Officer. 

• Immediate cleaning of any coal dust accumulated on floors, road, 

rooftops, conveyor galleries and other places. 

• Heat insulation of hot surfaces. 

• Provision of rubber mats around the electrical panels. 

• Fire barriers at appropriate places. 

• Provision of all safety measures like use of safety appliances, safety 

training, safety awards, posters, slogans related to safety etc. 

• Training of employees for use of safety appliances and first aid. 

Hill Cement will take utmost care for occupational health to help reduce 

absence rates and improve employee welfare. Good quality Occupational 

Health advices enhance business benefits of reduced short and long-term 

absence rates as well as improved employee welfare. 

The purpose of an Occupational Health assessment is: 

1) To offer advice and support 

2) To assess fitness to work 

3) To ensure health and safety at work. 

Regular medical examination as well as periodical medical examination of 

employees will be done. Qualified medical officer will carry out the medical 

examination. 

The following measures relating to safety and health shall also be 

practiced: 

• Provision of rest shelters for plant workers with amenities like drinking 

water etc. 

• All safety measures like use of safety appliances, safety awards, posters, 

slogans related to safety etc. 



• Training of employees for use of safety appliances and first aid. 

• Regular maintenance and testing of all equipment as per manufacturers’ 

guidelines. 

• Periodical Medical Examination (PME) of all workers by a medical 

specialist so that any adverse effect may be detected in its early stage. 

• First Aid organization in plant including training and retraining for First Aid. 

• Close surveillance of the factors in working environment and work 

practices, which may affect environment and worker’s health. 

• Monitoring of various factors, which may lead to occupational health 

hazards. 

Surrounding population 

Periodical medical camps will be arranged for detection of occupational 

diseases and minor diseases in the near by rural population, wherein the 

local people can take free medicines and health check ups. Treatments for 

their chronic illnesses will be provided free of cost with referral services 

and treatment at well-equipped hospitals with financial assistance. 

The assessment may include a physical examination. Once all the 

necessary information is gathered a written report will be prepared and the 

reports will advice on one’s work capacity and make recommendations on 

work place adjustments, if necessary. The company will maintain 

Occupational safety & Health of the employees with well defined 

procedures, which are also spelt out in ISO-14001 and OSHA-18001. 

Medical Surveillance: 

The industry will have a dispensary within the premises and all the 

employees will be tested for medical fitness at the time of recruitment. 

Factory Medical officers will medically examine all employees once in two 

years to ascertain the health status of all workers in respect of 

Occupational Heath hazard to which they are exposed. 

Medical officer will prepare a list of hazardous area both area wise and 

trade wise Specific tests are performed for identification of such 

occupational hazard. No person is employed to operate a crane, 

locomotive or work-lift or give signals unless qualified ophthalmologist has 

examined his eyesight and color vision. 



List of general tests to be conducted and recorded: 

1. Eyes 8.Chest X- ray 

2. Ears 9. Audiogram 

3. Respiratory system 10. Circulatory system (Blood Pressure) 

4. Abdomen 11. Nervous System 

5. Skin 12.Hernia 

6. Hydrocele 13. Urine 

7. Blood for ESR Report 

Medical examinations: 

The following medical check up/examinations will be done: 

1. Comprehensive Pre-employment medical check up for all employees. 

2. X-ray of chest to exclude pulmonary TB, Silicosis etc. 

3. Lung function test. 

4. Sputum Test to detect Asbestos bodies. 

5. Audiometer test to find deafness. 

The following occupational safety and health measures are being adopted 

to ensure that the employees are not exposed to pollutants; operation 

controls, work practices, protective equipment and medical surveillance. 

i) Engineering Controls: 

The manufacture of cement is mainly size reduction and sintering 

the material to form clinker and grind the clinker along with gypsum 

and fly ash to make cement. The manufacture of cement involves 

processing of limestone & additives for clinker manufacture and 

handling of finished product cement while grinding with gypsum and 

fly ash and packing of cement. Gypsum a byproduct received from 

fertilizer units are stored in lined floor. The storage area is also 

covered on all sides. This is to ensure that washed gypsum 

received from fertilizer unit does not contaminate the soil. The 

gypsum will be transported in closed trucks. 

The waste heat from kiln is used for drying the raw material. The 

process temperature and exhaust system is controlled from 

programmable logic control. Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (OSHA) ensure the dust emission from process to 

be within the prescribed limits. 



Table 5.3 

DETAILS OF VENTILATION SYSTEM 

S. No Location Operating Control 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

Limestone Crushing 

Operator 

Air conditioned control room with peeping window 

Site Attendant Pressurized room and Personal Protective 

Equipments 

Raw Mill– Millers 

Site Operator 

Kiln – Burners 

Site operator 

Cement Mills 

Site operator 

Air conditioned central room 

Pressured room with required PPE for site work 

Necessary to visit site with required PPE. Provision 

of CC TV for observation of process 

Air conditioned control room. 


Air conditioned control room with peeping window 


5. Maintenance Crew Ventilated Room with required PPE and tools for 

attending maintenance 

ii) 

Work Practices: 

Mechanical sweepers will remove surface accumulations from 

floors. Use of compressed air will be prohibited for personal 

cleaning and equipments. Brushing will be adopted. Employees will 

be provided with canteen facilities for consumption of food. 

Smoking will not be allowed within the work area. All employees will 

be trained periodically about proper house keeping and hygiene 

practices. Employees will be provided with ample wash areas. 

iii) 

Protective Equipment: 

Nose Mask Respirators of reputed company / brand as prescribed 

by OSHA will be provided by the industry to the employees. The 

Nose mask will be changed whenever the employee notices an 

increase in breathing resistance. 

The industry will provide work clothing, gloves, hats, shoes, face 

shields, vented goggles, and other appropriate protective 

equipment. The industry will replace the required protective clothing 

or equipment as needed to maintain their effectiveness. 



iv) 

For emergency control well set up fire hydrant system will be made 

available. Maintenance schedule for the fire fighting equipments 

shall be observed. Provision of mobile fire hydrant will be made. On 

site emergency plan, monitoring and mock drills will be conducted 

regularly. Ambulance will be available round the clock for the plant. 

Employee Information and Training: 

The industry will provide training program for the employees to 

inform them of the following aspects; hazards of operations, proper 

usage of nose mask and earplugs, the importance of engineering 

controls and work practices associated with job assignment(s). 

5.10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 

The proposed project would generate direct employment for about 300 

staff and workers. There will be economic boost in the nearby villages. 

Also there will be generation of secondary employment opportunities in 

the form of transportation facilities, service sector, material supply etc. The 

infrastructure facilities in the area will be improved. The education, 

medical and other facilities will be developed in the area, which will also 

be beneficial for the local people. 

The project authority will carry out following peripheral development in the 

nearby villages. 

1. Education: - 

Supply of study materials, construction/ extension of village school 

buildings, financial aid to village schools 

2. Health & Hygiene: - 

One ambulance; mobile health camps, free supply of medicine, 

insecticides, etc. will be provided for the villagers. 

3. Promotion of cultural and social welfare activities: - 

Construction of community hall, extension of village club, supply of 

furniture, financial aid to encourage local cultural heritage, regular 

film shows 

4. Training to villagers through self-help group: - 

Tailoring, knitting, & pickle making etc for women 



5.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF MINING 

To control the adverse impacts of the mining activities well in time, a 

suitable environmental management plan is formulated. The 

environmental management plan in respect of mining project includes the 

following actions to preserve the healthy environment- 

• Restoration of the landscape by way of reclamation as near to its previous 

status as possible, and to have an effective waste rock disposal 

management. 

• Avoidance of damage to the flora and fauna of the area. 

• Minimization of the pollution of land, air, water and surrounding 

environment by dust, smoke, gases and noise. 

• Protection of water sources, water bodies and drainage patterns of the 

area. 

Abatement measures to reclaim the land- 

Reclamation of degraded land due to mining is necessary. The 

abandoned pit will be filled back with the already generated waste. But 

some area will remain unfilled and such parts of the abandoned pit will act 

as a water reservoir in which rainwater collected. This water is to be used 

for irrigation of cultivated land in nearby vicinity. 

Plantation of green plants in the surrounding area will also increase the 

aesthetic value of the area. 

Abatement measures to improve flora and fauna- 

Plantation of suitable species of plants improves the floral growth in the 

area. It will also provide opportunities to house fauna. Thus the 

deteriorated condition due to mining automatically improves. The locally 

available shrubs, bushes and grasses are proposed to be spread over the 

surface during rainy season. Mine water, which is being pumped out from 

the mine would get accumulated in tank for regular watering to the plants. 

Abatement measures for Air pollution –Air pollution due to increase in 

SPM load is expected in the present proposed mining operations under 

study. Suitable control measures are required to be taken but the quality 

of air in the area is natural clean air. Hence no special management would 

be required. 



There are 4 points where the dust will be generated: 

• .Drilling 

• .Blastng 

• .Transportation 

• .Waste dumping places 

Although these are on so minor scale that they will not generate much 

dust. Air pollution is anticipated during blasting and movement of trucks. 

Regular water spray over the transportation road as well as wet drilling is 

proposed to minimize the dust generated during drilling and blasting. This 

water spraying over the road is to be done twice a day during summer and 

once a day during winter. The following monitoring schedule is 

recommended for regular check to ensure the SPM level and Ambient Air 

Quality- 

Ambient Air Monitoring :Once in six Months in the mine area. 

Ambient Air Monitoring :Once in a year in the surrounding area. 

Noise Nuisance Abatement- 

Proper maintenance of machineries and transport vehicles should be done 

to reduce the noise and keep the same within permissible limits. Noise 

level measurements in the mine area should be carried out once in every 

six months. 

Measures to improve natural resources- 

The project will lead to permanent depletion of non –renewable mineral 

resources. While this adverse impact is inevitable in case of all mining 

activities, the damage can be ameliorated to an appreciable extent by 

reclamation of mined area in the shape of back filling of the exhausted pits 

and plantation on maximum area of back filled pits and dumps. 



Measures to improve Socio-Economic Environment 

Socio Demographic Profile 

The socio-demographic profile of the area shall improve, as the mining 

activities will create additional employment facilities for the habitats of the 

nearby villages. 

Occupational Health and Safety Measures 

The mining operations will be carried after observing the safety measures 

laid down in mines regulations and Mines Act. The workers shall be 

provided footwear and safety helmets during working hours. Regular 

medical checkup of workers will be done to check occupational diseases. 

The following schedule for medical checkup is recommended- 

1. Persons working in the mining operations: once in a year 

2. Residents of nearby villages: Once in 2 years. 

Abatement measures to improve water regime 

a. Surface water-No surface water will get affected due to mining. 

However water would get accumulated at the lowest level of the 

pits during monsoon will be pumped out and stored in a artificial 

pond where it remain stored for sometime. All the suspended 

particles get settled at the bottom of the pond and fresh water is 

utilized for irrigation purposes and watering of the trees. The water 

thus pumped out does not have any toxic effect because mineral 

limestone is inert type of rock. It will only increase little percentage 

of Cao, which act as a cleaning agent of water instead of polluting 

it. 

The rainwater is collected in pits and from where it is recharged to 

the ground through cracks in the rocks created by blasting actions. 

Work is suspended during rainy season and all the rainwater is 

collected in the large pits. This collected rain water is used in 

different purposes in the plant and irrigation purposes etc. 



5.12 CONCEPTUAL MINING PLAN- 

It is necessary to select the sites for waste dump, site service, 

plantation etc, so that these sites do not disturb during life of the 

mine. 

EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL- 

Management and supervisory personnel:-The following supervisory 

personnel are proposed with management chart: 

General Manager(Degree Holder) 

with min 15 years experience 

--One 

Mining Engineer (Degree Holder) -----2 

Mines Foreman (Certificate Holder) ----4 

Mining Mate Store Keeper Timekeeper 

Mine Labours –As per Requirement 

Drivers Watchman 

”/DERXUVVNLOOHGVHPL-skilled and unskilled :-The following 

laboures are proposed: 

Skilled -2 

Semi-skilled -3 

Unskilled -25 

Features existing within the leasehold and adjoining area (with 

in 10 Km of the proposed site) 

National Park/Sanctuary 

Nil 

Biosphere/Wetland 

Nil 

Historic Monuments 

Nil 

Tourist spot/Religious Place 

Nil 

Tribal Settlement 

Nil 

5.13 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL (EMC) 

A competent person of experience shall be made exclusively responsible 

to ensure the execution the environment management proposals. Services 

of the mines manager shall be utilized for dump creations, safeguarding 

the dumps, plantation & its care and maintenance. 



Ambient air quality in the vicinity of the mining unit at selected locations 

from time to time shall be carried out. Proper record of money spent on 

suggested pollution control measures and any competent authority should 

properly record the related quarterly progress of implementation for 

reference, guidance and inspection. 

Waste Management 

Nearly 1,40,000 tonnes of waste will come across during first five 

years and around 3,50,000 tonnes during the present life of the 

mine. The waste will be of calc silicate and limestone having foreign 

intrusions. Two sites of 0.7hectare and 0.9 hectare are proposed 

for waste dump. A part of waste will be used for construction and 

maintenance of haul roads time to time. 



CHAPTER 6 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN CEMENT PLANT 

Energy Efficiency Technologies and Measures for cement Industry 

Improving energy efficiency at a cement plant should be approached from 

several directions. 

First, plants use energy for equipment such as motors, pumps, and 

compressors. These important components require regular maintenance, 

good operation and replacement, when necessary. Thus, a critical 

element of plant energy management involves the efficient control of 

crosscutting equipment that powers the production process of a plant. 

(i) A second and equally important area is the proper and efficient 

operation of the process. Process optimization and ensuring the most 

efficient technology is in place is a key to realizing energy savings in a 

plant’s operation. 

(ii) Finally, throughout a plant, there are many processes simultaneously. 

Fine-tuning their efficiency is necessary to ensure energy savings are 

realized. 

Though changes in staff behavior, such as switching off lights or closing 

windows and doors, often save only small amounts of energy at one time, 

taken continuously over longer periods they may have a much greater 

effect than more costly technological improvements. An energy 

management program will see to it that all employees actively contribute 

to energy efficiency improvements. 



6.1. RAW MATERIALS PREPARATION 

1. Efficient Transport Systems (Dry Process) - Transport systems are 

required to convey powdered materials such as kiln feed, kiln dust, 

and finished cement throughout the plant. Mechanical conveyors use 

less power than pneumatic systems & the average energy savings are 

estimated at 2.0-kWh/tonne raw materials with a switch to mechanical 

conveyor systems. Conversion to mechanical conveyors is costeffective 

when replacement of conveyor systems is needed to 

increase reliability and reduce downtime. 

2. Use of roller mills (Dry Process)- Traditional ball mills used for grinding 

certain raw materials (mainly hard limestone) can be replaced by highefficiency 

roller mills, by ball mills combined with high-pressure roller 

presses, or by horizontal roller mills. The use of these advanced mills 

saves energy without compromising product quality. 

3. High-efficiency classifiers/separators- A recent development in 

efficient grinding technologies is the use of high-efficiency classifiers 

or separators. Classifiers separate the finely ground particles from the 

coarse particles. The large particles are then recycled back to the mill. 



High efficiency classifiers can be used in both the raw materials mill 

and in the finish-grinding mill. 

4. Standard classifiers may have a low separation efficiency, which leads 

to the recycling of fine particles, and results in to extra power use in 

the grinding mill. In high-efficiency classifiers, the material stays longer 

in the separator, leading to sharper separation, thus reducing over 

grinding. Electricity savings through implementing high-efficiency 

classifiers are estimated at 8% of the specific electricity use. 

6.2. FUEL PREPARATIONS 

1. Coal is the most widely used fuel in the cement industry. Fuels 

preparation is most often performed onsite. Fuels preparation may 

include crushing, grinding and drying of coal. Coal is shipped “wet” to 

prevent dust formation and fire during transport. Passing hot gasses 

through the mill combines the grinding and drying. Waste heat of the 

kiln system (e.g. the clinker cooler) is used to dry the coal if needed. 

6.3. CLINKER PRODUCTION – ALL KILNS 

(i) Process Control & Management Systems – Kilns- Heat from the kiln 

may be lost through non-optimal process conditions or process 

management. Automated computer control systems may help to 

optimize the combustion process and conditions. Improved process 

control will also help to improve the product quality and grind ability, 

e.g. reactivity and hardness of the produced clinker, which may lead to 

more efficient clinker grinding. 

(ii) Expert control systems do not use a modeled process to control 

process conditions, but try to simulate the best human operator, using 

information from various stages in the process. 

(iii) An alternative to expert systems is model-predictive control using 

dynamic models of the processes in the kiln. A model predictive 

control system can reduce energy needs by 4%, while increasing 

productivity and clinker quality. 

(iv) Additional process control systems include the use of on-line 

analyzers that permit operators to instantaneously determine the 

chemical composition of raw materials being processed in the plant, 

thereby allowing for immediate changes in the blend of raw materials. 

(v) A uniform feed allows for steadier kiln operation, thereby saving 

ultimately on fuel requirements. 



(vi) Energy savings from process control systems may vary between 2.5% 

and 10%, and the typical savings are estimated at 2.5-5%. 

(vii) Process control of the clinker cooler can help to improve heat 

recovery, material throughput, and improved control of free lime 

content in the clinker and reduce NOx emissions. Installing a process 

perfecter has increased cooler throughput by 10%, reduced free lime 

by 30% and reduced energy by 5%, while reducing NOx emissions by 

20%. 

Kiln Combustion System Improvements. Fuel combustion systems in 

kilns can be contributors to kiln inefficiencies with such problems as poorly 

adjusted firing, incomplete fuel burnout with high CO formation, and 

combustion with excess. 

Improved combustion systems aim to optimize the shape of the flame, the 

mixing of combustion air and fuel and reducing the use of excess air. 

Various approaches have been developed: 

a. One technique is developed for flame control, which results in fuel 

savings of 2-10% depending on the kiln type. 

b. Another one is advancements from combustion technology that 

improve combustion through the use of better kiln control. 

Eg. 

The Gyro-Thermo burner uses a patented "precessing jet" technology. 

The nozzle design produces a gas jet leaving the burner in a gyroscopiclike 

precessing motion. This stirring action produces rapid large scale 

mixing in which pockets of air are engulfed within the fuel envelope 

without using high velocity gas or air jets. The combustion takes place in 

pockets within the fuel envelope under fuel rich conditions. This creates a 

highly luminous flame, ensuring good radiative heat transfer. It results in 

fuel savings between 2.7% and 5.7% with increases in output between 5 

and 9%. 

Indirect Firing- Historically the most common firing system is the directfired 

system. Coal is dried, pulverized and classified in a continuous 

system, and fed directly to those kiln. This can lead to high levels of 

primary air (up to 40% of stoichiometric). These high levels of primary air 

limit the amount of secondary air introduced to the kiln from the clinker 

cooler. Primary air percentages vary widely, and non-optimized matching 

can cause severe operational problems with regard to creating reducing 



conditions on the kiln wall and clinker, refractory wear and reduced 

efficiency due to having to run at high excess air levels to ensure effective 

burnout of the fuel within the kiln. 

In more modern cement plants, indirect fired systems are most commonly 

used. In these systems, neither primary air nor coal is fed directly to the 

kiln. All moisture from coal drying is vented to the atmosphere and the 

pulverized coal is transported to storage via cyclone or bag filters. 

Pulverized coal is then densely conveyed to the burner with a small 

amount of primary transport air. As the primary air supply is decoupled 

from the coal mill in multi-channel designs, lower primary air percentages 

are used, normally between 5 and 10%. The multi-channel arrangement 

also allows for a degree of flame optimization. This is an important feature 

if a range of fuels is fired. Input conditions to the multi-channel burner 

must be optimized to secondary air and kiln aerodynamics for optimum 

operation. The optimization of the combustion conditions will lead to 

reduced NOx emissions, better operation with varying fuel mixtures, and 

reduced energy losses. This technology is standard for modern plants. 

Excess air infiltration is estimated to resort in heat losses equal to 65 

kBtu/ton. Assuming a reduction of excess air between 20% and 30% may 

lead to fuel savings of 130 – 190 kBtu/ton of clinker. The advantages of 

improved combustion conditions will lead to a longer lifetime of the kiln 

refractories and reduced NOx emissions. These co-benefits may result in 

larger cost savings than the energy savings alone. 

The disadvantage of an indirect firing system is the additional capital 

cost. 

Oxygen Enrichment- Several plants have experimented with the use of 

oxygen enrichment in the kiln to increase production capacity any energy 

savings will depend on the electricity consumed for oxygen generation 

approximately 0.01 kWh/scf. Oxygen enrichment may result in higher NOx 

emissions, if the injection process is not carefully managed. Oxygen 

enrichment is unlikely to result in net energy savings. 

Seals- Seals are used at the kiln inlet and outlet to reduce false air 

penetration, as well as heat losses. Seals may start leaking, increasing the 

heat requirement of the kiln. Most often pneumatic and lamella-type seals 

are used, although other designs are available (e.g. spring-type). Although 



seals can last up to 10,000 to 20,000 hours, regular inspection may be 

needed to reduce leaks. Upgradation of the inlet pneumatic seals at a 

relatively modern plant in India has reduced fuel consumption in the kiln 

by 0.4%. 

Kiln Shell Heat Loss Reduction- There can be considerable heat losses 

through the shell of a cement kiln, especially in the burning zone. The use 

of better insulating refractories can reduce heat losses. Refractory choice 

is the function of insulating qualities of the brick and the ability to develop 

and maintain a coating. The coating helps to reduce heat losses and to 

protect the burning zone refractory bricks. Estimates suggest that the 

development of high temperature insulating linings for the kiln refractories 

can reduce fuel use by 0.1-0.34 MBtu/ton. costs. Structural considerations 

may limit the use of new insulation materials. The use of improved kilnrefractories 

may also lead to improved reliability of the kiln and reduced 

downtime, reducing production costs considerably, and reducing energy 

needs during start-ups. 

Refractories- Refractories protect the steel kiln shell against heat, 

chemical and mechanical stress. The choice of refractory material 

depends on the combination of raw materials, fuels and operating 

conditions. Extended lifetime of the refractories will lead to additional 

energy savings due to the relative reduction in start-up time and energy 

costs. The energy savings are difficult to quantify, as they will strongly 

depend on the current lining choice and management. 

Kiln Drives- A substantial amount of power is used to rotate the kiln. The 

highest efficiencies are achieved using a single pinion drive with an air 

clutch and a synchronous motor. The system would reduce power use for 

kiln drives by a few percent, or roughly 0.5 kWh/ton clinker at slightly 

higher capital costs (+6%). 

More recently, the use of AC motors is advocated to replace the 

traditionally used DC drive. The AC motor system may result in slightly 

higher efficiencies (0.5 – 1% reduction in electricity use of the kiln drive) 

and has lower investment costs. Using high-efficiency motors to replace 

older motors or instead of re-winding old motors may reduce power costs 

by 2 to 8%. 



Adjustable Speed Drive for Kiln Fan- Adjustable or Variable Speed 

Drives (ASDs) for the kiln fan result in reduced power use and reduced 

maintenance costs. 

The replacement of the damper by an ASD was driven by control and 

maintenance problems at the plant. The energy savings may not be typical 

for all plants, as the system arrangement of the fans is different from 

typical kiln arrangements. 

Use of Waste-Derived Fuels- Waste fuels can be substituted for 

traditional commercial fuels in the kiln. The trend towards increased waste 

use will likely to increase after successful tests with different wastes. New 

waste streams include carpet and plastic wastes, filter cake, paint residue 

and (dewatered) sewage sludge. Cement kilns also use hazardous 

wastes. 

Since the early 1990’s cement kilns burn annually almost 1 million tons of 

hazardous waste. The revenues from waste intake have helped to reduce 

the production costs of all waste-burning cement kilns, and especially of 

wet process kilns. Waste-derived fuels may replace the use of commercial 

fuels, and may result in net energy savings and reduced CO 2 emissions. 

The carbon dioxide emission reduction depends on the carbon content of 

the waste-derived fuel, as well as the alternative use of the waste and 

efficiency of use (e.g. incineration with or without heat recovery). The high 

temperatures and long residence times in the kiln destroy virtually all 

organic compounds, while efficient dust filters may reduce any potential 

emissions to safe levels. 

Conversion to Reciprocating Grate Cooler- Four main types of coolers 

is used in the cooling of clinker: shaft, rotary, planetary and traveling and 

reciprocating grate coolers. 

The grate cooler is the modern variant and is used in almost all modern 

kilns. The advantages of the grate cooler are: 

• Its large capacity (allowing large kiln capacities) and efficient heat 

recovery (the temperature of the clinker leaving the cooler can be as low 

as 83°C, instead of 120-200°C, which is expected from planetary coolers. 

• Grate coolers recover more heat than do the other types of coolers. 

• For large capacity plants, grate coolers are the preferred equipment. For 

plants producing less than 500 tonnes per day the grate cooler may be too 

expensive. 



• Replacement of planetary coolers by grate coolers is not uncommon. 

• Grate coolers are standard technology for modern large-scale kilns. 

• Modern reciprocating coolers have a higher degree of heat recovery than 

older variants, increasing heat recovery efficiency to 65% or higher, while 

reducing fluctuations in recuperation efficiency (i.e. increasing productivity 

of the kiln). 

• When compared to a planetary cooler, additional heat recovery is possible 

with grate coolers at an extra power consumption of approximately 2.7 

kWh/ton clinker. The savings are estimated to be up to 8% of the fuel 

consumption in the kiln. 

Cooler conversion is generally economically attractive only when installing 

a precalciner, which is necessary to produce the tertiary air (see above), 

or when expanding production capacity. 

Optimization of Heat Recovery/Upgrade Clinker Cooler- The clinker 

cooler drops the clinker temperature from 1200°C down to 100°C. The 

most common cooler designs are of the planetary (or satellite), traveling 

and reciprocating grate type. 

All coolers heat the secondary air for the kiln combustion process and 

sometimes also tertiary air for the precalciner. Reciprocating grate coolers 

are the modern variant and are suitable for large-scale kilns (up to 10,000 

tpd). Grate coolers use electric fans and excess air. The highest 

temperature portion of the remaining air can be used as tertiary air for the 

precalciner. Rotary coolers and planetary coolers do not need combustion 

air fans and use little excess air, resulting in relatively lower heat losses. 

Grate coolers may recover between 1.1 and 1.4 MBtu/ton clinker sensible 

heats. 

Improving heat recovery efficiency in the cooler results in fuel savings, but 

may also influence product quality and emission levels. Heat recovery can 

be improved through reduction of excess air volume, control of clinker bed 

depth and new grates such as ring. Control of cooling air distribution over 

the grate may result in lower clinker temperatures and high air 

temperatures. Additional heat recovery results in reduced energy use in 

the kiln and precalciner, due to higher combustion air temperatures. 

A recent innovation in clinker coolers is the installation of a static grate 

section at the hot end of the clinker cooler. This has resulted in improved 



heat recovery and reduced maintenance of the cooler. Modification of the 

cooler would result in improved heat recovery rates of 2-5% over a 

conventional grate cooler. 

6.4. CLINKER PRODUCTION - DRY PROCESS PREHEATER 

KILNS 

Low Pressure Drop Cyclones for Suspension Preheater- Cyclones are 

a basic component of plants with pre-heating systems. The installation of 

newer cyclones in a plant with lower pressure losses will reduce the power 

consumption of the kiln exhaust gas fan system. Installation of the 

cyclones can be expensive, & new cyclone systems may increase overall 

dust loading and increase dust carryover from the preheater tower. 

However, if an inline raw mill follows it, the dust carryover problem 

becomes less of an issue. 

Heat Recovery for Cogeneration- Waste gas discharged from the kiln 

exit gases, the clinker cooler system, and the kiln pre-heater system all 

contain useful energy that can be converted into power. Only in long-dry 

kilns is the temperature of the exhaust gas sufficiently high, to costeffectively 

recover the heat through power generation. Cogeneration 

systems can either be direct gas turbines that utilize the waste heat (top 

cycle), or the installation of a waste heat boiler system that runs a steam 

turbine system (bottom cycle). The steam turbine systems have been 

installed in many plants worldwide and have proven to be economic. 

Heat recovery has limited application for plants with in-line raw mills, as 

the heat in the kiln exhaust is used for raw material drying. 

Dry Process Conversion to Multi-Stage Preheater Kiln- Installing multistage 

suspension preheating (i.e. four- or five-stage) may reduce the heat 

losses and thus increase efficiency. Modern cyclone or suspension 

preheaters also have a reduced pressure drop, leading to increased heat 

recovery efficiency and reduced power use in fans. By installing new 

preheaters, the productivity of the kiln will increase, due to a higher degree 

of pre-calcination (up to 30-40%) as the feed enters the kiln. Also, the kiln 

length may be shortened by 20-30% thereby reducing radiation losses. As 

the capacity increases, the clinker cooler may have to be adapted to be 

able to cool the large amounts of clinker. 



Energy savings depend strongly on the specific energy consumption of the 

dry process kiln to be converted as well as the number of preheaters to be 

installed. 

Installation or Upgrading of a Preheater to a Preheater/Precalciner 

Kiln- An existing preheater kiln may be converted to a multi-stage 

preheater precalciner kiln by adding a precalciner and, when possible an 

extra preheater. The addition of a precalciner will generally increase the 

capacity of the plant, while lowering the specific fuel consumption and 

reducing thermal NOx emissions (due to lower combustion temperatures 

in the pre-calciner). Cooler replacement may be necessary in order to 

increase the cooling capacity for larger production volumes. Fuel savings 

will depend strongly on the efficiency of the existing kiln and on the new 

process parameters (e.g. degree of precalcination, cooler efficiency). 

Older calciners can also be retrofitted for energy efficiency improvement 

and NOx emission reduction. 

Average savings of new calciners can be 0.34 MBtu/ton clinker. 

Conversion of Long Dry Kilns to Preheater/Precalciner Kiln- If 

economically feasible a long dry kiln can be upgraded to the current state 

of the art multi-stage preheater/precalciner kiln. Energy savings are 

estimated at 1.2 MBtu/ton clinker for the conversion. These savings reflect 

the difference between the average dry kiln specific fuel consumption and 

that of a modern preheater, pre-calciner kiln. 

6.5. FINISH GRINDING 

Process Control and Management – Grinding Mills- Control systems 

for grinding operations are developed using the same approaches as for 

kilns. The systems control the flow in the mill and classifiers, attaining a 

stable and high quality product. 

Similar results have been achieved with model predictive control (using 

neural networks). 

Advanced Grinding Concepts- The energy efficiency of ball mills for use 

in finish grinding is relatively low, consuming up to 30-42 kWh/ton clinker 

depending on the fineness of the cement. Several new mill concepts exist 

that can significantly reduce power consumption in the finish mill to 20-30 

kWh/ton clinker, including roller presses, roller mills, and roller presses 

used for pre-grinding in combination with ball mills. Roller mills employ a 



mix of compression and shearing, using 2-4 grinding rollers carried on 

hinged arms riding on a horizontal grinding table. In a high-pressure roller 

press, two rollers pressurize the material up to 3,500 bar, improving the 

grinding efficiency dramatically. 

Air swept vertical roller mills with integral classifiers are used for finish 

grinding, whereas a recent offshoot technology which is not air swept is 

now being used as a pre-grinding system in combination with a ball mill. 

A new mill concept is the Horomill, first demonstrated in Italy in 1993. The 

Horomill is a compact mill that can produce a finished product in one step 

and hence has relatively low capital costs. In the Horomill a horizontal 

roller within a cylinder is driven. The centrifugal forces resulting from the 

movement of the cylinder cause a uniformly distributed layer to be carried 

on the inside of the cylinder. The layer passes the roller with a pressure of 

700-1000 bar. The finished product is collected in a dust filter. 

Today, high-pressure roller presses are most often used to expand the 

capacity of existing grinding mills, and are found especially in countries 

with high electricity costs or with poor power supply. The electricity 

savings of a new finish grinding mill, when replacing a ball mill is 

estimated at 25 kWh/ton cement. 

High Efficiency Classifiers- A recent development in efficient grinding 

technologies is the use of high efficiency classifiers or separators. 

Classifiers separate the finely ground particles from the coarse particles. 

The large particles are then recycled back to the mill. Standard classifiers 

may have a low separation efficiency, which leads to the recycling of fine 

particles, resulting in extra power use in the grinding mill. In high-efficiency 

classifiers, the material is more cleanly separated, thus reducing over 

grinding. High efficiency classifiers or separators have had the greatest 

impact on improved product quality and reducing electricity consumption. 

Newer designs of high-efficiency separators aim to improve the separation 

efficiency further and reduce the required volume of air (hence reducing 

power use), while optimizing the design. The actual savings will vary by 

plant and cement type and fineness required. 

Improved Grinding Media- Improved wear resistant materials can be 

installed for grinding media, especially in ball mills. Grinding media are 



usually selected according to the wear characteristics of the material. 

Improved balls and liners made of high chromium steel is one such 

material but other materials are also possible. Other improvements include 

the use of improved liner designs, such as grooved classifying liners. 

These have the potential to reduce grinding energy use by 5- 10% in 

some mills, which is equivalent to estimated savings of 1.8 kWh/ton 

cement. 

6. 6 PLANT-WIDE MEASURES 

1. Preventative Maintenance- 

2. High-Efficiency Motors and Drives- Adjustable or Variable Speed 

Drives 

3. Compressed Air Systems- 

Maintenance of Compressed Air Systems- 

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lowest possible inlet temperature. 

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them every 400 hours of operation. 

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Rotary screw compressors generally start with their air lubricant 

separators having a 2 to 3 psid pressure drop at full load. When this 

increases to 10 psid, change the separator. 

• &KHFNZDWHU-cooling systems for water quality (pH and total dissolved 

solids), flow, and temperature. Clean and replace filters and heat 

exchangers per manufacturer’s specifications. 

4. Reduce Leaks- 

5. Reducing the Inlet Air Temperature- Maximize Allowable Pressure 

Dew Point at Air Intake 



6. Compressor Controls 

Start/stop, load/unload, throttling, multi-step, variable speed and 

network controls are options for compressor controls and described 

below: 

• Start/stop (on/off) is the simplest control available and can be applied to 

reciprocating or rotary screw compressors. They are used for applications 

with very low duty cycles. Applications with frequent cycling will cause the 

motor to overheat. 

• Load/unload control, or constant speed control, allows the motor to 

run continuously but unloads the compressor when the discharge 

pressure is adequate. In most cases, unloaded rotary screw compressors 

still consume 15 to 35% of full-load power while delivering no useful work. 

Hence, load/unload controls can be inefficient. 

• Modulating or throttling controls allow the output of a compressor to be 

varied to meet flow requirements by closing down the inlet valve and 

restricting inlet air to the compressor. Throttling controls are applied to 

centrifugal and rotary screw compressors. Changing the compressor 

control from on/zero/off to a variable speed control can save up to 8% per 

year. 

Heat Recovery for Water Preheating 

As much as 80 to 93% of the electrical energy used by an Industrial air 

compressor is converted into heat. In many cases, a heat recovery unit 

can recover 50 to 90% of this available thermal energy for space heating, 

industrial process heating, water heating, makeup air heating, boiler 

makeup water preheating, industrial drying, industrial cleaning processes, 

heat pumps, laundries or preheating aspirated air for oil burners. 

7. Lighting 

• Lighting Controls (manual and automatic controls) 

• Replace T-12 Tubes by T-8 Tubes 

• Replace Mercury Lights by Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium Lights 

• Replace Metal Halide HID with High-Intensity Fluorescent Lights 

• Replace Magnetic Ballasts with Electronic Ballasts 



8. Product & Feedstock Changes 

Alkali Content 

Reducing the alkali content from the cement is achieved by venting (called 

the by-pass) hot gases and particulates from the plant, loaded with alkali 

metals. The bypass also avoids plugging in the preheaters. This becomes 

cement kiln dust (CKD). Many customers demand lower alkali content, as 

it allows greater freedom in the choice of aggregates. The use of fly ash or 

blast furnace slags as aggregates (or in the production of blended cement) 

may reduce the need for low alkali cement. Low alkali cement production 

leads to higher energy consumption. Savings of 2-5 Kcal/kg per percent 

bypass are assumed. The lower figure is for precalciner kilns, while the 

higher figure is for preheater kilns. Typically, the bypass takes 10-70% of 

the kiln exhaust gases. Additionally, electricity is saved due to the 

increased cement production, as the CKD would otherwise end up as 

clinker. 

There are no investments involved in this product change, although 

cement users may need to change the type of aggregates used (which 

may result in costs). Hence, this measure is most successfully 

implemented in coordination with ready-mix producers and other large 

cement users. 



CHAPTER- 7 

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 

“Disaster” is defined as a catastrophic situation that causes damage, 

economic disruptions, loss of human life and deterioration of health and 

health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response 

from outside the affected area or community. Disasters occasioned by 

man are factory fire explosions and release of toxic gases or chemical 

substances, etc. 

All types of industries face certain types of hazards which can disrupt 

normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, inundation, failure 

of machinery, explosion to name a few. Disaster management plan 

formulated with an aim of taking precautionary step to control the hazard 

propagation and avert disaster and also to take such action after the 

disaster which limits the damage to the minimum. 

7.1 SCOPE OF STUDY 

Emergency planning, i.e. recognizing that accidents are possible, 

assessing the consequences of such accidents and deciding on the 

emergency procedures, both on site and offsite that would need to be 

implemented in the event of an emergency. 

Emergency/ disaster planning is just one aspect of safety and cannot be 

considered in isolation. M/s Hills Cement Co. Ltd. fully endorses this fact 

and hence a disaster management plan is prepared for construction & 

operation phase to ensure that the necessary standards appropriate to 

their safety legislation are followed. 

The important elements of disaster planning are broadly classified as 

follows. 

• Identification of various scenarios 

• Advance planning to overcome the problem 

• Actions in case of disaster phase, which includes warning, evacuation of 

personnel, rescue relief operations to people affected in mishappening & 

containment of disaster. 



7.2 TYPE OF DISASTER AT CEMENT PLANT AND CPP 

Disaster may occur due to following hazards at the cement plants. 

- Fire 

- Explosion 

- Electrocution 

- Loose fitting 

In any cement plant along with the CPP, there are various activities or 

area which pose substantial threat to the workers and hence hazardous in 

nature. The potential hazardous areas and the likely accidents with the 

concerned area have been enlisted below: 

TABLE 7.1 

HAZARDOUS AREA WITH CONCERNED ACCIDENTS 

Sl. No. Hazardous Area Likely Accident 

1. Boiler Area Explosion 

2. Electrical rooms Fire and electrocution 

3. Transformer area Fire and electrocution 

4. Cable tunnel Fire and electrocution 

5. Storage yard Sliding 

6. Crushing and grinding unit Fatal accident 

7. Chimney Air pollution 

8. Coal/ fuel storage area Fire and spillage 

9. Turbine room Explosion 

7.3 ACCIDENT LEVEL 

The nature of accidents and areas, which may be affected in case of any 

disaster in any part of plant/work place due to any reason can classified as 

follows: 

1 Level I Operator level 

2 Level II Local community level 

3 Level III Regional/National level 

4 Level IV International level 

Out of the above, only level-I and level - II class of accidents can be 

considered applicable for cement plant. 



Level- I Accidents 

Under this level disaster may happen due to electrocution, fire, explosion, 

and breakage due to loose fitting and spontaneous ignition of combustible 

material. This level has probability of occurrence affecting persons inside 

the plant. 

Level-II Accidents 

Disaster of this level can occur in case of sabotage and complete failure of 

all automatic control/warning systems, and also due to failure of ESP, Bag 

filter and other pollution control devices. However probability of 

occurrence of this is very low due to adequate security, training and 

education of persons of plant responsible for operating such systems. 

7.3.1 DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES 

In order to prevent disaster due to fire, explosion, electrocution and other 

accidents following preventive measures shall be adopted. 

i) Design, manufacture and construction of all plant and machineries 

building will be as per national and international codes as 

applicable in specific cases as laid down by Statutory Authorities. 

ii) 

iii) 

iv) 

Provision of adequate access way for movement of equipment and 

personnel shall be kept. 

Minimum two no. of gates shall be provided in any enclosure for 

escape during disaster shall be provided. 

Fire hydrants system of comprising electrical motor division and 

diesel engine driven fire pumps with electrical motor driven jockey 

pump for keeping the fire hydrant system properly pressurized for 

all important suspected places. 

7.4 SITE EMERGENCY CONTROL ROOM 

A site emergency control room (SECR) shall be established at the plant 

site in order to control the disaster more effectively. The facilities proposed 

to be provided are given in following sections: 

• Plant Layout 

• Area map of surrounding village 



• Plant Layout with inventories and locations of fuel oil/furnace oil storage 

tanks, etc 

• The blown up copy of Layout plan showing areas, where accident has 

occurred 

• Hazard identification chart, 

• Maximum number of people working at a time, assembly points etc. 

• Population around factory 

• Internal telephone connections 

• External telephone connections 

• Hotline connection to district collector, police control room, fire brigade, 

hospital etc. 

• Public address system 

• Torch-lights 

• List of dispensaries and registered medical practitioners around factory 

• Note pads and ball pens to record message received and instructions to 

be passed through runners. 

7.5 SAFETY DEPARTMENT 

Senior level manager having 15-20 year experience in safety practices 

and operations shall manage the safety department supported by 

experienced engineers and other staff who shall bring safety 

consciousness amongst the work force of plant. 

The safety department will conduct regular safety awareness courses by 

organizing seminars and training of personnel among the various working 

levels. 

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS / DEVICES 

To make the services more effective, the workers and rescue team will be 

provided with the safety equipments and items like- 

Gas mask, 

Respirators, 

Fire entry suits, 

Fire blankets, 



Rubber shoes or industrial shoes, 

Rubber glove, 

Ladders, 

Ropes, 

Petromax, 

Lamp torches etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS PREVENTIVE MEASURES 

• Alarm system to be followed during disaster 

On receiving the message of “Disaster” from Site Main Controller, fire 

station control attendant will sound SIREN FOR 5 MINUTES. Incident 

controller will arrange to broadcast disaster message through public 

address system. 

On receiving the ‘ message of “Emergency Over” from Incident Controller 

the fire station control room attendant will give “All Clear Signal, by 

sounding alarm straight for two minutes. 

The features of alarm system will be explained to one and all to avoid 

panic or misunderstanding during disaster. 

• Actions to be taken on hearing the warning signal 

On receiving the disaster message following actions will be taken: 

- All the members of advisory committee, personnel manager, security 

controller, etc. shall reach the SECR. 

- The process unit persons will remain ready in their respective units for 

crash shutdown on the instruction from SECR. 

- The persons from other sections will report to their respective officer. 

- Residents of township will remain alert. 



7.6 CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF 

EMERGENCY 

SITE MAIN CONTROLLER (SMC) 

Plant Manager shall be head of the emergency organization. He shall be 

emergency leader- site main controller (SMC). In his absence senior most 

people available at plant shall be emergency leader till arrival of plant 

manager. 

Rest of the employees shall be divided into three action teams namely A, 

B, C, and a Non-action Group D. 

Action team 'A' will consist of staff of section, in which accident has 

occurred. 

Action team ‘B’, will consist of staff of non-affected sections and 

maintenance department. 

Action team 'C' will consist of supporting staff i.e. Security supervisor, 

Ware house Supervisor, Shift Supervisor etc. 

Group ‘D’ will consist of people not included in those teams like contractor, 

labour, security men etc, 

Team 'A' comprising staff of affected section will be taking up the action in 

case of an emergency. 

Team 'B' will help team 'A' by remaining in their respective sections ready 

to comply with specific instructions of SMC. 

Team 'C' of supporting staff will help team ‘A’ as required and directed by 

Team 'B’. 

Group ‘D’ will be evacuated to safe region under supervision of Team 'C'. 

A multichannel communication network shall connect SECR to control 

rooms of plant, various shops and other departments of plant, fire station 

and neighboring industrial units. 



Co-ordination among key personnel and their team is shown below: 

SITE EMERGENCY TEAM MEMBERS COORDINATION 

EMERGENCY LEADER 

PLANT MANAGER/HEAD OF 

OPERATIONS/ENGINEERING/MAINTENANCE 

COMMUNICATION 

TEAM 

1. Administrative Head 

2. Personnel Officer 

3. Telephone Operator 

4. Time Office Staff 

ADVISORY TEAM 

1. Head of Operation 

2. Head of Maintenance 

3. Head of Engineering 

4. Head of Administration 

ADMINISTRATIVE HEAD/ 

PERSONNEL MANAGER 

EMERGENCY 

COORDINATOR 

ACTION TEAM ‘A’ 

1. SHIFT SUPERVISOR OF 

AFFECTED SECTION 

2. PLANT 

OPERATORS/TECHNICIA 

NS OF AFFECTED 

SECTION 

3. SHIFT SECURITY 

SUPERVISOR DUTY 

ACTION TEAM ‘B’ 

1. HEAD OF MAINTENANCE 

2. WARE HOUSE/SPARE 

PARTS SUPERVISOR/ 

MAINTENANCE 

SUPERVISOR/I/C 

SUPERVISOR 

3. MECHANICS/ 

ELECTRICIAN 

ACTION TEAM ‘C’ 

1. SECURITY 

SUPERVISOR 

2. WARE HOUSE STAFF 

3. SHIFT SUPERVISOR 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

COMPLIANCE SAFETY 

4. INCHARGE OF FIRST 

AID CENTRE 

ACTION TEAM ‘D’ 

1. OTHER STAFF 

NOT 

LISTED IN 

EMERGENCY 

TEAMS INCLUDING 

CONTRACTOR 

WORKERS AND 

SUPERVISORS 

7.7 OUTSIDE ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN CONTROL OF 

DISASTER 

In case of occurrence of fire population inside and outside plant 

boundaries, vegetation and animal etc may be affected. Secondary fire 

may also take place in such conditions. In such an event help shall also be 

taken from outside agencies. 

The organizations that shall be involved are as follows: 

(a) 

State and local authorities: District Collector, Revenue Divisional 

Officer, etc 

(b) 

Factory Inspectorate, Chief Inspector of factories, Joint Chief 

Inspector of factories, Inspector of factories. 



(c) 

Environmental agencies: Member Secretary of State Pollution 

Control Boards, District Environmental Engineer 

(d) 

Fire Department: District Fire Officer 

(e) 

Police Department: District Superintendent of Police, SHOS of 

nearby Police Stations 

(f) 

Public Health Department: 

- District Medical Officer 

- Residential medical officers of PHCs around plant site 

(g) 

Local Community Resources 

- Regional Transport officer 

- Divisional Engineer Telephones 

The outside organizations shall directly interact with district magistrate 

who in consultation with SMC shall direct to interact with plant authorities 

to control the emergencies. 

7.8 HAZARD EMERGENCY CONTROL PROCEDURE 

The onset of emergency will in all probability, commence with a major fire 

or excess stack emission. 

The following activities will immediately take place to interpret and take 

control of emergency. 

1. Staff member on duty will go to nearest fire alarm call point and 

trigger off the fire alarm. 

2. On site fire crew led by fire man will arrive at the site of incident 

with fire foam tenders and necessary equipments. 

3. Site main controller will arrive at SECR, from where he will receive 

information continuously from incident controller and give 

decisions and direction to the incident controller, plant control room, 

and emergency security controllers to the site medical officer to 

take care of casualties. 

Site main controller will direct and decide following desperate issues. 



In particular SMC has to decide and direct. 

- Whether incident controller requires reinforcement of manpower 

and facilities 

- Whether plant is to be shut down or more importantly kept running. 

- Whether staffs in different locations are to remain indoor or to be 

evacuated and assembled at designated collection center. 

- Whether missing staff members are to be searched or rescued. 

- Whether off-site emergency plan to be activated and a message to 

that effect is to be sent to the District Headquarter. 

When the incident has been brought under control as declared by the 

Incident Controller, the SMC shall send two members of his advisory team 

as inspectors to incident site for: 

- An assessment of total damage and prevailing conditions with 

particular attention to possibility of re-escalation of emergency 

which might, for the time being, be under control. 

- Inspection of other parts of site which might have been affected by 

impact of incident. 

- Inspection of personnel collection and roll call centers to check if all 

persons on duty have been accounted for. 

- Inspection of all control rooms of plant to assess and record the 

status of respective plants and any residual action deemed 

necessary. 

Post emergency, the inspectors will return to SECR with their observations 

and report of finding and will submit the same to SMC. 



CHAPTER - 8 

PROJECT BENEFITS 

The proposed project coupled with the ancillary industries would contribute to the 

overall 

socio-economic development of the region. 

8.1 DIRECT BENEFITS TO THE NATIONAL AND STATE 

EXCHEQUER 

• Income tax from individual as well as corporate taxes from cement 

company and ancillary units, 

• Income by way of registration of trucks, payment of road tax and payment 

of tax for interstate movements 

• Cess on power generation 

• Royalty on limestone 

• Excise duty 

• State sales tax or VAT 

8.2 INDIRECT BENEFITS 

• The project has an employment generation prospect on skilled manpower. 

It is assumed that the generation of indirect employment would be multiple 

of direct employment. 

• Most of the work force required for construction and operation of the 

proposed project will be drawn from the surrounding villages. 

• During the construction phase, no family is required to rehabilitate from 

the core zone. 

• With the establishment of colony, not only will there be requirement of 

food and commodities but also service providers such as servants, maids, 

gardeners, sweepers, maintenance people etc. 

• The direct beneficiaries in this process would be the local producers and 

local people providing services. 

Significant positive impact on employment and occupation is envisaged on 

account of 



- Better economic status of the community due to better earnings, 

- Higher inputs towards infrastructural facilities due to establishment 

of plant and colony, 

- Enhancement of literacy due to educational facilities available in 

township. 

• The general social development of the area is expected 

due to the improvements in infrastructure and 

communication system. 

• New facilities will be created to meet growing demand of 

the population. This will have impact on the current literacy 

level, primary and middle level education and on existing 

health facilities. 

• Awareness generated will have positive impact on the 

social pattern, which is caste and community oriented. 

• The long-term implications of this change are definitely 

progressive. 

-skilled employees and the managerial/supervisory personnel 

• The Due to cement plant project including the CPP, there will be 

development of communication facilities in the area. In the plant area, 

accommodation has been planned for the skilled/ semi plant site area will 

be equipped with sufficient infrastructural facilities including drinking water, 

toilets, sanitation facilities, health centre etc. 

• During operation, plant will generate direct employment. 

• The preference will be given for local population for employment in the 

semi-skilled and unskilled category. 

• Indirect employment is created by the plant for supply of daily domestic 

goods 

• Permanent supply of electricity in the area will support to improve other 

type of industries. 

• Housing accommodation for 60% of total manpower is proposed. 

• Employees from local villages commute from their own homes. 



HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES 

The workers working near pollution generation sources will be equipped 

with appropriate protective equipments. 

Following measures will be adopted in the plant to keep check on the 

safety measures and health: 

• Inspection and maintenance of pollution control systems regularly 

• All safety measures such as provision of safety appliances, imparting 

training, giving-of safety awards, display of posters with slogans related 

to safety will be taken 

• The workers exposed to noisy sources will be provided with ear 

muffs/plugs 

• Adequate facilities for drinking water and sufficient toilets will be provided 

to the employees 

• Regular medical checkup of workers shall be arranged. A full time 

dispensary shall be provided at site/colony. The medical facilities will also 

be extended to the neighboring villagers. 

SOCIAL WELFARE MEASURES AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 

The company has already earmarked funds for social development and 

welfare measures in the surrounding villages. 

These measures will include funding for: 

a) Medical camps 

b) Women and child development programs 

c) Drinking water availability efforts if needed for the local people 

d) Awareness programs 

e) Repair and improvement of existing schools 

f) Repair and improvement of health centers 

g) Repair and improvement of community centers, building such as 

Panchayat halls, Barat ghars etc 

h) Competitions and prizes distribution 



CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 

The 

management of HCCL has strong belief in business development 

along with peripheral development of nearby areas to the project site. 

Peripheral development plan including development in infrastructure, 

health, education and socio cultural aspects being carried out are as 

follows: 

1. The company has one dispensary with qualified doctors and nursing 

staff, where free medicines and treatment to the employees and local 

villagers is provided. 

2. The company has provided an ambulance on free of cost for the 

benefit of the above villagers. 

3. The company has provided free cement and donations to temples and 

churches in the surrounding villages. Cement at discounted rate shall 

be provided to villagers for the purpose of house construction etc. 

4. The company organizes free medical camps for the benefit of the 

villagers. 

5. The company organizes cultural programme in connection with 

Christmas for the sake of local villagers. 

6. The company has plans to construct a 20 bed Hospital and a school 

up to 10th standard. 

7. The company shall built a children park for the benefit of employees' 

and villager’s children. 

8. The company shall construct a community hall with a capacity of 1000 

personnel with the required infrastructure like chairs, audio system etc. 

9. Cultural activities shall be organized on important occasions. 



CHAPTER 9 

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED 

TEAM OF POLLUTION CONTROL CONSULTANTS (I) Pvt. Ltd 

INVOLVED IN EIA PREPARATION 

Position Expert Name Qualifications Experience 

Team leader Dr. M.K.Jain M.E., Ph.D (Env. 

Mgmt) 

Over 30 years experience in 

environmental impact 

assessment, management and 

planning with over 200 projects 

executed over last 20 years. Air 

and Water pollution Control 

Systems. Also experienced in 

wastewater treatment, 

resettlement and rehabilitation 

studies. Environmental Engineer 

designing of Cement plant ESP/ 

BAG Filters 

Hydrogeologist R. K. Agrawal M.Sc. (Geo.) 40 years work experience in 

hydrogeology and geology 

Ex. Sr. Manager MEC Ltd. (Govt. 

of India Undertaking) 

Ecology and 

data collection 

Dr. Abha Garg 

Dr. Swati Jain 

along with field 

staff 

Ph.D. (Chemistry) 

Ph.D. 

(Chemistry),MBA 

10 years of work experience in 

Ecology 

5years of work experience in 

Laboratory testing work 

Suresh Kumar B.Sc (Chemistry) 10 years of work experience in 

ecology Environmental and 

Social Planning 

Navodita M. Sc. (Env. Sc.) - 

Kanchan M. Sc. (Env. Sc.) - 

J. M. Sharma Engineer 

Aheet Kumar 



10.0 CONCLUSION 

CHAPTER – 10 

The process of manufacturing adopted by M/s Hills Cement Co. Limited is 

among the most modem and designed on the principles of “Zero 

Discharge and Minimum Emissions”. All the solid waste and the 

industrial wastewater are being reused I recycled in the product 

manufacture. The industry does not pose significant risk hazards even 

under the most severe constraints/ stresses conceivable, due to severe 

meteorological conditions. Elaborate safety measures and a stringent 

code of practice shall be adopted to protect the health of the workers. 

Cement Plant, Thermal Power Plant and Limestone mining activities 

expected to have no adverse impact on the surrounding environment 

with the proposed abatement measures in terms of proper handling of raw 

materials , green belt plantation, control of fugitive emissions, control 

systems at source, zero waste disposal, complete recycling of solid waste 

and water, good housekeeping as proposed in the EIA report. 

For Hills Cement Co. Limited 

For Pollution Control Consultants (I) Pvt. Ltd. 

Director 

( Dr. M. K. JAIN) 

Director

chapter - 1 introduction - Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board

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