Inglês

INGLÊS
3

Coordenação editorial: Estúdio Conejo, Zênite.
Preparação de texto: Zênite, Ricardo Sousa Santos (Mister).
Coordenação de design e projetos visuais: Pedro Yañez.
Revisão: Geisa Teixeira.
Impressão: Gráfica Brasil.
Organizador: Estúdio Conejo
Obra coletiva concebida, desenvolvida
e produzida pelo estúdio Conejo, Zênite.
Editor Executivo:
Pedro Yañez.
Livro do professore:
RICARDO SOUSA SANTOS (MISTER)
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Todo livro tem sua história. Este não pretende ser diferente. E isto tem lá suas vantagens.
Comecemos então, parafraseando Vinícius de Morais, um livro sem Apresentação é como um rio sem pontes.
Não se sabe bem porque, mas é costume consagrado. Nada há que uma apresentação possa fazer pelo
livro, se ele mesmo não caminhar por suas próprias pernas. Mas já que deve ter uma, que lhe seja útil.
Caro leitor, se faltar alguma legitimidade aos capítulos que o compõem, a Apresentação, na sua costumeira
gravidade, haverá de suprir, com conversa, o que faltar em aceitação. Espero que este não seja o caso deste
que vos escrevi. E claro, não menos importante é que, antes de que o leitor se ponha a buscar os defeitos
mais graves que o livro evidentemente possa conter, é que, sem aviso prévio, já me coloco em intimidade
para correções e ganho, por antecipação, sua simpatia senão teórica, pelo menos afetiva. Se o escritor, afinal
de contas, se mostra receptivo, por que não lhe dar um crédito por antecipação?
Dito isto, explico o porquê de estar aqui, incomodando os leitores desprevenidos. Venho escrevendo, mais
irregular que regularmente, ao longo de uma carreira dedicada a tentar ensinar aos outros o prazer da aquisisição
de um outro idioma, Língua Inglesa, neste caso. Ainda que prazer não se ensine, mostrar caminhos
nunca é excessivo. Fruto dessas experiências, nascidas de uma curiosidade insaciável, que me faz fuçar os
livros alheios, de linguístas como Yule, Jackobson, Saussure, e tantos outros, e claro, Pierce e sua semiótica
de forma assídua, que me pego por vezes teorizando em voz alta nas ruas de Conquista, são todos esses
autores que me trouxeram até aqui.
Os ensaios gramaticais deste material, voltado aqueles que se aventuram no aprendizado, àvidos a ingressarem
nas universidades, estão divididos em grupos de forma a dar alguma organização ao livro. Mas isto não
impede, evidentemente, que sejam lidos na ordem que cada um escolher, o que, no fim das contas, acontece
com todo livro técnico. De forma que esta observação poderia ser dispensada, mas já que aqui está, agora é
bom que fique.
Por fim, como de praxe, vão os agradecimentos. Primeiro ao Zênite, nas figuras de Omar e Nayana, por proporcionarem
as condições favoráveis em sua empresa para que este que vos escreve, tivesse total liberdade
na criação deste material. A minha família, esposa e filho (Misterzinho), que deram, e dão, total apoio para
a realização deste e de outros projetos meus. A Rosimar e Luis Àvila, que me descobriram, por assim dizer,
como professor quando recém chegado a esta cidade, a um tempão, me credibilizando em vários lugares,
que responsabilidade com seus nomes eles me deram, hein. E por fim, um agradecimnto que sempre tive
vontade de fazer publicamente, Joaquim Teixeira (Quinzinho), que me ensinou tudo que ele podia, sem
nunca pedir qualquer paga, somente uma, que eu adquirisse a paixão pelo ensino de lingua inglesa, e busca
incessante pelo conhecimento. Busquei, e apreciei tanto que não sei fazer outra coisa.
Que outra paga maior pode esperar quem ensina?
Bom estudo!
;)
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SUMÁRIO
CAPÍTULO I-PRONOMES PESSOAIS ......................................................
CAPÍTULO II-PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS ..............................................
CAPÍTULO III-PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS ..............................................
CAPÍTULO IV-PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS ..................................
CAPÍTULO IV-PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS ............................................
CAPÍTULO VI-PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS .................................
CAPÍTULO VII-PRONOMES RELATIVOS ..............................................
CAPÍTULO VIII-RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS ..........................................
CAPÍTULO IX-CASO POSSESSIVO (GENITIVE CASE) .........................
CAPÍTULO X-SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – VERBS .................................
CAPÍTULO XI-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)VERBS ) ..
CAPÍTULO XII-PASSADO SIMPLES. – VERBOS ....................................
CAPÍTULO XIII-PAST PROGRESSIVE. – VERBOS ................................
CAPÍTULO XIV-THE PRESENT & PAST PERFECT TENSES .................
CAPÍTULO XV-GERUND & PRESENT PARTICIPLE ..............................
CAPÍTULO XVI-VERBOS ANÔMALOS (MODAL VERBS) ...................
CAPÍTULO XVII- FUTURO SIMPLES, IMEDIATO, PERFEITO E
CONTÍNUO ................................................................................................
CAPÍTULO XIX -IF CLAUSES- CONDICIONAIS ....................................
CAPÍTULO XX-SUBSTANTIVOS ..............................................................
CAPÍTULO XXI-ADJECTIVES - GRAU DE COMPARAÇÃO ..............
CAPÍTULO XXII-ADVERBS .....................................................................
CAPÍTULO XXIV-DIRECT & REPORTED SPEECH - DISCURSO DI-
RETO E INDIRETO ....................................................................................
CAPÍTULO XXV-PASSIVE VOICE –VOZ PASSIVA .................................
CAPÍTULO XXV-PASSIVE VOICE –VOZ PASSIVA .................................
CAPÍTULO XXVII-CONJUNCTIONS - CONJUNÇÕES ..........................
CAPÍTULO XXVIII-SUFFIXES .................................................................
CAPÍTULO XXIX-PREPOSITIONS – PREPOSIÇÕES .............................
CAPÍTULO XXX -PHRASAL VERBS & PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ........
CAPÍTULO XXX -PHRASAL VERBS & PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ........
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19
25
29
35
45
56
73
74
80
92
96
102
105
123
133
156
164
175
187
205
219
233
250
254
284
298
313
346
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CAPÍTULO I - PRONOMES PESSOAIS
Pronome é a classe de palavras que acompanha ou
substitui um substantivo ou um outro pronome,
indicando sua posição em relação às pessoas do discurso
ou mesmo situando-o no espaço e no tempo. Os
pronomes nos ajudam a evitar repetições desnecessárias
na fala e na escrita.
São divididos em:
Pronomes Pessoais - Personal Pronouns
Os Pronomes Pessoais referem-se a alguma pessoa, lugar
ou objeto específico e são subdivididos em Pronomes
Pessoais do Caso Reto (Sujeito) - Subject
Pronouns e Pronomes Pessoais do Caso
Oblíquo (Objeto) - Object Pronouns.
Tabela de Pronomes
Pronomes Pessoais
NÚMERO PESSOA Subject Object
Singular 1ª Pessoa I ME
Singular 2ª Pessoa YOU YOU
Singular 3ª Pessoa HE HIM
Singular 3ª Pessoa SHE HER
Singular 3ª Pessoa IT IT
Plural 1ª Pessoa WE US
Plural 2ª Pessoa YOU YOU
Plural 3ª Pessoa THEY THEM
Esses
pronomes são
assim
chamados
porque
conjugam os
verbos. São
sujeitos.
Esses
devem ser
usados após
verbos e
preposições
. Não
podem
conjugar
verbos
Subject Pronouns:
Esses pronomes do caso reto substituem nomes e
ocupam posição de sujeito numa oração, isso quer dizer
que eles deverão aparecer antes dos verbos, conjugandoos.
Object Pronouns:
Esses pronomes do caso oblíquo funcionam como objeto
do verbo, por isso a posição deles é sempre após o verbo
ou uma preposição.
DICA:
A função mais comum nas questões de provas, é quando
eles vem como pronomes anafóricos, (fazendo referência
ao que foi citado anteriormente), geralmente o
referente/referido encontra-se dentro do MESMO
parágrafo, ou até dentro do periodo em que o proneme
aparece.
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
1. I need them. Eu preciso deles
2. They study Elas estudam comigo.
with me.
3. She works for Ela trabalha para ele.
him.
4. We know you. Nós te conhecemos.
5. You want us. Você nos quer.
6. He likes it. Ele gosta dele (a)
Em Inglês não há omissão do sujeito como pode ocorrer
em Português, salvo em raríssimas exceções e em
linguagem muito informal. No caso de sujeito
inexistente, oculto ou indeterminado, devemos
empregar it, we ou they.
It is great to be here at Zênite. (É ótimo estar aqui no
Zênite.)
We speak Portuguese and English in Brazil. (Falamos
português e inglês no Barsil.)
It started to rain. (Começou a chover.)
9

We will go to Anagé in the summer. (Iremos à Anagé no
verão.)
They think I am a wealthy person. (Acham que sou um
cara rico.)
E.g.
Patrick and I are good friends.
What do I need to say ?
2. O Pronome YOU:
Objeto indireto com preposição - Prepositional indirect
object:
No Inglês, há dois tipos de objetos indiretos: os com
preposição expressa após o verbo e os objetos indiretos
com a preposição subtentida, que não vai estar grafada
na oração.
- O objeto indireto com preposição é o termo que
completa o sentido de um verbo de forma indireta,
estando sempre regido de preposição clara e expressa na
oração.
1.I sent my friends some flowers.
2.I sent some flowers to my friends.
3.Give your money to me.
4.Give me your money.
5.He told the story to John.
6.He told John the story.
Observe que na sentença 1 o objeto direto é some
flowers, a partir deste exemplo é possível ver a estrutura
básica desta função pronominal.
Os exemplos 2,3,5 apresentam os objetos indiretos após
a preposição TO – que podem ser chamados de After-
Preposition.
Nas outras sentenças 1,4,6 os objetos indiretos aparecem
após o verbo, chamado de After-Verb position.
O pronome YOU é 2ª pessoa tanto do singular quanto do
plural. Por isso tenha cuidado com as traduções. YOU é
comumente traduzido por VOCÊ ou VOCÊS, só que
esses pronomes de tratamento da língua portuguesa são
respectivamente 3ª pessoa do singular e plural.
E.g.
English Translation Adaptation
You are my Tu és meu Você é meu amigo
friend. amigo
You are my
friends.
3. O Pronome Neutro IT:
Vós sois meus
amigos
Vocês são meus
amigos.
Este pronome é usado para substituir nomes de coisas,
animais, descrever fenômenos naturais, e fazer o papel
do sujeito oculto ou inexistente da língua portuguesa.
Obs. Usado com pessoas. E.g. It’s my father, it’s me, it’s
your mother, it’s John, etc...
4. O Pronome THEY:
Este pronome é o plural de toda a 3ª pessoa do singular.
Sendo assim seu significado se estende a ELES
(homens), ELAS (mulheres) , e a ELES, e ELAS
(animais, coisas, objetos, etc...)
Object Pronouns:
Subject Pronouns:
Esses pronomes substituem nomes após um verbo ou
uma preposição. Atenção especial deve ser dada à
terceira pessoa do plural (THEM) pois este pronome
substitue nomes de pessoas, animais e coisas.
1. O Pronome I
O pronome I deve ser escrito sempre com letra
maiúscula independente do seu lugar na frase.
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EXERCISES
go on. - Adaptado de: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/20/world/europe/madridcity-of-protests/index.html
Welcome to Madrid: City of Protests
Madrid (CNN) — “The people, united, will never be
divided!” yells the crowd, angrily waving banners and
placards. “To fight is the only way!” Dog-walkers,
mothers with strollers, an pensioners carrying shopping
bags join the crowd. These people on the sidewalk are no
curious neighbors. Indeed, many of them are complete
strangers to the family living on the fifth floor, but they
are all here to protect Rocio from eviction – being forced
to leave her property by legal process
Rocio and her son, now 17 and in high school, moved
from Ecuador in 2003, when times were good and jobs
plentiful in Spain. But then the global financial crisis hit,
bringing Spain’s economy’ down, Rocio lost her two
jobs – in a shop, and as a cleaner. For a while, Rocio got
by on benefits but then those stopped too. She is an
example of the crisis many Spaniards face as the country
deals with the highest unemployment rate since the Civil
War in the 1930s, and a recession entering its second
year. “I can’t stand the thought of living on the streets
with my san, but I have no idea where else to go”, she
says.
Rocio’s story is echoed by others all over Spain. It is this
fear that took many Spanish citizen to action. Many of
those people who are outside the door of Rocio’s
apartment block are supporter of “Stop Desahucios”
(Stop Evictions), part of the Platform of People Affected
by Mortgages (PAI – Plataforma de Afectados por la
Hipoteca), a group that campaigns to prevent banks and
authorities from eviction because of the country’s
economic crisis. They accuse the banks and authorities o
‘real estate terrorism”.
There are also the mass marches of the 15-M movement
– also known as the “Indignados”. Activist Dante
Scherma, 24, says citizens were not used to speaking out
on political issues. “The 15-M movement made people
talk about social issues, and about politics in normal
conversations - in cafés, restaurants, bars – where before
they only talked about football or fashion.”
Back in Vicalvaro, the moment of truth has arrived, but
the crowd – now shouting at the police, insisting they
have to stop forcing families to leave their properties –
appears to have had an impact. Lawyers from the PAH
explain that Rocio will be able to stay – for a while, at
least. For those working to stop Spain’s eviction
epidemic, today has seen a small and temporary victory.
For those demonstrating about cuts, corruption and lack of cash, the protests will
1. In the sentence “...insisting they have to stop forcing
families to leave their properties...”, words they and their
respectively refer to
a) the crowd and families.
b) the crowd and the police.
c) the police and families.
d) the families and the properties.
e) ethe police and the properties.
Emerging economies
The Great Deceleration
The emerging-market slowdown is not the beginning of a
bust. But it is a turning-point for the world economy
WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds,
(…)
China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target
of 7.5% (…)
This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the
emerging-market era, (…)
Running out of puff
In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have
tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why
so few poor countries have become rich ones). A
determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today,
pointing in particular to the risks of an even more drastic
deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary
tightening. But this time a broad emerging-market bust
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12
looks unlikely.
China is in the midst of a precarious shift from
investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumptionbased
model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty
of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal
strength both to absorb losses and to stimulate the
economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging
economies have ever had. It makes disaster much less
likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there
is little chance that monetary conditions will suddenly
tighten, even if they did, most emerging economies have
better defences than ever before, with flexible exchange
rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and
relatively less debt (much of it in domestic currency).
That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of
record-breaking speed are over. China’s turbocharged
investment and export model has run out of puff.
Because its population is ageing fast, the country will
have fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it
has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago
China’s per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of
America’s; now it is 18%. China will keep on catching
up, but at a slower clip.
(…). - Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com
2. The pronoun they in the underlined sentence of the
fifth paragraph of the text: “even if they did, …” refers to
a) China
b) plenty of bad debt
c) a few emerging economies
d) rich-world economies
e) monetary conditions
United States Thanksgiving
In a 1789 proclamation, President George Washington
called on the people of the United States to acknowledge
God for affording them “an opportunity peaceably to
establish a form of government for their safety and
happiness” by observing a day of thanksgiving. Devoting
a day to “public thanksgiving and prayer,” as
Washington called it, became a yearly tradition in many
communities.
Thanksgiving became a national holiday in 1863. In that
year, during the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln made his
Thanksgiving Day Proclamation. He asked his fellow
citizens “to set apart and observe the last Thursday of
November next as a day of thanksgiving and praise...”
(…)
Retrieved from . Access in: Aug 2013.
3. The word “it” at the end of the first paragraph refers
to
a) “an opportunity”.
b) “a yearly tradition”.
c) “a day of thanksgiving”.
d) “a form of government”.
e) “their safety and happiness”.
SPAIN’S ECONOMY
(…)
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be
done, but their success has been despite, not because of,
the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws,
Spain has already implemented painful reforms,
particularly in the labor market, but they will take time
to feed into the economy. The bank bailout may
eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the
short term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will
make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their
businesses.
Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012
4. In the last paragraph, “they” in the phrase “…but
they will take time to feed into the economy” most likely
refers to
a) recently elected Spanish politicians.
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish
regulations.
c) Spain’s emblematic companies.
d) Spain’s traditionally rigid employment laws.
e) the investment money now available to Spanish
companies.
Are You A Digital Native or A Digital Immigrant?
(…)
Second, 4 I was talking with a producer at the PBS
NewsHour who wanted me to do a live interview within
a few hours of his call regarding some late breaking
news about clergy sexual abuse, which is my specialty. I
was out of the office and driving my car when he called
and in 12 a matter of fact manner he said that he wanted to
send me some important information to my smart phone

to best prepare me for the upcoming interview, when I
told him that I couldn’t receive anything since I had a
dumb phone and not a smart phone, there was a long
silence, 1 he then said he’d have to just read it to me
over the phone as a Plan B. He wasn’t happy ...
neither was I.
7 In case you haven’t noticed, the 21 st century is really
upon us and to live in it one really does need to be
connected in my view. Although I often consider myself
a 19 th or 20 th century guy trapped in the 21 st century we
really do need to adapt. For most of us we are just living
in a new world that really demands comfort with and
access to technology.
(…)
6. O pronome it, utilizado na última linha do primeiro
parágrafo, na frase for the products it markets, refere-se
a) à necessidade da propaganda.
b) à área de publicidade.
c) à ideologia da propaganda.
d) aos mercados consumidores.
e) à cultura do consumismo.
Smart Jocks: Sport Helps Kids Classroom
Performance
When kids exercise, they boost brainpower as well as
brawn. By Steve Ayan | September 9, 2010
Adapted from “Digital Native vs. Digital Immigrant? Which are you?” Published
on July 24, 2012 by Thomas G. Plante, Ph.D., ABPP in Do the Right Thing
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/do-the-right-thing/201207/digital-nativevs-digital-immigrant-which-are-you.
retrieved on July 28, 2012
5. In the sentence, “he then said he’d have to just read it
to me over the phone as a Plan B.” (ref. 1), the
underlined pronoun refers to
a) the author´s dumb phone.
b) the information needed for the interview.
c) the author’s smart phone.
d) the upcoming interview.
e) the conversation the author had with the TV
producer.
Analyze an advertisement
Peter Sells
Sierra Gonzalez
Not all advertisements make perfect sense. Not all of
them promote or imply acceptance of social values that
everyone would agree are what we should hope for, in
an enlightened and civilized society. Some
advertisements appear to degrade our images of
ourselves, our language, and appear to move the
emphasis of interaction in our society to (even more)
consumerism. There may even be a dark, seamy, or seedy
side to advertising. This is hardly surprising, as our
society is indeed a consumer society, and it is highly
capitalistic in the simplest sense. There is no doubt that
advertising promotes a consumer culture, and helps
create and perpetuate the ideology that creates the
apparent need for the products it markets.
(…) (www.stanford.edu. Adaptado.)
5 Despite frequent reports that regular exercise benefits
the adult brain, when it comes to schoolchildren, the
concept of the dumb jock persists. The star quarterback
stands in stark contrast to the math-team champion. After
all, the two types require seemingly disparate talents:
physical prowess versus intellect. Letting kids run
around or throw a ball seems, at best, tangential to the
real work of learning and, at worst, a distraction from 1 it.
7. A palavra "it" (ref. 1) refere-se a
a) "disparate talents".
b) "a ball".
c) "the real work of learning".
d) "physical prowess".
e) "Letting kids run around".
Mark Zuckerberg’s 650 Million Friends (and
counting)
Back in June 2009, the globe’s potpourri of socialnetworking
sites was extremely diverse: Google’s Orkut
13

14
dominated India and Brazil; Central and South America
preferred Hi5; Maktoob was king in the Arab world. The
Vietnamese liked Zing, the Czechs loved Lidé, South
Koreans surfed Cyworld. Two years after that, and
Facebook has stolen users away from its rivals very fast.
It’s completely knocked Hi5 off the map in former
strongholds such as Peru, Mexico, and Thailand. After a
tense back-and-forth with Orkut in India, Facebook has
emerged victorious. And it’s becoming more popular in
Armenia, Georgia, and the Netherlands, where local
providers are making a desperate last stand.
There are some glaring exceptions to Facebook’s
colonization kick. Russians continue to use Vkontakte
and Odnoklassniki, with Facebook a distant fourth in the
rankings. China remains highly committed to domestic
sites such as Qzone and Renren. But for the rest of us,
we’re living in Zuckerberg’s world. (endereço eletrônico
omitido propositadamente)
8. In the sentence “And it’s becoming more popular in
Armenia, Georgia, and the Netherlands...”, the pronoun
it refers to
a) Orkut.
b) India.
c) Armenia.
d) Hi5.
e) Facebook.
Fight the Violence!
Oct 14, 2011 6:53 PM EDT
What if gang violence in America could be reduced
just by talking? Professor and activist David
Kennedy talks with Ben Crair about his new book,
Don’t Shoot, criticism of his plan, and the economics
of gangs.
In 1995, David M. Kennedy went to Boston on behalf
of* Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government to study
violent crime. Like many American cities at that time,
Boston was suffering a wave of homicides. After linking
up with a special Boston Police Department task force,
Kennedy and his team recognized that most of the killing
was the work of a small handful of identifiable gang
members. Rather than locking them all up, they tried
something new: They met with the gang members and
community leaders, offered them assistance in getting
off the streets, and warned them that, if any single gang
member committed another murder*, they would crack
down* on the entire group. Crime dropped almost
overnight, and Kennedy’s “Operation Ceasefire,” as it
has come to be known, has been implemented in more
than 70 cities, addressing issues from gun violence to
drug markets to juvenile robberies. Now, Kennedy
recounts his experiences in a new book, Don’t Shoot:
One Man, a Street Fellowship, and the End of Violence
in Inner-City America.
(Newsweek, 14.10.2011. Adaptado)
9. O pronome objeto them empregado em − offered
them assistance in getting off the streets − refere-se a
a) the streets.
b) American cities.
c) Kennedy and his team.
d) Boston Police Department.
e) gang members and community leaders.
Argentina builds a tower of books
This is simply an audio and visual celebration of the
book – any books, all books, in whichever language you
like. Works by Jane Austen, Dickens, Henry Blake,
Ernest Hemingway, Cervantes, Vargas Llosa, Tolstoy
and Argentina's own favourites, Borges and Sabato, line
the walls of this tower, each wrapped in plastic for its
own protection.
The United Nations has designated the city as the 2011
World Book Capital.
This book tower is 25 metres high and lined with 30,000
donations from more than 50 embassies. It'll be
dismantled at the end of the month and the books will
form the beginning of a multi-lingual library.
The Buenos Aires Book Fair, one of the biggest in the
world, has just ended, recording more visitors than ever
before. The city boasts hundreds of bookshops and some
cafes even supply works by Argentina's most renowned
literary icon, Jorge Luis Borges, to read over coffee.
Buenos Aires is a city that loves its books and now it has
a tower to prove it.
Daniel Schweimler, BBC News, Buenos Aires.
Fonte:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/20
11/05/110516_witn _buenosaires_books_page1.shtml

10. O pronome “it” em “It will be dismantled” refere-se
a) embaixadas.
b) livros.
c) doações.
d) biblioteca.
e) torre de livros.
The Impact of Media Violence on Children and
Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions
Eugene V. Beresin
(…)
How does televised violence result in aggressive
behavior? Some researchers have demonstrated that very
young children will imitate aggressive acts on TV in
their play with peers. Before age 4, children are unable to
distinguish between fact and fantasy and may view
violence as an ordinary occurrence. In general, violence
on television and in movies often conveys a model of
conflict resolution. It is efficient, frequent, and
inconsequential. Heroes are violent, and, as such, are
rewarded for their behavior. 1 They become role models
for youth. The typical scenario of using violence for a
righteous cause may translate in daily life into a
justification for using violence to retaliate against
perceived victimizers. Hence, vulnerable youth who have
been victimized may be tempted to use violent means to
solve problems. Unfortunately, there are few, if any,
models of nonviolent conflict resolution in the media.
Additionally, children who watch televised violence are
desensitized to it. They may come to see violence as a
fact of life and, over time, lose their ability to empathize
with both the victim and the victimizer.
(http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/developmentor/the_impact_of_media_violence_on
_children_and_adolescents_opportunities_for_clinical_interventions)
11. No enunciado “They become role models for
youth” (ref. 1), o vocábulo sublinhado se refere a
a) programas de televisão.
b) atos violentos.
c) conflitos.
d) filmes.
e) heróis
COMBINING ALCOHOL AND "ENERGY DRINK"
REDUCES THE "PERCEPTION" OF IMPAIRMENT
The combined use of alcohol and "energy
drinks" has become increasingly popular among youth
and young adults in recent years. (…)
"In Brazil, as in other countries, young people
believe that energy drinks avoid the sleepiness caused by
alcoholic beverages and increase their capacity to dance
all night (…)
In a previous study on the use of energy drinks
among Brazilians, Souza-Formigoni said that users
reported greater happiness (38%), euphoria (30%),
uninhibited behavior (27%), and increased physical vigor
(24%). It is unclear; however, if this indicates the ability
of energy drinks to reduce the depressant effects,
increase the excitatory effects of alcohol, or both.
6 "This study appears to show us (…)
Compared to the ingestion of alcohol alone, the
combined 2 ingestion of alcohol and energy drinks
3 significantly reduced the subjects' perception of
headache, weakness, dry mouth and impairment of motor
coordination. The researched energy drinks did not,
however, significantly reduce deficits caused by alcohol
on objective measures of motor coordination and visual
reaction time.
"There are two key points," (…)
"The 8 implications of these 9 findings," added
Boerngen, "are that this association of alcohol and
energy drinks is harmful rather than beneficial, as
believed by consumers. Especially because those
10 individuals who combine alcohol and energy 11 drinks,
believing 7 they are less impaired than reality would
indicate, are 5
actually at an
14
increased risk for
12 problems such as automobile accidents."
15 "Alcohol affects not only the motor
coordination but also the capacity of decision, 16 because
it affects one important area of the brain - the prefrontal
cortex," explained Souza-Formigoni. "Drunk drivers are
15

dangerous not only because their reactions are delayed
and motor coordination affected, but mainly because
their capacity to evaluate the risks to which they will be
exposed is also affected. People need to understand that
the 'sensation' of well-being does not necessarily mean
that they are unaffected by alcohol. 17 Despite how good
they may feel, they shouldn't drink and drive. Never."
adapted from "http://alcoholism.about.com/od/dui/a/blacer060416.htm" Public
release date: 26-Mar-2006
12. The pronoun "they" (ref. 7) refers to:
a) implications (ref. 8).
b) findings (ref. 9).
c) individuals (ref. 10).
d) drinks (ref. 11).
e) problems (ref. 12).
The use of nuclear power is controversial
[CONJUNCTION] of the problem of storing radioactive
waste for indefinite periods, the potential for possibly
severe radioactive contamination by accident or
sabotage, and the possibility that its use in some
countries could lead to the proliferation of nuclear
weapons. Proponents believe that these risks are small
and can be further reduced by the technology in the new
reactors. THEY further claim that the safety record is
already good when compared to fossil-fuel plants, that it
releases much less radioactive waste than coal power,
and that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source.
Critics, including most major environmental groups,
believe nuclear power is an uneconomic, unsound and
potentially dangerous energy source, especially
compared to renewable energy, and DISPUTE whether
the costs and risks can be reduced through new
technology.
(Adapted from http:// en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear _power)
13. No texto, THEY refere-se
a) aos problemas atrelados ao uso de energia nuclear.
b) às pessoas que se opõem ao uso da energia nuclear.
c) às pessoas que são a favor do uso da energia nuclear.
d) aos resíduos resultantes do uso da energia nuclear.
e) aos perigos decorrentes do uso da energia nuclear.
SHALL WE DANCE?
planets SPIN.
atoms dance.
lightning leaps.
and so do we.
Skirts bloom at a square dance in Albany, Oregon.
"It's friendship set to music," says Marilyn Schmit, who
met her husband on a square dance date 16 years ago.
By Cathy Newman NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SENIOR WRITER
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC - JULY 2006
14. The pronoun "we" in the subtitle ("and so do WE")
refers to
a) dancers
b) planets
c) human beings
d) sounds
e) atoms
Language Born of Colonialism Thrives
Again in the Amazon
By Larry Rohter
August 28, 2005
You don't have to be mentally ill
SANELINE is the national out of hours
telephone helpline providing information and support for
anyone affected by mental health problems, including
family and careers.
Mental health 1 issues are 2 far more common
than is generally 3 thought. One in four people will
4
experience some 5 kind of mental health problem in the
course of a year.
SANELINE receives thousands of calls every
year from people seeking advice and help for themselves
or someone close to them. The nonjudgmental support
and information 6 it provides can make all the difference.
People 8 faced with mental health 9 concerns
10
can find it difficult to 11 get facts about symptoms and
treatments, the services that 12 are available to 7 them, or
even to find someone who is prepared to listen. That's
where we can help. Call 0845 767 8000 for help at the
end of the line.
16

15. The pronouns "it" (ref. 6) and "them" (ref. 7) refer,
respectively, to
a) mental health - facts.
b) SANELINE - people.
c) support - symptoms and treatments.
d) advice - services.
e) someone - concerns.
PETS PROVIDE HEALING FOR THE XXI
CENTURY
By Margrit Oyens
The Umbrella, Vol. X, Novembro de 2004
In an interview given by Dr. Tennis Turner,
president of the International Association of Human-
Animal Integration Organizations (IAHAIO) and
professor for veterinary science at the University of
Zurich, he stated that the company of cats and dogs is
essential to human quality of life. He has been trying to
convince authorities, from ministers of health of First
World countries to leaders of small South African
communities, to invest in programs of Animal Assisted
Therapy (AAT).
Dr. Turner has stated that "the company of pets
benefits not only those physically or mentally ill, but also
all ordinary human beings, regardless of their family
income. It is good not only for the health of the
individual but for public 3 health as well. Animal Assisted
Therapy represents a tremendous economy to public
health, as it often 1 succeeds in cases where traditional
medical treatment has 2 failed."
In his quality of president of IAHAIO, Dr.
Turner organizes conferences in 4 major cities, which are
attended by doctors from all over the world, with the
intention of divulging the results of studies and
experiments where animals have acted as therapists to
children, juvenile delinquents, the elderly, women
suffering from breast cancer, the mentally deficient, and
even couples undergoing a crisis in their relationship.
Knowing the physical and psychological needs
of cats and dogs helps us to treat them better. Only happy
and healthy pets can be good company for human beings
and contribute to our quality of life.
There are many kinds of benefits for people that
have pets. Imagine a normal citizen, meaning someone
healthy who needs some kind of therapy. The presence
of a pet can lower his/her blood pressure, which is one of
the reasons for a pet guardian's better quality of life, one
year after having a heart attack. Another explanation is
obvious and applies to all guardians of dogs who wish to
guard against heart disease: more daily exercise due to
the necessary dog walking. Pet guardians generally have
a 5 lower level of cholesterol and are therefore less prone
to heart attacks. A study published by the British Journal
of the Royal Society of Medicine shows that pet
guardians are 6 less likely to be bothered by small health
problems and enjoy a better quality of life than people
who have no pets.
Companionship animals are also of help to
children, both at home and in school. They augment
children's self-esteem, 7 improve their integration with
other children and increase their performance in school.
16. No 6 o parágrafo, a palavra "They" se refere a:
a) Children.
b) Both at home and in school.
c) Companionship animals.
d) Children's self-esteem.
e) Other children.
PARALYMPIC GAMES
HISTORY
In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a
sports competition involving World War II veterans with
a spinal cord-related injury in Stoke Mandeville,
England. Four years later, competitors from Holland
joined the Games, and the international movement, now
known as the Paralympics, was born. Olympic-style
games for athletes with a disability were organized for
the first time in Rome in 1960.
In Toronto in 1976, other disability groups were
added and the idea of merging together different
disability groups for international sports competitions
was born. In the same year, the first Paralympic Winter
Games took place in Sweden.
PARALYMPIC GAMES
The paralympic Games have always been held
in the same year as the Olympic Games. Since the 1988
Seoul Summer Games and the 1992 Albertville Winter
Games, 21 they have also taken place at the same venues
as the Olympic Games. On 19 June 2001, an agreement
was signed between the International Olympic Comitee
and the International Paralympic Commitee 19 aiming to
17

secure the organization of Paralympic Games. The agreement reaffirmed that the Paralympic Games, from 2008 on, will
always take place shortly after the Olympic Games, using the same sporting 20 venues and facilities.
http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/paralympic. 09/06/2004.
18. A palavra "they" (ref. 21) remete para
a) Albertville Winter Games.
b) Paralympic Games.
c) Seoul Summer Games.
d) Olympic Games.
e) International Olympic Committee.
Literature is the only place in any society where, within the secrecy of our own heads, we can hear voices talking about
everything in every possible way. The reason for ensuring that privileged arena is preserved is not that writers want the
absolute freedom to say and do whatever THEY please. It is that we, all of us, readers and writers and citizens and generals
and godmen need that little, unimportant-looking room. We do not need to call it sacred, but we need to remember it is
necessary.
19. In the text, THEY refers to
a) readers.
b) citizens.
c) voices.
d) writers.
e) heads.
18

CAPÍTULO II - PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
Em Inglês há um adjetivo e um pronome possessivo para
cada pronome pessoal.
NÚMER
O
Tabela de Pronomes
1. Possessive Adjective:
Pronomes Possessivos
PESSOA Adjective Possessive
Singular 1ª Pessoa MY MINE
Singular 2ª Pessoa YOUR YOURS
Singular 3ª Pessoa HIS HIS
Singular 3ª Pessoa HER HERS
Singular 3ª Pessoa ITS -
Plural 1ª Pessoa OUR OURS
Plural 2ª Pessoa YOUR YOURS
Plural 3ª Pessoa THEIR THEIRS
Antecedem o
objeto
(substantivo)
possuído.
1. What is your name ?
2. Where is her book ?
3. My car is light blue.
4. His father is a doctor.
5. Our classroom is nice and comfortable.
6. Mister is their teacher.
Aparecem
após o
objeto
possuído
(substantivo)
ou o
substitue.
2. Possessive Pronoun:
1. That blue house is hers.
2. My name is Mister, what is yours ?
3. I like your book but I don’t like theirs.
4. Whose book is this, mine, yours or his ?
Observe que no exemplo 1 o substantivo house
antecedeu o pronome possessivo e nos demais exemplos
ele substituiu o próprio substantivo.
Possessive Adjective:
Esses pronomes devem em primeiro lugar concordar
com o possuidor e não com o objeto possuído e devem
sempre anteceder esse objeto. Isso que dizer que os
adjetivos possessivos são invariáveis, não se flexionam
para concordar com gênero ou numero.
Possessive Pronoun:
Esses pronomes tem significado igual aos anteriores,
o que muda é apenas o seu lugar na frase, ou melhor,
em relação ao objeto possuído. Estes devem aparecer
após o objeto possuído e até mesmo substituí-lo.
Os Pronomes Possessivos (Possessive Pronouns)
podem ser usados em construções com a preposição
of.
Omar and Nayana are friends of ours.
She is a relative of his.
He was an enemy of hers.
e) Em inglês, nunca se usa artigo (the, a, an) na frente
dos pronomes possessivos.
(NUNCA FALE): My books are good, but not like the
his.
DICA: Adjective possessive.
A EXEMPLO dos pronomes pessoais do caso reto, a
função mais comum nas questões de provas, é quando
eles vem como pronomes anafóricos, (fazendo
referência ao que foi citado anteriormente),
geralmente o referente/referido encontra-se dentro do
MESMO parágrafo, ou até dentro do periodo em que
o proneme aparece.
19

EXERCISES
Apple manufacturing plant workers complain of long
hours and militant culture
Chengdu, China (CNN) — Miss Chen (we changed her
name for this story), an 18-year-old student (…)
As a poor college student with no work experience,
looking for a job in China’s competitive market is (…)
“During my first day of work, an older worker said to
me, ‘Why did you come to Foxconn? Think about it
again and leave right now’,” said Chen, who plans to
return to her studies at a Chongqing university soon.
Foxconn recently released a statement defending its
corporate practices, stating its employees are entitled to
numerous benefits including access to health care and
opportunities for promotions and training. In response to
questions from CNN, Apple also released a statement:
“We care about every worker in our worldwide supply
chain. We insist that our suppliers provide safe working
conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and
use environmentally responsible manufacturing
processes wherever Apple products are made. Our
suppliers must live up to these requirements if they want
to keep doing business with Apple.”
- Adaptado de http://edition.cnn.com, consulta em 06/02/2012.
1. In the sentence “Foxconn recently released a
statement defending its corporate practices...”, the word
its refers to
a) statement.
b) Foxconn.
c) health care.
d) practices.
e) employees.
English as an international language
About one hundred years ago many educated people
4
learned and spoke French when they 5 met people from
other countries. Today most people speak English when
they meet foreigners. It has become the new international
language. There are more people who speak English as a
second language than people who speak English as a first
language. Why is this?
There are many reasons why English has become so
popular. One of them is that English has become the
language of business. Another important reason is that
popular American culture (like movies, music, and
McDonald's) has quickly spread throughout the world. It
has 6 brought its language with it.
Is it good that English has spread to all parts of the world
so quickly? I don't know. It's important to have a
language that the people of the earth have in common.
Our world has become very global and we need to
communicate with one another. 2 On the other hand,
English is a fairly complicated language to learn and it
brings 3 its culture with it. Do we really need that?
Scientists have already 7 tried to create an artificial
language that isn't too difficult and doesn't include any
one group's culture. It is called Esperanto. But it hasn't
become popular. But maybe the popularity of English
won't last that long either. Who knows? There are more
people in the world 1 who speak Chinese than any other
language. Maybe someday Chinese will be the new
international language.
www.5minuteenglish.com - Accessed on June 19 th 2014
Answer the following question(s) according to the text
above.
2. “Its” (ref. 3) refers to:
a) English
b) culture
c) world
d) hand
e) learn
THE GRAVE OF SHELLEY - by: Oscar Wilde
1 Like burnt-out torches by a sick man's bed
Gaunt cypress-trees stand round the sun-bleached
stone;
Here doth the little night-owl make her throne,
And the slight lizard show his jewelled head.
5 And, where the chaliced poppies flame to red,
In the still chamber of yon pyramid
Surely some Old-World Sphinx lurks darkly hid,
Grim warder of this pleasaunce of the dead.
Ah! Sweet indeed to rest within the womb
10 Of Earth, great mother of eternal sleep,
But sweeter far for thee a restless tomb
In the blue cavern of an echoing deep,
Or where the tall ships founder in the gloom
Against the rocks of some wave-shattered steep.
(www.poetry-archive.com)
20

3. The pronoun “her” (line 3) and “his” (line 4) refer
consecutively to the:
a) Earth and the sick man.
b) owl and the lizard.
c) trees and the sun.
d) pyramid and the sphinx.
e) throne and the show.
4. A quem se refere o termo our, na expressão our
songbird, no último parágrafo do texto?
a) Aos anjos e santos.
b) Aos norte-americanos.
c) Aos fãs das cantoras.
d) A São Pedro.
e) A uma famosa vidente.
Amy Winehouse greets Whitney Houston in heaven
(by Hideaki Tailor)
HEAVEN – Psychics are saying that Amy Winehouse
was the first soul singer to greet Whitney Houston, even
before Michael Jackson.
Top psychics in Los Angeles are saying that Whitney
Houston’s spirit is already “lighting up” heaven. “It’s
like the universal source has called the greatest voice of
all time back to heaven. It’s pure magic up there.”
“Amy was right there. She gave Whitney a big angel hug
and walked with her as she met some of her ancestors,
relatives and… Michael Jackson.”
Both singers had trouble on earth with alcohol and
drugs, but they are at peace now. “Fame was too much
for their gentle souls,” said Madam Marie of Sherman
Oaks. “Their voices were a gift to our world, but caused
great damage to their spirits on earth. Now, they are in a
better place.”
One psychic said that Amy Winehouse and Whitney
Houston are planning a “concert” together in Whitney’s
first few months. “Amy’s been doing very well in heaven
and feels free and happy.”
While Americans and fans around the world mourn the
terrible loss of Whitney, the angels are rejoicing. “Our
songbird is home,” is what St. Peter reportedly said
when greeting Whitney, according to a psychic on
Venice Beach. (http://weeklyworldnews.com. Adaptado.)
Workplace not psychologically safe for many
By Reuters
Companies around the globe have work to do to improve
worker satisfaction because about three in 10 employees
say their workplace is not psychologically safe and
healthy, according to a new poll. Whether it is due to
stress, interpersonal conflict, frustration, lack of
feedback or promotion, 27 percent of workers in 24
countries said they are not happy with the psychological
aspects of their work environment, the survey by
research company Ipsos showed.
“Employers need to pay attention to their employees’
mental health, not just their physical health,” said
Alexandra Evershed, senior vice president, Ipsos Public
Affairs. “Three in 10 is still a fairly large proportion and
that goes up to 44 percent and 43 percent in Argentina
and Mexico and 42 percent in Hungary.” Nearly half, 47
percent, of the total of 14,618 workers polled agreed that
their workplace was ‘a psychologically safe and healthy
environment to work in’ and 26 percent hovered on the
fence and weren’t sure.
Although many North Americans have fewer holidays
than Europeans and may work longer hours and enjoy
fewer social services, Americans and Canadians had the
highest marks for positively assessing the mental health
of their workplace, followed by workers in India,
Australia, Great Britain and South Africa.
Evershed suggested that the improving economies in
some countries could have played a part in the positive
assessment among employees. “It’s better than it was,”
she said in an interview. “India, China, Brazil, South
Africa, these are countries where the economic picture
has been brightening.”
Older workers over 50 with a good household income
who have completed a higher level of education were the
most satisfied with the psychological aspects of their
workplace. “This is an online survey therefore in
countries like Brazil, South Africa and China we are
surveying people who are a bit better off.” – (www.iol.co.za,
19.03.2012. Adaptado.)
21

5. In the excerpt of the third paragraph – positively
assessing the mental health of their workplace – the
word their refers to
a) European people.
b) workers in Asia.
c) American and Canadian workers.
d) workers in India, Australia, Great Britain and South
Africa.
e) American, Canadian and Mexican people.
on March 26. It will examine how far the EU has
fulfilled the aspirations of its Founding Fathers in ITS
first half century, and where it is likely to go from here -
notably with respect to its world role, its relations with
the US, further enlargement and the search for deeper or
new forms of European integration. Speakers will
include prominent European and US policy-makers and
officials, and Ambassadors from EU Member States.
(http://www.eurunion.org/50/50thAnnivHighlights.htm)
22
The Lion King
- This article is about Disney's 1994 film.
1 The Lion King is a 1994 American animated feature
produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. 2 Released
to theaters on June 15, 1994 by Walt Disney Pictures, it
is the 32nd film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics.
3 The story, which was influenced by the Bible stories of
Joseph and Moses and the William Shakespeare play
Hamlet, takes place in a kingdom of anthropomorphic
animals in Africa. 4 The film was the highest grossing
animated film of all time until the release of Finding
Nemo. 5 The Lion King still holds the record as the
highest grossing traditionally animated film in history
and belongs to an era known as the Disney Renaissance.
The Lion King is the highest grossing 2D animated film
of all time in the United States, 6 and received positive
reviews from critics, who praised the film for 8 its music
and story. During its release in 1994, the film grossed
more than $783 million worldwide, becoming the most
successful film released that year, 7 and it is currently the
twenty-eighth highest-grossing feature film.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King
6. The pronoun “its” (ref.8) refers to
a) critics.
b) music and story.
c) the film.
d) reviews
CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CSIS)
CONFERENCE:
This all-day conference organized by the Center for
Strategic and International Studies and co-sponsored by
the Swedish Embassy and the Heinrich Boll Foundation
will be held at the House of Sweden in Washington, DC,
7. The possessive ITS, that appears in the text in capital
letters, refers to:
a) Founding Fathers.
b) First Half Century.
c) Aspirations.
d) European Union.
e) World.
BUREAUCRACY BOGS DOWN BRAZIL IN RACE
FOR GROWTH
Thu Sep 1, 2012. By Todd Benson
1. RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil (Reuters) - Brazil is
closing the gap in the global race for growth and
investment, but it still must tackle a series of politically
sensitive economic reforms to be considered in the same
league as China and India, analysts and business leaders
say.
2. A decade ago, Brazil was a rising star among
emerging markets, poised to assert itself as a world
economic powerhouse. But since 1994, Brazil has
dropped to 14th place from eighth among the world's
largest economies in dollar terms, losing ground to
countries like China, India and Russia.
3. What went wrong? While Brazil has made
significant strides in recent years in stabilizing its
economy by defeating hyperinflation and controlling
spending, it has struggled to push through a series of socalled
microeconomic reforms that would create a more
business-friendly environment and attract the investment
needed to attain higher growth rates, according to
economists and corporate leaders at a conference in Rio
de Janeiro over Wednesday and Thursday.
4. "On the macroeconomic side, we've done our
homework," said Mario Marconini, a senior adviser to
the Sao Paulo State Federation of Industries, an
influential business lobby. "But we would probably get
two to three times as much investment if we focused

more on the microeconomic reforms that are needed."
RED TAPE THICKET
5. One way Brazil could attract more investment
would be to simplify the thicket of red tape that
entrepreneurs must hack through to set up shop in South
America's largest economy. According to one World
Bank study, it takes on average 152 days in Brazil to
license a new business. By contrast, in Chile it takes 27
days, and just five in the United States.
6. Other obstacles to more robust economic
growth include the country's snail-paced justice system
and its rigid labor code, which dates back to 1943 and
was inspired by fascist Italy. Though the cost of labor in
Brazil is relatively low, benefits mandated by the labor
code mean workers end up costing as much as their
counterparts in some parts of Europe.
7. Brazil's bureaucracy means that many
entrepreneurs who try to open a business legally often
give up. Instead, most simply operate off the books,
generating an underground economy that is thought to be
nearly half the size of the official output.
8. A bigger problem hamstringing Brazil's longterm
growth prospects is education. Though the
government has invested heavily in primary education
over the last decade, Brazil still has a relatively small
pool of skilled workers, putting it at a disadvantage with
emerging-market rivals like China and India. "Education
is our weakest link, no doubt," said Jose Carlos
Grubisich, chief executive of petrochemical giant
Braskem.
(http://today.reuters.com/business/newsarticle.aspx. Adaptado)
8. In the sentence of the 6th paragraph - Though the
cost of labor in Brazil is relatively low, benefits
mandated by the labor code mean workers end up
costing as much as their counterparts in some parts of
Europe. - the word their refers to
a) benefits.
b) cost of labor in Brazil.
c) counterparts in Russia.
d) workers in Brazil.
e) counterparts in some parts of Europe.
BRAZIL'S NEW CLOSING TIME
TIME World Thursday, Jun. 01, 2013
One city's decision to shut down bars before midnight
has served as a model for cutting crime and alcoholism
in a nation plagued by both
By ANDREW DOWNIE/DIADEMA
Their caipirinhas are as potent as their soccer
stars, and their beer is so beloved that they hold annual
competitions to decide which is the coldest, frothiest and
tastiest. But while partying is second nature to
Brazilians, the mornings after can be rougher than most.
Some 17% of all men suffer from alcohol-related
problems or dependence, and more than one in ten of all
deaths in Brazil are alcohol-related which is two and a
half times the world average, according to the Brazilian
Psychiatric Association.
In recent years, however, a suburb of São Paulo
came up with a new approach to help curb the nation's
nasty collective hangover. In Diadema, a gritty,
industrial city of almost 400,000 people, Mayor Jose de
Filippi Junior passed a law in 2002 that forced almost all
of the city's 4,800 bars and restaurants to stop selling
alcohol between the hours of 11 pm and 6 am. The effect
has been stunning.
Since the law kicked in, "the number of murders
fell by 47.4%", said Regina Miki, the city's socialservices
chief. "The number of road accidents fell by
30%. The number of assaults against women fell by
55%. And the number of alcohol-related hospital
admissions fell by 80%. And it's all because of this law."
Such phenomenal statistics are leading towns
and cities all over Brazil to embrace partial prohibition
as a cheap and effective solution to the inner-city
violence that has made it one of the bloodiest societies in
the world. At least 120 municipalities have followed
Diadema's lead, and the federal government encourages
such prevention efforts by offering additional funding for
law enforcement to towns that restrict drinking. Even
international experts have taken notice.
9. No trecho inicial do texto - "Their caipirinhas are as
potent as their soccer star, and their beer is so beloved
that they hold annual competitions..." - o pronome
THEIR refere-se a
a) brasileiros.
b) moradores de Diadema.
c) craques do futebol.
d) operários da periferia de Diadema.
e) homens.
23

Thanks to the multi-media success of rock and
roll, today's songwriters can reach a huge international
audience. Their work is heard and remembered by
millions. In that sense they're the poets of modern age.
But what exactly do they write about? ... what language
do they write it in? ... and why do songs even need lyrics
at all?
The answer to the last question is very simple.
It's because the human brain has two different sides - left
and right. The left side responds to logic, numbers and
words. The right side responds to ideas, dreams and
music. When music also has words, both halves of the
brain can respond. As a result we feel completely
involved. That's also why it's easier to remember song
lyrics than either poetry or lines from a play. [...]
(RABLEY, Stephen. Rock and Pop. Macmillan Dossiers. Macmillan Publishers,
1994.)
10. In the sentence "Their work is heard and
remembered by millions", the word THEIR refers to:
a) millions of people
b) multi-media
c) audience
d) songs
e) songwriters
EPHEDRA: Who's Telling the Truth?
Call them the ephedra wars. For the past five years, the
FDA has been trying to restrict the availability of
ephedra, an herbal stimulant and the active ingredient in
hundreds of popular diet aids and energy boosters sold
across the U.S. The reason for the agency's mounting
alarm: ephedra has been linked to a number of strokes,
heart attacks and seizures and more than 100 deaths. But
every time the FDA gets closer to its goal, the dietarysupplements
industry successfully lobbies other parts of
the government to roll back changes. - By Leon Jaroff
Reading the newspaper and watching the news on
television, you would think that we are living in the most
dangerous time ever in mankind's history. Sure, the
caveman had a much harder life, he had to fight off
dangerous predators and he didn't have many of the
comforts that we take for granted today, but at the same
time, he did not have to worry about all the little
dangerous things that inundate our modern lives. For
example, our ancestors never worried about cell phones
frying their brains or about being hit by a bus as they
were walking.
(From Life is a Gamble - SOCIETY - SPEAK UP, nº 168, page 8.)
12. "Their", in "frying their brains", refers to:
a) cell phones.
b) modern lives.
c) comforts.
d) our ancestors.
e) dangerous predators.
One of the GREATEST meteor showers of OUR lifetime
may - or may not - soon light up the night sky. The
annual Leonid shower, which comes every November,
can produce a spectacular "meteor" storm about every 33
years. That time is now approaching. But no one can say
whether we are in for an awesome spectacle or nothing
unusual. The last great Leonid storm hit the Earth in
1966. For NEARLY an hour the sky blazed from horizon
to horizon with thousands of shooting stars per minute.
13. No texto, o pronome OUR refere-se a
a) all of us.
b) astronomers.
c) the writers.
d) the readers.
e) lives.
(Time, August 26, 2013)
11. O pronome "its" na frase "But every time the FDA
gets closer to its goal,..." refere-se a
ephedra.
a) time.
b) dietary-supplements.
c) FDA.
d) goal.
24

CAPÍTULO III - PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS
Os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) são
usados para indicar que a ação reflexiva recai sobre o
próprio sujeito. Nesse caso, o pronome vem logo após o
verbo e concorda com o sujeito. Estes pronomes se
caracterizam pelas terminações self (no singular)
e selves (no plural). Para cada Pronome Pessoal
(Personal Pronoun) existe um Pronome Reflexivo
(Reflexive Pronoun). Na tabela abaixo estão indicados os
Pronomes Pessoais (Personal Pronouns) e os Pronomes
Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) aos quais eles se
referem.
Pronome
Pessoais
Pronomes
Reflexivos
NÚMERO PESSOA Subject Reflexive
SINGULAR 1ª PESSOA I MYSELF
SINGULAR 2ª PESSOA YOU YOURSELF
SINGULAR 3ª PESSOA HE HIMSELF
SINGULAR 3ª PESSOA SHE HERSELF
SINGULAR 3ª PESSOA IT ITSELF
PLURAL 1ª PESSOA WE OURSELVES
PLURAL 2ª PESSOA YOU YOURSELVES
PLURAL 3ª PESSOA THEY THEMSELVES
01. Reflexiva:
Nesse tipo de oração a função do pronome
reflexivo faz com que o sujeito sofra a ação.
E.g.
They chose
themselves.
Those soceer
players hurt
themselves.
She saw herself on
TV.
I introduced
myself.
02. Enfática:
Eles se escolheram.
Aqueles jogadores de
futebol se machucaram.
Ela se viu na TV.
Eu me apresentei.
Nesse tipo de oração a função do pronome será de dar
ênfase ao sujeito e não à ação.
E.g.
The teacher himself
talked to me.
I myself painted the
house.
Monaliza herself
gave me the
instructions.
03. Idéia de Só, Independente:
O professor em pessoa
conversou comigo.
Eu mesmo pintei a casa
A própria Monaliza me
deu as instruções.
Nesse caso o pronome reflexivo deverá ser acompanhado
da preposição BY. Algumas vezes, a palavra all é
colocada antes de by, servindo então como enfatizante.
E.g.
Os pronomes reflexivos têm as seguintes funções.
1. Reflexiva
2. Enfática
3. Idéia de só, sozinho (indepen-dente)
Obs. Lembre-se! Os reflexivos devem concordar com o
sujeito da sentença.
I did the exercise
all by myself.
He lives all by
himself.
The glass broke
by itself ?
Can you go there
by yourself ?
Eu fiz o exercício
completamente sozinho.
Ele vive absolutamente
sozinho.
O copo quebrou sozinho
Você consegue ir até lá
sozinho ?
Estudaremos agora estas funções separadamente.
25

26
Estude ainda estas expressões.
1. Help yourself. Sirva-se
2. Take care of
yourself.
Tome cuidado !
3. Be yourself ! Seja você mesmo
4. Do-it-youself
experiments.
Experiências do tipo faça você
mesmo.
Existem outros tipos de Pronomes Reflexivos
(Reflexive Pronouns) que são chamados de Reflexivos
Recíprocos: each other/one other. Observe a
diferença entre os Pronomes Reflexivos
ourselves,yourselves e themselves e os Reflexivos
Recíprocos.
Julia and I looked at ourselves in the mirror. (Julia e
eu olhamos para nós mesmas no espelho.)
Julia and I looked each other and started to laugh.
[Julia e eu olhamos uma para a outra (nos olhamos) e
começamos a rir.]
Our mother thinks that we should be more careful to
each other. (Nossa mãe acha que deveríamos ser mais
cuidosos um com o outro.)
Make sure you and Julia don't hurt yourselves!
(Cuidem-se para que você e Julia não se
machuquem!)
Julia and I enjoyed very much ourselves during the
party. (Julia e eu nos divertimos muito durante a
festa.)
Julia and I don't see one other every day. (Julia e eu
não nos vemos / não vemos uma a outra todos os
dias.)
Fonte: só lingual inglesa.
Leave Out All The Rest
(Linkin Park)
Soundtrack of Twilight
I dreamed I was missing
EXERCISES
You were so scared
But no one would listen
‘Cause no one else cared
After my dreaming
I woke with this fear
What am I leaving
When I’m done here
[…]
(Chorus)
When my time comes
Forget the wrong that I’ve done
Help me leave behind some
Reasons to be missed
[…]
Don’t be afraid
I’ve taken my beating
I’ve shared what I made
[…]
Pretending
Someone else can come and save me from myself
I can’t be who you are
1. Observe the reflexive pronoun in italics (myself) and
then read the sentences below.
I. Just make yourself, won’t you?
II. I hope the children themselves do not make it.
III. The chef himself welcomes the customers to the
restaurant.
IV. The student cut himself playing in the lab.
Considering the letters A (reflexive), B (emphatic) and C
(idiomatic), match the sentences to the letters and choose
the correct alternative.
a) I (A) – II (A) – III (C) – IV (C)
b) I (B) – II (B) – III (B) – IV (A)
c) I (B) – II (A) – III (B) – IV (B)
d) I (A) – II (B) – III (A) – IV (A)

It is an old saying that "Order is Heaven's First
Law", and like many other old sayings, it contains a
much deeper philosophy than appears immediately on
the surface. Getting things into a better order is the great
secret of progress, and 1 we are now able to fly through
the air, not because the laws of Nature have altered, but
because we have learnt to arrange things in the right
order to produce this result - the things 2 themselves had
existed from the beginning of the world, but what was
wanting was the introduction of a Personal Factor which,
by an intelligent perception of the possibilities contained
in the laws of Nature, should be able to bring into
working reality ideas which previous generations would
have laughed at as the absurd fancies of an unbalanced
mind. (...)
Now the first thing in any investigation is to
have some idea of what you are looking for, just as you
would not go up a tree to find fish, though you would for
birds' eggs.
TROWARD, T. (1915), The creative process in the individual. Dodd, Mead &
Co., New York. pp 1-2.
2. The pronoun "themselves" (ref. 2) is used
as the complement to the verb "had existed".
a) to emphasize the subject of the verb "had existed".
b) in relation to people taken in general.
c) to specify which things are arranged.
d) as a personal pronoun.
Ways of meeting oppression
Oppressed people deal with their oppression in
three characteristic ways. One way is acquiescence: 5 the
oppressed resign themselves to their doom. 6 They tacitly
adjust themselves to oppression, and thereby become
conditioned to it. In every movement toward freedom
some of the oppressed prefer to remain oppressed.
There is such a thing as the freedom of
exhaustion. Some people are so worn down by the yoke
of oppression that they give up. This is the type of
negative freedom and resignation that often engulfs the
life of the oppressed. But this is not the way out. To
accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with
that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the
oppressor. Non-cooperation with evil is as much a moral
obligation as is cooperation with good.
A second way that oppressed people sometimes
deal with oppression is to resort to physical violence and
corroding hatred. Violence often brings about
momentary results. Nations have frequently won their
independence in battle. But in spite of temporary
victories, violence never brings permanent peace. It
solves no social problem; it merely creates new and more
complicated ones.
The third way, open to oppressed people in their
quest for freedom, is the way of nonviolent resistance.
1 Nonviolence can touch men where the law cannot reach
them. 2 When the law regulates behavior it plays an
indirect part in molding public sentiment. 7 The
enforcement of the law itself is a form of peaceful
persuasion. But the law needs help. 3 Here nonviolence
comes in as the ultimate form of persuasion. It is the
method which seeks to implement the just law by
appealing to the conscience of the great decent majority
who through blindness, fear, pride, or irrationality has
allowed their consciences to sleep.
The nonviolent resisters can summarize their
message in the following simple terms: We will take
direct action against injustice without waiting for other
agencies to act. 4 We will not obey unjust laws or submit
to unjust practices. We will do this peacefully, openly,
cheerfully because our aim is to persuade. We adopt the
means of nonviolence because 8 our end is a community
at peace with itself. We will try to persuade with our
words, but if our words fail, we will try to persuade with
our acts. We will always be willing to talk and seek fair
compromise, but we are ready to suffer when necessary
and even risk our lives to become witnesses to the truth
as we see it.
The way of nonviolence means a willingness to
suffer and sacrifice. It may mean going to jail. It may
even mean physical death. But if physical death is the
price that a man must pay to free his children from a
permanent death of the spirit, then nothing could be more
redemptive.
MARTIN LUTHER KING Jr.http://www.gibbsmagazine.com
3. Reflexive pronouns have two distinct uses: basic and
emphatic.
The reflexive pronoun used emphatically is found in:
a) "the oppressed resign themselves to their doom."
(ref. 5)
b) "They tacitly adjust themselves to oppression," (ref.
6)
c) "The enforcement of the law itself" (ref. 7)
d) "our end is a community at peace with itself." (ref.
8)
27

How important is leisure time? How important
is time to relax and to collect yourself? Many doctors
believe that learning to relax in order to relieve day-today
tension could one day save your life.
In our fast-paced world, it is almost impossible
to avoid building up tension from stress. All of us
confront stress daily; anything that places an extra
demand on us is stress. We encounter stress on the job,
and we face it at home.
1
The body responds to stress by "mobilizing its
defenses." Blood pressure rises and muscles get ready to
act. If our tension is not relieved, it can start numerous
reactions, both physical and psychological. 2 Yet, we can
learn to cope with stress effectively and to avoid its
consequences. How? By relaxing in the face of stress.
According to researcher Hans Selye of the University of
Montreal, the effects of stress depend not on what
happens to us, but on the way we react. In times of
stress, taking a few moments to sit quietly and relax can
make anyone feel better.
Some people enjoy listening to classical music,
while 3 others are interested in going to rock concerts.
One person may be fascinated by watching an eagle in its
nest, whereas another might be bored by sitting in a field
for hours, studying the eagle through binoculars. It may
be pure pleasure for you to play endless hours of chess,
but for others it could be pure frustration. 4 Fortunately,
people have invented countless ways of amusing
5 themselves, and whatever your particular taste is, no
doubt there's a physical or mental activity for you to get
involved in and enjoy. Of course, finding the activity that
is right for you is half the fun!
And don't forget: Take your time to smell the
flowers. - (WERNER, P. K. Mosaic I: A content-based Grammar. New
York: Random House.)
4. The word "themselves" (ref. 5) is a(n):
personal pronoun.
a) possessive pronoun.
b) reflexive pronoun.
c) objective pronoun.
d) possessive adjective.
5. Choose the correct answer.
The boys hurt _____ when they were playing in the
garden.
a) herself
b) yourselves
c) themselves
d) himself
e) ourselves
Read the passage below very carefully:
1 Slowly and inexorably the years dragged by
onwards. The two prisoners were faced with a new
problem. The original plan of escape from the Château
d'If* was now 7 impracticable for the Abbé Faria was too
weak and ill. Again and again the old man urged Dantes
to go alone. Dantes refused even to consider the
suggestion. He could not bring himself to abandon his
friend now that they could not escape together.
2 One night, as they were talking together in
Faria's cell, the old priest had another heart-attack. The
pain was so severe that he knew that this time he would
die. Backoning Dantes to kneel beside the bed, he raised
himself with a final effort.
3 'Forget not Monte Cristo!' he gasped. 'Its
treasure is yours. God bless you, Edmond!'
4 The death-rattle sounded in his throat and he
slumped back on the bed. The tears streaming down his
cheeks, Edmond Dantes realized with a sudden shock
that this was the end of the only human companionship
he had known during his long imprisonment.
Glossary: *Château d'If was an island-fortress near Marseilles.
6. Take the reflexive pronoun in paragraph 01 as an
example and choose the incorrect alternative:
a) The hunter shot itself with his own gun
b) She wants to buy herself a new coat
c) Most girls like to look at themselves in the mirror
d) I locked myself out of the house
7. In the text,
a) “like” (l. 34) is a verb form.
b) “literalness” (l. 23) is formed by adding a prefix.
c) “How much” (l. 16) is followed by a countable
noun.
d) “themselves” (l. 13) is a reflexive pronoun.
e) “that” (l. 11) is a demonstrative adjective.
28

CAPÍTULO IV - PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS
Os Interrogativos (Question Words) são usados para se
obter informações específicas. As perguntas elaboradas
com eles são chamadas wh-questions, pois todos os
interrogativos, com exceção apenas de how (como),
começam com as letras wh. Na maior parte dos casos,
os Interrogativos (Question Words) são colocados antes
de verbos auxiliares ou modais.
Em inglês esses pronomes são chamados de Adjetivos
Interrogativos, isso porque eles antecedem aos
substantivos e pronomes, e não somente isto mas
também é o primeiro de cada oração.
Vejamos alguns desses pronomes com tradução:
ENGLISH
What
Which
Where
When
Who
PORTUGUESE
O que, qual, quais (Geral)
O que, qual, quais (Específico)
Onde
Quando
Quem
• Who won the race?
• Whom shall we ask?
• Whose did they take?
• Which is the greater?
• What is that?
• Where does she live?
Veja agora, quadro com resumo gramatical e exemplos
de pronomes interrogativos.
What do I need to buy ?
Where does he like to go ?
When did you see that film ?
Why will he buy a new car ?
Who would she
invite to go to her
birthday party ?
Which
country
would you like to visit ?
Whose book is this ?
Whose
De quem
PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS:
Why Por que ?
Quem? (funciona como objeto).
QUÃO.
Compostos de HOW: How significa COMO ou
E.g. How are you ? Como vai ?
With whom did you go to the park?
(Com quem você foi ao parque?)
Porém, se adicionarmos um adjetivo ao
pronome HOW teremos um novo interrogativo.
Veja.
Whom
Whom did you meet at the beach?
Adjetivos
Compostos
de HOW
Tradução
(Quem você encontrou na praia?)
Far = longe How far Qual a distância
To whom were you speaking last
night? (Com quem você estava falando
ontem à noite?)
Much = muito
(a)
Many = muitos
(as)
How much Quanto (a)
How many Quantos (as)
Os pronomes interrogativos representam a
coisa/quem/lugar que a pergunta se refere.
Soon = longo,
breve
How soon
Deep = profundo How deep
Quando
Qual a profundidade
29

Heavy = pesado
How heavy Qual o peso
Por exemplo:
Fat = gordo
Tall = alto
Small = pequeno
(a)
Big = grande
Veja os exemplos.
ENGLISH
How fat
How tall
How small
How big
Qual a gordura ( ou
peso de alguém)
Qual a altura
(pessoas)
Qual o tamanho (p/
coisas pequenas)
Qual o tamanho (p/
coisas grandes)
PORTUGUESE
Whatever
Whichever
Whenever
Whoever
Whereever
Qualquer coisa que…
O que quer que…
Qualquer um que…
Qualquer coisa que…
Quando quer que…
A qualquer tempo que…
Quem quer que seja…
Qualquer um que…
Ondequer que…
Qualquer lugar que…
How far is your house from
school ?
How much money do they
need ?
How many brothers and
sisters do you have ?
How soon will they finish
their exercises ?
How deep is that river ?
How heavy are those boxes
?
How fat is this man ?
A que distância está a sua
casa da escola ?
Quanto dinheiro eles
precisam ?
Quantos irmãos e irmãs
você tem ?
Quando eles terminarão o
exercício deles ?
Quão profundo é aquele rio
?
Qual o peso daquelas
caixas ?
Qual o peso daquele homem
gordo ?
· Whoever would want to eat such a gross thing?
· Whatever did you say?
EXERCISES
Texto 1
How tall are you ? Qual é a sua altura ?
Texto 2
How small is the
microsystem ?
How big is this room ?
Qual o tamanho do
microsystem ?
Qual o tamanho desta sala
?
30
Pronomes interrogativos que terminam com o sufixo -
ever
Os pronomes interrogativos com o sufixo -ever são
usados para dar ênfase ou mostrar surpresa. Eles são
muito raros em sentenças interrogativas.

1. No texto 1, 2º quadrinho, qual expressão
interrogativa completa CORRETAMENTE a pergunta?
a) How far
b) How about
c) How much
d) How long
e) How often
Adora Svitak: Tiny Literary Giant at 12
Adora started writing when she was four years old. She
hasn’t stopped since. At six, Adora received a laptop
computer from her mother, on which she quickly
amassed a collection of hundreds of short stories and
hundreds of thousands of words – typing at 70 words per
minute.
At the age of seven, 1 Adora achieved her dream of
becoming a published author with the release of Flying
Fingers: Master the Tools of Learning Through the Joy
of Writing. The book featured several of Adora’s short
stories, along with her writing tips, typing tips, and
advice from her mother. At age 11, Adora published a
second book, Dancing Fingers, with her older sister,
Adrianna.
Today, Adora is 12 and she has transformed her writing
success into speaking and teaching success. She has
spoken at over 400 schools and presented at the annual
TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) conference.
She’s also planning a conference of her own, for kids
and by kids, called TEDx Redmond. She has been
featured on Good Morning America and on CNN. Adora
also maintains a blog and attends an online public
school. She is in the eighth grade. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 02 jun. 2011. (Texto
adaptado.)
2. Identify the questions whose answers are found in
paragraph three of the text:
( ) How old is Adora now?
( ) What grade is Adora at school?
( ) Where has she presented conferences?
( ) How many schools does Adora maintain?
( ) Which media has Adora been featured on?
Facebook is the world’s largest social network, with 800
million users worldwide as of September 2011.
More than any other company, it has defined what
1
…….. see as the “social” era of the Internet, in which
connections made among 9 people 4 replace 7 algorithmdriven
searches. And 8 its 5 policies, more than any others,
seem to be driving the definition of 14 privacy in this new
age.
Every day, Facebook users comment or press the “like”
button more than 2 billion times and upload more than
250 million photos. The McKinsey Global Institute has
estimated that the network’s users post 30 billion pieces
of content 2 …….. month.
The company, founded in 2004 by a Harvard
15 sophomore, Mark Zuckerberg, began life 16 catering
first to Harvard students and then to all high school and
college students. It has since evolved into a broadly
popular online destination used by teenagers and adults
of all ages. 19 In country after country, Facebook has
cemented itself as the leader, often displacing other
social networks.
It is 3 …….. surprise that 11 Facebook has become one of
the titans of the Internet, challenging even Google with
10 its vision of a Web tied together by personal
relationships and recommendations, rather than by
search algorithms. In a major expansion, Facebook has
spread itself across other Web sites by offering members
the chance to “Like” something - share it with their
network – without leaving the Web page they are on.
At the Facebook 20 developer 6 conference in September,
21 the company announced the release of a 13 product
called Timeline, 12 which offers a 22 highly visual view of
a user’s Facebook profile and organizes content into
photos, events and apps, all based on a 17 timeline view
that stretches back to the beginning of a user’s time on
Facebook. Timeline is designed to work on 18 mobile
devices, too. Adaptado de: WYLD, Adrian. Facebook. Disponível em:
. Acesso em 01 dez. 2011.
3. A pergunta que pode ser respondida com base nas
informações do texto é
a) How old was Mark Zuckerberg in 2004?
b) When was the Facebook founded?
c) What makes the social network enter a new era?
d) Who directs the McKinsey Global Institute?
e) Where was Mark Zuckerberg born?
Many South Africans remain poor and unemployment is
− fr me fr e f e
31

against migrant workers from other African countries in
2008 and protests by township residents over poor living
conditions during the summer of 2009.
Land redistribution is a crucial problem that continues
existing. Most farmland is still white-owned. ________
land acquisition on a "willing buyer, willing seller" basis,
officials have signaled that large-scale expropriations are
on the cards. The government aims to transfer 30% of
farmland to black South Africans by 2014.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1071886. stm
4. Mark the correct question to the answer below.
“The government aims to transfer 30% of farmland to
black South Africans by 2014.”
a) Who transferred 30% of farmland?
b) Why did the government transfer 30% of farmland?
c) What does the government want to do?
d) Where does the government purchase part of the
farmland?
( ) ... do you prefer: fish or meat?
( ) ... didn't they call the police?
( ) ... are we going to help her?
( ) ... should I spend my Christmas vacation?
( ) ... will win the next Nobel Prize for literature?
( ) ... was he doing when the lights went off?
7. Fill in the balloons with the right interrogative
pronouns. Relate the numbers given to the pronouns.
5. Fill in the blanks below, choosing the Best
alternative:
32
I- _____ knows how to speak decent French to talk to
the tourists?
II- The ticket costs $8. _____ are you going to pay?
III- _____ can I take the subway to the Guggenhein
Museum?
IV- _____ of those buildings is the hospital?
V- _____ will your sister travel to London?
a) I-Who; II-How; III-Where; IV-Which; V-When
b) I-Whose; II-Who; III-How; IV-What; V-Why
c) I-Which; II-Why; III-When; IV-How; V-Whose
d) I-Whom; II-What; III-Which; IV-Where; V-How
e) I-How., II-When; III-What; IV-Why; V-Where
6. Match the QUESTION WORDS with the appropriate
sentences. All question words must be used.
a) Where
b) How
c) Which
d) What
e) Why
f) Who
a) 1-whose, 2-who, 3-why, 4-how, 5-who
b) 1-who, 2-which, 3-what, 4-why, 5-how
c) 1-what, 2-whose, 3-what, 4-why, 5-what
d) 1-which, 2-who, 3-how, 4-what, 5-how
e) 1-who, 2-whose, 3-what, 4-why, 5-how
8. Complete as perguntas a seguir com Pronomes
Interrogativos (Question Words).
Complete com HOW OLD, HOW MANY, HOW
MUCH, WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, HOW
OFTEN, HOW LONG, WHICH, HOW:
a) ____________ do you go to work? I go by bus.
b) ____________ siblings do you have? I have only
one.
c) ____________ do you go to the beach? I go to the
beach every summer.
d) ____________ do you study for test? I study for a
test a lot of time.

e) ____________ is your best friend? My best friend is
Marcia.
f) ____________ do you do on Sundays? I usually go
out with my friends.
g) ____________ have you been married? We've been
married for 5 years.
h) ____________ is your mother? Now, she's OK.
i) ____________ do you have English classes? I have
English classes on Mondays and on Wednesdays.
j) ____________ do you like the most? Caetano
Veloso or Milton Nascimento?
k) ____________ is your teacher? I think he's 35 years
old.
l) _____________ do you go to school? I go to
Colégio Objetivo.
As old barriers break down, voyagers in the next century
will enjoy more exotic locales, more exotic customs -
and perhaps more exotic diseases. This year's Ebola virus
outbreak in Zaire raises an issue as chilling now as it was
in 1347, when traders sailing from the Black Sea port of
Caffa to Messina, Sicily, brought back plague, which
killed perhaps one-third of Europe's population. As it
happens, plague also cropped up in 1994, in India. [Time, June
12,]
Scientists have for many years denounced astrology as
unscientific, and there is no doubt that many so-called
astrological "facts" are nonsense. But the question still
remains, is there perhaps some truth in what astrologers
say?
Some years ago two French psychologists found
evidence for a marked relationship between people's
personality and the position of certain planets at the
moment of their birth.
Personality questionnaires were sent out to more than
2000 men and women without prior selection; when they
were returned, the birth dates were noted and the results
were put through a computer. Many astrological
predictions about the relationship between personality
and birth dates did, in fact, begin to emerge very clearly.
Hence three main groups were selected for special study,
namely sportsmen, actors and scientists. Astrological
expectations had suggested a connection between the
competitive, assertive personality of the sportsman and
the "war-like" planet Mars. Similarly the scientist,
reserved and serious, had been connected with the
"grave" planet Saturn, and the social, expansive nature of
the actor was linked with the "jovial" planet Jupiter.
Much to the surprise of everyone, the remarkable
conclusion of the research showed that people of a
certain group actually were born "under" a particular
planet: sportsmen under Mars, scientists under Saturn
and actors under Jupiter. By "under" is meant that they
were born just after the rise of the planet or just before it
set. To calculate these coincidences the place of birth of
the people concerned had to be known, as well as the
precise time of day when they were born.
One further fact emerged very clearly from this research
and that was that people who were born under the "water
signs" of Cancer, Pisces and Scorpio showed a marked
tendency to be very emotional - thus confirming another
claim made by astrologers.
9. Choose the question for the statement: 'Plague also
cropped up in 1994, in India'.
a) How long did plague crop up in India?
b) How did plague crop up in 1994?
c) When did plague crop up in India?
d) What did plague crop up in India?
e) Why did plague crop up in India?
10. According to the text, to calculate which planet a
person was born under, the astrologer needed to know:
a) what their favourite sports were.
b) how many were born on the same date.
c) which profession they had chosen.
d) how many were born in the same place.
e) where and when they were born.
ASTROLOGY: Fact or Fiction?
33

THE LANGUAGE BARRIER
Early last year, at a trade fair in Milan, a
revolutionary telephone system was 1 unveiled.
Developed by American and Japanese, the new machine
provides instantaneous translation of the caller's speech.
Say "hello" in English and it will come out as "alô" in
Portuguese or the equivalent word in the language of
your choice. It's remarkable! It might make you think
that the whole business of language learning could soon
become redundant. But 2 don't be hasty.
3
A sophisticated computer was programmed to
perform language translation. 4
It was instructed to
translate "out of sight, out of mind" into Russian. 5 The
Russian translation was 6 then fed into the computer and
translated back into English. The result was: "invisible
lunatic". A typical error. Natural language is so complex
and ambiguous 7 that a 8 computer will invariably have
difficulty in making sense of it. The new phone can deal
with "hello" and other words well enough. But if asked
to translate a sentence, its limitations soon become
apparent.
11. "The new telephone can deal with 'hello' and other
words well enough." This sentence contains the answer
to all question below EXCEPT one. Mark it.
a) What can the new telephone deal with?
b) What can deal with "hello" and other words well
enough?
c) How can the new telephone deal with "hello" and
other words?
d) Whose words can the telephone deal with well
enough?
e) Which words can the new telephone deal with well
enough?
The dream of "machine translation" (MT) is
almost as old as the modern digital computer itself: the
idea was promoted in 1949 and by the late 50's more
than 20 MT projects were in development. By 1966 the
Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee
concluded that "there's no immediate or predictable
prospect of useful machine translation." Research funds
were cut. In the late 70's MT was re-discovered.
9 The new generation of programs is less
ambitious.
10
They are limited to texts where the
possibilities of error are minimal, such as technical
reports and operating manuals.
11
Furthermore, the
computers simply produce 12 a workable draft translation,
which a human "post-editor" will then correct.
13 In spite of their obvious limitations, MTs are
extremely fast and reasonably accurate. 14 Yet, even the
most optimistic scientists admit that it'll be at least 20
years before computers are capable of translating more
sophisticated texts.
(Adapted from Speak Up - January 2012.)
34

CAPÍTULO IV - PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
Os Pronomes Indefinidos podem ser
substantivos (indefinite pronouns), quando os
substituem, ou adjetivos (indefinite adjectives), quando
qualificam os substantivos.
Exemplos de pronomes indefinidos
A classic is something that everybody wants to have
read and nobody wants to read. (Mark Twain, 1835-
1910) Um clássico é algo que todo mundo quer ter lido
e ninguém quer ler.
Of those who say nothing, few are silent. (Thomas
Neill) - Daqueles que nada dizem, poucos são
silenciosos.
Everything is funny as long as it is happening
to somebody else. (Will Rogers, 1879-1935) - Tudo é
engraçado desde que está acontecendo com outra pessoa.
Everybody likes a kidder, but nobody lends him money.
(Arthur Miller, 1915-2005) - Todo mundo gosta de uma
brincalhona, mas ninguém lhe empresta dinheiro.
I don't know anything about music. In my line, you don't
have to. (Elvis Presley, 1935-1977) - Eu não sei nada
sobre música. Na minha linha, você não precisa.
Indefinido Pronomes singular ou plural?
O maior problema com pronomes indefinidos é
determinar se eles são singular ou plural. Aqui está uma
lista:
Singular
Indefinite
Pronouns
Plural
Indefinite
Pronouns
Indefinite
Pronouns Which
Can be Singular or
Plural
Little
Much
Neither
Nobody
No-one
Nothing
One
Other
Somebody
Someone
Something
CALL WAITING
EXERCISES
Soon, teenagers will have no excuse for 3 not letting their
parents know where they are - and why they'll be home
late. Some European telecom firms - Sweden's Ericsson,
and TIM, the mobile subsidiary of Telecom Italia - are
developing cell phones especially for kids.
The gimmick: 2 to prevent chatty kids ringing up their
1 pals many time zones away, the new phones can be
programmed to dial only 4 a few numbers, 5 like home, or
a parent's office. The phones may debut late this year.
And you can bet that by early next year some kid will
have learned a way to subvert the controls. Newsweek,
March 2,.
Another
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Each
Either
Enough
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Less
Both
Few
Fewer
Many
Others
Several
All
Any
More
Most
None
Some
Such
1. A expressão "a few numbers" (ref.4) indica
a) número controlado.
b) grande quantidade.
c) número insuficiente.
d) número ilimitado.
e) número incompleto.
35

RELIGION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1 Does life have meaning? What gives it
meaning? Why do we act the way we do? What is the
best way to live? How can we find peace?
2 These are questions that people have struggled
with throughout history. Philosophers, psychologists,
sociologists, and physicists are among the many thinkers
who have tried to give us answers. We look for answers
within ourselves, but few are satisfactory. In the end, it is
religion that gives most of the world answers to these
questions.
3 Hundreds of religions exist in the world, yet all
religions try to answer the same questions. Every
religion teaches basic ideas that help humans understand
their nature and their behavior. Every religion describes
two sides of human nature - the animal and the divine. It
is these opposing sides that cause conflicts. Every
religion gives people a method that they can follow to
resolve the conflicts. All religions have a goal, which is
in one form or another the transformation of humans
from the animal to the divine. This spiritual
transformation is common to all religions, though it has
many names: nirvana, heaven, salvation.
4 All cultures in the world have religious beliefs.
For that reason, every part of life is affected by religions,
whose teachings offer guidelines on ways to live.
(WERNER, P. K. Mosaic: a content- based grammar. New York: Random
House.)
2. In the sentence "MANY thinkers have tried to give
us answers," the capital word has a meaning close to:
a) a few.
b) few.
c) little.
d) several.
e) much.
DOUBLE STANDARD WITH ALCOHOL
1 Two articles in THE GAZETTE JULY 8
accurately reflect the unacceptable double standard the
federal and provincial governments have toward the
tobacco and alcohol industries.
2 The story headed "Teen driver drunk in fatal
crash" related to the sad results of mixing alcohol and the
automobile, while that headed "Warnings on smokes
may get 3 tougher" advised us that more 9 powerful
tobacco health-warning labels may be required.
3 The double standard exists through governmentimposed
laws that restrict tobacco advertising while
imposing much fewer limits on alcohol advertising, and
in requiring health warning labels on tobacco products
half the size of the package but not requiring warning
labels on alcohol containers.
4 Where are government-imposed warnings on
alcohol products telling of the dangers of fetal alcohol
syndrome? Where are the warnings that alcohol may lead
to violence, 1 child abuse and family breakdown, that
consuming alcohol and operating vehicles, boats and
machinery may 2 cause death?
5 Government and public opinion seem to be
4 content to allow alcohol to be portrayed as a fun,
5 benign substance. In fact, it causes 8 untold expense,
6 hardship, sadness and death.
6 With tobacco, the product has been demonized.
With alcohol, it is the user who has been held
responsible, while the product has been given a positive
marketing spin with public and government 7 consent.
7 The government must be forced by public
opinion to look beyond the tax revenues derived from
alcohol and to address its double standard. - (Robert
Halpin, MONTREAL. August 8,1998.)
3. The following sentences should be completed with
FEW or LITTLE.
I - Many of us tried but very ____ succeeded.
II - To our surprise, changes in foreign policy were
_____.
III - That school is so expensive that only _____
children can attend it.
IV - That crane can lift objects weighing a _____
hundred pounds.
V - We had _____ chance of success.
The sentence which must be completed which FEW are:
a) I and IV, only.
b) II and III, only.
c) I, II and V, only.
d) I, II, III and IV, only.
e) II, III, IV and V, only.
36

One important field in which the laser has many
applications is communications. Scientists have found
that the laser beam can transmit human voices; as a
result, telephone companies are now using 1 laser light
signals to transmit telephone calls through extremely
small cabinets which are capable of 2 carrying many more
transmissions than the standard telephone cables. An
additional advantage is that these systems using the laser
light signals will also be able to transmit video telephone
conversations in the future.
Probably the most vital application of the laser is in the
field of medicine. Lasers have been devised that cut
3 razor-sharp; in fact, scientists have developed a laser
knife which doctors can use for surgery. These 4 knives
are now used for some general surgery because they cut
sharply and because the beam seals off the blood vessels
that it cuts, thus reducing blood loss considerably. A less
significant but perhaps more curious use of the laser in
medicine is to remove tattoos. Whereas before tattoos
were virtually impossible to remove without
considerable difficulty and pain, now they can be
removed relatively painlessly. - (Adapted from Michael Wenyon,
Understanding Holography. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc, 1978)
4. Which of the following sentences can be completed
with the word MANY as in: "the laser has many
applications"...
a) The laser beam is being used by______ telephone
companies.
b) The laser beam has caused_______ advance in
various areas.
c) Science has gained_____ from the latest
applications of the laser.
d) ____ effort has resulted in significant technological
improvement.
e) Scientists have devoted______time to research in
the field of communication.
Somewhere Algum lugar
Somehow
Observação
De algum modo,
maneira
Afirmativa
Afirmativa
SOME pode ser usado em frases interrogativas quando
algo é oferecido; ou quando se espera uma resposta
afirmativa.
E.g.
Some e derivados:
I’d like to buy some
bread.
They need somthing
to eat.
I saw someone in
that room.
Would you like SOME coffee?
Do you need SOME help?
Would you like some coffee ?
There is somebody looking for
you.
Where is he? He must have
gone somewhere.
EXERCISES
WILDLIFE
Asia’s Biggest Wildlife Traffickers
Some e derivados:
Pronomes
Tradução
Tipos de
Frases
Some Algum, alguns, Afirmativa
Someone Alguém Afirmativa
Somebody Alguém Afirmativa
Something Alguma coisa, algo Afirmativa
(BANGKOK) — Squealing tiger cubs stuffed into carryon
bags. Luggage packed with hundreds of squirming
tortoises, elephant tusks, even water dragons and
American paddlefish. Officials at Thailand‘s gateway
37

airport proudly tick off the illegally trafficked wildlife
they have seized over the past two years.
But Thai and foreign law enforcement officers tell
another story: Officials working-hand-in-hand with
traffickers ensure that other shipments through
Suvarnabhumi International Airport are whisked off
before they even reach customs inspection.
It’s a murky mix. A 10-fold increase in wildlife law
enforcement actions, including seizures, has been
reported in the past six years in Southeast Asia. Yet, the
trade’s Mr. Bigs, masterful in taking advantage of
pervasive corruption, appear immune to arrest and
continue to orchestrate the decimation of wildlife in
Thailand, the region and beyond.
And Southeast Asia’s honest cops don’t have it easy.
“It is very difficult for me. I have to sit among people
who are both good and some who are corrupt, says
Chanvut Vajrabukka, a retired police general. “If I say,
‘You have to go out and arrest that target,’ some in the
room may well warn them,’” says Chanvut, who now
advises ASEAN-WEN, the regional wildlife enforcement
network.
Several kingpins, says wildlife activist Steven Galster,
have recently been confronted by authorities, “but in the
end, good uniforms are running into, and often stopped
by bad uniforms. It’s like a bad Hollywood cop movie.
“Most high-level traffickers remain untouched and
continue to replace arrested underlings with new ones,”
says Galster, who works for the FREELAND
Foundation, an anti-trafficking group. August 15, 2012 / www.time.com
1. In the underlined sentence ‘“If I say, ‘You have to go
out and arrest that target,’ some in the room may well
warn them,”’, the pronoun some refers to:
a) honest cops
b) people who are good
c) some people who are corrupt
d) a retired police general
e) that target
d) many
e) several
Up a perilous tree, Britain's native red squirrels are being
overrun by their larger cousins, North American gray
squirrels. Brought to Britain as a novelty in 1876, grays
outcompete reds for food. Only about 160,000 reds
remain, against an onslaught of 1 some 2.5 million grays.
Grays may have a secret ally. Some scientists suspect
that grays 2 carry a virus called parapox, which is killing
reds in northern and eastern England. But the cause and
the origin of the disease are still unknown. 3 To beef up
reds' chances, landowners are urged to plant the 4 proper
tree mix. Red squirrels need conifer seeds in winter -
they have difficulty digesting acorns, which grays
5 readily wolf down.
3. A palavra SOME (ref. 1) poderia ser substituída sem
alteração do sentido por
a) fully.
b) partly.
c) approximately.
d) more than.
e) average.
A friend of mine was travelling in the train and opposite
him sat a gentleman reading "The Times". Every now
and then he took a complete sheet of the newspaper,
crumpled it up, opened the window, threw it out and shut
the window. After he had done this two or three times
my friend said: "Excuse me, sir, but I am most interested
in what you are doing. May I ask why you do it?"
away."
"Oh yes", he replied, "it keeps the elephants
"But", my friend said, "there aren't any
elephants here."
"Of course not", came the answer. "That proves
it works!"
38
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente cada
lacuna da questão a seguir:
2. I have a __________ friends.
a) ten
b) few
c) some
4. The sentence "... there aren't any elephants here" in the
affirmative form is
a) there are many elephants here.
b) there are plenty of elephants here.
c) there are some elephants here.
d) there are a few elephants here.
e) there are a lots of elephants here.

5. (Unitau) Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à
denominação do pronome, em destaque, a seguir:
ANY day is a good day for walking.
a) adjetivo possessivo
b) adjetivo indefinido
c) adjetivo demonstrativo
d) adjetivo relativo
e) adjetivo definido
Most people can remember a phone number for up to
thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses,
however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How
did the information get there in the first place?
Information that makes its way to the short term memory
(STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain
has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of
immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as
the working memory.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of
the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes
from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who
suggested that humans can remember approximately
seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a
meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name
rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists
suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short
term memory by chunking, or classifying similar
information together. By organizing information, one can
optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a
memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something,
such as information for an exam, many people engage in
‘‘rote rehearsal’’. By repeating something over and over
again, 2 one is able to keep a memory alive.
Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only
succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a
person stops rehearsing the information, it has the
tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not
handy, people often attempt to remember a phone
number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the
dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity
to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number
instantly. 3 Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient
way to pass information from the short term to long term
memory. A better way is to practice ‘‘ 1 elaborate
rehearsal’’. This involves assigning semantic meaning to
a piece of information so that it can be filed along with
other pre-existing long term memories.
Fonte: http://www.englishclub.com/esl-exams/ets-toefl-practice-reading.htm
(Adaptado)
6. The word one in paragraph 3 (ref. 2) refers to
a) quantity.
b) memory.
c) any person.
d) exam.
e) amount.
7. Complete com a opção correta. Os exercícios a
seguir referem-se aos Pronomes Indefinidos:
1. You should try to handle this problem
______________. (somehow/somebody)
2. Adriana looks hungry. She should eat
______________. (something/some)
3. I heard that Diana lives _________________ in this
town. (someone/somewhere)
4. Drop by _______________ and have some tea with
us. (something/sometime)
5. Could you please give me ________________
information? (some/something)
8. Complete os espaços em branco com NO ou NONE:
a) I've done it all by myself. I've had ______ help at
all.
b) It's _______ of your business. Mind with your own
life.
c) I answered all the questions in the quiz, but Jane
answered _______ .
d) As he gave me _______ help, I won't help him.
e) _______ person can understand what I feel.
f) Would you like some wine? No, thanks, I'd like
_______ .
Any e Derivados:
Pronomes Tradução Tipos de Frases
Any Algum, alguns,
Interrogativa e
negativa
Anyone Alguém
Interrogativa e
negativa
Anybody Alguém
Interrogativa e
negativa
Anything Alguma coisa, algo Interrogativa e
39

Anywhere
Anyway
Observação
Algum lugar
De algum modo,
maneira
negativa
Interrogativa e
negativa
Interrogativa e
negativa
ANY pode ser usado em frases afirmativas contudo a
tradução será:
Any e Derivados:
I don’t have any money.
Is there anything I can do
for you ?
There isn’t anybody
here.
EXERCISES:
Any: Qualquer
Anything: Qualquer coisa
Anybody: Qualquer pessoa
Anywhere: Qualquer lugar
9. CALVIN AND HOBBES
Do you know anyone in
this city ?
Are you going anywhere
?
I did my exerecise
anyway.
Mark the sentence which must be completed with
"anywhere".
a) The manager had to go off _____ else for an
appointment.
b) The dangerous dog was approaching but there was
_____ to hide.
c) Britney says she didn't go _____ yesterday.
d) This is part of the original castle build _____ around
1700.
e) Have you seen my glasses? I've looked _____ for
them.
Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings,
which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with 1 hardly
any neck, 2 although he did have a very large moustache.
Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice
the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as
she spent so much of her time craning over garden
fences, spying on her neighbours. The Dursleys had a
small son called Dudley and in their opinion 3 there was
no finer boy anywhere.
The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also
had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody
would discover it. They didn't think they could bear it if
anyone found out about the Potters. Mrs. Potter was Mrs.
Dursley's sister, but they hadn't met for several years; in
fact, Mrs. Dursley pretended she didn't have a sister,
because her sister and her good-for-nothing husband
were as 4 unDursleyish as it was possible to be. The
Dursleys shuddered to think what the neighbours would
say if the Potters arrived in the street. The Dursleys knew
that the Potters had a small son too, but they had never
even seen him. This boy was another good reason for
keeping the Potters away; they didn't want Dudley
mixing with a child like that.
J. K. Rowling's, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
10. A expressão HARDLY ANY (ref. 1) poderia ser
traduzida por
"International Herald Tribune", August 30, 2001.
a) raramente visto.
b) dificilmente algum.
c) bom tamanho.
d) quase nenhum.
e) especialmente longo.
40

11. (Uel) Assinale a alternativa que preenche
corretamente a lacuna da frase a seguir.
"Why didn't you buy that sweater? It was such a good
offer!"
"Because I didn't have ...... money on me."
a) a
b) no
c) any
d) some
e) none
No one Ninguém advérbio
Nobody Ninguém De
Nowhere Nenhum lugar negação
Observação
* Os derivados de NO devem ser usados em frases que
não tenham elementos negativos. A frase ficará
negativa após seu uso.
OBSERVAÇÕES:
* A Língua Inglesa não admite dupla negativa nas
orações, coisa muito comum e, às vezes, obrigatória em
nosso idioma. Enquanto, em Português, falamos:
Não tenho nada a dizer.
na Língua Inglesa se diz:
I have nothing to say.
ou ainda, em Inglês, pode-se dizer:
There isn't anything to do in this city.
o que, literalmente, significa:
Não há coisa alguma para fazer nesta cidade.
Deste modo, concluímos que, na língua Inglesa, há duas
maneiras de elaborar orações com pronomes indefinidos,
evitando a dupla negativa:
I don't have any money on me today.
(Não tenho dinheiro nenhum comigo hoje.)
ou
I have no money on me today.
(Não tenho dinheiro nenhum comigo hoje.)
No e Derivados:
I told nobody about the secret.
There is no one in the
classroom.
He can do nothing for me.
There is no way to
see him now.
She has no money.
You are going
nowhere.
A diferença entre Pronomes Indefinidos e Adjetivos
Indefinidos
Quando uma palavra como ( all, any, anyone…), etc,
é utilizado como um adjetivo, receberá o nome
adjectivo indefinido (Indefinite Adjective).
All in the lobby must remain seated. (Este é um
pronome indefinido.)
All personnel in the lobby must remain seated. (Este é
um adjetivo indefinido. Ele modifica a palavra
personnel)
Please take some to Mrs Chandler. (pronome
indefinido)
Please take some lemons to Mrs Chandler. (Este é um
adjetivo indefinido. Ele modifica lemons.)
Pronomes Tradução Tipos de Frases
No Nenhum Frases
Nothing Nada Sem
None Ninguém Outro
Observação:
No geral, é bem mais simples do que parece. Quando
um Pronome Indefinido estiver antecedendo a um
SUBSTANTIVO, ele está modificando ou
qualificando este substantivo. Portanto, tem função
de ADJETIVO INDEFINIDO.
41

42
EXERCISES
12 The phrase “there is no possibility” (l. 49) can be
exactly rephrased as
a) it’s possible for anyone.
b) there isn’t any possibility.
c) hardly anybody can do it.
d) there isn’t much possibility.
e) none of the possibilities would be used.
13 “There is no debate”
This sentence can be exactly rephrased as
a) There isn’t much debate.
b) There isn’t little debate.
c) There isn’t any debate.
d) There is little debate.
e) There isn’t a lot of debate.
"Miss Emlyn read us some of it. I asked
Mummy to read some more. I liked it. It has a
wonderful sound. A brave new world. There isn't
anything really like that, is there?"
"You don't believe in it?"
"Do you?"
"There is always a brave new world," said Poirot, "but
only, you know, for very special people. The lucky ones.
The ones who carry the making of that world within
themselves."
[Agatha Christie, Hallowe'en Party, pp.85-86]
14. Choose another way of saying "There isn't anything
really like that."
a) There is nothing really like that.
b) There aren't many things really like that.
c) There aren't no things really like that.
d) There is anything hardly really like that.
e) There are a few things really like that.
Hamlet
The following is a short outline of Shakespeare's most
famous play, Hamlet. Hamlet is the chief character in the
play. The ghost of Hamlet's father appears and tells
Hamlet how Claudius had murdered him by pouring
poison into his ears as he lay asleep. The ghost orders
Hamlet to revenge the murder. Hamlet promises that he
will do so without delay. But he does delay. He thinks a
great deal about what he has heard, and he thinks instead
of acting. He believes what the ghost has said, but feels
that he needs further proof of the murder.
In order to satisfy himself that the king is guilty, Hamlet
arranges to have a play performed at court. In this play
one of the actors pretends to poison another in just the
same way as the king has poisoned Hamlet's father. As
soon as Claudius sees this, he is frightened, and gets up
and goes out. Hamlet now is quite certain of Claudius's
guilt, but he still hesitates. Although he has opportunities
to kill his uncle, he finds reasons why he should not do
so yet. Once Hamlet finds him praying, and can kill him
easily. He does not do so because he thinks that to kill
the king at his prayers would be to send his soul straight
to heaven.
When the fight takes place, Hamlet at first seems to be
winning. The king offers him the cup of poisoned wine.
He refuses it, but the queen takes it and drinks. Laertes
and Hamlet go on fighting, Laertes wounds Hamlet, and
as they struggle together they somehow change swords.
Now Hamlet wounds Laertes. The queen falls, dying.
Laertes, himself near death, tells Hamlet about the
poisoned sword and wine. Hamlet, acting at last instead
of thinking about acting, rushes at the guilty king and
kills him. He has revenged the murder of his father, but a
few minutes later he, too, is dead.
15. Put in the missing words:
I - I want _____ more tea, please.
II - _____ I go fishing.
III - It doesn't rain _____.
IV - I'm sorry, but I have _____ to give you.
V - _____ knows it's wrong.
a) I - some; II - Every time; III - someday; IV -
nothing; V - Somebody
b) I - any; II - Sometimes; III - every day; IV -
anything; V - Everybody
c) I - some; II - Sometimes; III - every day; IV -
nothing; V - Everybody
d) I - any; II - Every day; III - sometimes; IV - nothing;
V - Everyone
e) I - some; II - Everywhere; III - every time; IV -
anything; V - Somebody

A KEY HURDLE: THE ENGLISH TEST
Most colleges and universities in the United
States require international students to take the TOEFL -
or Test of English as a Foreign Language - before they
can be 1 granted admission. Written and administered by
Educational Testing Service (ETS), a private, not-forprofit
company based in Princeton, New Jersey, the
TOEFL is 2 designed to test your ability to understand
standard North American English. It was developed
specifically to help American and Canadian schools
make sure that their international applicants could follow
courses taught in English.
TOEFL scores range from 200 to 667. 3 Since
the test is a measure of proficiency and not of
knowledge, no one passes or fails a TOEFL. Instead,
minimum scores are determined by each college and
university. A top-tier university usually requires a score
of 600 or better.
COMPUTER TESTING
In all but 16 countries and territories, the test is now
given in a computer-based version (CBT). The CBT is
quite different from the paper-and-pencil version. Instead
of filling in ovals on paper, students answer questions on
the screen of their computer, by using either a keyboad
or a mouse. In some of the reading passages, students
respond to questions by clicking on words in the text.
There is a new range of scores, too, in the computer
version - from 40 to 300.
Some parts of the exam will also be "computeradaptive",
which means that the computer will select
questions based on your performance, rather than giving
you questions in a prearranged sequence. If you answer
many questions correctly, you will be given more
difficult questions and your score will go up. If you
answer too many incorrectly, the computer will choose
easier questions for you and your score will go down.
(From NEWSWEEK, 1998, p. 8B)
16. Escolha a alternativa que mantém o mesmo
significado de "NO ONE" em "...no one passes or fails a
TOEFL".
a) Anybody.
b) Everybody.
c) Nobody.
d) Somebody.
e) Someone.
17. Assinale a alternativa correta.
Those organisms pose ______ danger to human life.
a) any
b) none
c) no
d) not
e) no one
18. Complete o diálogo:
- Would you like __________ apples?
- No, thank you, I don't want __________ apple.
- And you?
- Yes, I'd like __________.
a) some - any - any
b) an - any - no
c) any - no - some
d) some - any - some
e) an - some - any
19. Complete os espaços em branco com os Pronomes
Indefinidos SOME, ANY e NO:
a) I'm sorry I can't lend you ______ money. I'm broke.
b) Do you want _______ coffee? Yes, I want _______ .
c) I don't have _______ opinion about her.
d) _______ students did their homework. They're too
lazy.
e) Is there _______ drugstore near here?
f) I saw _______ person here. I think you must be
mistaken.
g) Would you like _______ tea or coffee? No, I would
like _______ coffee.
h) Can you lend me _______ "reais"? I'll give you back
next payment.
20. Reescreva as orações a seguir, usando as palavras
entre parênteses:
a) They didn't make any noise. (no)
_______________________________________
b) There is no bread. (any)
_______________________________________
43

c) I've got no cheese. (any)
_______________________________________
d) They haven't seen any ghosts in the haunted house.
(no)
_______________________________________
e) I don't want any help from you. (no)
_______________________________________
f) I'd like no coffee. (some)
_______________________________________
21. Complete os espaços em branco com SOME ou
ANY:
a) _______ child can be adopted. It depends mainly
only you.
b) Ann met _______ of her friends in Rio de Janeiro.
c) Could you please bring me _______ water? I'm very
thirsty.
d) The room was crowded. There weren't _______
places anymore.
e) Did you see _______ good film last week?
f) I didn't do _______ homework yesterday.
22. Complete com os pronomes indefinidos e seus
derivados (SOMEBODY, SOMETHING,
SOMEWHERE, NOBODY, NOWHERE, NOTHING,
ANYBODY, ANYTHING, ANYWHERE):
"Shakespeare in Love" is a witty, sexy and merrily
literate delight, with an enormously clever premise that
only gets better as the film 1 funfolds. The screenplay,
originating as Marc Norman's brainstorm and turned by
Tom Stoppard 2 into a 3 razor-sharp dialogue reminiscent
of his "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", dares
to imagine 4 whatever it likes about the link between
Shakespeare's artistic passions and his mad yearning for
a certain aristocratic beauty. Meanwhile, this 5 tirelessly
inventive comedy envisions an Elizabethan theatre filled
with the same backbiting and conniving we enjoy today
and has great fun presenting the creation of "Romeo and
Juliet " problems and all. - Fonte: New York Times,
March 2013
23. The expression "whatever it likes" (ref.4) could be
translated as
a) qualquer que.
b) seja lá o que for.
c) nem tudo que.
d) todos que.
e) nem sempre que.
24. Indicate the alternative that best completes the
following sentence.
"Vote for ____________ candidate you like."
a) wherever
b) whenever
c) whoever
d) whomever
e) whichever
a) The classroom is empty. There is _________ there.
b) I'm sorry, but I can't do __________ for you.
c) Would you like to go __________? Yes, we can go
__________ to relax.
d) __________ is knocking at the door. It must be
Wilson.
e) My mother told me that __________ called me last
night. But I can't imagine who it is.
f) Are you going __________? No, I'm going
__________ .
g) Unfortunately I live with __________, but I'd like to
live with __________ .
44

CAPÍTULO VI - PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
Pronomes Demonstrativos (Pronomes Substantivos e
Adjetivos) -Demonstrative Pronouns and Demonstrative
Adjectives.
Os Demonstrative Pronouns servem para apontar, indicar
e mostrar alguma coisa, lugar, pessoa ou objeto. Esses
pronomes podem atuar como adjetivos, antes do
substantivo, ou como pronomes substantivos.
Pronoun
Pronoun
THIS
THESE
THAT
THOSE
Este, Esta, Isto
Estes, Estas
Tradução
Aquele, Aquela, Aquilo Isso, Essa,
Esse
Aqueles, Aquelas, Esses, Essas.
Os pronomes demonstrativos são THIS, THAT, THESE
e THOSE.
Como todos os pronomes que substituem substantivos.
Pronomes demonstrativos são utilizados para substituir
as pessoas ou coisas específicas que foram mencionadas
anteriormente (ou são entendidas a partir do contexto).
Obsereve os exemplos abaixo para perceber com mais
clareza as funções (Substantivo e Adjetivo) dos
pronomes demonstrativos na Língua Inglesa.
1) This is my pencil. (demonstrative pronoun) - (Este é o
meu lápis.) (pronome demonstrativo substantivo)
2) This pencil is red. (demonstrative adjective) - (Este lápis
é vermelho.) (pronome demonstrativo adjetivo)
3) These are your copybooks. (demonstrative pronoun) -
(Estes são os teus cadernos.) (pronome demonstrativo
substantivo)
4) These copybooks are new. (demonstrative adjective) -
(Estes cadernos são novos.) (pronome demonstrativo
adjetivo)
5) That is my house. (demonstrative pronoun) - (Aquela é a
minha casa.) (pronome demonstrativo substantivo)
6) That house is new. (demonstrative adjective) -
(Aquela casa é nova.) (pronome demonstrativo adjetivo)
7) Those are German cars. (demonstrative pronoun) -
(Aqueles são carros alemães.) (pronome demonstrativo
substantivo)
8) Those cars are expensive. (demonstrative adjective)
- (Aqueles carros são caros.) (pronome
demonstrativo adjetivo)
OBSERVAÇÕES
Exemplos retirados da Internet.
1. Já vimos que this significa este, esta e isto, porém
na expressão isto é, o isto é traduzido por that e não
por this (that is = isto é).
2. Na Língua Portuguesa, as expressões (este um,
aquele um) são incorretas, porém, na Língua Inglesa,
expressões como this one, these ones, that one, those
ones são corretas e muito usadas com o sentido de:
aquele(s), aquela(s), aquilo, este(s), esta(s), isto,esse(s),
essa(s), isso.
Veja alguns exemplos abaixo.
This book is mine, that one is yours. [Este livro é meu,
aquele é (o) seu.
I don't want these apples; I prefer to take those ones.
[Eu não quero estas maçãs, prefiro levar aquelas
(maçãs).]
Don't sit on that couch, this one is more comfortable.
[Não sente naquele sofá, este (aqui) é
confortável.]
DEMONSTRATIVOS NÃO MUITO COMUNS:
mais
1. SUCH - TAL, TAIS, ESSE, ESSES, ESSA, ESSAS,
ISSO, TÃO
• We can have animals such as cat and dog in our
house. (Nós podemos ter animais tais como gato e
cachorro em nossa casa.)
• I don't want to hear such songs. [Eu não quero
escutar tais (essas) músicas.]
45

• I have never seen such beautiful flowers. (Eu nunca
vi flores tão bonitas.)
• Rita is such a beautiful woman. (Rita é uma mulher
tão bonita.)
OBSERVAÇÃO:
Quando depois de such vier um substantivo no
singular, qualificado ou não, ele deve ser seguido por
um artigo indefinido (a, an).
• Megan Fox is such a beautiful woman.
(subst. sing.)
• I have never seen such beautiful flowers, não é
necessário o artigo indefinido, pois flowers está no
plural.
2. THE ONE, THE ONES - O, A, OS, AS, O QUE,
OS QUE, A QUE, AS QUE.
3. THE FORMER... THE LATTER - O
PRIMEIRO... O SEGUNDO.
EXERCISES
Driverless automobiles - The car that parks itself
The American company has been testing this
system as part of a collaborative research project with
several European carmakers. 4 They have put a fleet of
150 experimental vehicles on the roads. When they
tested a group of these, the Americans found the
technology let drivers brake much earlier, helping avoid
collisions. A driverless car would be able to react even
faster.
Another member of the research group has been
testing driverless cars on roads around Munich—
including belting down some of Germany’s high-speed
autobahns. 5 The ordinary-looking models use a variety
of self-contained guidance systems. These include
cameras mounted on the upper windscreen, which can
identify road markings, signs and various obstacles
likely to be encountered on roads. - From the print
edition: Science and Technology Jun 29 th 2013
1. In the fragment, “The ordinary-looking models (…)
likely to be encountered on roads” (ref. 5), the
demonstrative “These” refers to
a) cameras.
b) models.
c) signs.
d) obstacles.
e) systems.
Work after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful as
smoking, study finds
Conal Urquhart and agencies
July 28, 2012
Working after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful
for babies as smoking, according to a new study. Women
who worked after they were eight months pregnant had
babies on average around 230g lighter than those who
stopped work between six and eight months.
The University of Essex research – which drew on data
from three major studies, two in the UK and one in the
US – found the effect of continuing to work during the
late stages of pregnancy was equal to that of smoking
while pregnant. Babies whose mothers worked or
smoked throughout pregnancy grew more slowly in the
womb.
Past research has shown babies with low birth weights
are at higher risk of poor health and slow development,
and may suffer from a variety of problems later in life.
Stopping work early in pregnancy was particularly
beneficial for women with lower levels of education, the
study found – suggesting that the effect of working
during pregnancy was possibly more marked for those
doing physically demanding work. The birth weight of
babies born to mothers under the age of 24 was not
affected by them continuing to work, but in older mothers
the effect was more significant.
The researchers identified 1,339 children whose mothers
were part of the British Household Panel Survey, which
was conducted between 1991 and 2005, and for whom
data was available. A further sample of 17,483 women
who gave birth in 2000 or 2001 and who took part in the
Millennium Cohort Study was also examined and showed
similar results, along with 12,166 from the National
46

Survey of Family Growth, relating to births in the US
between the early 1970s and 1995.
One of the authors of the study, Prof. Marco
Francesconi, said the government should consider
incentives _____1_____ employers to offer more flexible
maternity leave to women who might need a break
before, _____2_____ after, their babies were born. He
said: “We know low birth weight is a predictor of many
things that happen later, including lower chances of
completing school successfully, lower wages and higher
mortality. We need to think seriously about parental
leave, because – as this study suggests – the possible
benefits of taking leave flexibly before the birth
_____3_____ quite high.”
The study also suggests British women may be working
for _____4_____ now during pregnancy. While 16% of
mothers questioned by the British Household Panel
Study, which went as far back as 1991, worked up to one
month before the birth, the figure was 30% in the
Millennium Cohort Study, whose subjects were born in
2000 and 2001.
(www.guardian.co.uk)
2. In the excerpt from the first paragraph – than those
who stopped work between six and eight months –, the
word those refers to
a) smoking.
b) babies.
c) months.
d) women.
e) pregnancy.
LGBT rights in Brazil
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
in Brazil enjoy most of the same legal protections
available to non-LGBT people.
On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court voted in
favor of allowing same-sex couples the same 112 legal
rights as married couples. 2 The decision was approved
by 10–0 with one abstention, and it will give same-sex
couples in stable partnerships the same financial and
social rights enjoyed by those in opposite-sex
relationships.
1 The list of various LGBT rights in Brazil has expanded
since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, and the
creation of the new constitution of Brazil of 1988. In
2009, a survey conducted in 10 Brazilian cities found
that 7.8% of men identified as gay, with bisexual males
accounting for another 2.6% of the total population (for a
total of 10.4%). The Brazilian lesbian population was
4.9% of females, with bisexual women reaching 1.4%
(for a total of 6.3%). There are no nation-wide statistics.
According to the Guinness World Records, the São
Paulo Gay Pride Parade is the world's largest LGBT
Pride celebration, with 4 million people in 2009. Brazil
had 60.002 same-sex couples in the same home,
according to the Brazilian Census of 2010 (IBGE). The
South American country has 300 active LGBT
organizations. –
Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil.
Acess on August 22nd, 2012.
3. In the sentence “The decision was approved by 10–0
with one abstention, and it will give same-sex couples in
stable partnerships the same financial and social rights
enjoyed by those in opposite-sex relationships” (ref. 2),
the word those could be substituted by
a) social rights.
b) financial rights.
c) people.
d) rights.
What is World Challenge?
World Challenge is a global competition and its
objective is to find projects or small businesses that have
shown innovation and made a difference to the local
community. Since it began, in January 2004, World
Challenge has received lots of nominations from all over
the world. These include, for example, projects that have
helped farmers in Peru or improved the lives of people in
the slums of Colombia. Each year thousands of people
vote to say who they think deserves to win. One of the
2007 nominees was from a rural community in the
Brazilian Amazon. Marajo Island is the largest fresh
water island in the world, and for years the 200,000
people who live there have worked in the fishing
industry during the dry season, when the river is full of
fish. But during the rainy season the fish disappear. That
is also the time when the Andiroba trees deposit their
seeds. These seeds are carried by the rivers and many
end up on the beaches of Marajo. For years the
fishermen from Marajo have considered these seeds a
problem but a Brazilian company saw an opportunity to
make money out of them. In 2004, this company
organized a cooperative to collect the seeds and extract
their oil for the cosmetics industry. Life on the island has
47

improved for many families since 2004. This project has
made a huge difference for the families of the 1,000
people working in the business. - (Based on:
www.theworldchallenge.co.uk. 03/11/2010.)
engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, a lead author of the study, published in the
journal Science. - (www.independent.co.uk. Adaptado.)
4. In “These include, for example, projects that have
helped farmers in Peru”, the underlined word refers to
a) slums.
b) people.
c) nominations.
d) communities.
5. In the excerpt of the fourth paragraph – This is a way
to truly integrate them. – the word this refers to
a) two different worlds.
b) electronics.
c) biology.
d) control a voice activated device.
e) blurring of electronics and biology.
How computers will soon get under our skin
48
By Steve Connor, Science Editor
12 August 2011
It may soon be possible (…)
The “epidermal electronic system” relies on a highly
flexible electrical circuit composed of snake-like
conducting channels that can (…)
A simple stick-on circuit can monitor a person’s heart
rate and muscle movements as well as conventional
medical monitors, but with the benefit of being
weightless and almost completely undetectable.
Scientists said it may also be possible to build a circuit
for detecting throat movements around the larynx in
order to transmit the information wirelessly as a way of
recording a person’s speech, even if they are not making
any discernible sounds.
Tests have already shown that such a system can be used
to control a voice-activated computer game, and one
suggestion is that a stick-on voicebox circuit could be
used in covert police operations where it might be too
dangerous to speak into a radio transmitter. “The
blurring of electronics and biology is really the key point
here,” said Yonggang Huang, professor of engineering at
Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. “All
established forms of electronics are hard, rigid. Biology
is soft, elastic. It’s two different worlds. This is a way to
truly integrate them.”
Engineers have built test circuits mounted on a thin,
rubbery substrate that adheres to the skin. The circuits
have included sensors, light-emitting diodes, transistors,
radio frequency capacitors, wireless antennas,
conductive coils and solar cells. “We threw everything in
our bag of tricks on to that platform, and then added a
few other new ideas on top of those, to show that we
could make it work,” said John Rogers, professor of
PSYCHOLOGY OF MONEY
Want Happiness? Don’t Buy More Stuff — Go on
Vacation. When it comes to spending money on things or
experiences, the research is clear: doing brings more
happiness than owning.
By Gary Belsky & Tom Gilovich | July 21, 2011
Given that it’s vacation season for many folks, we
thought it a good time to devote this Mind Over Money
post to a brief discussion of what personal finance is
ultimately all about. Some people, of course, really enjoy
counting their money, deriving great satisfaction simply
from watching their bottom line grow, often quite
removed from any thought of what they might do with
their riches. But for most of us, money is just a token for
what we can do with it — pay the mortgage or rent, send
kids to college, buy a TV or travel to Italy. And for
nearly all of us, money is finite; there isn’t enough to do
all we want, so we must be selective. That raises a
crucial question: if we want to maximize the happiness
or satisfaction we get from our money, how should we
spend it?
6. No primeiro parágrafo do texto, o pronome
demonstrativo this empregado em — this Mind Over
Money post — refere-se a
a) post.
b) mind.
c) money.
d) vacation.
e) discussion.

NOT SO PERFECT AFTER ALL
For the past four decades or so, Botswana has been
Africa’s golden boy. The former British possession has
grown as fast as almost any country in the world. It has
built an enviable reputation for good governance and
political stability. It has a decent record on civil liberties
and a relatively free press. Once one of the world´s
poorest countries, it now ranks among the richer middleincome
ones. A lot has to do with the discovery of
diamonds, of which it is the world´s biggest producer,
soon after independence in 1996. But unlike many other
mineral-rich countries, it has invested wisely. It has been
ranked as Africa’s least corrupt country.
But for the past two months it has been shaken by its first
nationwide public-sector strike. Botswana´s 2m people,
generally a deferential lot, were shocked when their
normally unarmed police used tear-gas and rubber
bullets to disperse rioting secondary-school pupils after
they went on the rampage in April. The government
closed all state schools, though they have since reopened.
The affair started as an ordinary pay dispute. Permitted
for the first time to join trade unions under a new law,
the country’s 120,000 public-sector workers promptly
demanded a 16% pay rise after a three-year wage freeze.
The government, pleading poverty following a slump in
the diamond market during the global recession, offered
just 5% conditional on future economic growth. Eager to
flex their muscles, the newly formed unions stood their
ground. But the government, the country´s biggest
employer, accounting for 40% of formal jobs, also
refused to budge.
On April 18th the unions called an all-out strike claiming
that 80% responded. Even at its peak, says the
government, no more than half of its employees walked
out, leaving most ministries and services operating more
or less normally. But the government has dealt with the
dispute with a heavy hand, firing 1,400 striking health
workers, including some 50 doctors, claiming they were
providing an “essential service” and as such were banned
under the constitution from striking. Worn down by
almost two months without pay, the unions have agreed
to accept the government´s revised unconditional 3%
offer, provided all sacked workers are reinstated. This
the government is refusing to do. - The Economist, 11-
06-11.
7. In the last sentence of the 4 th paragraph, “This” in
“This the government is refusing to do” most likely
refers to the act of
a) authorizing a 16% pay increase for Botswana’s
public-sector workers.
b) increasing the number of workers in the public
sector.
c) giving certain public-sector workers their jobs back.
d) offering a wage increase of more than 3% to
Botswana’s 120,000 public-sector workers.
e) paying the public-sector workers for the time that
they were on strike.
As we all know, electricity is a fundamental need. On a
daily basis, we consume electricity even without us
knowing it. Just a simple task such as listening to your
music player consumes electricity. Today, most of our
electric generators and power plants are fed with fossil
fuels such as petroleum and coal. However, due to the
exponential increase of power demand, fossil fuel
supplies are slowly being depleted. Not only that, but
also burning fossil fuels has given off greenhouse gases
and other unwanted byproducts. Because of this, the
search for alternative energy sources is now a necessity.
One of the most promising alternative energy sources
today is Wind Powered Generators. So, what is a windpowered
generator? Basically it is the use of wind as a
mechanical force needed to power an electric generator.
Utilizing wind as an energy source is not exactly a new
idea. The ancient Persians were the first to use wind to
pump water, cut wood, and grind food and others by
building windmills. Even today you can find windmills
still being used on some farms. It was the use of wind as
an electric source that came into existence much later.
The first practical wind powered generators were built in
1970, but yet we rarely see them in widespread use
today, why? Let’s look at the advantages and
disadvantages of the wind powered generator. Disponível em:
http://mysolarcellhome.org/articles/pros-and-cons-of-wind-powered-generators.
8. All the statements below, with the exception of one,
make use of "that" as a relative pronoun or a conjunction.
Select THE EXCEPTION.
a) The major disadvantage of wind powered generators
is that wind power varies greatly from one place to
another and from day to day and season to season.
b) Another advantage is that it can be implemented
using several small turbines connected together.
49

50
c) Sometimes wind may be strong enough to supply
energy, but that strength cannot be maintained due
to changes in weather patterns.
d) Another disadvantage is that the structure of most
practical wind powered generators is huge and
bulky.
e) Basically it is the use of wind as a mechanical force
that is needed to power an electric generator.
Moral Harassment
What is moral harassment?
Many researchers are now trying to define and
understand psychological or moral harassment at work.
Among these, we have retained a definition from a
renowned expert in the field, French psychiatrist Marie-
France Hirigoyen, here freely translated:
"If a person or a group of individuals treats you in a
manner that is hostile, whether through actions, words
or in writing, and if those actions affect your dignity,
your physical or psychological well-being, as well as
causing a deterioration in your workplace or even
jeopardizing your employment, you are the victim of
psychological harassment."
How to recognize moral harassment?
According to German psychologist Dr. Heinz Leymann,
the following are some of the effects and behaviours of
moral harassment (for which he uses the term
"mobbing"):
Effects on the victim's possibilities to communicate
(management gives you no possibility to communicate,
you are silenced, verbal attack against you regarding
work assignments, verbal threats, verbal activities in
order to reject you, etc.)
Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain social
contacts (colleagues do not talk with you any longer or
you are even forbidden by management to talk to them,
you are isolated in a room far away from others, you are
"sent to Coventry", etc.)
Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain his
personal reputation (gossiping about you, others
ridicule you, others make fun about a handicap or your
ethnic heritage, or your way of moving or talking, etc.)
Effects on the victim's occupational situation (you are
not given any work assignment at all, you are given
meaningless work assignments, etc.)
Effects on the victim's physical health (you are given
dangerous work assignments, others threaten you
physically or you are attacked physically, you are
sexually harassed in an active way, etc.)
What are the consequences of moral harassment at
work?
On The Victim And Witnesses
Moral harassment can lead to an untimely end to a
career. The following example shows how such a course
of events can lead to an abrupt, premature departure:
Emotional instability: anguish, discouragement,
frustration, feelings of helplessness, a loss of selfesteem,
of ambition, of motivation. Physical health problems:
tiredness, headaches, lack of sleep, intestinal and other
physical discomforts. Mental health problems:
depression, professional burn-out, suicidal thoughts.
Loss of credibility: reputation destroyed, victim’s
professionalism questioned. Job loss: disability leave,
resignation or dismissal. Incapacity to go back to
regular work: abandoning the job market. Involuntary
witnesses may feel uneasy, insecure and powerless. […]
(Source: http://www.prevention-violence.com/en/int-111.asp)
9. O termo these no texto refere-se:
a) a assédio moral ou psicológico.
b) às vítimas de assédio.
c) aos pesquisadores do assunto.
d) aos locais onde ocorrem assédio.
e) aos praticantes de assédio.
Up from the bottom of the pile
Something rather exciting is happening in Latin America
Aug 16th 2007
Much of the news coming out of Latin America
in recent years has been of radical populists proclaiming
"revolution" or, as Venezuela's Hugo Chávez would have
it, "21st century socialism". In their widely propagated
caricature, a tiny white elite in Latin America oppresses
an indigenous majority whose poverty has been
exacerbated by the free-market reforms imposed by the
IMF and the United States.
So it might be hard to believe that in many
countries in the region, and especially in Brazil and
Mexico, Latin America's two giants, things are in fact
going better today than they have done since the mid-
1970s. The region is in its fourth successive year of
economic growth averaging a steady 5%. In most places

inflation is in low single digits. And for the first time in
memory, growth has gone hand-in-hand with a currentaccount
surplus, holding out hope that it will not be
scotched by a habitual Latin American balance-ofpayments
crunch.
What is more, financial stability and faster
growth are starting to transform social conditions with
astonishing speed. The number of people living in
poverty is falling, not only because of growth but also
thanks to the social policies of reforming democratic
governments. The incomes of the poor are rising faster
than those of the rich in Brazil (where income inequality
is at its least extreme for a generation) and in Mexico.
In both these countries a new lower-middle
class is emerging from poverty. Low inflation, achieved
through more disciplined public finances and trade
liberalisation, has brought falling interest rates. Credit
has at last returned. So these new consumers are buying
cars and DVD players or taking out mortgages. No
wonder Latin Americans are in an optimistic mood:
earlier this year a poll by the Pew Global Attitudes
Project found a greater increase in personal satisfaction
in Brazil and Mexico over the past five years than in any
of the other 45 countries it surveyed.
(www.economist.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=9653053. Adaptado.)
10. In the following excerpt of the third paragraph of
the text - "The incomes of the poor are rising faster than
those of the rich in Brazil (where income inequality is at
its least extreme for a generation) and in Mexico" - the
word "those" refers to
a) the poor.
b) the rich.
c) the incomes.
d) rising faster.
e) Brazil and Mexico.
TEENS LIFE QUALITY AFFECTED BY A LACK OF
SLEEP
According to a new 2 survey of teenagers across the U.S.,
many of them are losing out on quality of life because of
a lack of sleep.
The poll by the National Sleep Foundation
(NSF) found that as consequence of insufficient sleep,
teens are falling asleep in class, lack the energy to
exercise, feel depressed and are driving while feeling
3 drowsy.
The 1 poll results support previous studies by
Brown Medical School, and Lifespan affiliates Bradley
Hospital and Hasbro Children's Hospital, which found
that adolescents are not getting enough sleep, and
suggest that 13 this can lead to a number of physical and
emotional impairments.
Mary A. Carskadon, PhD, with Bradley
Hospital and Brown Medical School, 6 chaired the
National Sleep Foundation poll taskforce and has been a
leading authority on teen sleep for more than a decade.
Carskadon, director of the Bradley Hospital
Sleep and Chronobiology Sleep Laboratory and a
professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown
Medical School, says the old adage 12 'early to bed, early
to rise' presents a real 4 challenge for adolescents.
Her research on adolescent circadian rhythms
indicates that the internal clocks of adolescents undergo
maturational changes making them different from 14 those
of children or adults.
But teens must still meet the demands of earlier
school start times that make it nearly impossible for them
to get enough sleep.
Carskadon's work has been instrumental in
influencing school start times across the country.
Carskadon's newest finding indicates that, in
addition to the changes in their internal clocks,
adolescents experience slower sleep pressure, which may
contribute to an overall shift in teen sleep cycles to later
hours.
Judy Owens, MD, a national authority on
children and sleep, is the director of the pediatric sleep
disorders center at Hasbro Children's Hospital and an
associate professor of pediatrics at Brown Medical
School, and says the results are especially important in
light of the fact that 90% of the parents polled 7 believed
that their adolescents were getting enough sleep during
the week.
She says the message to parents is that teens are
8 tired; but parents can help by eliminating sleep stealers
such as 9 caffeinated drinks and TV or computers in the
teen's bedroom, as well as enforcing reasonable bed
times.
A major, report last year by Carskadon, Owens,
and Richard Millman, MD, professor of medicine at
Brown Medical School, indicated that adolescents 10 aged
13 to 22 need 9 to 10 hours of sleep each night.
51

52
According to the National Center on Sleep
Disorders Research at the National Institutes of Health,
school-age children and teenagers should get at least 9
hours of sleep a day.
Other studies have also shown that young
people between 16 and 29 years of age were the most
likely to be involved in 5 crashes caused by the driver
falling asleep.
The NIH also says without enough sleep, a
person has trouble focusing and responding quickly and
there is growing evidence linking a chronic lack of sleep
with an 11 increased risk of obesity, diabetes, heart
disease and infections. http://www.news-medical.net/?id=16969 -
03/7/06.
11. Os vocábulos "this" (ref. 13) e "those" (ref. 14)
referem-se, respectivamente,
a) aos problemas físicos dos adolescentes - ao fato de
que crianças são diferentes de adolescentes.
b) à sugestão dos pesquisadores - ao ritmo circadiano
de adolescentes.
c) a que adolescentes não estão dormindo
suficientemente - aos "relógios" internos de crianças
ou adultos.
d) ao estudo feito previamente sobre o sono - às
circunstâncias da pesquisa.
e) à qualidade de vida dos adolescentes - às mudanças
experimentadas por crianças e adultos.
FORCE OF NATURE
"It seems like a hippie entrepreneur's dream
come true: an ecostore with cash registers powered by
rooftop Wind turbines, skylights instead of light bulbs
and photovoltaic solar cells on the roof to help power the
bakery's oven. It's so environmentally friendly that even
the toilet water is collected from raindrops outside. 2 Only
this is not some pipe dream of a fringe activist. The
vision comes from Tesco, the world's third largest
retailer. Tesco is pumping £100 million into
environmental technologies to reduce the amount of
energy they use by 50 percent, compared with 2000
levels, by 2010. 3
In addition to building 80 new
ecostores across Britain over the next year - the greenest
of which will be constructed of recycled materials and
will burn food waste for electricity - they're also making
small changes that could have big effects. They're paying
customers not to use plastic bags, which they expect will
cut consumption by 25 percent in two years.
Tesco is not the only commercial firm that has
taken an interest in saving the planet, and making a
killing 4 besides. Renewable Energy Corp., a Norwegian
solar-energy company, had the world's largest-ever
renewable energy IPO in May. It was 15 times
oversubscribed and raised more than $1 billion, valuing
REC at nearly $7 billion. You wouldn't mistake REC's
CEO Erik Thorsen for a New Age Joni Mitchell. "I don't
have anything against helping the environment," says
Thorsen. 5 "But the main driver for us is profit."
Something weird is happening in the once
marginal world of environmentalism. The green cause is
no longer the preserve of woolly-minded liberals and
fringe activists. Its tenets are being actively pursued by
business leaders, stockholders and investment managers.
In the popular mind-set, natural disasters 1 such as New
Orleans's Hurricane Katrina, floods in Eastern Europe
and swirling desert sands in Beijing are now linked to a
change in climate that threatens our way of life and our
grandchildren's future. Europe's second record-breaking
heat wave in three years - with the hottest July in U.K.
history and more than 40 dead in France and Spain 6 - has
only cemented this relationship. Environmental concerns
have grown so widespread that no politician can ignore
them. (Adapted from Newsweek, August 14, 2006)
12. The word "THIS" in "- has only cemented THIS
relationship" (ref. 6), refers to
a) 40 dead in France and Spain.
b) the hottest July in U.K. history.
c) natural disasters and climate changes.
d) politicians and our future generations.
e) the heat wave and floods in Europe.
THE VANISHING ART OF BRAZIL'S INDIANS
By Alan Riding - The New York Times. Saturday April 30, 2005
PARIS - Long before Jean-Jacques Rousseau idealized
the "noble savage" in the late 18th century, the Brazilian
Indian was entrenched in the French imagination. As
early as 1505, just five years after the Portuguese
discovered Brazil, the first Indian was brought to France.
Then, in 1550, 50 Indians were imported to people a
reconstructed Indian village in Normandy as a curiosity
to entertain the royal court.
But for French thinkers, the Indians also displayed
unique qualities, notably the innocence of their
nakedness, their generosity, their indifference to

possessions and, yes, their cleanliness. And this led first
Montaigne and later Montesquieu, Diderot and Rousseau
to meditate afresh on the human condition. Then, in the
mid-20th century, another Frenchman, Claude Lévi-
Strauss, helped found modern anthropology through
research carried out among Brazilian Indians.
Now, in a sense, the Indians have returned to France, in a
new exhibition called "Indian Brazil: The Arts of the
Amerindians of Brazil". The show, which has been
drawing crowds to the Grand Palais in Paris, runs
through June 27 and also includes objects collected by
Lévi-Strauss in the 1930s. It is the centerpiece of a lively
program of Brazilian art, music, dance and movies called
Year of Brazil in France.
Still, compared with displaying, say, Mayan treasures,
this is not an easy show to present. In 1500, Brazil's
Indians were Stone Age hunters and fishermen living in
small villages and never constituting what might be
termed a civilization. They were certainly exotic, but
they displayed no obvious wealth.
As it happens, in recent decades, archaeologists have
found evidence of more settled communities near the
mouth of the Amazon, some dating back 12,000 years.
Ceramic works, some 1,000 years old, have also been
excavated. Thus, "Indian Brazil" opens with a surprising
collection of pre-Columbian urns: some large vases
decorated with abstract designs, several resembling
human figures, others evoking real or imagined animals.
The rest of this exhibition reflects a culture still alive,
with objects distant from us in spirit, but not in time. Yet,
just as those made of wood, bark, reeds, feathers, and
animal skins are fragile, even ephemeral, so is this
culture. The ancient stone sculptures of Mesoamerica
will be around for centuries; the arts of Brazil's Indians
may not.
13. Releia o último parágrafo do texto e com base na
seguinte frase, responda à questão:
"Yet, just as those made of wood, bark, reeds, feathers,
and animal skins are fragile, even ephemeral, so is this
culture".
A palavra THOSE refere-se a
a) exhibition.
b) ancient stone sculptures.
c) wood, bark, reeds, feathers and animal skins.
d) objects.
e) culture.
Cause and Effect: Acne, a Visible Outbreak of Stress
By Eric Nagourney
Acne has long been known to cause stress. Now, a new
study offers evidence that has long been suspected - that
stress causes acne - may also be true.
Researchers at Stanford put the question to the test by
examining students with acne problems on two
occasions: once during a relatively stress-free time and
again during an exam period. They also administered
standardized questionnaires intended to assess stress
levels. The researchers, whose report appears in The
Archives of Dermatology, found that "changes in acne
severity correlate highly with increasing stress."
For people who use acne medicine, the lesson may be to
pay close attention to what is going on in their lives, said
the senior researcher, Dr. Alexa B. Kimball. "If they
know that a stressful time is coming up," Dr. Kimball
said, "that's an important time to be particularly
compliant with their medicine." Doctors treating acne
patients may also want to take stressful conditions into
account in deciding when to time a change in
prescription, she said. The findings are based on a study
of 22 students - 15 men and 7 women - with serious acne
problems. Acne affects 85 percent of the population at
some point in life. Why stress may cause the skin to
erupt is unclear. Some research suggests that it may
provoke a greater release of hormones associated with
acne. The researchers also looked at whether changes in
peoples' daily lives - in sleep, for example, or eating
habits - played a role. Even when these were factored
out, the study said, the students' acne became worse. The
role of stress in acne should not be surprising, Dr.
Kimball said. She noted that some patients responded
well to biofeedback, which is intended to reduce stress.
Stress has also been linked to numerous other medical
problems and has been shown to affect wound healing.
The New York Times. nytimes.com. August 5, 2003
14. In the last sentence of the fourth paragraph, Even
when these were factored out, the study said, the
students' acne became worse., the word these refers to
a) changes in people's lives.
b) eating habits.
c) the researchers.
d) hormones associated with acne.
e) the students who participated of the study.
53

The New York Times on the web
The Rush to Enhancement: Medicine Isn't Just for the
Sick Anymore
By Sherwin B. Nuland
Until the mid-1960s, medical research was
primarily driven by the desire to solve the problems of
sick people. Although Aristotle was what might be
termed today a pure laboratory investigator, with no
thought of the clinical usefulness of his findings, the vast
majority of those physicians later influenced by his
contributions to biology were trying to solve the
mysteries of human anatomy and physiology for the
distinct purpose of combating sickness. The discovery of
blood circulation in the 17th century, the elucidation of
the anatomical effects of disease in the 18th, the
introduction of antisepsis and anesthesia in the 19th, the
development of antibiotics and cardiac and transplant
surgery in the 20th- all of these were the direct results of
physicians and others having recognized a specific group
of challenges that stood in the way of making sick people
better. Armed with knowledge of the disease processes,
they entered their laboratories to address specific clinical
issues. Their goal was improving the lot of actual
patients, often their own.
The rise of molecular biology since the late
1950s has had the gradual and quite unforeseen effect of
turning the eyes of medical scientists increasingly toward
the basic mechanisms of life, rather than disease and
death. Of course, this has always been the orientation of
all non-medical biologists, studying growth,
reproduction, nutrition or any of the other characteristics
shared by all living things.
But now the boundaries have become blurred,
between research that will alter the approach to disease
and research that will alter the approach to life itself.
While until very recently the bedside usually determined
what was done in the medical research laboratory, the
findings coming out of the laboratory nowadays are just
as likely to tell the clinician what he can do at the
bedside. The tail often wags the dog. In fact, the tail is
becoming the dog.
(Texto condensado e adaptado. Encontra-se na íntegra no endereço http://
nytimes.com / library / review / 051098medicine-review.html)
15. Na frase do segundo parágrafo, "Of course, this has
always been the orientation of all non-medical
biologists...", a palavra "this" refere-se a
a) research in molecular biology.
b) gradual and unforeseen effect.
c) medical scientists.
d) study of basic mechanisms of life.
e) study of disease and death.
After six months of bathing and washing my
clothes in the little creek winding around camp, the time
had come for me to leave the Amazon jungle. As my
plane headed toward the runway, I thought of the
interminable and ever-changing sounds of the forest, of
the strong rains heard arriving miles away; of the howler
monkeys, whose calls could so easily be confused with
strong winds; of the powerful singing of the "forest
captain" birds, and of the buzz and whir of the millions
of insects. But most of all, I thought of the vast areas of
virgin forest that now were wasteland.
I had just participated in a project that was to
determine the minimum size of forest fragment
necessary to save native species of animals and plants
from extinction. With this information, scientists could
then work to form preservation areas in the forest
fragments left behind by cattle ranchers who, until some
years ago, had received subsidies from the government
to "develop" the Amazon region. Today most of these
ranches are abandoned: scrub grass and ruined houses
remain as a sorry reminder of a wrongheaded
governmental policy.
According to the Brazilian government,
Amazonia contains 185,000 km 2 of deforested and
abandoned land. Yet the government still has not learned
that deforested land in the Amazon region is largely
unsuitable for agriculture, and according to the World
Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), during the last 6 years
the government's agrarian reform program has authorized
the clearing of 23,000 km 2 of native forest. The country
(and its ecosystem) could have been better served by
giving landless peasants title to some of the countless
hectares of unproductive farmland around the country.
The "Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments"
project, in which I took part, was until 1989 called the
"Minimum Critical size of Ecosystems". It was initiated
by ecologist Dr. Thomas Lovejoy in 1979 and was
originally funded by the WWF in partnership with
Brazil's National Institute for Research in the Amazon
(INPA).
(FROM Speak Up, February 2000)
54

16. The word THIS in "with this information scientists
could then work" refers to the
a) utilization of many valuable native species
b) necessity of urgently saving birds from extinction
c) size of the forest needed for wildlife reserves
d) destruction of thousands of native species
Chemistry of a killer: Is it in brain?
By Anita Manning
USA TODAY
1 What makes one out-of-control teen-ager grow
up to live a normal life while another turns to murder?
2 A growing body of research suggests the answer
may lie in a part of the brain that controls planning,
reasoning and impulse control. Studies are revealing
physiological differences between the brains of normal
people and those of people who kill.
3 "There is clearly a biological predisposition to
violence," says psychologist Adrian Raine of the
University of Southern California."We know there are
murderers who don't have the usual signs - a history of
child, abuse, poverty, domestic violence, broken homes -
1 and yet they commit violence. Research suggests the
cause 2 may lie internally, in terms of abnormal biological
functioning."
4 Raine led studies comparing the brains of 41
murderers with 3 those of 41 nonviolent people matched
by age and gender. He found that "murderers have
poorer functioning of the prefrontal cortex, the part of
the brain that sits above eyes, behind the forehead. It's a
part of the brain that controls regulating behaviors - the
part that says 'wait a minute.' "
5 In another study, Raine divided the murderes
into two groups: 4 those from healthy, stable family
backgrounds and those from abusive, dysfunctional
homes. "It's the murderers from the good home
environment who have the poorest brain functioning," he
says. (USA TODAY, April 29, 1999. 2A.)
17. Os pronomes "those" (ref.3) e "those" (ref.4)
referem-se, respectivamente, a
a) people - murderers.
b) brains - studies.
c) people - studies.
d) murderers - people.
e) brains - murderers.
55

CAPÍTULO VII - PRONOMES RELATIVOS
Os Pronomes Relativos são usados em inglês para empregar who em vez de whom.
relacionar uma oração com outra, dando um sentido
Significado: Que
único a duas orações distintas.
1 - Um pronome relativo é usado para iniciar a descrição
de um substantivo. (Esta discrição é chamada de Omissão: Se for complemento
adjective clause ou uma relative clause.)
Antecedente: Pessoa
The lady who made your dress is waiting outside. (O
substantivo/sujeito é The Lady. Pronome relativo é Who.
Adjective clause que identifica o substantivo/sujeito.)
E.g.
I saw the dog which ate the cake. (O substantivo a ser
identificado é o cão.)
Where is the man who found the map ?
Sua escolha do pronome relativo é determinada pelo fato
de ele se referir a uma pessoa ou uma coisa..
2 - Os pronomes relativos podem exercer a função de
sujeito ou objeto do verbo principal. Lembre-se de que
quando o pronome relativo for seguido por um verbo, ele
exrce função de sujeito. Caso o pronome relativo for
seguido por um substantivo ou pronome, ele exerce
função de objeto.
- Quando o antecedente for pessoa e o pronome relativo
exercer a função de sujeito do verbo, usa-se who ou that.
The boy who / that arrived is blond. (O menino que
EXERCISES: Who
chegou é loiro.)
(…)
- Quando o antecedente for pessoa e o pronome
relativo exercer a função de objeto do verbo, usa-se who,
whom, that ou pode-se omitir (Zero Clause) o pronome
relativo. Contudo, essa omissão só pode ocorrer quando
o relativo exercer função de objeto.
Pronomes Relativos:
1 - WHO
Quando o antecedente for pessoa e o pronome relativo
exercer a função de objeto do verbo, usa-se who, whom,
that ou pode-se omitir (-) o pronome relativo. Contudo,
essa omissão só pode ocorrer quando o relativo exercer
função de objeto.
Lembre-se de que na linguagem informal pode-se
56
Função: Sujeito ou complemento (objeto)
The student who saw the accident is here.
Peter is the psychologist who she told you about.
Nos exemplos A&B, o pronome relativo aparece
antecedendo os verbos (see - find), exercendo assim, a
função de sujeito destes verbos. Não podendo ser
omitidos da frase. Porém, no exemplo C, o verbo TELL
tem o seu próprio sujeito (she), o que indica que o
pronome relativo funciona como objeto deste verbo.
Podendo ser omitido da sentença sem alterar seu
significado
Baron opines that reports on the "obesity
epidemic" or Avian Flu are valid stories but often don't
include information that will help viewers live healthier
lifestyles. "There needs to be information about nutrition,
weight management, smoking cessation, exercise,
lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, and preventing
and screening cancer and heart disease", he says.
Luckily, there are plenty of trusted sources for
medical news and information that can be just as
convenient as the 10 p.m. newscast. Two Web sites to
check out are that of the American Academy of Family
Physicians at www.familydoctor.org, and WebMD. But
he stresses that all medical conditions should be properly
assessed by an actual doctor.
"More than anything, I believe that people need
to have a good relationship with a primary care physician

whom they trust, who takes the time to answer questions,
and who cares enough to stay informed", he says.
(www.forbes.com/2006/07/26/questionablehealthnews_cx_sy_0727htow_print.html)
1. No trecho do último parágrafo do texto "...and who
cares enough to stay informed,..." a palavra WHO referese
a) ao Dr. Baron.
b) às pessoas.
c) ao médico.
d) aos telespectadores.
e) ao físico.
English as an international language
About one hundred years ago many educated people
4learned and spoke French when they 5met people from
other countries. Today most people speak English when
they meet foreigners. It has become the new international
language. There are more people who speak English as a
second language than people who speak English as a first
language. Why is this?
There are many reasons why English has become so
popular. One of them is that English has become the
language of business. Another important reason is that
popular American culture (like movies, music, and
McDonald's) has quickly spread throughout the world. It
has 6brought its language with it.
Is it good that English has spread to all parts of the world
so quickly? I don't know. It's important to have a
language that the people of the earth have in common.
Our world has become very global and we need to
communicate with one another. 2On the other hand,
English is a fairly complicated language to learn and it
brings 3its culture with it. Do we really need that?
Scientists have already 7tried to create an artificial
language that isn't too difficult and doesn't include any
one group's culture. It is called Esperanto. But it hasn't
become popular. But maybe the popularity of English
won't last that long either. Who knows? There are more
people in the world 1who speak Chinese than any other
language. Maybe someday Chinese will be the new
international language.
www.5minuteenglish.com
Accessed on June 19th
2. The word “who” (ref. 1) refers to:
a) world
b) chinese
c) language
d) scientists
e) people
Fire at Antarctica station kills 2 Brazilian sailors
Two Brazilian sailors died and one was injured Saturday
after a fire broke out at a naval research station in
Antarctica, authorities reported. The fire occurred at the
Comandante Ferraz Station on King George Island, said
Adm. Julio Soares de Moura Neto, commander of the
Brazilian Navy. The three sailors were trying to
extinguish a fire that broke out in the engine room of the
facility. Brazilian military police are investigating the
cause. The station is home to researchers who conduct
studies on the effects of climate change in Antarctica and
its implications on the planet, according to the Ministry
of Science and Technology and Innovation. Researchers
at the base also study marine life and the atmosphere.
Adaptado de http://articles.cnn.com, consulta em 26/02/2012.
3. In the sentence “The station is home to researchers
who conduct studies...”, the word who refers to
a) station.
b) researchers.
c) home.
d) studies.
e) Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation.
"Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is concerned with
every aspect of the relationship between computers and
people. The annual meeting of the British Computer
Society's HCI group is recognized as one of the main
venues for discussing recent trends and issues. A broad
range of HCI related topics are covered, including user
interface design, user modelling, tools, hypertext,
CSCW, and programming. Both research and
commercial perspectives are considered, making the
event essential for all researchers, designers and
manufacturers who need to keep abreast of developments
in HCI. "
(Catálogo de Publicações da Oxford University Press, Engineering, April to
June)
57

4. Assinale a alternativa que corresponde ao referente do
pronome relativo em destaque a seguir:
Both research and commercial perspectives are
considered, making the event essential for all
researchers, designers and manufacturers WHO need to
keep abreast of developments in HCI.
a) research and commercial perspectives
b) developments in HCI
c) interface design, user modelling, tools,
d) hypertext, CSCW, and programming
e) recent trends and issues
f) all researchers, designers and manufacturers
2- WHICH
Quando o antecedente for coisa/animal e o pronome
relativo exercer a função de objeto do verbo, usa-se
which, that ou pode-se omitir (-) o pronome relativo.
Contudo, essa omissão só pode ocorrer quando o relativo
exercer função de objeto.
Significado: Que
Função: Sujeito ou complemento (objeto)
Omissão: Se for complemento
Antecedente: Animal ou coisa
E.g.
Those are the dogs which came from Argentina.
Did you see the new car which he bought last week ?
No exemplo A, o pronome relativo aparece antecedendo
ao verbo (COME), exercendo assim, a função de sujeito
deste verbo. Não podendo ser omitido da frase. Porém,
no exemplo B, o verbo (BUY) tem o seu próprio sujeito
(he), o que indica que o pronome relativo funciona como
objeto deste verbo. Podendo ser omitido da sentença sem
alterar seu significado.
58
Which
EXERCISES
Will we ever… understand why music makes us feel
good?
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our
emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a
few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most
good questions, this one works on many levels. We have
answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does
it make us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne
Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in
Montreal provided an answer. Using magnetic resonance
imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable
music had activated brain regions called the limbic and
paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric
reward responses, like those we experience from sex,
good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come
from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As
DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
5. No trecho do segundo parágrafo – which are
connected to euphoric reward responses –, a palavra
which refere-se a
a) pleasurable music.
b) sex, good food and addictive drugs.
c) limbic and paralimbic areas.
d) magnetic resonance imaging.

e) euphoric reward responses.
TO BLOG OR NOT TO BLOG
But last year the blog experienced a Cinderellalike
transformation due to a young Iraqi architecture
graduate writing under the pseudonym Salam Pax. His
blog, "Where is Raed?", providing an eyewitness account
of life in Baghdad during and after the final months of
the Saddam regime, became extremely popular for a
huge international audience. It finally gave the web log,
according to Richard Clark, the editor of "Web User",
the UK's best-selling internet magazine, the prominence
it deserves. Salam Pax has created a precedent many
people hope will be followed. But in reality, few blogs
provide insight on global events. For many bloggers, the
objective is simply to entertain.
In the vast world of blogs - which now includes
photoblogs for amateur photographers and moblogs,
updated in real time with photos from mobile phones -
Richard Clark's own personal favorites are chosen for
their literary appeal. His regular reads include a cynical
account of working life as a manager in a call centre, an
Australian student's views on British culture and the
difficulties of a British woman in Belgium with what she
claims is an intensely annoying boyfriend. To find the
blogs that amuse you, he recommends following the
links on the page of a popular blog: most bloggers
compulsively link to other blogs, but there are also lots
of sites that list blogs according to popularity.
(FROM: "Speak Up", April 2004. Adapted)
5. The word WHICH in "which now includes..." (ref. 1)
refers to
a) real time photographers.
b) photos from mobile phones.
c) photoblogs for amateurs.
d) the vast world of blogs.
MERCURIAL SUPERCONDUCTOR SHOWS AN
ACCEPTABLE FACE
by Maria Burke
IN New Scientist 21 August 1993, pp.16
IN March, a new high-temperature superconductor based
on mercury was made by a Russian scientist. Now a
team of American scientists has discovered that is
possesses a property unique among such materials: it is
easy to fabricate, making it very attractive commercially.
Most high-temperature superconductors, which are based
on yttrium or bismuth, have properties WHICH depend
on how the particles are aligned. So in order to produce
the best results, all the particles must be made to point in
the same direction, a process which is time-consuming
and expensive.
For example, bismuth-based superconductors are usually
made in a complex rolling, drawing and heating process,
which limits the shapes that can be made. But Jennifer
Lewis and her colleagues at the University of Illinois and
the Argone National Laboratory found that the magnetic
properties of the mercury superconductor do not depend
on the way in which its particles are aligned. This was
true at magnetic fields of about 1
tesla - similar to normal operating conditions - but not at
very low fields. The researchers embedded particles of'
the material, which also contains atoms of barium,
copper and oxygen, in an epoxy matrix.
Easier fabrication would be a substantial money-saver
for industry. However, the synthesis of the new
superconductor is a little dangerous because it involves
mercury, a hazardous substance.
Lewis and her colleagues have prepared a paper soon to appear in the journal
Physical Review B.
6. O pronome relativo WHICH, destacado no texto,
refere-se a:
a) altas temperaturas
b) propriedades
c) supercondutores
d) partículas
e) ítrio e bismuto
BRAZIL PRESIDENT: ETHANOL PRODUCTION
BOOM WON'T HARM AMAZON
(AP) Rio de Janeiro - Brazil's president said his
nation's booming ethanol business won't hurt the
Amazon rain forest, dismissing criticism that the
alternative fuel could cause deforestation. Silva, referring
to concerns raised during his European visit last week,
said Monday that it is unjustified to think that increased
production of sugar cane for ethanol could prompt more
jungle clearing. He said that Amazon weather conditions
aren't favorable for the sugar cane used to produce
ethanol.
59

While there are few sugarcane-ethanol
plantations in the Amazon, environmentalists have
voiced concerns that a global ethanol boom could
accelerate rain forest destruction if trees are cleared to
make room for crops. Some soy plantations in central
Brazil are being transformed to sugarcane ethanol
operations and environmentalists say that could lead soy
farmers to move into the Amazon for their crop, which is
also in high demand worldwide, particularly from China.
Cuba's Fidel Castro and Venezuela's Hugo
Chavez have irked Brazilians by arguing that ethanol
production would cause hunger by shifting food crops to
energy use - an allegation Silva denies. But they have not
focused on environmental complaints.
Brazilian ethanol makers produced 17 billion
liters (4.5 billion gallons) last year, and exported 3.4
billion liters (900 million gallons). Billions of dollars are
pouring into the nation to increase production. Brazil is
the world's N0. 1 sugar producer and exporter, and the
leading exporter of ethanol made from sugarcane. It also
is the world's second-largest ethanol producer, trailing
the United States, and is ramping up production of
soybean-based biodiesel.
(www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/10/business. Adaptado.)
7. No trecho do segundo parágrafo do texto - "Some
soy plantations in central Brazil are being transformed to
sugarcane ethanol operations and environmentalists say
that could lead soy farmers to move into the Amazon for
their crop, which is also in high demand worldwide,
particularly from China." - a palavra "which" refere-se
a) ao etanol de cana.
b) aos produtores de soja.
c) à soja.
d) à Amazônia.
e) à China.
3-THAT
Observe que o pronome THAT pode ser usado tanto
como substituto de WHO, WHICH ou WHOM em todos
os exemplos vistos até agora.
Embora, quando usarmos uma oração apositiva, ou o
pronome preposicionado, o THAT não será usado.
Significado: Que
Função: Sujeito ou complemento (objeto)
60
Omissão: Se for complemento
Antecedente: Pessoa, animal, coisa ou a mistura de tudo.
E.g.
The group that arrived this morning was from Argentina.
Maria Luiza doesn’t know that his father is badly sick at
Samu, does she ?
Where is the pin number that I asked you to keep ?
Definitely this is not the kind of result that I’d like to see.
A PATCH FOR LOVE
EXERCISES: That
Hormone-delivering patches could help endangered
animals breed
1 For years, people have been able to wear
patches (skin adhesives like band-aids) that help them
quit smoking, prevent seasickness or replace hormones
in their aging bodies. But now patches might help out
when it comes to the birds and the bees - especially the
birds. Rebecca L. Holberton, a biologist at the University
of Mississippi, is developing a patch 1that can safely
deliver hormones to encourage reproduction in
endangered birds.
2 Free of surgical complications that may affect
other methods, the patch delivers hormones directly
through the skin and is light and easy to make: it is
derived from Band-Aids. The hormone is mixed with
vegetable oil and added to the gauze. The completed
patch is attached just under the wing; it falls off three to
four days later.
3 In 1975 the New Zealand Department of
Conservation gathered kakapos from their habitats and
transported them to islands that are now regulated for
nonnative predators. In 1980, with the discovery of a
female still alive, breeding efforts began. But 2regardless
of all the booming, foghornlike calls of the males, the
females are interested in food first, sex later. They care
for their chicks alone and will often hold off breeding
unless fruit is abundant. When the birds are too
concerned about food to mate, the patch might change
their attitude. "It could possibly be used whenever the
food crop is bad," Holberton remarks.
(From Scientific American, August 1999, p.14)

8. A palavra THAT (ref. 1) poderá ser substituída por:
a) who.
b) whose.
c) which.
d) whom.
e) where.
Research shows that sunscreens may not be as effective
as hoped at preventing sunburn. Users may1 be spending
long hours in the sun with a false sense of security, and
though2 lotions may protect against sunburning UVB
rays, it does little to block out the potentially more
dangerous UVA rays. Another worry3 is the long-term
effects of the chemicals contained in the suntan lotion
themselves. To make spending time outdoors safer, a
company called Frogskin, Inc., located in Scottsdale,
Arizona, is marketing a line of clothing called 4Frogware
that5, wet or dry, protects the user from the damaging
effects of the sun more effectively than sunscreens.
6"Our T-shirts give you the same amount of
protection from the sun that a heavy sweat shirt would",
says Jan Steinberg, president of Frogskin. "But who
wants to wear a sweat shirt in the water?" A typical
cotton T-shirt, for instance, has a sun protection factor
(SPF) of 5; a Frogskin T-shirt has a SPF of 30.
Frogwear, says the maker, blocks out 98.5% of all UVB
rays and 97% of all UVA rays. The fabric, which is
lighter than cotton but more durable, also helps keep you
cool, by wicking perspiration away from the skin. 7In
addition, Frogwear absorbs very little water when wet
and dries quickly. Prices range8 from $ 18 for a hat to $
50 for a sports jacket.
Newsweek, September 18, 1994
9. The word THAT (ref.:5) can be replaced with...
a) what.
b) whose.
c) which.
d) who.
e) whichever.
Why Bilinguals Are Smarter
Speaking two languages 5rather than just one has
obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized
world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show
that 10the advantages of bilingualism are even more
fundamental than being able to converse with 11a wider
range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you
smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain,
improving cognitive skills not related to language and
even protecting from dementia in old age.
This view of bilingualism is 1remarkably different from
12the understanding of bilingualism through much of the
20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers
long considered a second language to be an interference,
cognitively speaking, that delayed a child’s academic
and intellectual development. They were not wrong
about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a
bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even
when he is using only one language, thus creating
situations in which one system obstructs the other. But
this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so
much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the
brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a
workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.
Bilinguals, 2for instance, seem to be more adept than
monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles.
In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and
Michelle Martin-Rhee, bilingual and monolingual
preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red
squares presented on a computer screen into two digital
bins — one marked with a blue square and the other
marked with a red circle. In the first task, the children
had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the
bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the
bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with
comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort
by shape, which was more challenging because it
required placing the images in a bin marked with a
conflicting color. 13The bilinguals were quicker at
performing this task.
6The collective evidence from a number of such studies
suggests that the bilingual experience improves the
brain’s 3so-called executive function — a command
system that directs the attention processes that we use for
planning, solving problems and performing various other
mentally demanding tasks. These processes include
ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention
willfully from one thing to another and holding
information in mind — like remembering a sequence of
directions while driving.
14Why does the fight between two simultaneously active
language systems improve these aspects of cognition?
Until recently, researchers thought 7the bilingual
advantage was centered primarily in an ability for
61

inhibition that was improved by the exercise of
suppressing one language system: this suppression, it
was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to
ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation
increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have
shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals
4even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like
threading a line through an ascending series of numbers
scattered randomly on a page.
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain
from infancy to old age (and 8there is reason to believe
that it may also apply to those who learn a second
language later in life).
In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International
School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-monthold
babies exposed to two languages from birth were
compared with peers raised with one language. In an
initial set of tests, the infants were presented with an
audio stimulus and then shown a puppet on one side of a
screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of
the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set
of tests, when the puppet began appearing on the
opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a
bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their
anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other
babies did not.
Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years.
In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English
bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar
Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found
that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism —
measured through a comparative evaluation of
proficiency in each language — were more resistant than
others to the beginning of dementia and other symptoms
of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of
bilingualism, the later the age of occurrence.
Nobody ever doubted the power of language. 9But who
would have imagined that the words we hear and the
sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep
imprint?
Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/thebenefitsof-bilingualism.html
10. The relative pronoun THAT can be omitted in all the
sentences below, EXCEPT
a) The collective evidence from a number of such studies
suggests that the bilingual experience improves the
brain’s so-called executive function. (ref. 6)
62
b) [...] the bilingual advantage was centered primarily
in ability for inhibition that was improved by the
exercise of suppressing one language system. (ref. 7)
c) [...] there is reason to believe that it may also apply
to those who learn a second language later in life.
(ref. 8) [...]
d) But who would have imagined that the words we
hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving
such a deep imprint? (ref. 9)
Couple Sells Ads to Pay for Wedding
Monday, August 16, 1999 (Reuters) - Talk about a
marriage of love and money.
1 Tom Anderson and Sabrina Root paid for their
$14,000 wedding this weekend by selling advertising
space at the ceremony and reception.
2 Everything from the wedding rings to a week at
a penthouse in Cancun, Mexico, were donated after
Anderson got 24 companies to sponsor the nuptials in
exchange for having their names appear six times from
the invitations to the thank-you cards.
3 Anderson, 24, a bartender, spent his own money
for his wife's $1,400 engagement ring while Root, 33, a
hair stylist, paid $1,600 for the dress.
4 The 1groom got the idea of corporate
sponsorships 3while working in a small struggling
animation studio that often had to barter for services.
5 "So I was in a sales mode, and I got to
thinking", he told the Philadelphia Inquirer, 2which ran a
photo of the couple sitting among their corporatesponsored
wedding "gifts" in its Sunday edition.
6 The bride's perfume came from a local
distributor, and coffee was provided gratis from a
neighborhood supplier.
7 Advertisers had their names appear on the
invitations and thank-you cards, on cards at the buffet,
on scrolls at the dinner table, in an ad placed in a local
independent newspaper and in a verbal "thank you" that
followed the first toast.
8 The Inquirer said the groom had bought two
addresses on the Internet's World Wide Web, namely:
sponsoredwedding.com and weddingsponsors.com.

11. The word "which" (ref.2) can be substituted by
a) that.
b) who.
c) whose.
d) where.
e) when.
"C. P. Snow, the British scientist and novelist, sounded
the alarm in the 1950 about the dangers of two cultures:
"Literary intellectuals at one pole, at the other scientists.
"Since then, microchips, satellites and nuclear power
have become realities that define everyday life; yet many
supposedly well-educated people do not understand how
they work. Despite the growing use of computers in
classrooms, American universities are still graduating
millions of technological illiterates."
12. Assinale a alternativa que corresponde ao
referente do pronome relativo, em destaque, a seguir:
Since then, microchips, satellites and nuclear power have
become realities THAT define everyday life
a) every day
b) life
c) intelectuals
d) realities
e) scientists
Smog is a fact of life in most cities, but several Italian
municipalities think they’ve found a way to beat it. A
new type of sidewalk brick breaks down carbon
monoxide, a poisonous byproduct of automobile engines
that also contributes to global warming.
13. The word that has been omitted between “think” (l.
2) and “they’ve found” (l. 2) is
a) what.
b) when.
c) which.
d) that.
e) whose.
Despite a continuing reduction in the size of the nation's
Armed Forces, 200,000 young men and women are still
enlisting annually. But the reduction, along with an
increasing need for men and women who can operate
high-tech equipment, has significantly changed the
military's recruitment strategies. Military recruiters have
grown familiar with the kinds of sophisticated
advertising techniques and computerized geographic and
market analysis that are routinely used to sell
commercial products. As a result, recruiters can focus
on the communities 'that' are likely to yield the most
qualified applicants.
14. No texto, 'that' refere-se a
a) strategies.
b) applicants.
c) recruiters.
d) communities.
e) young men and women.
DOES AMERICA HAVE A SOUL?
1 Since the publication of "Care of the soul" four
years ago, I've traveled the country giving talks, signing
books, and having conversations on talk radio. I have
learned there are large numbers of Americans (maybe
not the majority) who are passionate about, or at least
interested in, shaping their lives to be humane,
individual, socially tolerant and contributing, and
spiritual by some definition. They are hungry for
whatever it is that makes life worth living and are
concerned about their own souls and the soul of their
country.
2 One moment in my travel stands out. I was
giving a talk in a large auditorium in New England when
a woman sitting in the balcony stood up and told the
story of having just quit her job. She had young children
and was full of anxiety about her financial future, but she
knew the work she had been doing was hurting her soul,
so she made the tough decision to take the leap and hope
for something better. The audience reacted to her story
with wild foot-stomping, whistles, screams, and
prolonged applause. I was shocked by their intensity,
their obvious identification with her plight, but I have
since witnessed these emotions in other parts of the
country. From Mother Jones magazine.
63

15. In the passage "large numbers of Americans (maybe
not the majority) WHO are passionate about" (par.1) the
word WHO could be replaced by
a) which.
b) whom.
c) that.
d) whose.
e) the word cannot be replaced.
4-WHOM
Quando o antecedente for pessoa e o pronome relativo
exercer a função de objeto do verbo, usa-se who, whom,
that ou pode-se omitir (-) o pronome relativo.
O pronome relativo WHOM só pode ser usado com a
função de OBJETO do verbo. Portanto, evita-se seu uso
nas sentenças em que o relativo antecede a um verbo.
Este pronome de ser usado obrigatoriamnte nas
sentenças em que o pronome relativo está
PREPOSICIONADO, como no exemplo C, abaixo.
Significado: Que
Função: Complemento (objeto)
Omissão: Se for complemento
Antecedente: Pessoa apenas
E.g.
Nildaima is the stewardess whom I needed to see.
Those lawyers are the ones whom she sent to court.
This is the writer from whom we got the book as an
example.
EXERCISES: Whom.
16. “Here are some realities of the working world that
often surprise people who are beginning their first job”
(l. 4-6) About “that” and “who”, it’s correct to say:
a) “that” can be replaced by “who”.
b) “who” could be replaced by whom.
c) “that” refers to people.
d) which could substitute for both of them.
e) both “that” and “who” cannot be omitted.
64
5-WHOSE
O pronome relativo whose (cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas)
estabelece uma relação de posse, e é usado com qualquer
antecedente. Esse pronome é sempre seguido por um
substantivo e nunca pode ser omitido.
Este pronome em muitos dos casos, pode concordar com
o termo consequente da sentença, não exercendo assim, a
função anafórica, muito comum com pronomes.
Significado: Cujo (a) (s)
Função: Relacionar posse (s)
Omissão: Nunca é omitido
Antecedente: Qualquer coisa ou pessoa
E.g.
The chemist whose lab was set on fire lives near my
house.
English teachers whose pronunciation is not good
shouldn’t teach without a previous test.
A RACIAL GAP
EXERCISES: Whose
Blacks undergo lifesaving lung-cancer surgery at a lower
rate than whites. What can be done?
Doctors have long known that lung cancers,
which kills 160.000 Americans each year, takes a heavier
toll among black Americans, particularly black men,
than among whites. In part that's because 34% of black
men in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, compared with 28% of
white men. (Black women tend to smoke less than white
women). It also has to do with differences in income and
access to medical care. But there has always been a
lingering suspicion that some of the gap might be due to
either overt or subconscious discrimination. A study in
"New England Journal of Medicine" appears to bolster
that disturbing conclusion.
Unlike other cancers, lung cancer is extremely
hard to detect in its earliest, most treatable stages. Even
so, about 20% of lung-cancer patients are found to have
a tumor whose biological characteristics and small size
give them a good chance of being cured if the malignant

growth is surgically removed.
(Time, October 25th, 1999)
17. In the sentence, "about 20% of lung cancer patients
are found to have a tumor WHOSE biological
characteristics..." the capital word refers to
a) patients
b) blacks.
c) tumor.
d) lung cancer.
e) about 20%.
18.
and written a letter to her. I started writing to her when I
was 10 and she was living at Lake Ranch in the interior
of British Columbia. Her letters were full of what Uncle
Willi was doing. He was a cowboy and he rode quarter
horses every day, moving cattle and watching out for
rattle-snakes.
Her correspondence was like a novel 1whose main
characters were my family, and I still have every letter.
My letters were full of school in Victoria and family and
ballet. I learned to 2pack mine with 3whatever I thought
was important. She would write back with questions and
slowly I learned how to tell a story. I also learned about
the paraphernalia of letter writing, keeping my address
book current, having a ready supply of paper, envelopes
and stamps.
(KOVACH, P. R. Special delivery. The globe and the mail, Canada, July 12,
2011. – Texto adaptado.)
19. O pronome whose (ref. 1) refere-se
a) à escola.
b) a romance.
c) às personagens.
d) à família.
e) à carta.
6-WHERE
O pronome relativo where (onde, em que, no que, no
qual, na qual, nos quais, nas quais) é usado para se referir
a lugar ou lugares.
Este pronome relativo somente aceita ser substituido ou
poderá substituir a expressão IN WHICH.
"A man named", no primeiro quadrinho, é equivalente a
a) a man whose name is.
b) a man that the name is.
c) a man who the name is.
d) a man whom the name is.
e) a man that is name.
Special delivery
The other day in our mailbox there was a letter from
Auntie Anne. She is nearing 80 and does not know how
important Facebook has become. She is not interested in
Twittering and does not see the use of Internet. She is
addicted to pen and paper.
Every other week for the past 30 years I have sat down
Significado: Onde…
Função: Referencial
Omissão: Não
Antecedente: lugar
Zênite is the cursinho where most of the brilliant
students are.
Vitória da Conquista is the city where Mister has been
living since 90s.
Zênite is the cursinho in which most of the brilliant
students are.
Vitória da Conquista is the city in which Mister has been
65

66
living since 90s.
EXERCISES: Where.
KIDS AND TV: PARENTS DON'T PRACTICE WHAT
EXPERTS PREACH
One-third of the youngest children in the United
States - babies through age 6 - 20live in homes where the
television is on almost all the time, says a study that
2highlights the immense disconnect between what
pediatricians advise and what parents allow.
TV in the bedroom is not even that rare for the
youngest children anymore. Almost one child in five
under 2 has a set, even though the American Academy of
Pediatrics advises against any TV watching at that age.
Eight in 10 children younger than 6 watch TV,
play video games or use the computer on a typical day.
They average about two hours of screen time, compared
with 48 minutes when they are being read to, the
14Kaiser Family Foundation concludes in a study
released Wednesday.
The number of youngsters glued to the screen
has not changed much since the foundation's first report
on the topic in 2003. However, in this follow-up, Kaiser
asked parents - in a survey and in focus-group sessions -
why they and their children use TV and other electronic
media the way 8they do.
Instead, a generation of parents raised on TV is
largely encouraging the early use of television, video
games and computers by their own children, often
starting in infancy.
These parents say TV teaches how to share and
the ABCs when they do not have the time. Television
3provides time for parents to cook or take a shower.
1They use screen time as a reward or, paradoxically, to
help kids wind down at bedtime.
7Despite studies that link bedroom TVs to kids'
sleep problems, the most common reason cited for giving
children their own set was that 9it freed up other TVs so
parents or their other children could watch shows of their
choice.
The report by 15the California-based
foundation, 10which analyzes health care 4issues, comes
at a time of great debate about the impact of TV and
other multimedia on youngsters. Just last week,
16specialists called together by the National Institutes of
Health urged more research on how electronic media
affect children at different ages.
Those specialists sigh at the notion that parents
could not get by without TV. "People have made dinner
for millennia, but we've only had television for 50
years," said Dr. Dimitri Christakas of the University of
Washington. "Television's not inherently good or bad. ...
The real 5goal now has to be not to de-technologize
childhood, but how to optimize children's experiences
with 11it."
The pediatrics group recommends no TV or
other electronic media for kids younger than 2 - advice
that just 26 percent of parents followed, Kaiser found -
and no more than two hours of total "screen time" daily
for older children.
17The organization is not anti-TV, said 18Dr.
Daniel Broughton of the Mayo Clinic, an academy
member who co-wrote the recommendations. But before
age 2 is the time of the brain's most rapid development,
and interaction - the live give-and-take that TV cannot
provide - is crucial during that period, he said.
Some studies also link TV watching at younger
ages to youngsters' attention disorders. After a child
reaches 2, the idea is to 6balance a little TV with riding
bikes, playing with friends, household chores and the
other activities of childhood, Broughton said.
"We want parents to watch with their kids," he
added. 13One reason is that viewing ethnic stereotypes
or bad behavior on TV can become instructive, when
parents explain why children should not copy what
12they saw.
Adapted from http://edition.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting. May 24, 2006
20. In the expression "(...) live in homes where the
television is on almost all the time" (ref. 20), "where"
could be rephrased CORRECTLY with:
a) Live in homes in which the television is on almost
all the time.
b) Live in homes that the television is on almost all the
time.
c) Live in homes which the television is on almost all
the time.
d) Live in homes the television is on almost all the
time.
e) Live in homes in that the television is on almost all
the time.

Brazil is setting up Telecenters. These come in all shapes
and forms. 2Their main goal is to provide training and
shared access to the modern information and
communication technologies. A single computer
connected to the Internet that provides free or paid public
access to its capabilities is an embryonic telecenter.
Conversely, an advanced telecenter can act as a business
incubator, a distance-work facility and a cultural and
educational center. Telecenters can be private
enterprises, state owned or community based.
Combinations of these models are flourishing around
Brazil. The preferred model adopted by the Federal
government is the same one adopted by the São Paulo
City Government. The government uses its own
buildings to create telecenters in areas 1where the need is
particularly great. The program is run by the government
officials, along with all equipment purchases and support
services for maintenance of the telecenter network. The
community being served is invited to participate in the
telecenter's steering committee. The main challenge to
this model is government transition.
- Adapted from .
8 – WHAT
(o que) pode ser usado como pronome relativo e pode
exercer função de sujeito ou objeto.
I don't know what happened yesterday. (Não sei o
que aconteceu ontem.)
What is this? (O que é isto?)
ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS - SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
As orações subordinadas (subordinate clauses), também
chamadas de orações dependentes (dependent clauses),
exercem uma função sintática em relação a uma outra
oração, chamada de oração principal, que requer
complemento para que seu significado seja completo.
Desse modo, as orações subordinadas estão sempre
ligadas a outra oração, visto que sozinhas também não
possuem um sentido completo em si. Em inglês, há dois
tipos de orações subordinadas: Relative or Adjective
Clauses e Adverbial Clauses.
Orações Relativas - Relative / Adjetive Clauses
21. In reference 1, the pronoun WHERE refers to
a) São Paulo city.
b) Brazil.
c) buildings.
d) telecenters.
e) areas.
7- WHEN
O pronome relativo when (quando, em que, no qual, na
qual, nos quais, nas quais) é usado referindo-se a dia(s),
mês, meses, ano(s), etc.
Significado: Quando…
Função: Referencial de tempo.
Omissão: Naõ é bom ser omitido
Antecedente: Datas, meses, dias…
I will always remember the day when we met each other.
(Sempre me lembrarei do dia em que nos conhecemos.)
We will get married when you get a job. (Nós iremos
casar quando você conseguir um emprego.)
As orações relativas (relative/adjective clauses) realizam
a mesma função de um adjetivo: complementam um
substantivo ou um pronome da oração principal, que é
chamado de antecedente. Para adicionarmos informações
ao antecedente, usamos ospronomes
relativos (who, whom, whose, which e that). Há dois
tipos de orações relativas: as restritivas (defining relative
clauses) e as explicativas (non-defining relative clauses).
A escolha do pronome relativo dependerá do tipo de
oração (restritiva ou explicativa) e da função que
exercem (sujeito, objeto ou ideia de posse). A partir de
agora, estudaremos cada uma das orações relativas
separadamente:
Defining Relative Clauses - Orações Restritivas
Essas orações definem ou diferenciam o antecedente, ou
seja, elas servem para definir sobre quem ou sobre o que
estamos falando. Observe suas características:
Não são antecedidas de vírgula.
Do you know the student who is talking to Luis Àvila?
(Você conhece o estudante que está falando com o
Àvila?)
67

I was invited to a party which was not very excited.
(Fui convidado para uma festa que não estava muito
animada.)
I was introduced to a woman who can speak six
languages. (Conheci uma mulher que sabe falar seis
idiomas.)
Christopher Columbus was the
man who discovered America.
(Cristóvão Colombo foi o homem que descobriu a
América.)
Gustavo is the journalist who writes for the Times.
(Gustavo é o jornalista que escreve para o Times.)
The man who lives next door is my grandfather. (O
homem que mora na casa ao lado é meu avô.)
Orações Apositivas. (EXPLICATIVAS)
Non-defining Relative Clauses - Orações Explicativas
Fornecem informações adicionais, mas não essenciais
sobre o antecedente. Observe suas características:
As orações explicativas (non-defining) são usadas entre
vírgulas. Pode haver apenas uma vírgula quando a
oração relativa for a segunda.
John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has six
grandchildren. (A mãe do João, que mora na Escócia,
tem seis netos.)
Tony's sister, who smokes like a chimney, is a painter.
(A irmã do Tony, que fuma como um chaminé, é
pintora.)
You should take up swimming, which is a good sport.
(Você deveria dedicar-se à natação, que é um bom
esporte.)
As orações adjetivas podem ser omitidas, uma vez que
contêm informações adicionais que não são necessárias
para a compreensão da oração.
1. WHO Deve ser usado se o antecedente for pessoa.
2. WHICH Deve ser usado se o antecedente não for
pessoa
68
E.g.
Her son, who lives in Campinas, sold me the camera.
Bats, which in their majority are black, like to
hunt at night.
OBSERVAÇÃO IMPORTANTE.
No caso de orações apositivas o pronome usado NÃO
poderá ser omitido nem substituído por THAT.
EXERCISES
Apart from being about murder, suicide, torture, fear and
madness, horror stories are also concerned with ghosts,
vampires, succubi, incubi, poltergeists, demonic pacts,
diabolic possession and exorcism, witchcraft,
spiritualism, voodoo, lycanthropy and the macabre, plus
such occult or quasi occult practices as telekinesis and
hylomancy. Some horror stories are serio-comic or
comic- grotesque, but none the less alarming or
frightening for that.
From late in the 18th c. until the present day – in short,
for some two hundred years – the horror story (which is
perhaps a mode rather than an identifiable genre) in its
many and various forms has been a diachronic feature of
British and American literature and is of considerable
importance in literary history, especially in the evolution
of the short story. It is also important because of its
connections with the Gothic novel and with a multitude
of fiction associated with tales of mystery, suspense,
terror and the supernatural, with the ghost story and the
thriller and with numerous stories in the 19th and 20th c.
in which crime is a central theme.
The horror story is part of a long process by which
people have tried to come to terms with and find
adequate descriptions and symbols for deeply rooted,
primitive and powerful forces, energies and fears which
are related to death, afterlife, punishment, darkness, evil,
violence and destruction.
Writers have long been aware of the magnetic attraction
of the horrific and have seen how to exploit or appeal to
particular inclinations and appetites. It was the poets and
artists of the late medieval period who figured out and
expressed some of the innermost fears and some of the

ultimate horrors (real and imaginary) of human
consciousness. Fear created horrors enough and the
eschatological order was never far from people’s minds.
Poets dwelt on and amplified the ubi sunt motif and
artists depicted the spectre of death in paint, through
sculpture and by means of woodcut. The most potent and
1frightening image of all was that of hell: the abode of
eternal loss, pain and damnation. There were numerous
“visions” of hell in literature.
Gradually, imperceptibly, during the 16th c. hell was
“moved” from its traditional site in the center of the
earth. It came to be located in the mind; it was a part of a
state of consciousness. This was the 2beginning of the
growth of the idea of a subjective, inner hell, a
psychological hell; a personal and individual source of
horror and terror, such as the chaos of a disturbed and
tormented mind, the pandaemonium of psychopathic
conditions, rather than the abode of lux atra and
3everlasting pain with its definite location in a
measurable cosmological system.
The horror stories of the late 16th and early 17th c. (like
the ghost stories) are provided for us by the playwrights.
The Elizabethan and Jacobean tragedians were deeply
interested in evil, crime, murder, suicide and violence.
They were also very interested in states of extreme
5suffering: pain, fear and madness. They found new
modes, new metaphors and images, for presenting the
horrific and in doing so they created simulacra of hell.
One might cite perhaps a thousand or more
instances from plays in the period c. 1580 to c. 1642 in
which hell is an all- purpose, variable and diachronic
image of horror whether as a place of punishment or as a
state of mind and spirit. Horrific action on stage was
commonplace in the tragedy and revenge tragedy of the
period. The satiety which Macbeth claimed to have
experienced when he said: “I have supp’d full of
horrors;/ Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts,
/Cannot once start me…” was representative of it.
During the 18th c. (as during the 19th ), in orthodox
doctrine taught by various “churches” and sects, hell
remained a place of eternal fire and punishment and the
abode of the Devil. For the most part writers of the
Romantic period and thereafter did not re-create it as a
visitable place. However, artists were drawn to
“illustrate” earlier conceptions of hell. William Blake did
102 engravings for Dante’s Inferno. John Martin
illustrated Paradise Lost and Gustave Doré applied
himself to Dante and Milton. The actual hells of the 18th
and 19th c. were the gaols, the madhouses, the slums and
bedlams and those lanes and alleys where vice, squalor,
depravity and unspeakable misery created a social and
moral chaos: terrestrial counterparts to the horrors of
Dante’s Circles.
Gothic influence traveled to America and affected
writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, whose tales are short,
intense, sensational and have the power to inspire horror
and terror. He depicts extremes of fear and insanity and,
through the operations of evil, gives us glimpses of hell.
Poe’s long-term influence was immeasurable (and in the
case of some writers not altogether for their good), and
one can detect it persisting through the 19th c.; in, for
example the French symbolistes (Baudelaire published
translations of his tales in 1856 and 1857), in such
British writers as Rossetti, Swinburne, Dowson and R. L.
Stevenson, and in such Americans as Ambrose Bierce,
Hart Crane and H.P. Lovecraft.
Towards the end of the 19th c. a number of British and
American writers were 4experimenting with different
modes of horror story, and this was at a time when there
had been a steadily growing interest in the occult, in
supernatural agencies, in psychic phenomena, in
psychotherapy, in extreme psychological states and also
in spiritualism.
The enormous increase in science fiction since the 1950s
has diversified horror fiction even more than might at
first be supposed. New maps of hell have been drawn
and are being drawn; new dimensions of the horrific
exposed and explored; new simulacra and exempla
created. Fear, pain, suffering, guilt and madness (what
has already been touched on in miscellaneous “hells”)
remain powerful and emotive elements in horror stories.
In a chaotic world, which many see to be on a disaster
course, through the cracks, “the faults in reality”, we and
our writers catch other vertiginous glimpses of “chaos
and old night”, fissiparating images of death and
destruction.
From: CUDDON, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary
Theory. London: Penguin, 1999.
22. In the sentences In a chaotic world, which many see
to be on a disaster course, through the cracks”, “the
faults in reality”, we and our writers catch other
vertiginous glimpses of “chaos and old night”, “The
satiety which Macbeth claimed to have experienced (… )
was representative of it.” and “…people have tried to
come to terms with and find adequate descriptions and
symbols for deeply rooted, primitive and powerful
69

70
forces, energies and fears which are related to death,
afterlife, punishment, darkness, evil, violence and
destruction.” one finds relative clauses classified
respectively as
a) defining, non-defining, defining.
b) non-defining, defining, non-defining.
c) defining, non-defining, defining.
d) non-defining, defining, defining.
23. In the sentence “Gothic influence traveled to
America and affected writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,
whose tales are short, intense, sensational and have the
power to inspire horror and terror.” one may find at least
one
a) noun clause.
b) adjective clause.
c) time clause.
d) contrast clause
European drama has a less continuous history
than epic and poetry; it has sometimes flourished and
sometimes declined. The first surviving drama was in
Greek, performed in Athens in the 5c BC: the work of
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides (tragedy) and of
Aristophanes (comedy). The main Latin contribution was
the comedy of Terence and Plautus in the 2c BC. The
later Roman Republic and the Empire produced no
significant drama; Seneca (c.4 BC-AD 65) wrote
tragedies based on the Greek model which were intended
for reading to a select audience and not for the public
stage. The later Roman theatre became increasingly
devoted to elaborate and often decadent spectacle. The
Christians opposed it and in the 6c the barbarian
invasions brought it to an end. The revival of the theatre
began in the 11c with the introduction of brief
dramatized episodes into the Mass on the occasion of
major festivals. These gradually developed into complete
plays, performed in public places by the trade guilds and
known as mystery plays or mysteries. These were
succeeded in the 15c by morality plays, allegorical
presentations of human virtues and vices in conflict.
The high point of drama in English came in the
late 16c and early 17c, with such writers as Shakespeare
(especially with his tragedies), Marlowe, Jonson, and
Webster. In the later 17c, the Restoration theatre was
mainly devoted to the witty and often scurrilous comedy
of manners and intrigue. The French classical theatre had
its great period at the same time, with the tragedies of
Corneille and Racine, and the comedies of Moliere. A
long decline in Britain, briefly broken by the 18c
comedies of the Anglo- Irish playwrights Oliver
Goldsmith and Richard Sheridan, ended in a revival at
the end of the 19c by the Irish dramatists Oscar Wilde
and George Bernard Shaw. Prominent playwrights of the
20c include such experimenters in the theatre of the
absurd as Harold Pinter and Samuel Beckett. The latter
belongs as much to the French theatre, which has
produced plays of challenge and 1QUESTIONING by
Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean Giraudoux, and Eugene Ionesco.
Dramatists in the 20c US have looked at the predicament
of modern humanity in a complex, pluralistic society,
notably Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Arthur
Miller. Some of the foremost modern plays are those of
Henrik Ibsen in Norway, August Strindberg in Sweden,
and Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chechov in Russia.
Dramatists are affected, like all writers, by the
presuppositions and fashions of their time and place.
Medieval drama derives from the 2PREVAILING
popular Catholic Christianity, Elizabethan and Jacobean
drama reflects contemporary views of status, honour, and
revenge, Victorian drama displays the manners and
attitudes of the new middle class. Conventions also
affect the structure of plays. In the 16c and 17c,
European drama was often obedient to the demand for
the three unities, adding the unity of place to the unities
of time and action attributed to Aristotle. Dramatists in
English usually disregarded these restraints, supported
the main plot with a subplot, and ranged widely through
time and space. The practice of reading a play instead of
seeing it produced is comparatively late; the majority of
early plays were not printed, and the texts which
appeared were often careless and poorly produced. When
Jonson had his collected plays carefully printed as his
Works (1616), he aroused some ridicule but helped
establish the play as a literary text, probably
3INFLUENCING the publication of Shakespeare's plays
in the First Folio (1623). The printed play became in its
own right a branch of literature, with the result that
theatrical and textual scholarship has been applied to the
work of early dramatists. As time passed, playwrights
gave more consideration to the reader. Stage directions
evolved from laconic indications of entrances and exits
to detailed descriptions of scenes and actions, including
sketches of the appearance and nature of the characters.
The effect is sometimes of an excerpt from a novel in the
present tense. Dramatists in general have become more
self-explanatory and less inclined to entrust their work
solely to the reactions of a live audience.

Although great variety in dramatic structure is
possible, most plays have a connected plot that develops
through conflict to a climax followed by resolution. Even
when the story is known to the audience, the dramatist
creates a mood of tension and suspense by the responses
of characters to the changing situation. The factors apply
to both tragedy and comedy. The suspense can be
terrifying or mirthful and the resolution one of sadness or
relief. Because the play is witnessed in short and
continuous time, the dramatist needs to be economical,
4TELESCOPING events that in reality would develop
over a longer period and 5INTRODUCING meetings
and juxtapositions that might seem remarkable outside
the theatre. Divisions into acts and scenes may mark the
passage of time and emphasize major developments. A
play requires continuous action, not necessarily vigorous,
but moving into new situations and relationships. Long
set speeches and philosophical discourses are seldom
effective.
In spite of the fact that some types of drama,
such as ritual performances and representations of myth,
deliberately avoid a human focus, characterization is the
device in most dramas. Characters may be depicted as
great people, leaders of the community and powerful in
its destiny, or, as is often the case in modern drama, as
ordinary persons. They must be quickly presented to the
audience and become familiar in a short time. They are
created through the words they speak, their actions in the
play, and what other characters report of them. Leading
characters are supported by minor roles, and the quality
of a dramatist is shown partly by skill in making such
roles credible and individual.
Early drama was written in verse, ranging from
the poetry of ancient Greek tragedy and Shakespeare to
the colloquial rhythms of the medieval mysteries. The
type of verse changes from one period to another. Blank
verse was dominant in 16c and early 17c English drama,
the heroic couplet in Restoration tragedy, and the
alexandrine in French classical drama. Prose dialogue
was also used by Shakespeare and his contemporaries,
and by the end of the 17c was the normal medium for
English drama. In the 20c, there was a revival of verse
drama. It was short-lived, however, partly through the
decline of popular interest in poetry and partly through
the failure of the dramatists to develop an idiom that
could be sustained without 6BECOMING artificial and
forced. Modern prose dialogue has tended to become
more colloquial and naturalistic, in contrast to the
stylized diction of early 19c prose drama. In the 20c,
some writers have given close attention to specific
dialects and registers: Synge listened to Irish peasant
speech and Clifford Odets to conversation in New York
bars. However, dramatic dialogue can never simply
reproduce normal speech. The repetitions, hesitations,
and redundancies of normal conversation would be
intolerable on the stage.
From: McArthur, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
Oxford: OUP, 1998.
24. In the sentences: "Seneca (c.4 BC-AD 65) wrote
tragedies based on the Greek model WHICH WERE
INTENDED FOR READING TO A SELECT
AUDIENCE AND NOT FOR THE PUBLIC STAGE".
and "... most plays have a connected plot THAT
DEVELOPS TRHOUGH CONFLICT" the parts in
capital words should be classified respectively as
a) non-defining relative clause and nondefining relative
clause.
b) defining relative clause and nondefining relative
clause.
c) defining relative clause and defining relative clause.
d) non-defining relative clause and defining relative
clause.
APÓS PREPOSIÇÃO.
1. WHOM Deve ser usado se o antecedente for
pessoa
2. WHICH Deve ser usado se o antecedente não
for pessoa
E.g.
Jesus is the One through whom God
made the universe.
That’s the building near which I live.
OBSERVAÇÃO IMPORTANTE.
Quando o pronome relativo (WHOM ou WHICH)
estiver precedido por
uma preposição, ele NÃO poderá ser omitido nem
substituído por THAT.
71

USO ESPECIAL DE THAT
APÓS:
Um superlativo
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
These are the oldest computers that I have ever seen.
Um pronome indefinido como: much, many, all, few,
etc..
Most of the students are out, there are only a few that
came.
Pronomes relativos (em diferentes casos)
Sua escolha do pronome relativo não é apenas
determinada pelo fato de ele se referir a pessoas ou
coisas. Ele também é determinado pelo papel que o
pronome relativo desempenha na sentença.
Por exemplo:
People
Subjective Objective Possessive
or
Case Case Case
Things
People who
(The
boy who ran
g the bell)
whom
(The
boy whom yo
u met)
whose
(The
boy whose bik
e was stolen)
Things which
(The
candle whic
which
(The
candle which
whose
(The
candle whose
h melted) you made) wick had
snapped)
People
or
Things
that
(The
dog that bit
the
postman)
that
(The
dog that the
postman
hates)
whose
(The
dog whose bar
k sounds like
cough)
Preposições com WHICH e WHOM
Quando WHOM ou WHICH é o objeto de uma
preposição, você pode começar a sentença adjetiva com
a preposição (em oposição ao pronome relativo). Por
exemplo:
1. The council will meet Professor Dobbs, from
whom they expect an apology.
(O conselho se reunirá com o Professor Dobbs, de quem
espera um pedido de desculpas.)
2. My greatest concern was the tide, against which
we stood little chance.
(Minha maior preocupação era a maré, contra a qual
tinhamos poucas chances.)
Não é um erro deixar a preposição no final da cláusula,
mas esteja ciente de que alguns leitores podem pensar
que parece um pouco informal, especialmente se a
preposição também termina a frase.
Portanto, na escrita formal, para tentar evitar que termina
uma frase com uma preposição. No entanto, se isso faz
com que sua frase soa pomposa, então tente reformular a
sua frase ou apenas deixe a sua preposição no final.

CAPÍTULO VIII – RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Um pronome recíproco expressa uma ação mútua ou um
relacionamento.
Em Inglês, os pronomes recíprocos são:
• Each other
• One another
1. Jack and Jill hate each other. (Jack e Jill odeiam um ao
outro.) - (Note: Jack hates Jill, and Jill hates Jack. The
action is reciprocated.)
2. The crayfish starting attacking one another.The team
members played their hearts out for one another.
3. They gave each other presents.
Each Other ou One Another?
Aqui está uma resposta rápida: Se o antecedente
representa duas coisas, usar each other. Se são mais do
que dois, use one another.
Aqui está uma explicação mais longa:
Um pronome recíproco é utilizado quando pelo menos
uma coisa retribui a ação de um outro (ou seja, faz a
mesma coisa de volta). Como resultado, o antecedente de
um pronome recíproco (ou seja, o que remete a) é
sempre algo plural. Por exemplo:
1. Our dog and cat love each other. (Aqui, o antecedente
de each other é o nosso cão e gato, que é plural.) •
2. They love each other. (Aqui, o antecedente de each
other é THEY, que é plural. Neste exemplo, que se refere
ao nosso cão e gato.)
Each Other's – não - Each Others'
Os pronomes each other e one another são entidades
singulares (apesar de ter antecedentes plural). Portanto,
ao mostrar posse, o apóstrofo vem antes do S. Esta é uma
regra 100%.
4. Do you two admire each other's courage? (Note: Each
other é tratado como singular. Portanto, o apóstrofo
possessivo é colocado antes do S.)
5. Do you three admire one another's courage? (Note:
One another é tratado como singular. Portanto, o
apóstrofo possessivo é colocado antes do S.)
73

CAPÍTULO IX - CASO POSSESSIVO (GENITIVE CASE)
O Caso Possessivo ocorre com:
1. Nomes de Pessoas
2. Nomes de Animais
3. Espaços de Tempo
4. Lugares
5. Organizações
6. Não ocorre com coisas e objetos.
e.g. Paul’s and Mary’s eyes are light blue.
5. Nomes próprios terminados em S: Segue regra
normal ( ‘S ).
Porém se for um nome clássico é suficiente o ( ‘ ).
e.g. Prince Charles’ friends are very elegant.
Moses’ Law is followed by the Jews.
Para construirmos uma frase com o caso possessivo
precisaremos primeiro saber se os elementos usados
estão classificados nos itens acima entre os números de 1
a 5. Se for possível, então começaremos a fazer o caso
possessivo colocando em primeiro lugar o POSSUIDOR
seguido de ( ‘ ) ou ( ‘S) e depois o OBJETO
POSSUÍDO.
E.g.
I know my teacher’s
name
They want Mary’s
address.
You need a
rest.
REGRAS:
day’s
Conquista’s streets are very
narrow.
Zénite’s classrooms are very
comfortable.
1. Plural terminado em S: Quando a palavra for um
plural terminado em S basta acrescentar ( ‘ ).
e.g. My parents’ new house is so beautiful.
2. Plural não terminado em S: Segue a regra geral.
e.g. My children’s names are Monaliza and Karoline.
3. Posse coletiva: Apenas o úiltimo nome recebe o ( ‘S ).
e.g. Paul and Mary’s mother is from Argentina.
4. Posse individual: Todos os possuidores recebem ( ‘S ).
ATENÇÃO:
Não se usa o artigo definido THE antes de possessivos
ou nomes próprios.
Usando apóstrofos incorretamente com Plurais.
Não adicione um apóstrofo para uma palavra só porque a
palavra termina com a letra s. Este é um erro comum, e é
um crime gramatical. (Em outras palavras, os leitores
vão pensar que você é ruim, se você continuar fazendo
isso.)
Este erro é mais comumente visto quando as pessoas
formam o plural dos substantivos, mas isso acontece com
verbos também;
Examples: e.g., He eat's pies.
I like pig's. Dog's look up to us.
Cat's look down on us.
Usar apóstrofos em expressões de tempo.
(Coprretamente)
Apóstrofos podem ser usados em expressões de tempo
(também chamados de expressões temporais) como:
day's pay and two weeks' notice s.
A grande questão com estes é onde colocar o apóstrofo.
A decisão é muito simples: o apóstrofo vai antes do S
para uma única unidade de tempo (por exemplo, one
day's pay) e depois do S quando é mais do que um (por
exemplo, two days' pay).
74

Examples:
Usando apóstrofos para Posse.
I never did a day's work in my life. It was all
fun. (Thomas Edison, 1847-1931) Eu nunca fiz um dia
de trabalho na minha vida. Era tudo diversão. (Thomas
Edison, 1847-1931)
Apóstrofos são usados para mostrar posse. Por exemplo:
The dog's kennel
The dogs' kennel
It's not worth it for just two minutes' pleasure. Não vale a
pena isso, por apenas dois minutos de prazer.
It's not always about time. Nem sempre é sobre o tempo.
I live a stone's throw away. Eu vivo a poucos passos de
distância.
A grande questão é se a colocar o apóstrofo antes do S
ou depois dos S. A regra básica é a seguinte: o apóstrofo
vai antes do S para um único possuidor (por exemplo,
one dog's kennel - o canil de um cão) e após os S quando
é mais do que um possuidor (e.g., two dogs' kennel)
Usando apóstrofos para substituir letras.
Um apóstrofo pode ser utilizado para substituir uma ou
mais letras (por exemplo,., isn't, - can't). A nova palavra
formada é chamado uma contracção. Contrações não são
normalmente utilizadas em correspondência formal.
Nestes exemplos, o cão e os cães são os possuidores.
Eles não têm nada a ver com o canil. Essa palavra pode
ser singular ou plural. Não faz diferença alguma para
onde vai o apóstrofo. Por exemplo:
One dog's dinner
One dog's dinners
Two dogs' dinner
When I was born I was so surprised I didn't talk for a
year and a half. (Gracie Allen, 1906-1964) Quando eu
nasci eu fiquei tão surpreso que não falei por um ano e
meio.
Life is something that happens when you can't get to
sleep. (Fran Lebowitz) A vida é algo que acontece
quando você não consegue dormir.
Two dogs' dinners
Esta regra parece bastante simples, mas há exceções. A
exceção mais notável é quando o plural não termina em
S (por exemplo, children, women, people, men -
crianças, mulheres, pessoas, homens).
Estas palavras têm o apóstrofo antes do S (mesmo que
sejam plurais). Por exemplo:
children's toys
As contrações são mais comumente usadas na escrita
informal para refletir como nós falamos. Estas duas
contrações são vilões notórios gramática: it's & you're.
Usando apóstrofos em Plurais incomuns
women's hat
EXERCISES
A primeira coisa a dizer sobre esse assunto é que
apóstrofos não são normalmente utilizados para mostrar
os plurais, e muitos de seus leitores vão odiá-lo, se você
usar um apóstrofo para esta finalidade. No entanto, há
momentos em que ele ajuda, usando um apóstrofo para
mostrar um plural. Por exemplo:
There are two i's in skiing.
You use too many but's in your writing.
Claro, existem outras maneiras de escrever estas
sentenças. Por exemplo:
There are two Is in skiing.
You use too many "but"s in your writing.
CURIOSITY: a path toward knowledge?
4
Curiosity's virtue is its greed. It wonders, often
indiscriminately, about everything it focuses on.
Curiosity carries you, limited by time and space, beyond
the immediate. It knows no boundaries, and it pushes
you to learn about everything that's still unknown or
unfamiliar to you. 1 It can as easily direct itself to the
ancient Egyptians as to the wriggling pond-life under
your microscope. But that's also its vice, for it's usually
directed to very particular interests - say, to ballet or to
bugs. You therefore have to make strenuous efforts to
extend its range, so that your wonder about ballet
75

ecomes knowledge about dance, or so that your
fascination with bugs turns into a lifelong love affair
with the entire natural world.
When you were a child, your eagerness to learn
defined your behavior. You were full of wonder about
everything - touching, holding, maybe wrecking
anything that came into your reach. And as soon as you
could talk you were full of questions: 2 why is the sky
blue? why is up up? why can't tomorrow be yesterday?
You found everything "curiouser and curiouser", as
Alice found it in Wonderland. Adults tried to answer
your endless questions (even if you sometimes drove
them crazy with them), for they knew that by rewarding
your natural inquisitiveness and by satisfying your
excitement to know, they'd help you to learn and, equally
important, to acquire a taste for learning throughout your
life.
Yet you must keep this in mind about
knowledge: it isn't the same thing as information.
Knowledge is information that has been given
organization, meaning, and use. 3 Facts exist by
themselves. Knowledge is a human creation.
5 Hydrogen and chlorine are elements of nature.
That's a fact. Your understanding that, when combined,
these two elements create new substances, such as
hydrochloric acid, which has certain characteristics that
hydrogen and chlorine independently don't have,
constitutes knowledge.
Knowledge differs from information as music
differs from sound. An orchestra warming up doesn't
make music; it makes only noise. It makes music when
the conductor takes over and each performer follows the
score in cooperation with one another. Music is sound
given form and significance. Similarly, knowledge is
information given structure and meaning. The facts in
your head become knowledge when you put them
together so that they're related to one another and, put
together, take on meaning that is large than the mere
facts alone. Nothing has meaning by itself. Information
has to gain meaning from the application of human
thought. To attain knowledge, you must struggle
endlessly to derive meaning from information.
Curiosity can be every student's best friend. It's
the inner signal of what your mind and spirit want to
know at any particular time. You ask questions and
pursue your curiosity for a single reason: to create
knowledge. (Adapted from BANNER, Jr., M.J. and CANNON, H.C. The
elements of learning. New Haven: Yale Press,.)
1. Mark the option in which the apostrophe S is used as
in "curiosity's virtue" (ref. 4).
a) "it's the inner signal";
b) "that's still unknown";
c) "it's usually directed";
d) "that's a fact";
e) "student's best friend".
Most tourists in Rio spend most of their time
downtown or in the city's "Zona Sul", or southern zone,
where the "Rua dos Oitis" is located. But in the 50 weeks
of the year not devoted to "Carnaval" or New Year's Eve,
it can be easy to 1 miss the party. It takes some guidance
to develop the sense of where the "Cariocas" will be
exercising their native "joie de vivre".
A working knowledge of Portuguese is an easy
in, but even lacking that, with a little advance work and a
few English-speaking Brazilian contacts you can get
involved .......... the action and have an idea of the real
scene.
I received my initial orientation at home in New
York, from acquaintances and friends of friends. Many
Brazilians, gregarious by nature, are happy enough to
help steer a traveler, especially if they think they may be
coming north sometime to collect .......... a return of the
favor. 3 Local advice is also comforting, of course, given
Rio's reputation for crime. 4 While the danger does not
seem to 2 dampen 5 anyone's partying spirit, violence is
much feared and the threat is much discussed .......... the
locals.
Frequent travelers to Rio may share 6 tips too.
Before and after its peak travel season, the city attracts a
number of regular visitors seduced by the charm of the
Brazilians and the culture of their proudest city. These
repeaters readily brave long flights, like the 12-hour trip
from New York with not a single nonstop to be found.
(Adapted from: KUGEL, Seth. The New York Times, 20 Feb.)
2. The use of 'S is the same in ANYONE'S PARTYING
SPIRIT (ref. 5) and in
a) Everyone's invited for Carnival in Rio.
b) The American's luggage was checked carefully.
c) My friend Jeremy's arrived.
d) Nobody's pleased with the situation.
e) The Mexican tourist's coming tomorrow.
76

Texto 1: Teen depression
Depression is defined as an illness when the
feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair persist and
interfere with a child or adolescent's ability to function.
Though the term "depression" can describe a
normal human emotion, it also can refer to a mental
health illness. Depressive illness in children and teens is
defined when the feelings of depression persist and
interfere with a child or adolescent's ability to function.
Depression is common in teens and younger
children. About 5 percent of children and adolescents in
the general population suffer from depression at any
given point in time. Children under stress, who
experience loss, or who have attentional, learning,
conduct or anxiety disorders are at a higher risk for
depression. Teenager girls are at especially high risk, as
are minority youth. Depressed youth often have
problems at home. In many cases, the parents are
depressed, as depression tends to run in families. Over
the past 50 years, depression rises, so does the teen
suicide rate.
It is important to remember that the behavior of
depressed children and teenagers may differ from the
behavior of depressed adults. The characteristics vary,
with most children and teens having additional
psychiatric disorders, such as behavior disorders or
substance abuse problems.
Mental health professionals advise parents to be
aware of signs of depression in their children. Some of
these signs may be: frequent sadness, tearfulness, crying;
hopelessness; decreased interest in activities or inability
to enjoy previously favorite activities; persistent
boredom; low energy; social isolation; poor
communication; poor concentration; extreme sensitivity
to rejection or failure, and increased irritability, anger, or
hostility; among others.
(Extraído de: www.focusas.com/Depression.html)
Texto 2: Adolescent Depression: Helping depressed
teens
It's not unusual for young people to experience
"the blues" or feel "down in the dumps" occasionally.
Adolescence is always an unsetting time, with the many
physical, emotional, psychological and social changes
that accompany this stage of life.
Unrealistic academic, social, or family
expectations can create a strong sense of rejections and
can lead to deep disappointment. When things go wrong
at schools or at home, teens often overreact. Many young
people feel that life is not fair or that things "never go
their way." They feel "stressed out" and confused. To
make matters worse, teens are bombarded by conflicting
messages from parents, friends and society. Today's
teens see more of what life has to offer - both good and
bad - on television, at school, in magazines and on the
Internet. They are also forced to learn about the threat of
AIDS, even if they are not sexually active or using drugs.
Teens need adult guidance more than ever to
understand all the emotional and physical changes they
are experiencing. When teens' moods disrupt their ability
to function on a day-to-day basis, it may indicate a
serious emotional or mental disorder that needs attention
- adolescent depression. Parents or caregivers must take
action.
Depressions can be difficult to diagnose in teens
because adults may expect teens to act moody. Also,
adolescents do not always understand or express their
feelings very well. They may not be aware of the
symptoms of depression and may not seek help.
(Extraído de www.nmha.org/infoctr/factsheets/24.cfm)
3. De acordo com o texto 1, indique a alternativa que
expressa o mesmo significado da expressão em destaque
na sentença:
It is important to remember that THE BEHAVIOR OF
DEPRESSED CHILDREN may change.
a) the depressed children's behavior
b) the behavior's depressed children
c) the behavior of the depressed children's
d) the children's depressed behavior
e) the depressed behavior's children
It's Not the Carbs, Stupid
In the mid-19 th century, William Banting first
popularized the low carbohydrate weight-loss plan that
has once again grabbed the media's collective attention.
Banting was a well-meaning London undertaker who
grew so fat in middle age that he could not descend a
staircase face first, for fear of being toppled by his
copious paunch. His friend and physician, the noted
British aural surgeon William Harvey, prescribed a
regimen focused on meat, small amounts of fruit and
77

78
liberal lashings of Claret, sherry and Madeira, which
helped Banting drop 35 pounds in 38 weeks.
(BY ELLEN RUPPEL SHELL Newsweek, August 5, )
4. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o uso correto do
caso possessivo, como no substantivo "media" em "the
media's collective attention".
a) mens' garment.
b) womens' wear.
c) mental's disturbance.
d) children's clothes.
e) disappointment's feeling.
Woody Allen's 'Sweet and Lowdown' has received great
critical acclaim, 1 not least in the perceptive review of it
by Jonathan Romney. 2 But not even he has discussed the
aspect of the film I found the most intriguing.
That 'Interiors' was made as a tribute to Bergman was
immediately recognised, but no review I have seen has
pointed out that 'Sweet and Lowdown' reflects not only
Allen's love of jazz, but also his love for Fellini. In this
case, the homage takes the form of appropriating and
reworking the plotline of 'La Strada (1954)'.
Samantha Morton's superb performance as the mute
Hattie in Allen's film has caused comparisons to be made
with the blind heroine of Chaplin's 'City Lights (1931)',
but it's even more relevant to recall that Giulietta
Masina's Gelsomina in 'La Strada' was also
Chaplinesque. Both Hattie and Gelsomina are loveable
characters with more than a touch of simple-mindedness,
and each is exploited by a travelling performer, the man
they love. What makes this more than a passing parallel
is the fact that both films 3 lead to the same conclusion, a
scene in which the man comes to the belated realisation
that the woman he abandoned had been the love of his
life, and also discovers that he has lost her.
If I found 'Sweet and Lowdown' immensely fascinating
without being wholly satisfying, it was because I was at
once convinced that it is a variation on a film which
cannot be matched, and which for me is Fellini's greatest.
(Fonte: Sight and Sound,)
5. 0 possessivo, usado como em "Woody Allen's Sweet
and Lowdown", está correto em todas as alternativas
abaixo, EXCETO em
a) There was a two hours' delay at the airport in
London.
b) Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange is a
milestone in modern literature.
c) In our last holidays we had to cope with our young
relatives' weird ideas.
d) Elizabeth I's interest on sea voyages brought
development to England.
e) Maggie and Millie's eyebrows are so thin you can
hardly see them.
6. Complete the sentence with the CORRECT
alternative:
__________________ father is in Europe.
a) The Mary's and George's
b) Mary's and George
c) Mary and George's
d) Mary's and Georges's
e) The Mary and George's
7. Complete com a opção correta. Os exercícios a seguir
referem-se ao Genitive Case.
1. On weekends we like to have dinner at
________________. (Jack'/Jack's)
2. ___________________ dog is very well-mannered.
(Camila and Ana's/Camila's and Ana')
3. I've examined ____________________ grades.
(Claudio' and Tom's/Claudio's and Tom's)
4. Have you seen ___________________ sister?
(Vinicius's/Vinicius')
5. Have you seen the ___________________ toys?
(child's/children's)
6. ____________________ father is an old friend of
mine. (James'/James's)
7. ____________________ father is a world-known
musician. (John's and Paul's/John and Paul's)
8. Reescreva as orações usando o Caso Genitivo ('s, s'):
a) The explanation of the teacher wasn't so clear.
_______________________________________
b) The car of Charles is a brand new one.
_______________________________________

c) Did you know that the nationality of Richard Burton
is Welsh?
_______________________________________
d) The dresses of the princess are so beautiful.
_______________________________________
e) The documents of Mary and John have been lost.
_______________________________________
10. Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à tradução
mais adequada da frase a seguir:
a) My mother's maid has just bought the dog's meat.
b) Minha mãe e a empregada acabam de comprar a
carne do cachorro.
c) A empregada de minha mãe acaba de comprar a
carne do cachorro.
d) Minha mãe acabou de fazer a carne do cachorro.
e) Minha mãe fará compras com a empregada e o
cachorro.
f) Minha mãe é empregada e comprou carne de
cachorro.
f) The ball of the boys was American.
_______________________________________
One of the great themes of American history emerges
from the epochal story of Americans confronting and
1 coming to terms with a huge wild country. Quite unlike
the Old World, where people had occupied the land for
as long as history could recall, and where adjustment to
environment came so 4 gradually as to be almost
imperceptible, Americans' encounter with their land was
abrupt and violent, consuming much of the nation's
energies, and 5 powerfully gripping its collective
imagination. 3 It has been said that America is a nation
with abundance of geography but a shortage of history,
and there is some truth in both statements. It took less
than four hundred years to subdue more than three
million square miles of territory; in fact, Americans
occupied the bulk of their national domain within the last
century and a half. Even today, much of the United
States remains only semipopulated and semitamed. 2 It is
no wonder that the struggle to conquer America's
physical geography looms so large in the nation's
memory. Just as Americans have reshaped the face of
their land, the people themselves have been shaped and
reshaped by constant intimate encounters with that land.
11. Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a
lacuna.
The__________uncle was dead.
a) writer.
b) bwriters.
c) writer of.
d) writer's.
e) writers of the.
9. The phrases "Americans' encounter" the nation's
energies" and "America's physical geography" are
examples of
a) passive voice.
b) the infinitive.
c) the gerund,
d) the genitive.
e) indirect speech.
79

CAPÍTULO X – SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – VERBS
Verbo é a classe de palavras que nomeia, descreve um
estado ou uma ação. A maioria dos verbos em Inglês é
dividida em verbos regulares (regular verbs) e verbos
irregulares (irregular verbs).
Os verbos irregulares são os que não são conjugados
da mesma maneira que os regulares e para os quais
não existe uma regra geral; para cada verbo irregular
há uma regra. Em Inglês, toda a sentença precisa ter
um verbo, pelo menos.
Começaremos a estudar os verbos a partir do Verbo
"to be", que é um dos verbos mais básicos em língua
inglesa.
Verbo to be - Verb to be
O verbo to be significa ser e estar em português e,
além desses dois significados, este verbo é muito
usado no sentido de ficar(tornar-se). Observe os usos
e as formas deste verbo:
- USOS:
Usa-se o verbo to be:
1. Para identificar e descrever pessoas e objetos:
• Richard is my friend. (Ricardo é meu amigo.)
• I am Italian. (Eu souItaliano.)
• I'm from Spain. (Eu sou da Espanha.)
• It is a computer. (Isto éum computador.)
2. Nas expressões de tempo, idade* e lugar:
• It was raining this morning. (Hoje de manhã estava
chovendo.)
• It is sunny today. (Hoje o dia estáensolarado.)
• I am twenty years old. (Tenho vinte anos.)
cojugada no presente afirmativo sofre acréscimo de “S”.
Se o verbo terminar em S, SH, CH, X, O ou Z,
acrescenta-se “ES”. (para a 3ª pessoa do singular
apenas). Se o verbo termina em Y antecedido por uma
consoante, o Y é retirado e as letras “IES” são
acrescentadas. (Para a 3ª pessoa do singular apenas).
E.g.
1. I live in Vit. Da Conquista with my family.
2. He needs to stay with us tonight.
3. She goes to school twice a week.
4. The teacher studies hard every day.
5. The teachers study hard every day.
Obs. O verbo TO HAVE tem uma forma especial para a
3ª pessoa do singular no presente afirmativo que é: HAS.
E.g.
1. He has a beautiful car.
2. The Solar System has nine planets
Muitos verbos expressam ações físicas
Aqui estão algumas frases com os verbos destacados.
(Esses verbos expressam
She sells pegs and lucky heather. - (Neste exemplo, a
palavra SELL é um verbo. Ele exprime a actividade
física de vender.).)
1. The doctor wrote the prescription. - (Neste exemplo, a
palavra WROTE é um verbo. Ela expressa a atividade
física para escrever.)
2. Alison bought a ticket. - (A palavra BOUGHT é um
verbo. Ela expressa a atividade física para comprar.)
80
SIMPLE PRESENT:
O Simple Present (Presente do Indicativo em português)
é formado a partir do infinitivo sem TO, exceto para o
verbo TO BE (e estruturas compostas com este verbo) e
verbos ANÔMALOS. A 3ª pessoa do singular quando
Verbos que expressam atividade mental também.
Como nós vimos no início, os verbos não expressam
necessariamente ações físicas como os acima. Eles
podem expressar ações mentais.

1. She considers the job done. - (A palavra considers é
um verbo. Ela expressa a atividade mental a considerar.)
2. Peter guessed the right number. - (A palavra GUESS é
um verbo. Ela expressa a atividade mental de adivinhar.)
ATENÇÃO:
Observe que os verbos conjugados na terceira pessoa do
singular não são acrescidos de S, pois isso só ocorre nas
frases afirmativas.
Presente Simples:
Forma Interrogativa:
Faz-se a interrogativa com a ajuda dos auxiliares DO e
DOES, que é o auxiliar da 3ª pessoa do singular.
Veja quadro.
DO
DOES
DO
ATENÇÃO:
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
WORK ?
STUDY ?
SWIM ?
SING ?
HURT ?
GO ?
UNDERSTAND ?
STAY ?
Observe que os verbos conjugados na terceira pessoa do
singular não são acrescidos de S, pois isso só ocorre nas
frases afirmativas.
Forma Negativa :
Faz-se a forma negativa com a ajuda dos auxiliares DO
NOT (DON”T) e DOES NOT (DOESN”T).
Veja mais alguns exemplos nas três formas.
1. Do you live near here ?
2. Does your sister study English ?
3. We don’t know how to speak Chinese.
4. They want us to stay with them.
5. People like to go to the beach on Summer.
ATENÇÃO:
As palavras DO e DOES quando são utilizadas em
sentenças afirmativas, apresentarão uma função
ENFÀTICA ao verbo principal das sentenças.
Dando uma atenção especial ao sentido positivo da frase.
Poderemos substituir DO e DOES nas sentenças pelo
equivalente enfático, REALLY.
Mister does love his son Misterzinho.
Mister really love his son Misterzinho.
The Beatles.
Help me if you can I'm feeling down
And I do appreciate you being 'round
Help me get my feet back on the ground
Won't you please, please, help me, help me, help me?
Veja quadro.
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
DO NOT (DON’T)
DOES NOT (DOESN’T)
WORK
STUDY
SWIM
SING
HURT
Presente Simples:
Definição:
Usaremos o Presente Simples quando se tratar de um
hábito, algo que acontece com frequência considerável,
ações genéricas, um fenômeno natural ou uma verdade
cientificamente comprovada.
Veja mais alguns exemplos:
WE
YOU
THEY
DO NOT (DON’T)
GO
UNDERSTAND
STAY
We study English in a private school.
They go to the club almost every Sunday.
It always rains in the Rain Forest.
The moon moves around the Earth.
81

The Earth doesn’t have a flat form.
ATENÇÃO:
Quando expressarmos uma verdade univesal (The earth
goes around the sun) – ou verdade cientificamente
comprovada (Water boils at at 71 Celcius on the Everest)
– é importantíssimo que o façamos no Simple Present
Tense.
Presente Simples:
Verbo TO BE e ANÔMALOS
TO BE:
Este verbo é sem dúvida o mais irregular da língua
inglesa. Ele tem uma conjugação especial no presente e
no passado, tem sua própria forma negativa dispensando
assim os auxiliares e também tem sua própria forma
interrogativa. Veja quadro.
Interro
Affirmative Negative
PESSOA
gative
Form
Form
Form
1ª
am
I am I’m I
I am not Am I ?
Singular
not
2ª
are You
you
You are You’re You
Are
Singular
not aren’t
?
3ª
is
He is He’s He
He isn’t Is he ?
Singular
not
3ª
is
She
she
She is She’s She
Is
OU
Singular
not OU isn’t
?
3ª
is
It is It’s It
It isn’t Is it ?
Singular
not
1ª
are We
We are We’re We
Are we ?
Pural
not aren’t
2ª
are You
you
You are You’re You
Are
Pural
not aren’t
?
3ª
are They
they
They are They’re They
Are
Plural
not aren’t
?
Como você pode observar este verbo dispensa os
auxiliares DO, DOES, DON’T e DOESN’T, usados nos
exemplos anteriores. O mesmo ocorrerá no passado
simples, que será um dos nossos próximos assuntos.
Veja o verbo TO BE no presente simples.
82
E.g.
1. He is American from New York.
2. She isn’t a good student.
3. Are you a good soccer player ?
4. Are they teachers or students ?
5. Monica and Elizabeth aren’t from the same city.
6. What is your name ?
7. It is hot today, isn’t it ?
ANÔMALOS:
Os anômalos são verbos que não podem ser
cojugados em todos os tempos. Cada um tem o seu
próprio tempo verbal e podem se auxiliarem numa
sentença.
Os anômalos de tempo presente tais como:
CAN. MAY, e MUST, assim como o verbo TO BE não
precisam dos auxiliares DO, DOES, DON’T e
DOESN’T, já mencionados.Todavia os anômalos é um
assunto que trataremos mais tarde.
Presente Simples:
Advérbios de Freqüência: Os advérbios de frequência
bem que podiam ser estudados num outro capítulo, mas
como eles vão nos ajudar a entender melhor o que é o
presente simples, resolvi usar aqui alguns exemplos com
esses advérbios que geralmente acompanham o presente
simples.
Alguns Advérbios de Frequência:
1 Always Sempre
1. 2 Frequently Freqüentemente
2. 3 Generally Geralmente
3. 4 Usually Habitualmente
4. 5 Often Freqüentemente
5. 6 Sometimes Às vezes
6. 7 Seldom Raramente
7. 8 Rarely Raramente
8. 9 Never Nunca

ATENÇÃO:
Esses advérbios devem ser usados entre o sujeito e o
verbo principal de cada oração. Exceto SOMETIMES,
que também pode ser usado no início ou final de cada
oração.
Se o verbo for TO BE o advérbio deve aparecer
depois deste.
Examine os anúncios para responder à questão.
Vejamos ainda, mais alguns exemplos de Presente
Simples.
1. They always have lunch after 1:00 o’clock.
2. Iane Mikaelle is usually late for class.
3. People often go to the club on Saturdays.
4. Sometimes I watch TV in the afternoon.
5. My parents never stay home on Sundays.
6. Crislenon sometimes studies late in the evening.
EXERCISES
2. Nos anúncios, as palavras use, you, need, electricity e
wisely são exemplos, respectivamente, de
a) substantivo, pronome, verbo, substantivo e advérbio.
b) verbo, pronome, verbo, substantivo e advérbio.
c) substantivo, adjetivo, verbo, substantivo e adjetivo.
d) verbo, pronome, verbo, adjetivo e adjetivo.
e) substantivo, pronome, substantivo, adjetivo e advérbio.
1. De acordo com o anúncio,
a) The event is addressed to Brazilian students who
live abroad.
b) The event will happen on the weekend and will last
all day long.
c) The invitation to the event is made through an
imperative sentence.
d) The most important cultural event in the Brazilian
culture is carnival.
3. Consider the sentence below and the suggestions to
complete it.
The best translations into Portuguese for
1. “be prepared” (panel 2) is estamos preparados.
2. with this full backpack (panel 3) is com esta mochila
cheia.
83

3. Just so long as we don‘t get hungry (panel 4) is Só
enquanto não sentirmos fome.
Which of the suggestions above can be considered
correct according to the text?
a) Only 1.
b) Only 2.
c) Only 3.
d) Only 2 and 3.
e) 1, 2 and 3.
- Make the most of your assets. For example: 20 Don’t
cover freckles, says Tiffany. “They’re awesome. They’re
you. So make the most of them.”
- Photographers always ask you to [put your] ‘chin
down’ — it makes one look more flattering that way.
Even slightly raised eyebrows work too.
- Avoid wearing sunglasses for a photo; they’re like
stuffing your hands in your pockets — you come across
as having something to hide.
- Go for B&W shots 23 if you’re looking for classic and
flattering.
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/weekend/inside.asp?xfile=/data/weekend/2011/janu
ary/weekend_january7.xml&section=weekend
Profile Perfect
By Karen Ann Monsy | January 7, 2011
4. A alternativa cujo fragmento apresenta o mesmo
modo verbal dos segmentos sublinhados em "Avoid the
stiff smile! Go for the 'after laugh' smile instead" (ref.
19) é
a) "Don't cover freckles" (ref. 20).
b) "all over the place, aren't you?" (ref. 1).
c) "but they should" (ref. 21).
d) "Tiffany cautioned" (ref. 22).
e) "if you're looking for classic and flattering" (ref. 23).
Tears dry on their own
Amy Winehouse.
All I can ever be to you,
Is a darkness that we knew
And this regret I got accustomed to
Once it was so right
When we were at our high,
Waiting for you in the hotel at night
Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Orkut — 1 all over the
place, aren’t you? Now find out how 3 a single snap can
say it all.
Here are a few tips from Tiffany for 8 how best to
create that memorable profile shot:
- 19 Avoid the stiff smile! Go for the ‘after laugh’ smile
instead — 12 it always works best.
- Magic hours for outdoor photography: early morning or
18 in the evening just before, during or after sunset.
I knew I hadn’t met my match
But every moment we could snatch
I don’t know why I got so attached
It’s my responsibility,
And you don’t owe nothing to me
But to walk away I have no capacity
He walks away
84

The sun goes down,
He takes the day but I’m grown
And in your way
In this blue shade
My tears dry on their own.
I don’t understand
Why do I stress a man,
When there’s so many bigger things at hand
We could have never had it all
We had to hit a wall
So this is inevitable withdrawal
Even if I stopped wanting you,
A perspective pushes through
I’ll be some next man’s other woman soon
[…]
I wish I could say no regrets
And no emotional debts
’Cause as we kissed goodbye the sun sets
So we are history
The shadow covers me
The sky above a blaze
That only lovers see
A cyber attack blocked traffic to the website of the
Brazilian presidency and two other government sites on
Wednesday, authorities said.
The Brazilian branch of the Lulz Security hacking
collective claimed responsibility for the attacks.
Lulz members have claimed responsibility for recent
attacks on the site of electronics giant Sony, along with
the CIA web page and the U.S. Senate computer system.
The Brazilian president’s office said in a statement that
attacks on the website of the presidency, along with the
nation’s internal revenue service and a government
portal began around 12:30 a.m. and lasted until 3 a.m.
The government said it stopped the hackers from
obtaining data from the websites, but that the attacks
made them inaccessible for about an hour.
Hours later, people who claimed to be Lulz members
said on Twitter that they had taken down the website of
oil company Petrobras, whose website was down
Wednesday afternoon. Petrobras would not confirm
whether the problems with its website were caused by an
attack.
On a Twitter page in the name of the Brazilian branch of
Lulz, posters justified the apparent attack on the
Petrobras website by complaining about the price of
gasoline in Brazil.
“Wake up Brazil! We no longer want to buy gas at 2.75
to 2.78 reals ($1.73 to $1.75) and export for half of that
price!” stated one tweet from the group.
Adapted from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/brazilpresidency-website-hacked-jammed-in-attack-claimed-by-lulzcollective/2011/06/22/AGb53KgH_story.html
(http://letras.terra.com.br. Adaptado.)
6. Which verb form is used in the sentence: “Wake up
Brazil!”.
5. Em qual alternativa todas as palavras, conforme
utilizadas na letra da música, são formas verbais?
a) Accustomed, away, knew, met, was.
b) Ever, hand, match, waiting, were.
c) Accustomed, hand, know, owe, was.
d) Away, ever, met, snatch, waiting.
e) Attached, knew, met, owe, were.
a) Futuro.
b) Passado simples.
c) Presente Perfeito.
d) Imperativo.
e) Presente Contínuo.
Brazil presidency website hacked, jammed in attack
claimed by Lulz collective
85

86
7. Texto 3
Considerando as ideias presentes no texto e os aspectos
da língua inglesa, é CORRETO afirmar que
a) the governor is trying to help the prisoners to
improve the bad conditions of the prison.
b) the term over-crowding expresses the idea that there
are just a few people or things in one place.
c) the prisoner is saying that he wishes he could talk to
the governor about the difficult conditions in prison.
d) the sentence Don’t talk to me about prison overcrowding…
in the affirmative form would be “Talk
to me about prison over-crowding…”
The art of difference
Mutuality in recognizing and negotiating difference is
crucial for people to deal with their past and the future; it
is also essential in the process of creating a culture of
responsibility. How can this be achieved and what is the
role of art in this process?
1
A vision based on ideologies solves both challenges of
sharing – the interpretation of the past and the
projections of the future. But ideologies are somehow
“total”, if not totalitarian, because there is not much
space for serious public negotiation. Individuals, then,
lose their integrity or are restricted to their private
spheres and, in the end, their memories become part of
the dominant identity discourse, their aspirations are
delegated. Even in less obvious systems of ideological
rule, where individual subscription to the official story
line seems to be consciously voluntary and collective
memories are willingly encouraged for the sake of
collective identities, the negotiation of difference is often
not welcome: exclusion happens quickly 2 and nonconformist
doubts produce suspicion.
A democratic vision – shared aspirations for the future,
based on negotiated interpretations of the past that
respect diversity – is necessarily found in complex
processes of private and public discourse and
participatory and inclusive culture. Yet, politics tends to
reduce complexity and engineer the balance between the
individual and the collective rather than invest in
processes of negotiation. We have learned, 11 though, that
this social engineering is a phantasm, largely limited and
limiting, and, even if successful, often creates paranoid
and fatal structures of homogeneity by trying to mould
memories and hopes.
Humankind has gathered impressive knowledge about
the limitations of the human will and the failures of such
“engineering”. 12 Nevertheless, despite this, and maybe
even because of it, we cannot give up trying the
3 impossible: to create conditions for equality and
solidarity for individuals to flourish. These conditions
should be accompanied by narratives of a just, fair and
free commonwealth of all. If history and memory seem
to make this dream an 4 unlikely scenario, can art play
this part?
The role of art is precisely to keep inspiration alive, to
deconstruct ideology, to 5 recall the necessary dream of
freedom, of the individual and of the common good
beyond the “either/or” and beyond simplicity. In this
sense, art in general prevents false hopes, and thus
generates hope in the most paradoxical way: the only
way of hoping that reaches beyond the private sphere
without some kind of ideological distortion.
What makes art so unique? And why? Because the best
narratives of art are purpose-free, uniquely noninstrumental,
simply human. Art narrates what we don’t
understand in 7 enlightened ways. Artists in particular
offer a wealth of 6 unseen perspectives and 8 unexpected
pathways of human exploration. Art makes us aware that
all memories are personal, despite the power of
collective narratives. Arts and culture empower people to
think freely, to imagine the 9 unimagined, to feel
responsible across borders and boundaries. Hopefully,
the narratives of the future will be 10 intercultural – and
art will be the ally in the art of difference that needs to be
further developed. “Art is about difference, art is
difference”, as stated by Igor Dobricic*. And it is

difference that will be at the origin of the new bonding
narratives of confidence.
Gottfried Wagner
alliancepublishing.org. *Igor Dobricic – dramaturgo sérvio
8. The ideas expressed in a text might be perceived as
true because of the choice and repetition of a specific
tense.
The verb tense that makes the ideas in the text seem true
is:
a) future perfect
b) simple present
c) present perfect
d) present progressive
Leia a tira para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
deliberate pace of the Chinese human spaceflight
program so far, it is clear that China has spent a
considerable amount of money to acquire this new
capability—nearly $2 billion. In addition to developing a
spacecraft and launching four previous unmanned
missions, China has also built a new rocket, a new
launch pad, and a large assembly building for integrating
all of the equipment, as well as various other support
facilities, such as a tracking station in Namibia and
several tracking ships. Recovery forces such as
helicopters and aircraft cost additional money. China
may also demonstrate the value of spaceflight at
diverting domestic attention from government
oppression and corruption. 5 But the Chinese government
is going to do this anyway with other events, such as the
2008 Olympics.As for China’s industrial policy, the
United States long ago learned that the spin-off argument
is a weak one; although developing 7 spacecraft does
produce some useful technologies, it is generally
inefficient. If you want a faster computer chip, then
develop one; there is no need to go to the Moon to do so.
The only demonstrated payoff of human spaceflight is
prestige. (Dwayne A. Day. Available in
http://www.thespacereview.com/article/137/1. Retrieved on July 23,. Adapted.)
10. “[…] spacecraft does produce some useful
technologies […]” (ref. 7). The underlined word is used,
in this context, to:
a) indicate an interrogative sentence structure.
b) emphasize the meaning of the verb “produce.”
c) express the third person of the verb “to do.”
d) weaken the meaning of the word “produce.”
9. No trecho do primeiro quadrinho – she’s sick and
tired of smelling beer –, ’s pode ser reescrito como
a) is.
b) was.
c) goes.
d) does.
e) has.
SHALL WE DANCE?
planets SPIN.
lightning leaps.
atoms dance.
and so do we.
The Benefits of a New Space Race
(…)
(…)
Human spaceflight is enormously expensive, even in
places where labor is cheap. Despite the slow and
Skirts bloom at a square dance in Albany, Oregon.
"It's friendship set to music," says Marilyn Schmit, who
met her husband on a square dance date 16 years ago.
By Cathy Newman NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SENIOR WRITER NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC - JULY 2006
87

11. The present tense of the verbs in the text subtitle
("Planets spin ... and so do we") is used to express
a) future events
b) non-repeated actions
c) temporary agenda
d) unexpected actions
e) permanent truths
SILENT WEAPONS
Technological Hurdles for Terrorists
To be successful, a terrorist or terrorist organization has
to overcome formidable technical challenges. First, the
terrorist has to obtain a sufficiently lethal strain of a
disease pathogen. Second, he must know how to handle
and store the pathogen correctly and safely. Third, he
must know how to produce it in bulk. Tiny amounts of a
microorganism are lethal enough to ravage a field of
crops, a herd of animals, or a city of people, assuming
the pathogen is delivered precisely to the target.
However, 2 biological agents do not survive well outside
the laboratory. In reality only a fraction of the biological
agent would reach the target population, so vastly larger
amounts would be needed to launch a catastrophic
attack.
Considering the array of technological hurdles involved,
it is surprising that few terrorist attacks with biological
weapons have been attempted. What is more, those
attempts produced few casualties. Recently, anthraxlaced
letters killed five people in the United States. That
is tragic enough, but the 1 casualties were fewer than
might have occurred from a small explosive or even a
pistol. Researchers calculate that since 1975, in 96
percent of the attacks worldwide in which chemical
agents were used no more than three people were killed
or injured.
Awake! September 22.
12. In the sentence, "...biological agents do not survive
well..."(ref. 2), the use of the present tense implies
a) doubt.
b) condition.
c) probability.
d) objectivity.
e) certainty.
88
LIES ARE SO COMMONPLACE, THEY ALMOST
SEEM LIKE THE TRUTH
1. Everyone lies. Little lies, perhaps, which may not
cause serious problems, but still they are lies. We fudge
on how old we are, how much we weigh, what we are
paid. Some people tell their children that Santa Claus
will come on Christmas Eve.
2. Consider the last time you got a phone call from
someone you didn't want to talk to. Did you perhaps
claim falsely that you were just on your way out the
door? That your newborn (you're childless) needed you?
Terry L. Goodrich. Seattle Post-Intelligencer; October 29, C1
13. In the sentence "Everyone lies" (par.1), the present
tense is being used to express a fact that will never
change in time (historical present). In which of the
alternatives below is the present tense being used to
express a similar idea?
a) It is hot and sunny today.
b) Water freezes at 0 ° Celsius.
c) My plane leaves at 5pm tomorrow.
d) My cousin studies Computer Science.
e) Joe is late for work today.
The Paradox of Our Times
by Jeff Dickson
The paradox of our times in history is that
We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers;
Wider freeways, but narrower viewpoints.
We spend more, but have less;
We buy more, but enjoy it less.
We have bigger houses and smaller families;
More conveniences, but less time.
We have more degrees, but less sense;
More knowledge, but less judgment;
More experts, but more problems;
More medicine, but less wellness.

We drink too much, smoke too much, spend too
recklessly;
Laugh too little, drive too fast, get too angry too quickly,
Stay up too late, get too tired,
Read too seldom, watch TV too much,
And pray too seldom.
We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our
values.
We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often.
We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life;
We’ve added years to life, not life to years.
We’ve been all the way to the moon and back,
But have trouble crossing the street to meet a new
neighbor.
We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space;
We’ve cleaned up the air, but polluted the soul;
We’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice.
We have higher incomes, but lower morals;
We’ve become long on quantity, but short on quality.
These are the times of tall men, and short character;
Steep profits, and shallow relationships.
These are the times of world peace, but domestic
warfare;
More leisure, but less fun;
More kinds of food, but less nutrition.
These are days of two incomes, but more divorce;
Of fancier houses, but broken homes.
It is a time when there is much in the show window
And nothing in the stockroom;
A time when technology can bring this letter to you,
And a time when you can choose either to make a
difference
Or just hit delete.
(www.motivateus.com/stories/paradox.htm - July 2012.)
14. In the line, “we talk too much, love too seldom, and
hate too often”, what kind of adverb is seldom?
a) Manner.
b) Frequency.
c) Degree.
d) Place.
FLORIDA PANTHER, THE EVERGLADES
The Everglades, often called a "river of grass," is a
unique subtropical habitat for plants and wildlife
A Florida panther rests 4
quietly in the
Everglades of southwestern Florida. 1 Although protected
by the Endangered Species Act, only 30 Florida panthers
are believed to survive in the Everglades 5 victims of
disease and shrinking habitat as well as illegal hunting
and automobiles. 2 With the species' fate hanging in the
balance, some Florida panthers are being captured for a
special breeding program.
The Everglades, 3 often called a "river of grass",
6 stretches more than 300 kilometers from the headwaters
of the Kissimmee River to the Florida Keys, with a
600,000-hectare national park at its core. Made up of
saw grass, tree islands, marshes and sloughs, the
Everglades is a unique subtropical habitat for plants and
wildlife. It is also an ecosystem under pressure from
outside development, pollution (especially agricultural
runoff) and the diversion of water for use by the state's
growing population. State and federal conservation
authorities are now taking action to restore the
Everglades. Environment: The Next Frontier, a
publication of the U. S. Information Agency.
15. A palavra "often" (ref. 3) pode ser substituída, sem
mudança de sentido, por
a) never.
b) hardly ever.
c) also.
d) frequently.
e) always.
89

A RACIAL GAP
Blacks undergo lifesaving lung-cancer surgery at a lower
rate than whites. What can be done?
Doctors have long known that lung cancers,
which kills 160.000 Americans each year, takes a heavier
toll among black Americans, particularly black men,
than among whites. In part that's because 34% of black
men in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, compared with 28% of
white men. (Black women tend to smoke less than white
women). It also has to do with differences in income and
access to medical care. But there has always been a
lingering suspicion that some of the gap might be due to
either overt or subconscious discrimination. A study in
"New England Journal of Medicine" appears to bolster
that disturbing conclusion.
Unlike other cancers, lung cancer is extremely
hard to detect in its earliest, most treatable stages. Even
so, about 20% of lung-cancer patients are found to have
a tumor whose biological characteristics and small size
give them a good chance of being cured if the malignant
growth is surgically removed.
(Time, October 25th, 1999)
16. The opposite of "always" in the sentence "There has
always been a lingering suspicious that some of the
gap...", is
a) already.
b) yet.
c) still
d) hardly ever.
e) never.
Gypsies are a wandering people. They may find a house
to live in for the winter, but in spring they 1 usually pack
up and begin traveling again. They used to travel in vans
pulled by horses, but 5 nowadays most of them use trucks
and trailers. They travel in groups called "caravans".
When they find a place to camp, they gather their vans
together. Sometimes they put up tents. Out of the vans
comes everything needed to set up camp. In the evening
6 they gather around a campfire to sing and play music, to
dance and tell stories, and to laugh together. They may
stay in one camp for many nights or they may pack up
and leave 2 after one night. Sometimes you may see
Gypsies 7 telling fortunes at a fair. Some even own their
own carnivals.
90
Thousands of years ago the first Gypsies came
3 from India. Since then they have spread all over the
world. In England they were called Egyptians because
some of them had come to England from Egypt. Later on
the word Egyptian was shortened to Gypsy.
The Gypsies have a special language all their
own, called "Romany". Very few people who are not
Gypsies can speak it. It is taught by a father to his
children. There are even many Gypsies who cannot
speak Romany. They speak the language of the country
they travel in. The Gypsies do not have 4 any special
religion. Different groups of them belong to different
faiths all over the world.
(BONHIVERT, Edith & Ernest. Questions Children Ask, Chicago, Standard
Education Society, Inc., 1992, page 164.)
17. Marque a opção que contém a classificação
gramatical CORRETA:
a) usually (ref.1) - advérbio
b) after (ref.2) - pronome
c) from (ref.3) - conjunção
d) any (ref.4) - substantivo
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
1 In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 - 2 which was
written in the early 1950s, just after televisions and
computers first appeared - people relate most intimately
with electronic screens and don't like to read. They are
happy when firemen burn books.
2 Bradbury's novel no longer seems set in a
distant future. Thanks to growth in computer capacity,
television and computers are merging into digital streams
of sounds, images, and text that make it possible to
become absolutely brilliant with information.
3 To know where information technologies are
taking us is impossible. The law of unintended
consequences governs all technological revolutions. In
1438 Johannes Gutenberg wanted a cheaper way to
produce handwritten Bibles. His movable type fostered a
spread in literacy, an advance of scientific knowledge,
and the emergence of the industrial revolution.
4 Although no one can predict the full effect to
the 1 current information revolution, we can see changes
in our daily lives. Often the changes that accompany new
information technologies are so subtle we barely notice
3 them. Before the written word people relied on their
memories. Before telephones, more people knew the

pleasure of writing and receiving letters, the small joy of
finding a handwritten envelope in the mailbox from a
friend or a relative. Before television and computers,
people had a stronger sense of community, a greater
attachment to neighborhoods and families.
5 Television has glued us to our homes, isolating
us from other human beings. Only one-quarter of all
Americans know their next-door neighbors. Our
communities will become less intimate and more isolated
as we earn college credits, begin romances, and gossip
on the Internet, a worldwide system that allows
computers to communicate with one another. The age of
software will offer more games, home banking,
electronic shopping, video 4 on demand, and a host of
other services that unplug us from physical contact.
6 Some of us will cross into the new world; others
will remain behind. No one knows what kind of network
will succeed the Internet, or what increasing computer
power will make possible. One trend is clear: A growing
cultlike faith in information, a belief that if we hook up
to the Internet we'll be smart. Full of facts. Brilliant with
information. Sense of motion without moving. It's right
out of Fahrenheit 451. From "Information Revolution". NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC, October 1995
18. The words OFTEN (par.4) and BARELY (par.4) are
synonymous with, respectively:
a) sometimes - just.
b) rarely - scarcely.
c) eventually - amply.
d) frequently - hardly.
e) repeatedly - sufficiently.
19. O termo "seldom", entre aspas no trecho adiante,
poderia ser substituído por:
"As an American Express Cardmember, you will enjoy a
relationship with us that goes beyond the ordinary. You
will be treated as a MEMBER, not a number. And you
will receive the respect and recognition 'seldom' found
today".
a) occasionally
b) rarely
c) often
d) usually
e) always
20. “We do want the girls to be successful” (l. 34-5)
One can say that “do” in this sentence has the meaning
of
a) ever.
b) often.
c) really.
d) probably.
e) nowadays.
21. (It’s still difficult to find products from eco-friendly
and socially aware sources; however, they do exist and
are entering the market more and more.)
As for the verb “do” (), it’s correct to say that it is used
a) as a main verb.
b) as a modal verb.
c) to avoid repeating a previous verb.
d) as an auxiliary in a negative sentence.
e) for emphasizing the meaning of a positive statement.
22. (… Negativity and pessimism are difficult
personality (25) traits to change, so what can you do if
you’re a pessimist? Use your imagination, for one thing.
For example, if you have an important interview coming
up, picture yourself answering questions confidently. Try
to avoid negative thinking by telling yourself that you
will succeed,…)
The verbs “Use” (l. 26), and “Try” (l. 28) are in the
a) infinitive form.
b) imperative form.
c) simple past tense.
d) simple future tense.
e) simple present tense.
23. (…) there are more adolescent girls in the world now
than have ever been…
The word “ever” (l. 13) has the meaning of
a) often.
b) rarely.
c) usually.
d) seldom.
e) at any time.
91

CAPÍTULO XI - PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(CONTINUOUS) – VERBS
Presente Contínuo:
Formado a partir do presente do verbo TO BE (AM, IS,
ARE) + verbo principal acrescido de ING
Forma
Afirmativa
Forma Negativa
Forma
Interrogativa
Presente Contínuo:
Definição e Uso:
Segue as regras naturais do verbo
TO BE
Segue as regras naturais do verbo
TO BE
Segue as regras naturais do verbo
TO BE
O Presente Contínuo é usado para descrever uma ação
que está tendo continuidade no momento em que está
falando, por esta razão só poderá ser usado com verbos
de ação. Verbos que não sejam de ação (chamados de
verbos estáticos ou PEPSI VERBS) NÃO devem ser
usados em tempos contínuos quaisquer.
E.g.
1. Mister is explaining something about the Present
Continuous now.
2. What are you doing at the moment ?
3. They are having hot dog and coke.
4. My Sisters aren’t studying for the text, maybe they’re
watching TV.
5. I’m listening to you
6. That girl is getting nervous with me.
O Presente Contínuo também pode ser usado para
descrever uma ação que ocorrerá em um futuro próximo,
desde que se trate de um compromisso e que seja de
caráter pessoal. Será preciso utilizarmos um advérbio ou
expressão temporal que denote futuro para melhor
entendimento do leito ou ouvinte.
E.g.
1. I’m traveling to São Paulo tonight.
2. What are doing tomorrow afternoon ?
3. “Can you come here on Monday?” “I am sorry, I am
painting the house on Monday.”
4. Rita is playing tennis at 3:00 o’clock.
5. We aren’t coming tomorrow because we have a
doctor’s appointment.
Também é comum usarmos este tempo verbal para
expressarmos ou falarmos de ações que estejam
acontecendo ao redor do momento em que falamos, não
necessariamente precisa ocorrer com precisão.
E.g.
Mister is reading british and American literature.
(aqui a ação não acontece no momento da fala, porque
Mister está ministrando aulas agora, mas provavelmente
isso ocorre quando ele está em momentos livres).
She is watching a new serie on TV.
The school where we study is promoting a greta science
project.
EXERCISES:
How money works: Will China on us all?
It’s no secret China has been booming while the West
declines. In fact, it’s been growing so fast it’s expanding
overseas, too: buying up businesses in the UK, U.S. and
elsewhere. So, how worried should we be?
Napoleon once said, apparently. ‘Let China sleep
because when she wakes she’ll shake the world’.
Indeed, for much of the industrial revolution, China was
taking a nap — so to speak. But in 1978 things began to
92

change. The Communist country encouraged private
enterprise and unleashed its biggest asset: 975 million
citizens.
Where then ensued mass migrations to urban areas where
people took up jobs in factories to manufacture goods for
export. Since then the economy dubbed ‘the dragon’ has
doubled its slice of the global economy and it’s predicted
that by 2016 China will be the world’s biggest economy.
Can anything stand in the way of the Asian powerhouse?
From Yahoo Finance UK Friday Mar 8, 2013.
1. In text, the Verb forms booming, growing,
expanding and buying indicate that the events described
are situated
a) in the near future.
b) in the present.
c) long ago.
d) in the era of the Communist Revolution.
e) in the Napoleonic period.
Microsoft is buying Skype
One is the giant business, whose software powers more
than 90% of the world's computers. The other is the firm,
which has revolutionised the way many communicate.
Now Skype is being swallowed up by Microsoft.
It's just eight years since Skype started helping people to
make calls over the internet for nothing, and this is the
third time it's been bought and sold.
Microsoft has been struggling to prove it can compete
with the likes of Google and Apple. Now as it tries to
make an impact on the mobile-phone world, it wants
Skype to help it become a bigger force.
Skype is now used by 170 million people around the
world (each month), not just on their computers, but on
the move – on their mobile phones and even on their
tablet devices.
Microsoft wants to tap in to this connected community,
but it's paying a huge price for a business that isn't even
profitable.
Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC News.
Fonte:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/20
11/05/110511witn_skype_page.shtml
2. Onde se lê “Microsoft is buying Skype”, é correto
afirmar que
a) a Microsoft está vendendo o Skype.
b) o Skype está sendo vendido pela Microsoft.
c) a Microsoft está comprando o Skype.
d) o Skype está se despedindo da Microsoft.
e) a Microsoft está perdendo o Skype.
CELL PHONES - THE CLEAN AND DIRTY
Here's a useful thing to do with an old cell phone: throw
it in the garden. 6 British researchers are developing a
biodegradable cell phone casing embedded with a flower
seed. Use the phone until 1 you're done (in some places
that's roughly every 18 months), and 4 then you 7 can
compost the cover with yesterday's coffee grounds. The
rest of 8 the phone contains precious metals and circuits
boards that can be 9 recycled, says Kerry Kirwan, chief
researcher of the project at the 10 University of Warwick.
He says he's figured out how to make the phone 11-13 out
of a biodegradable polymer with a plastic window to
protect the 12 flower seed until 2 it's planted. 3 His
department has been experimenting with various seeds,
but 5 so far it has successfully grown dwarf sunflowers
with its old phones.
Imagine the entrepreneurial possibilities - and the
downloadable ringtones.
Newsweek. May, 2013. p. 55.
3. Em "British researchers are developing..." (ref. 6), o
aspecto verbal indica uma ação em andamento, o que
ocorre também na(s) referência(s)
a) 7.
b) 8 - 9.
c) 10.
d) 11.
e) 12.
4. Complete with Simple Present or Present Continuous
(Progressive)
She usually _______________ against injustice, but at
this moment she _______________ against
unemployment.
a) protest / protesting
b) protests / is protesting
c) is protesting / protests
d) protest / are protesting
e) protested / are protesting
93

5.
Preenche corretamente a lacuna (III) a alternativa:
a) coming
b) comes
c) will come
d) to come
e) is coming
6. Has technology ruined childhood?
94
Choose the alternative in which the capital word – ING
form is an example of the present continuous:
a) "a child who spends a WORRYING 7 hours or
more" (paragraph 6)
b) "INCREASING prosperity has also contributed to
the rise of" (paragraph 4)
c) "children from the age of 9 are now TURNING to
their bedrooms" (paragraph 3)
d) "children say they still enioy READING"
(paragraph 8)
e) "harder to control children's VIEWING" (paragraph
9)
1 6 She was young, with a fair, calm face,
whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain
strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes.
7 There was something coming to her and she was
waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know;
it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it,
creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the
sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air.
8 She was beginning to recognize this thing that
was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to
beat it back with her will - as powerless as her two white
slender hands would have been.
9 When she abandoned herself a little whispered
word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over
and over under her breath: "free, free, free!" (CHOPIN,
Kate. The Story of an Hour. From Internet.)
7. Em "... this thing that was approaching to possess
her" (par.8), emprega-se o tempo:
a) simple past
b) past perfect
c) past continuous
d) present perfect
BUNKER DOWN
FORGET HIDING IN THE basement. Brits worried
about their safety can now purchase a completely
bombproof house, made by the steel manufacturer Corus.
The Surefast shelter, launched earlier this month, is
constructed out of steel panels that are slotted together
and filled with concrete. But don't expect to just throw it
together at the last minute: it takes several people 10
hours - and the help of a heavy crane - to assemble the
two-story, 50,000 pounds structure. In tests the shelter
has successfully withstood everything from car bombs to
blowtorches. Still, it offers no protection from biological
or chemical weapons. For clean air, inhabitants had best
outfit their bombproof homes with the Dominick Hunter
Group's regenerative NBC filtration system. (The British
Army is now installing it in its tanks.) Breathable air
doesn't come cheap, either: a filter to support 10 people
starts at 50,000 pounds.
"Newsweek", April 14, 2003.

8. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o uso correto do
presente contínuo como em "The British Army is now
installing it in its tanks.".
a) The British Army is liking the new program.
b) The British Army is understanding the needs of the
population.
c) The British Army is listening to the population.
d) The British Army is preferring the new general.
e) The British Army is possessing many tanks.
9. Usamos o Present Progressive Tense para:
a) ação há pouco completada;
b) ação que começou no passado e continua no
presente;
c) ação premeditada;
d) ações habituais;
e) ação praticada no momento em que se fala.
95

CAPÍTULO XII - PASSADO SIMPLES. – VERBOS
O tempo verbal Simple Past corresponde ao Passado
Simples em português. Nós o utilizamos para expressar
hábitos passados ou para expressar ações que se
iniciaram no passado e também foram finalizadas no
passado, podendo ter o tempo determinado. Neste caso
costumamos acompanhar o verbo com advérbios ou
expressões de frequência que dão maior especificidade à
ideia da frase, como yesterday (ontem), last ... (na
última...), ago (atrás), in .... (em...), e etc.
YESTERDAY
IN 2006
DURING THE WORLD WAR I & II.
VERBOS REGULARES: São todos aqueles verbos que
quando conjugados no passado ou participio passado
TÊM a terminação ED.
VERBOS IRREGULARES: São todos aqueles verbos
que quando conjugados no passado ou particípio passado
NÃO têm a terminação ED.
Veja quadro:
Verbos Irregulares
Verbos Regulares
Past Past
Past Past
Infinitive
Infinitive
Tense Participle
Tense Participle
to become became become to avoid Avoided avoided
to bring brought brought to believe Believed believed
LAST
WEEK.
MONTH.
CLASS.
YEAR.
A
WEEK
YEAR
MONTH
CLASS
AGO.
to buy bought bought to dress Dressed dressed
to do did done to enjoy Enjoyed enjoyed
to drive drove driven to hate Hated hated
to eat ate eaten to intend Intended intended
to forget forgot forgot to learn Learned learned
Passado Simples:
O Pasado Simples é formado da seguinte forma:
Affirmative
Form
Interrogative
Form
Negative
Form
Os verbos têm forma de passado e se
dividem em Regulares e Irregulares
Com o auxiliar DID
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
1. Forma
Interrogativa
2. Forma Negativa
3. Forma
Afirmativa
Com o auxiliar DID NOT ( DIDN’T )
=
>
=
>
=
>
Verbos Regulares e Irregulares:
Did you see the new teacher
yesterday ?
You didn’t see the new teacher
yesterday
You saw the new teacher
yesterday.
Quanto à forma de passado os verbos ingleses se
dividem em dois grupos:
to get got Got to like Liked liked
to go went gone to listen to listened to listened to
Como você pode observar os verbos irregulares não
seguem nenhuma regra e cada forma verbal deve ser
aprendida como se fôsse uma nova palavra.
Vejamos agora a conjugação do Passado Simples.
Forma
Interrogativa
Did I tell you my
name ?
Did you see the
comet ?
Did he leave the
room ?
Did she need money
?
Did it work well ?
Did we take the
tickets ?
Did you send the
letters ?
Did they go home ?
Forma Negativa
I didn’t tell you
my name.
You didn’t see
the comet.
He didn’t leave
the room.
She didn’t need
money.
It didn’t work
well.
We didn’t take
the tickets.
You didn’t send
the letters.
They didn’t go
home.
Forma
Afirmativa
I told you my
name.
You saw the
comet.
He left the room.
She needed
money.
It worked well.
We took the
tickets.
You sent the
letters.
They went home.
96

ATENÇÃO:
1. Observe que os verbos só têm forma de passado
quando são conjugados na forma afirmativa, nas demais
formas eles são auxiliados por DID e DIDN’T.
Utilizamos o "Did" para negativas e perguntas, certo?
Então como explicar o caso abaixo:
I did bring back 3 cartons of cigarrete.
O correto não seria:
I brought back 3 cartons of cigarrete.
Fómula:Sujeito + did + verbo sem conjugação +
complemento.
Neste caso o "did" está sendo usado para dar ênfase ao
verbo.
1) I did bring back 3 cartons of cigarrete.
2) I brought back 3 cartons of cigarrete.
1) Eu realmente/de fato trouxe...
2) Eu trouxe...
He was He
She was She
It was It
We were We
You were You
They were They
was
not
was
not
was
not
were
not
were
not
were
not
He wasn’t Was he ?
ou She wasn’t Was she ?
It wasn’t Was it ?
We weren’t Were we ?
You weren’t Were you ?
They weren’t
Were
they
?
To BE significa SER ou ESTAR, por isso o que temos
acima são todas as formas de passado desses dois verbos
resumidos nas duas palavras WAS e WERE.
Vejamos alguns exemplos com tradução.
1. I was at home
yesterday morning.
Eu estava em casa ontem de
manhã.
2. It was hot last night. Estava quente ontem à noite.
3. They were good at
math.
4. We weren’t good
students in the past.
5. It was easy. Foi fácil.
Eles eram (foram) bons em
matemática.
Nós não fomos bons alunos
no passado.
1) I liked her.(Eu gostava dela.)
2) I did like her.(Eu gostava mesmo dela.)
*Mesmo: De fato,realmente.
EXERCISES
2. Todas estas regras de Passado Simples NÃO
SERVEM para o verbo TO BE
Passado Simples:
Verbo TO BE: Este verbo é irregular e se diferencia dos
demais por ter duas formas de passado e não precisar do
auxilar DID ou DIDN’T.
Affirmative
Form
I was I
You were You
Negative Form
was
not
were
not
Interrogative
Form
I wasn’t Was I ?
You weren’t Were you ?
Read the dialogue from the film “Ratatouille”.
Linguini: Listen, I just want you to know how honored I
am to be studying under such a...
Colette: No, you listen! I just want you to know exactly
who you are dealing with! How many women do you see
in this kitchen?
Linguini: Well, I uh...
Colette: Only me. Why do you think that is? Because
high cuisine is an antiquated hierarchy built upon rules
written by stupid, old men. Rules designed to make it
impossible for women to enter this world, but still I'm
here. How did this happen?
97

Linguini: Well because you, because you...
Colette: Because I am the toughest cook in this kitchen!
I have worked too hard for too long to get here, and I am
not going to jeopardize it for some garbage boy who got
lucky! Got it?
Linguini: Wow!. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 12 set. 2011.
Glossary:
jeopardize: colocar em risco
country in South America where same sex civil union
couples are legally recognized as a family and share the
same rights of married heterosexual couples.
Uruguay
Uruguay became the first country in South America to
allow civil unions (for both opposite-sex and samesexcouples)
in a national platform on January 1, 2008.
Children can be adopted by same-sex couples since
2009. (http://en.wikipedia.org/. Adaptado.)
98
1. What dialogue line is an example of an ungrammatical
structure in English, which is typical of colloquial
language?
a) “No, you listen!”
b) “How many women do you see in this kitchen?”
c) “Why do you think that is?”
d) “How did this happen?”
e) “Got it?”
Status of same-sex marriage
South America. Argentina
The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (a federal district
and capital city of the republic) allows same-sex civil
unions. The province of Rio Negro allows same-sex civil
unions, too.
Legislation to enact same-sex marriage across all of Argentina was approved on
July 15, 2010.
Brazil
A law that would allow same-sex civil unions throughout
the nation has been debated. Until the end of the first
semester of 2010 the Supremo Tribunal Federal had not
decided about it.
Colombia
The Colombian Constitutional Court ruled in February
2007 that same-sex couples are entitled to the same
inheritance rights as heterosexuals in common-law
marriages. This ruling made Colombia the first South
American nation to legally recognize gay couples.
Furthermore, in January 2009, the Court ruled that samesex
couples must be extended all of the rights offered to
cohabitating heterosexual couples.
Ecuador
The Ecuadorian new constitution has made Ecuador
stand out in the region. Ecuador has become the first
2. Assinale a alternativa na qual todas as palavras são
formas verbais relativas ao passado.
a) Adopted, become, decided, recognized, ruled.
b) Adopted, allow, become, recognized, ruled.
c) Approved, became, been, decided, ruled.
d) Allow, approved, became, decided, may.
e) Can, debated, entitled, made, offered.
OPTICAL FIBERS
Optical fibers carry a dizzying amount of data each
second, but a great deal of communication still gets
beamed, via slower microwaves, from one dish antenna
to another. Engineers didn't think there was any
improvement to tease out of this technology, but
researchers at the University of Paris recently reported in
the journal Science that they'd found a way of focusing
microwaves into a narrow beam, tripling the data rate.
(Newsweek, March, 12,)
3. Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à forma
afirmativa do segmento: "Engineers didn't think..."
a) Engineers thought...
b) Engineers though...
c) Engineers through...
d) Engineers thru...
e) Engineers throw...
The Mystery of Lupus
Many people have heard of lupus, but nobody truly
understands it. A chronic inflammatory disease, it causes
the immune system to attack the heart, kidneys and other
organs. And a recent study by the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention found that over a 20-
year period, the death rate rose 33 percent.

Anyone can contract the illness, though it's most
common among those between 15 and 44. Women are a
greater risk than men, and black women have the highest
risk of all.
Researchers don't know why, nor do they know what
causes it in the first place. And there's another problem:
people often go for years without knowing they have it.
That's because it's a complex diagnosis and there isn't
one test that's always conclusive. Early symptoms are
similar to the flu: fatigue, weakness and sporadic joint
pain. But with lupus, patients often also get a rash that
spreads across the nose and cheeks. If you think you
might have lupus, talk to your doctor. Early treatment is
important, and promising new drugs are expected within
five years. (- DR. IAN SMITH, Newsweek, July 8,)
4. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a forma
interrogativa correta da frase "..., the death rate rose 33
percent.", no primeiro parágrafo do texto.
a) Did the death rate rose 33 percent?
b) Did the death rate raise 33 percent?
c) Did the death rate rise 33 percent?
d) Does the death rate rise 33 percent?
e) Does the death rate rose 33 percent?
5. Which is the best sentence?
a) I used to smoke, but I don't anymore.
b) I've smoked, but I don't anymore.
c) I smoked, but I didn't anymore.
d) I had smoked, but I haven't anymore.
e) I would smoke, but I can't anymore.
6. When ________ World War II ________ ?
a) did ... started
b) do ... started
c) does ... started
d) do ... star
e) did ... star
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente cada
lacuna da questão a seguir:
7. John __________ me some money last week.
a) sends
b) send
c) sent
d) sending
e) to send
8. Brazil_______ last year's world soccer championship.
a) win
b) won
c) wins
d) to win
e) winning
MERCURIAL SUPERCONDUCTOR SHOWS AN
ACCEPTABLE FACE
By Maria Burke. IN New Scientist 21 August 1993, pp.16
IN March, a new high-temperature superconductor based
on mercury was made by a Russian scientist. Now a
team of American scientists has discovered that is
possesses a property unique among such materials: it is
easy to fabricate, making it very attractive commercially.
Most high-temperature superconductors, which are based
on yttrium or bismuth, have properties WHICH depend
on how the particles are aligned. So in order to produce
the best results, all the particles must be made to point in
the same direction, a process which is time-consuming
and expensive.
For example, bismuth-based superconductors are usually
made in a complex rolling, drawing and heating process,
which limits the shapes that can be made. But Jennifer
Lewis and her colleagues at the University of Illinois and
the Argone National Laboratory found that the magnetic
properties of the mercury superconductor do not depend
on the way in which its particles are aligned. This was
true at magnetic fields of about 1 tesla - similar to
normal operating conditions - but not at very low fields.
The researchers embedded particles of' the material,
which also contains atoms of barium, copper and
oxygen, in an epoxy matrix.
Easier fabrication would be a substantial money-saver
for industry. However, the synthesis of the new
superconductor is a little dangerous because it involves
mercury, a hazardous substance.
Lewis and her colleagues have prepared a paper soon to appear in the journal
Physical Review B.
99

9. Assinale a forma verbal que está no PAST SIMPLE
TENSE:
a) shows
b) has discovered
c) making
d) found
e) have prepared
nowadays.
( ) John used to speak two languages when he was a
child.
Na(s) questão(ões) a seguir, escreva V erdadeiro – F also
no espaço apropriado itens.
SIGN LANGUAGE
In the mid-18th century, a formal system of sign
language was developed to help deaf people
communicate. A French clergyman and educator of the
deaf, Charles Michel, first developed a system for
spelling words with a manual alphabet and later
expanded his system to include whole concepts. Later in
1816, Thomas Gallaudet, an American educator,
introduced it into the United States, and it became known
as American Sign Language (ASL). Like all spoken
languages, ASL is constantly changing, but it continues
to serve more than 500,000 deaf people in the United
States and Canada.
Vocabulary:
deaf = surdo
11. Which sentences refer to actions or states in the past?
( ) In the beginning of this century, some American
schools started some special English classes for children
who did not speak English.
( ) Nowadays, there are bilingual classes in many public
schools.
( ) Immigrants come to the United States because of
war, because of hunger, or because they want religious
or political freedom.
( ) Earlier immigrants hoped that they could make a
better life for themselves and their children.
( ) At first, American schools put immigrant children in
classes with much younger English-speaking children
until the immigrant children learned English.
( ) Public schools used to teach English to immigrants.
Na(s) questão(ões) a seguir, escreva no espaço
apropriado a soma dos itens corretos.
."Later in 1816, Thomas Gallaudet, an American
educator, introduced it into the United States..."
100
10. The sentence above refers to an action in the past.
Which of the following sentences also refer(s) to actions
or states in the past? V erdadeiro – F also
( ) Students from UCLA will be studying sign language
next semester.
( ) Some languages were used for thousands of years
and then mysteriously disappeared.
( ) Researchers are developing new concepts in that
field.
( ) They began to use sign language years ago.
( ) Today most of us learn to talk at the age of three.
( ) English is the most popular language in theworld

101

1. While we were watching TV, dad was reading a book.
(Enquanto assistíamos à TV, papai lia um livro.)
CAPÍTULO XIII – PAST PROGRESSIVE. – VERBOS
PASSADO CONTÍNUO:
O passado contínuo é formado com o passado do verbo
TO BE (WAS ou WERE) + o GERÚNDIO (verb + ING)
do verbo principal.
Esse tempo verbal indica que uma determinada ação
estava tendo continuidade em um determinado tempo no
passado.
Vejamos alguns exemplos.
1. I was reading a book from 2:00 to 3:30 in the
afternoon.
2. They were playing the guitar while he was watching
TV.
3. What were you doing last week ?
Passado Contínuo:
Segue a regra natural do
Forma Afirmativa
verbo TO BE
Segue a regra natural do
Forma Negativa
verbo TO BE
Segue a regra natural do
Forma Interrogativa
verbo TO BE
Usando o Past Continuous para descrever uma ação que
esteja em progresso (esteja acontencedo) no passado.
1. Last night, at 8 we were watching TV. (Ontem à noite
às 08, estávamos assistindo TV.)
2. At that time, she was living in France. (Naquela época,
ela estava morando na França.)
Usamos também o Past Continuous para descrever uma
ação que estava acontecendo quando uma outra ação
aconteceu.
1. While I was going to work, it started to rain. (Enquanto
estávamos assistindo à TV,
estava lendo um livro,
eu estava indo para o trabalho, começou a chover.)
estavam lavando o carro,
2. My cell phone rang whe I was taking a shower. (Meu
celular tocou quando eu estava tomando.)
Poderemos usar o Past Continuous para descrever duas
ações ou mais que aconteceram ao mesmo tempo no
passado.
102
2. They were washing the car while I was cooking. (Eles
lavavam o carro enquanto eu cozinhava.)
O Past progressive poderá ser usado para indicar que uma
ação que estava em andamento foi interrompida por outra
ação. Geralmente as ação são separadas pela preposição
WHEN .
1. Mister was explaining the subject when the student`s
cell phone rang. (Mister estava expçlicando o conteúdo
quando o cellular de um aluno tocou) – mister teve que
interromper a ação de explicar.
Past Continuous com a palavra always para descrever
uma ação que acontecia repetidas vezes no passado.
1. He was always making mistake. (Ele estava sempre
cometendo erros.)
2. They were always sleeping. (Eles estavam sempre
dormindo.)
Quando comparados cada uso acima com os exemplos em
português, notará que a diferença praticamente não existe.
Talvez a única coisa que você pode estranhar está no
terceiro uso. Veja que a tradução dos exemplos foi
diferente:
1. While we were watching TV, dad was reading a book.
(Enquanto assistíamos à TV, papai lia um livro.)
2. They were washing the car while I was cooking. (Eles
lavavam o carro enquanto eu cozinhava.)
Em português, bem que poderíamos traduzir tudo ao pé da
letra:
estava cozinhado.
Mas, em português temos o nosso Pretérito Imperfeito do
Indicativo, que nesse caso e ainda em outros é usado da
mesma maneira que o Past Continuous Tense.

EXERCISES
In the summer of 1926, an English golf enthusiast named
Samuel Ryder (I) a friendly game between some
British professionals and the American players during that
year's Open.
When it (II) that these matches be held on a more
regular basis, Samuel Ryder immediately agreed to
provide the trophy that bears his name. "I am sure I have
never (III) a (IV) thing than this," he declared.
Today, the (V) Cup Matches bring (VI) the finest
professionals from both sides of the Atlantic.
1. Assinale a letra correspondente à alternativa que
preenche corretamente a lacuna (I) da frase apresentada.
a) is watching
b) watches
c) will watch
d) was watching
e) has watched
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
verbs. Use SIMPLE PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS
TENSES.
a) Last night while my brother and I
_______________________________ the homework
our neighbors ___________________ a party. (to do)
(to have)
b) I ___________________________ a book last night
when the lights _________________ (to read) (go
out)
3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs. Use SIMPLE PAST OR PAST
CONTINUOUS TENSES:
a) When my mother _________________ us for dinner
we _____________________ the video
game. (to call) (to play).
b) Charles and Bill ________________________ at the
club when it _________ to rain. (to swim) (to start).
4. Em que tempo se encontra o verbo da frase:
All the buildings WERE BURNING out in few minutes.
______________________________________________
5. Change the sentence in the negative and interrogative
form.
The weather was hot and sunny.
negative: ______________________________________
interrogative: __________________________________
6. Preencha os espaços em branco com a forma verbal
correta:
When she _________ I _________ to do my work.
a) has arrived - had tried
b) arrived - was trying
c) arrives - was trying
d) has arrived - has tried
e) arrived - try
7. Em "... this thing that was approaching to possess her"
(par.8), emprega-se o tempo:
a) simple past
b) past perfect
c) past continuous
d) present perfect
e) were talking
THE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM
8. Assinale a alternativa correta:
They ______ about art last night.
a) talks
b) talk
c) was talking
d) talking
9. The only regular verb is in alternative
a) “have” (l. 6).
b) “pick up” (l. 12).
c) “find” (l. 15).
d) “get” (l. 31).
e) “throw” (l. 35).
103

10. The alternative in which there is a regular verb is
a) “can” (l. 2).
b) “be” (l. 3).
c) “suggest” (l. 7).
d) “doing” (l. 15).
e) “taking” (l. 31).
11. Assinale a alternativa correta:
When John came in ______ a book.
a) she was reading
b) Mary is reading
c) will read
d) should read
e) reads
104

CAPÍTULO XIV – THE PRESENT & PAST PERFECT
TENSES
The Present Perfect
O PRESENT Perfect Tense é formado com o presente
simples do verbo to have (have / has), que, neste caso,
funciona como verbo auxiliar, seguido do particípio
passado do verbo principal. O particípio passado dos
verbos regulares tem a mesma forma que o passado, ou
seja, terminam em -ed e o dos verbos irregulares tem
forma própria.
Affirmative forms.
I + have
You + have
He + has
She + has
It + has
We + have
You + have
They + have
Past participle of the verb.
1. He has broken his leg. (Ele quebrou a perna.)
2. We have bought new clothes. (Compramos roupas
novas.)
3. She has written a letter to her friend who lives in
Madrid.
(Ela escreveu uma carta para a amiga que mora em
Madrid.)
Veja alguns exemplos com as formas contraídas:
1. He's studied law. (He has studied law.)
(Ele estudou Direito.)
2. She's been here. (She has been here.)
(Ela esteve aqui.)
3. We've worked a lot. (We have worked a lot.) - (Nós
trabalhamos muito.)
Negative forms.
I + haven’t
You + haven’t
He + hasn’t
She + hasn’t
It + hasn’t
We + haven’t
You + haven’t
They + haven’t
Past participle …
1. They have not heard what I've told. (Eles não
escutaram o que eu falei.)
2. You have not eaten anything so far. (Você não comeu
nada até agora.)
3. We have not done our homework. (Não fizemos
nossa lição de casa.)
FORMA CONTRAÍDA: haven't / hasn't
1. I haven't gone to the beach, I've gone to the
countryside. (Não fui para a praia, fui para o inteior.)
2. She hasn't told to her parents where she's been all
day.
(Ela não disse aos pais onde esteve durante todo o
dia.)
Interrogative Forms
Have + I
Have + You
Has + He
Has + She
Has + It
Have + We
Have + You
Have + They
Past participle …
105

1. Have you already talked to your boss? (Você já falou
com o seu chefe?)
2. Have they lived in Amsterdam? (Eles moraram em
Amsterdã?)
3. Has she brought the English/Portuguese dictionary?
(Ela trouxe o dicionário de Inglês/Português?)
1. Action still happening in the present. (ações ainda
acontecendo no presente)
Usamos o presente perfeito para expressar uma ação que
começou no passado e ainda continua no presente. As
preposições ‘since’ e ‘for’ são geralmente associadas a
este tempo verbal.
Since: indicates the beginning of the action. (início da
ação)
For: shows the length of time. (período da ação)
Ex.
a) I have known her since 1995.
b) We haven’t had any rain for almost two months.
c) I have given classes at Zênite since 2006.
d) I have given classes to the Zênite’s new group for
seven months.
EXERCISES
CALORIC RESTRICTION
Since 1935 researchers have known that when laboratory
rats and mice are fed a very-low-calorie diet - 30 to 50
percent of their normal intake - they live about 30 percent
longer than their well-fed confreres, as long as they get
sufficient nutrition. Free radicals seem to be responsible:
the less food consumed, the fewer free radicals are
produced - possibly because on a low-calorie regimen
cell's power-generating machinery operates at high
efficiency, as it does during exercise. There haven't been
solid studies on how caloric restriction affects human
beings, but researchers speculate that someday drugs may
¤enhance cellular efficiency without diets. Consuming
fewer calories while maintaining a healthy level of
106
nutrients isn't easy... so don't quit eating just
yet.(Newsweek, June 30, . p.59.)
1. A locução verbal HAVE KNOWN (ref.4) indica uma
noção de temporalidade referente a
a) dois momentos no passado.
b) passado e futuro.
c) passado, exclusivamente.
d) passado e presente.
e) presente e futuro.
Imagine it: Your plane touches down at Charles de Gaulle
and you take out your portable voice recognitiontranslation
device. You set the dial to "Français." Et voilà!
You are free ¤to roam Paris without anyone sneering at
your high school French. Sound like science fiction?
Machines that recognize your voice and translate your
language have already converged. Prototypes of real-time
devices are in use, and they will probably be on the
market in a decade or two. But before we shell out
$299.99 for this shiny new gadget, let us pause to bid
farewell to the dream of an idiomatic common ground - to
the hope for mutual intelligibility and a linguistic
brotherhood of man. "Lingua Franca", New York, May/June
2000.
2. Se o sujeito da oração "Machines (...) HAVE already
CONVERGED" (ref. 2) estivesse no singular e fosse
mantido o tempo do verbo, a forma verbal destacada
a) ficaria inalterada.
b) seria trocada por "had converged".
c) se transformaria em "is being converged".
d) seria substituída por "has converged".
e) passaria para "is converging".
3. "The large scale entrance of women into the
professions since the 1960s has posed many ideological
and aesthetic challenges"
"many of the basic principles, associated with exclusively
male executive office subcultures, have endured."
a) The temporal reference expressed by the verb forms
has posed and have endured is best analyzed as:
b) situations beginning at a prior point continuing into
the present

c) actions occurring at a specified prior time with
current relevance
d) actions completed in the past prior to other past
points in time
e) situations developed over a prior time period and
now completed
f) situations started just in the present.
The Fear Is Old
The Economy New
By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN
1 There is something perverse about reading the
business news these days. Every month the Labor
Department comes out with a new set of statistics about
how unemployment is down and thousands of jobs are
being created. But these stories always contain the same
caveat, like the warning on a pack of cigarettes, that this
news is bad for the health of the economy. The stories
always go on to say that these great employment statistics
triggered panic among Wall Street investors and led to a
sell off of stocks and bonds.
(...)
2 Of course there has always been a link between
unemployment numbers and inflation expectations. The
more people are working, the more they have the money
to pay for things; the more consumer demand outstrips
factory capacity, the more prices shoot up, and the more
prices shoot up the more the value of bonds, with their
fixed interest rates, erodes.
3 But what has been so frustrating about the
market reactions in recent months is that despite the
surging economy, inflation has not been rising. It has
remained flat, at around 3 percent, and ¢ yet Wall Street,
certain that the shadow it sees is the ghost of higher
inflation come to haunt the trading floors, has been
clamoring to the Federal Reserve for higher rates. (...)
The New York Times Magazine.
4. O que determinou a utilização do Present Perfect Tense
no último parágrafo do texto foi:
a) o estilo do autor.
b) a referência a um tempo passado não explicitado no
texto.
c) a referência a acontecimentos / sentimentos
desencadeados no passado e que continuam no
presente.
d) a atribuição de maior ênfase ao que se pretende dizer.
e) a referência a sentimentos / acontecimentos que
ocorrem no presente.
5. Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a
lacuna:
Have you........... the correct alternative?
a) choose
b) chase
c) choosed
d) chose
e) chosen
2012’s Second Sun
Earth is believed to be getting a second sun burning in the
sky near the end of 2012, as the second biggest star in the
universe, Betelgeuse, is dying, which will lead to
“multiple days of constant daylight.”
Many ancient cultures 4 have speculated about the
appearance of a second sun and this event appears to 1 tie
in very closely with the December 21 2012 predictions.
Betelgeuse is the second 2 biggest star in the universe and
the eighth 3 brightest in the night sky, Scientists 5 have
determined that the star is losing mass at a rapid rate,
which indicates it will go supernova very soon.
The light emitted from this exploding star will be so
bright that it will appear for a few weeks at the end of
2012 as a second sun in the sky. There may be little if no
period of darkness or night according to senior lecturer of
physics at the University of Southern Queensland, Brad
Carter.
Earth will experience “brightness for a brief period of
time for a couple of weeks and then over the coming
months it begins to fade and then eventually it will be
very hard to see at all,” explained the Australian scientist
Brad Carter to news.com.au.
Scientist 6 have known about this dying star which is 640
light years away from Earth, since 2005. It is believed that
as Betelgeuse goes supernova it will not be harmful to
Earth. “There will be neutrinos emitted during the
supernova process, said University of Minnesota physics
professor Priscilla Cushman, but neutrinos, even lots and
lots of them, are only weakly interacting, so they won't
affect life on earth,” but that is only speculation at this
point.
107

The fact is, we as human beings have never experienced
anything like this before so close to our home planet, and
to be honest, we just don’t know for sure what this event
could bring. (www.december212012.com) on 30/08/11
policies, balanced and diversified trade, along with a
coherent energy policy. It leaves the country well
positioned for the future.
www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/3370044#. Adaptado
6. The verb tenses “have speculated” (ref. 4), “have
determined” (ref. 5) and “have known” (ref. 6) are:
a) Past perfect
b) Simple present
c) Present perfect
d) Past participle
e) Gerund
Brazil is More Than Soccer and ‘Carnival’
Many investors rarely think about Brazil as a place to put
their investment dollars. They think Brazil is just a
country that goes crazy over soccer and has a wild
‘Carnival’ every year in Rio. But Brazil is so much more.
They may have the best economy in the Americas. Brazil
has made great strides under current President Luiz Inacio
Lula da Silva, commonly known as Lula. Lula took office
on January 1, 2003 and he has, since being in office, run a
very orthodox fiscal policy. The country has maintained
fiscal and trade surpluses for the better part of his
presidency.
Brazil’s highly capable Central Bank has followed a very
strong monetary policy. They have maintained high levels
of real interest rates, which prevented the economy from
overheating and creating an over-expansion of credit —
unlike the policies of others like the Federal Reserve.
In late April, the Brazilian Central Bank cut their interest
rate from 11.25% to 10.25%. This leaves them plenty of
room to cut interest rates further, if necessary, to stimulate
the Brazilian economy. Again, this distinguishes the
Brazilian Central Bank from the Federal Reserve and
others, who have left themselves virtually no room to cut
interest rates further.
Also, Brazil has long pursued a strategy of achieving
energy independence from foreign oil. Brazil started its
own ethanol program — based on its rich sugar crop and
offshore oil exploration using deep-sea drilling methods.
It’s achieved a remarkable degree of energy selfsufficiency
— again setting it apart from much of the rest
of the world.
Brazil, unlike the United States and other economies, is
not over-levered — It has prudent fiscal and monetary
7. No trecho do quinto parágrafo do texto — It’s
achieved a remarkable degree of energy selfsufficiency...—
o ’s em It’s pode ser corretamente
substituído por:
a) has.
b) goes.
c) was.
d) does.
e) is.
PLAGIARISM ON THE INTERNET
For Anna, 22, a final year student in south-east
England, internet plagiarism is a natural part of
undergraduate life.
For the past three years, she says, she has been
submitting essays bought and copied from the internet and
passing them off as her own.
She is currently working on her final-year project
and most of the materials in the dissertation are coming
off the net.
Anna (not her real name) says she cheats because
it is easy to get away with it.
"It is easier, because sometimes when you go to
the library you can't find the necessary books or you have
too much to read," she says.
"But I'm always careful. The best way is to
combine library materials with essays bought from the
internet."
Texto:"http://www.newsbbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3265143.stm"
8. Pode-se observar, nos parágrafos 2, 3 e 4 do texto, a
ocorrência de três tempos verbais distintos na língua
inglesa. As afirmativas a seguir contêm ideias relativas a
cada um desses tempos verbais.
I. Algo que Anna faz com regularidade.
II. Algo que Anna tem feito há algum tempo.
III. Algo que Anna está fazendo no momento.
108

Com base nas asserções, assinale a alternativa que
apresenta a ideia contida em cada um desses tempos
verbais, segundo a ordem em que aparecem nos referidos
parágrafos.
a) II, I e III.
b) III, I e II.
c) III, II e I.
d) I, II e III.
e) II, III e I.
PRESENT PERFECT – Part II.
2. Past action in an incomplete period of time. (ações
passadas em período de tempo incompleto)
Usamos o Pres. Perfeito para expressar uma
finalizada dentro de um tempo não finalizado.
Such as: today, this week, this summer, this year, this month, etc.
Ex.
a) I haven’t seen Luis Àvila this week.
b) Have you read any good book this year?
c) Mister hasn’t come here today.
d) It hasn’t rained this summer.
ação
Past action with no definite time. (açõespassadas sem um
tempo determinado)
Utilizamos o Pres. Perfect quando nos referimos a uma
ação no passado sem mencionarmos o tempo em que essa
ação aconteceu.
Ex.
a) Marilda is crying because her sister has hit her.
b) He has hurt his leg. He can’t play soccer.
c) Omar is a little depressed, ‘cause his gilrfriend has
left him.
d) Has Mister bought a car?
With certain adverbs.
(com certos adverbios)
Utilizamos com muita frequência o Pres. Perfect com:
already, yet, ever, never and just.
Already: Quando algo acontece antes da hora esperada.
‘Affirmative or interrogative.’
Ex.
a) I have already studied this subject in my school
years.
b) Have you all from 3º ano Paulo VI already answered
exercises about pres. perfect?
Yet: Indica que algo não aconteceu ou é esperado que
aconteça. ‘Negative or interrogative.’
Translation:
A tradução do Present Perfect pode ser:
1. Literal:
a) What has he done lately ?
b) O que ele tem feito ultimamente ?
c) I have studied for the test.
d) Tenho estudado para o teste.
2. No Passado Simples:
a) What have you studied ?
b) O que você estudou ?
c) Have you seen him ?
d) Você o viu ?
3. No presente simples:
a) She has lived in Vit. Da Conquista for ten months.
b) Ela mora em Vit. Da Conquista há dez meses.
c) I’ve studied Portuguese since I was a child.
d) Eu estudo Português desde qye eu era criança.
NÃO CONFUNDA!
Present Perfect x Simple Past
O Simple Past refere-se apenas a ações passadas
queacabaram em um tempo definido no passado:
I went to the park last weekend. (Simple Past)
109

O Present Perfect pode expressar ações passadas que
acabaram em um tempo não definido no passadoou ações
que ainda não terminaram:
I have worked hard. (Present Perfect)
They have been here since midday. (Present Perfect)
Principais Usos do Present Perfect Tense:
a) Indica que uma determinada ação começou no passado
e ainda continua.
b) Indica que uma determinada ação pode ser repetida ou
continuada.
c) Indica uma ação passada mas, muito recente.
d) Dá ênfase numa ação. (Auxiliado com JUST)
Atenção: O Present Perfect JAMAIS deve ser usado com
advérbios ou expressões adverbiais no passado.
Exemplos:
a) I have worked hard for Zênite.
b) They’ve been to Rio twice this year.
11. Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a
lacuna:
Have you........... the correct alternative?
a) choose
b) chase
c) choosed
d) chose
e) chosen
12. Assinale a letra correspondente à alternativa que
preenche corretamente as lacunas da frase apresentada.
Sandy: Hi, Jack.
Jack: Hi, Sandy.
Sandy: Gosh! I ....... you for ages!
Jack: That's true. I ........ from a trip to Japan just
yesterday.
a) saw - am returning
b) saw - returned
c) have seen - have returned
d) haven't seen - returned
e) haven't seen - have returned
EXERCISES
CAN SCIENCE PICK A CHILD'S SEX?
9. Assinale a alternativa correta. - We're still waiting for
Bill. He ______ yet.
a) hasn't come
b) haven't come
c) didn't come
d) doesn't come
e) hadn't come
10. Qual destas sentenças está correta:
a) I don't have never taken a course in Japanese;
b) I have never taken a course in Japanese;
c) I never didn't take a course in Japanese still;
d) I ever did not take a course in Japanese;
e) I took not a course in Japanese ever.
13. Assinale a alternativa correta:
a) I live here since 1970.
b) I have lived here since 1970.
c) I am living here since 1970.
d) I will live here since 1970.
e) I would live here since 1970.
14. Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as
lacunas da frase a seguir:
He.....learning English five years ago but he.....it yet.
a) has started - does not learn
b) started - has not learned
c) has started - learn
d) started - have not learned
e) have started - did not learn
110

15. A frase "I NEVER CAME ACROSS SUCH A SET
IN ALL MY LIFE" - foi extraída de "Three Men in a
Boat" escrito por Jerome K. Jerome em I889. No seu
entender:
A frase não apresenta restrição gramatical.
a) "I have never come across..." teria sido uma melhor
opção gramatical.
b) "I have never came across..." teria sido uma melhor
opção gramatical.
c) "I never come across..." teria sido uma melhor opção
gramatical.
d) "I am never coming across..." teria sido uma melhor o
opção gramatical.
16. Young Nina and her grandmother are having a
conversation:
"Grandma, how long have you and Grandpa been
married?", asked Nina.
1 "We've been married for fifty years", Grandma replied.
"That is so wonderful", exclaimed Nina. "And I bet in all
that time, you never once thought about divorce, right?"
"Right Nina. Divorce, never. Murder, lots of times.”
Jackie’s first storytelling performance was in a library.
She was working as a librarian and was asked to entertain
a group of children. Jackie told them a story and they
loved it! Before long, she began telling stories within her
community. Many of her stories came from old American
and African-American folktales. Eventually, she started
telling stories across North America.
As Jackie’s fame increased, her health decreased. She
now has to use a wheelchair, but this has not stopped her
storytelling career. Jackie’s stories have been published in
books, magazines, and newspapers and she has appeared
on radio and television. She has won awards for nine of
her sound recordings and three of her television specials.
Adapted from NorthStar 3: Listening and Speaking, 2nd Edition (Longman, p57),
Helen S. Solórzano and Jennifer P. L. Schmidt
17. In the sentence, “She has won awards for nine of her
sound recordings and three of her television specials”, the
underlined expression shows that
a) the action is not expected to happen.
b) the action began in the past and is continuing now.
c) the action expresses a past situation or habit.
d) the action expresses an experience that happened at
some time in one’s life.
Adapted from http://www.sarasotawedding.com/jokes/divorce_jokes.html
Access on September 28th, 2012.
In the joke, the sentence “We've been married for fifty
years" (ref. 1) means that Nina's grandparents
a) lived together for fifty years.
b) were married for fifty years.
c) got married fifty years ago.
d) were married for a long time.
The Birth of a Storyteller
Jackie Torrence spent her childhood in North Carolina, in
the southern part of the United States. She was a shy child
because she had problems with her teeth, which made it
hard for her to talk. Other children teased her because of
her speech problem, so she spent much of her childhood
playing alone. One of Jackie’s favorite games was to
pretend she was on television. She told stories out loud
using gestures and dramatic voices. At school, Jackie
soon learned that she was good at writing stories, and
with the help of her favorite teacher, she started to work
on improving her speech.
18. Choose the item to complete the answer.
a) They will go to.
b) They have gone.
c) They went to.
d) They would go to.
111

Microsoft is buying Skype
One is the giant business, whose software powers more
than 90% of the world's computers. The other is the firm,
which has revolutionised the way many communicate.
Now Skype is being swallowed up by Microsoft.
It's just eight years since Skype started helping people to
make calls over the internet for nothing, and this is the
third time it's been bought and sold.
Microsoft has been struggling to prove it can compete
with the likes of Google and Apple. Now as it tries to
make an impact on the mobile-phone world, it wants
Skype to help it become a bigger force.
Skype is now used by 170 million people around the
world (each month), not just on their computers, but on
the move – on their mobile phones and even on their
tablet devices.
Microsoft wants to tap in to this connected community,
but it's paying a huge price for a business that isn't even
profitable.
Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC News.
Fonte:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/201
1/05/110511witn_skype_page.shtml
19. Em “it’s been bought and sold”, tem-se uma
construção verbal no tempo:
a) Passado simples.
b) Passado contínuo.
c) Particípio passado.
d) Presente perfeito.
e) Passado perfeito contínuo.
20. Find the correct use of the Present Perfect Tense:
a) I've answered all the questions.
b) He has stayed in that position for half an hour.
c) Jane's writen a book.
d) The writer has written a new book last year.
e) Lice has been a problem to mankind for years.
f) Some thieves have robbed the bank a week ago.
g) My men has slept for five hours.
Choose the right alternative:
a) 1 - 2 - 5 - 7
b) 1 - 2 - 4 - 5
c) 1 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7
d) 2 - 3 - 7
e) 1 - 2
JUST LIKE HUMANS
Animal personality is now taken seriously.
We name them, raise them, clothe them and spoil
them. We describe them as manipulative, grumpy,
sensitive and caring. And they're not even human - they're
our pets. It's in our nature to ascribe human characteristics
to animals even if they don't really exist. For this reason,
in the interests of remaining objective observers of nature,
scientists have taken pains to avoid anthropomorphizing
animals. To talk about a dog's having a swagger or a cat's
being shy would invite professional sneers.
In recent years, however, evidence has begun to
show that animals have personalities after all. Chimps, for
example, can be conscientious: they think before they act,
they plan and they control their impulses, says Samuel
Gosling, a Texas-based psychologist. Research has
identified similar personality traits in many other species.
The implications of these findings for research
on human personality are powerful. Scientists can look to
animal studies for insight into humans the same way they
now look to animal testing for insight into drugs. Animal
research has already begun to shed light on how different
sights of people respond to medications and treatments -
aggressive and passive rats respond differently to
antidepressants, for example. The hope is that animals can
help illuminate the murky interplay of genes and the
environment on people's personalities. The research may
even lead to predictions about what people will do, based
on their personalities, when they're stressed out or
frightened. Putting personality testing - already a thriving
business - on a firm footing could uncover a wealth of
knowledge about where personality comes from.
(Newsweek, June 18, )
21. Assinale a alternativa que contém o uso correto do
tempo verbal "present perfect", como no exemplo -
"evidence has begun to show that animals have
personalities after all" -, no segundo parágrafo do texto.
Brazil has won the world cup in 2002.
a) When America was discovered, Indians have lived in
the land for a long time.
b) Her grandfather has won the lottery.
112

c) They have finished their assignment before the end of
class.
d) The president has arrived from Europe the previous
night.
China is expected to become one of the world's
leading economies, so why are pupils still learning
French 6 rather than Mandarin 7 in Britain 8 ? For most
students, there is little or no 1 . Despite predictions
that it will dissapear as an international language, French
dominates the timetables, followed by German 9 and
Spanish 10 . Exports to China are expected to quadruple by
2010 11 but most British schoolchildren are still not
learning Mandarin.
In one school, however, about 150 students now
learn some Mandarin, under the tuition of Linzi Pan, the
fourth Chinese assistant to work in the school. The
Chinese language assistants who make it to the country
are fearsomely well qualified 12 .
In primary and secondary schools across the
country there are about 30Chinese language assistants
who not only contribute to language classes but also help
to inject some idea of Chinese culture into the curriculum.
Some students even get a 2 to visit China, thanks
to the British Council's annual immersion courses for
students in years 8 to 12, which give those travelling at
least to weeks in a major Chinese city learning the
language as well as seeing the 3 .
In England there about 100 state schools
teaching Chinese, as well as many more independent and
weekend schools. The secretary of the British Association
for Chinese Studies is adamant 13 that the country needs
much more investment, especially for teacher training and
professional development, before Chinese studies can be
introduced across the curriculum.
Teachers report more interest in Mandarn than
10 years ago when people studied it because not only was
it interesting but also rather exotic. Interest is now coming
from all age groups, because of which evening-class
provision across the country has shot up with many adults
now learning the language for business 4 . It is very
much about shifting British attitudes 14 . Historically, it has
been the British Council that has promoted Britain in
China but now we all ought to be making sure Britain is
equipped to deal with China.
Adapted from: The Independent, online edition, 11 Mar..
22. Consider the verb form in the sentence below.
Britain HAS INVESTED very little in Chinese studies. -
The same verb form is used correctly in the sentence
a) I haven't met my Chinese friends since July.
b) The children have read a Chinese story yesterday.
c) Have you learned Mandarin when you were in
school?
d) They have seen many Chinese films last year.
e) His parents have lived in China in the 1960's.
Internet Cafes' Phone Service Fills a Void
TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras - With their simple wooden
desks and glowing computer screens, the Internet cafes in
this capital city look much like those popping up around
the rest of the world, except practically no one's typing.
They're all talking.
A few inches from the door of the Multinet Cybercafe, a
woman in sandals is gossiping about some acquaintances
into a black phone-like receiver connected by a cord to
the back of a machine. Across from her, a man is
inquiring about a job. Herman Mejilla, an accountant, is
chatting with his fiancee in New Jersey, asking how her
university studies are going.
"Te extraño," he says. I miss you.
In Latin America and other developing areas, Internet
cafes have become this generation's equivalent of the
telephone booth.
The voice transmissions aren't perfect. They are
sometimes garbled by static or metallic echoes. Calls
occasionally get dropped or don't get through at all.
But the phone cafes have become a lifeline for many
Hondurans who often use them to talk to relatives and
friends in the United States. In a country where home
phone lines are hard to come by, the Internet phones are
the only way many can keep in touch.
In Honduras, only about 44 of every 1,000 people had a
phone in 1999, the latest year for which figures are
available from the World Bank Group's development
indicators database. In neighboring Nicaragua, the figure
is 30 of every 1,000; in Guatemala, 55; and in El
Salvador, 76.
Internet phone service is not only more readily available
than normal phone service, it's significantly cheaper, too:
5 to 10 cents a minute, vs. the $1 to $1.50 per minute
charged by monopoly telephone providers. In Honduras,
113

where per capita income was about $850 in 2000, it's an
obvious bargain.
Phone cafes are concentrated in Latin America but have
proliferated worldwide. Few of these businesses are run
by corporations. They are mostly mom-and-pop
operations.
Washington Post, April 18, 2002
23. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o uso correto do
Presente Perfeito do verbo "become", como em
"...Internet cafes have become this generation's equivalent
of the telephone booth.", no quinto parágrafo do texto.
a) He has become a political leader in 1984.
b) She has become a U.S. citizen before she moved to
Australia.
c) She has become a widow right after the war.
d) She has become his wife five years ago.
e) He has become ill.
The Present Perfect Continuous
O Present Perfect Continuous é usado para:
1. Falar de uma atividade que começou no passado e que
continua até o presente, enfatizando a duração ou
aintensidade da ação. Nesse caso, para expressar o tempo,
geralmente usa-se since, for, all day, all morning, all
week,etc.
Affirmative Form.
I + have
You + have
He + has
She + has been verb in the ING form.
It + has
We + have
You + have
They + have
1. She has been running for half an hour.
(Ele está correndo há meia hora.)
2. It's been raining a lot all week.
(Tem chovido bastante toda esta semana.)
Negative forms.
I + haven’t
You + haven’t
He + hasn’t
She + hasn’t been verb in the ING form
It + hasn’t
We + haven’t
You + haven’t
They + haven’t
1. I have not been sleeping well since last week because
my husband snores a lot.
(Não estou dormindo bem desde a semana passada
porque meu marido ronca muito.)
2. They have not been using the blender for months.
(Eles não usam o liquidificador há meses.)
Interrogative Forms
Have + I
Have + You
Has + He
Has + She been verb in the ING form.
Has + It
Have + We
Have + You
Have + They
1. Has he been washing his car for two hours?
(Ele está lavando o carro dele há duas horas?)
2. Have you been working since eight o' clock?
(Você está trabalhando desde as oito horas?)
3. What have you been doing since I last saw you?
Duration from the Past Until Now
Utilizamos o Present Perfect Continuous para mostrar que
algo começou no passado e continua até o presente. "For
five minutes", "for two weeks", and "since Tuesday" são
114

todos expressões temporais que podem ser usadas com o
Present Perfect Continuous.
EXAMPLES:
They have been talking for the last hour.
She has been working at that company for three years.
James has been teaching at the University since June.
EXAMPLES:
I have been waiting here for two hours.
She has only been studying English for two years.
Quando utilizamos tempos verbais com mais de uma
parte, tais como Present Perfect Continuous (has been
studying), advérbios geralmente aparecem entre a
primeira e a segunda parte, (has only been studying).
Recently, Lately
Voçê pode usar o Present Perfect Continuous sem uma
duração de tempo como: "for five minutes", "for two
weeks", and "since Tuesday". Sem a duração de tempo,
este tempo verbal oferece um sentido mais geral de
ultimamente "lately". Usamos com frequência palavras
como: "lately" or "recently" neste tipo de sentença para
fortalecer o significado.
Um outro exemplo seria "Have you been smoking?"
sugere que você consegue sentir o cheiro do cigarro na
pessoa.
É possível que insulte alguém utilizando este tempo
verbal.
IMPORTANT:Non-Continuous/Stative Verbs.
To know.
To love.
To hate.
To want.
To like.
To hear.
To prefer.
To see.
To remember.
To forget.
To seem.
To realize.
To need.
To believe.
To suppose.
To understand.
EXAMPLES:
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
IMPORTANT
Lembre se que o Present Perfect Continuous tem o
significado de ultimamente "lately" ou recentemente
"recently." Caso use the Present Perfect Continuous em
uma pergunta EX "Have you been feeling alright?",
Isso sugere que a pessoa parece doente ou mal de saúde.
Para expressar idéia de Present Perfect Continuous com
estes verbos é melhor utilizar o Present Perfect.
EXAMPLES:
Sam has been having his car for two years.
Not Correct
Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
Past Perfect Tense
O Past Perfect é formado com o passado simples do
verbo to have (had), que funciona como auxiliar do verbo
principal, seguido do past participle (particípio passado)
115

do verbo principal. Lembre-se de que o particípio passado
dos verbos regulares terminam em -ed e os verbos
irregulares possuem forma própria.
Affirmative forms.
I + had
You + had
He + had
She + had Past perfect of the verb.
It + had
We + had
You + had
They + had
1. The film had already started when we got to the
cinema.
(O filme já tinha começado quando chegamos ao
cinema.)
2. The film started when we got to the cinema - As duas
ações ocorreram ao mesmo tempo, diferente do que
ocorre no Past Perfect, onde ambas ações ocorrem no
passado, porém uma antes da outra.
1. The mall had already closed when I arrived there. (O
shopping já tinha fechado quando cheguei lá.)
Negative rms.
I + hadn’t
You + hadn’t
He + hadn’t
She + hadn’t Past perfect of the verb.
It + hadn’t
We + hadn’t
You + hadn’t
They + hadn’t
116
1. I hadn't heard you knocking the door because I
was sleeping.
(Não ouvi você bater na porta porque estava dormindo.)
2. Peter hadn't realized that the place was so
dangerous.
(Pedro não tinha se dado conta de que o lugar era tão
perigoso.)
Interrogative Forms
Had + I
Had + You
Had + He
Had + She
Had + It
Had + We
Had + You
Had + They
Past perfect of the verb.
1. Had the train already left when you got to the station?
(O trem já tinha partido quando você chegou à
estação?)
2. Had you already had dinnner when I called to you?
(Você já tinha jantado quando eu liguei?)
Completed Action Before Something in Past.
(ação completa antes de uma outra ação no passado).
O Past Perfect expressa ideia de que algo ocorreu antes de
uma ação no passado. Ele também mostra que algo
acontecera antes de um tempo específico no passado.
EXAMPLES:
a) I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went
to Copacabana.
b) Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in
1992?
c) Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.

NOTE: Quando estamos usando este tempo verbal com
advérbios , este aparece entre o auxiliar had e o verbo da
oração.
Examples:
a) I had never studied a little English before I came to
the U.S.
b) They had never met an American until they met John.
Stranger than fiction
By Hillel E. Silverman
EXERCISES
When the Old and New Cities of Jerusalem were reunited
in 1967, a recently widowed Arab woman, who had been
living in Old Jerusalem since 1948, wanted to see once
more the house in which she formerly lived. Now that the
city was one, she searched for and found her old home.
She knocked on the door of the apartment, and a Jewish
widow came to the door and greeted her.
The Arab woman explained that she had lived there until
1948 and wanted to look around. She was invited in and
offered coffee. The Arab woman said, "When I lived here,
I hid some valuables. If they are still here, I will share
them with you half and half."
The Jewish woman refused. "If they belonged to you and
are still here, they are yours." After much discussion back
and forth, they entered the bathroom, loosened the floor
planks, and found a hoard of gold coins. The Jewish
woman said, "I shall ask the government to let you keep
them." She did and permission was granted.
The two widows visited each other again and again, and
one day the Arab woman told her new friend, "You know,
in the 1948 fighting here, my husband and I were so
frightened that we ran away to escape. We grabbed our
belongings, took the children, and each fled separately.
We had a three-month-old son. I thought my husband had
taken 1 him, and he thought I had. Imagine our grief when
we were reunited in Old Jerusalem to find that neither of
us had taken the child."
The Jewish woman turned pale, and asked the exact date.
The Arab woman named the date and the hour, and the
Jewish widow told her: "My husband was one of the
Israeli troops that entered Jerusalem. He came into this
house and found a baby on the floor. He asked if he could
keep the house and the baby, too. Permission was
granted".
At that moment, a twenty-year-old Israeli soldier in
uniform walked into the room, and the Jewish woman
broke down in tears. "This is your son," she cried.
This is one of those incredible tales we hear. And the
aftermath? The two women liked each other so much that
the Jewish widow asked the Arab mother: "Look, we are
both widows living alone. Our children are grown up.
This house has brought you luck. You have found your
son… our son. Why don’t we live together?" And they
do.
Adaptado de: www.perso.ch/tio.family/page 196.html, acesso em março/2011.
1. Sobre o que fica evidente na primeira sentença do
texto, assinale o que for correto.
( ) Em 1966, a mulher árabe já não morava mais na
Antiga Jerusalém.
( ) Em 1966, a mulher árabe ainda morava na Antiga
Jerusalém.
( ) A mulher árabe foi morar na Antiga Jerusalém em
1967.
( ) A mulher árabe tinha ido morar na Antiga Jerusalém
havia muito tempo.
HERE IS THE SECOND PART OF THE LETTER,
WRITTEN BY A 98-YEARS-OLD PENSIONED
LADY TO HER BANK MANAGER.
In due course, I will issue your employee with a
PIN number, which he/she must quote in dealings with
me. I regret that it cannot be shorter than 28 digits but,
again, I have modeled it on the number of button presses
required of me to access my account balance on your
phone bank service. As they say, imitation is the sincerest
form of flattery.
117

Let me level the playing field even further. When
you call me, press buttons as follows:
1 - To make an appointment to see me.
2 - To query a missing payment.
3 - To transfer the call to my living room in case I am
there.
4 - To transfer the call to my bedroom in case I am
sleeping.
5 - To transfer the call to my toilet in case I am attending
to nature.
6 - To transfer the call to my mobile phone if I am not at
home.
7 - To leave a message on my computer (a password to
access my computer is required. A password will be
communicated to you at a later date to the Authorized
Contact).
8 - To return to the main menu and to listen to options 1
through 8.
9 - To make a general complaint or inquiry, the contact
will then be put on hold, pending the attention of my
automated answering service. While this may, on
occasion, involve a lengthy wait, uplifting music will play
for the duration of the call.
Regrettably, but again following your example, I
must also levy an establishment fee to cover the setting up
of this new arrangement. Your Humble Client
(Adapted from: forums.film.com/showthread.php?t=15516)
2. Indique a alternativa que completa a sentença: The
lady ............... that she ............... the PIN number on the
number of button presses required to access her account
balance.
a) wrote ... has modeled
b) writes ... would be modeling
c) was writing ... modeled
d) wrote ... has been modeling
e) wrote ...had modeled
emissions continue to rise despite many earnest pledges to
control them. Just last week, the United Nations reported
that of the 41 countries it monitors (not including most
developing nations), 34 had increased greenhouse
emissions from 2000 to 2004. These include most
countries committed to reducing emissions under the
Kyoto Protocol.
Why is this? Here are three reasons. First: With
today's technologies, we don't know how to cut
greenhouse gases in politically and economically
acceptable ways. Second: In rich democracies, policies
that might curb greenhouse gases require politicians and
the public to act in exceptionally "enlightened" (read:
"unrealistic") ways. Third: Even if rich countries cut
emissions, it won't make much difference unless poor
countries do likewise - and so far, they've refused because
that might jeopardize their economic growth and povertyreduction
efforts.
Unless we develop cost-effective technologies
that break the link between carbon-dioxide emissions and
energy use, we can't do much. Anyone serious about
global warming must focus on technology - and not just
assume it. Otherwise, our practical choices are all bad:
costly mandates and controls that harm the economy; or
costly mandates and controls that barely affect
greenhouse gases. Or, possibly, both.
(Adapted from "The Worst of Both Worlds?" NEWSWEEK November 13, 2006,
page 45.)
3. In the phrase "34 had increased greenhouse emissions
from 2000 to 2004" (in paragraph 1), the verb tense HAD
INCREASED refers to
( ) ( ) an action that began in the past and continues
up to now.
( ) ( ) an indefinite time in the past.
( ) ( ) an action that happened in the past before
another past action.
( ) ( ) an action that is habitual.
( ) ( ) two simultaneous actions in the past.
118
THE WORST OF BOTH WORLDS?
In the global-warming debate, there's a big gap
between public rhetoric (which verges on hysteria) and
public behavior (which indicates indifference). People say
they're worried but don't act that way. Greenhouse
Violence on television
Psychological research has shown three major effects of
seeing violence on television:
- Children may become less sensitive to the pain and
suffering of others.

- Children may be more fearful of the world around them.
- Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or
harmful ways toward others.
Children who watch a lot of TV are less aroused by
violent scenes than are those who only watch a little; in
other words, they're less bothered by violence in general,
and less likely to see anything wrong with it. One
example: in several studies, those who watched a violent
program instead of a nonviolent one were slower to
intervene or to call for help when, a little later, they saw
younger children fighting or playing destructively.
Studies by George Gerbner, Ph.D., at the University of
Pennsylvania, have shown that children's TV shows
contain about 20 violent acts each hour and also that
children who watch a lot of television are more likely to
think that the world is a mean and dangerous place.
Children often behave differently after they've been
watching violent programs on TV. In one study done at
Pennsylvania State University, about 100 preschool
children were observed both before and after watching
television; some watched cartoons that had a lot of
aggressive and violent acts in them, and others watched
shows that didn't have any kind of violence. The
researchers noticed real differences between the kids who
watched the violent shows and those who watched
nonviolent ones.
"Children who watch the violent shows, even 'just funny'
cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates,
argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and
were less willing to wait for things than those who
watched the nonviolent programs," says Aletha Huston,
Ph.D., now at the University of Kansas.
(Extraído de www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html)
4. The text ................. a study in which 100 preschool
children ................. both before and after watching TV.
a) reported ... is observed
b) reports ... observed
c) reported ... had been observed
d) had reported ... were observed
e) reports ... had observed
'EBOLA' TURNS OUT TO BE YELLOW FEVER
Gary Younge in Berlin Saturday August 7, 1999
The Ebola virus panic gripping Germany finally subsided
yesterday when the man suspected of having contracted
the disease was diagnosed as having died of yellow fever,
five days after returning from west Africa.
Olaf Ullmann, 40, died at 7.24am yesterday - the first
person to be killed by yellow fever in Germany for more
than 50 years. His health had deteriorated rapidly in the
last 24 hours as his liver and kidneys failed and he lost
consciousness.
Ebola was ruled out late on Thursday night, but there was
a delay in diagnosing yellow fever partly because
Ullmann had been vaccinated in 1993.
The doctor who treated him said yellow fever and Ebola
had similar symptoms of heavy breathing and high fever,
but little else could have been done to save him.
"Even had we known from the beginning he was suffering
from yellow fever it would not have changed the
treatment," said Norbert Suttorp of Berlin's Charité
hospital.
The yellow fever vaccination, considered effective for at
least 10 years, fails to provide immunity in 1% of cases.
Ullmann was probably bitten by an infected mosquito
during his trip to Ivory Coast, where he was filming a
documentary on local wildlife.
Experts in tropical medicine wearing plastic suits had
been treating him since Tuesday. A 6ft fence was erected
around his isolation ward.
An outbreak of yellow fever is considered unlikely: his
three travelling companions, including his wife, are in
good health.
Swissair, which flew the Ullmanns back from Ivory
Coast, has given the passenger list to the German
authorities but the risk of contagion is considered
negligible.
5. "Even HAD we KNOWN from the beginning he was
suffering from yellow fever it WOULD NOT HAVE
CHANGED the treatment" (par. 5). The verb phrases in
bold indicate that the change in treatment:
a) will happen in future
b) may happen in future
c) could have happened but didn't
d) can happen but will not any way
e) might still happen
119

PAST PERFECT TENSE - PART II.
Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous
Verbs)
With Non-progressive Verbs / Stative verbs.
Também utilizamos o past perfect para mostrar que algo
começou no passdo e continuou até uma outra ação
também no passado.
EXAMPLES:
a) We had had that car for ten years before it broke
down.
b) By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in
London for over eight years.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Ao contrário do present perfect que estudamos na última
aula, é possível usar tempo específico (time words) com o
past perfect.
Embora possível, não é geralmente necessário.
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993
before she moved in with them in 1996.
Note:
Se a ação occorreu em um tempo específico no passado,
pode ser usado o passado simples ao invés do past perfect.
Quando before (antes) e after (depois) é utilizado na
sentença. As duas palavras na verdade diz o que acontece
primeiro, sendo assim o past perfect é opcional.
As duas sentenças estão corretas:
EXAMPLE:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993
before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993
before she moved in with them in 1996.
Se a ação não acontecera em um tempo específico, o past
perfect deve ser usado em todas as vezes.
EXAMPLE:
She had never seen a bear before she moved to
Alaska. Correct
120
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska.
Not Correct
EXERCISES
6. Supply the correct PAST or PAST PERFECT
a) Mary who is in the Hospital ___________________
(be) there for two weeks.
b) He ________________________ (live) in New York
since 1934.
c) We __________________ (buy) our automobile two
years ago.
7. Ponha os verbos entre parênteses no Past Perfect:
a) The secretary said Mr. Black
_________________________ (leave) at four.
b) I thought you _________________________ (talk) to
Mr. Jones about it.
c) I was sure I _______________________ off the TV
set. (turn)
d) Didn't you tell her that you
________________________ your job? (lose)
e) They went home after they
__________________________ (finish) their
f) conversation.
g) Theresa was upset because her son
____________________ (have) an accident.
h) The poor man _______________________ (die)
before the ambulance arrived.
i) I didn't wash my car because my son
______________________ (already, wash) it.

The Teacher's magazine
The dramatic story of war among angels existed in heaven
even before earth was formed. The great 17th century
poet John Milton described in his masterpiece Paradise
Lost what he considered the first test of free will: the fall
of angels. His story begins when Lucifer is ordered to
obey the Son of God. Lucifer refuses, the rebellious
angels join him and challenge the power of God. On the
first day, one of the powerful Seraphs and Lucifer meet,
angel against angel. On the second day, the archangel
Michael enters the battle, and wounds Lucifer. Michael
asks for assistance and on the third day the Son of God
comes forward. He pursues the enemy to the bounds of
heaven and the bad angels throw themselves into ¤the
bottomless pit. The war in heaven is over, but Lucifer is
far from finished. God has created a new race - humans.
The struggle between good and evil begins. - (Fonte:"The
Teacher's Magazine", ).
8. Complete the sentence below with the appropriate verb
form.
When earth.......... to be, the angels' war in heaven.............
a) came - had ended
b) comes - has ended
c) had come - ended
d) came - had been ending
e) comes - was ending
9. He returned home after he ...... the office.
a) leaves
b) does leave
c) had left
d) will leave
e) didn't leave
Past Perfect Continuous
O Past Perfect Continuous é usado para enfatizar a
repetição ou a duração de uma ação no passado anterior à
outra ação também no passado.
A forma escrita do Past Perfect Continuous é feita com o
Simple Past do verbo to have (had) + Past Perfect do
verbo to be (been) seguido do gerúndio do verbo
principal:
Affirmative Form.
I + had
You + had
He + had
She + had been verb in the ING form.
It + had
We + had
You + had
They + had
1. He was tired because he had been studying for seven
hours.
(Ele estava cansado porque tinha estudado por sete
horas.)
2. She didn't go shopping because it had been raining all
day.
(Ela não foi fazer compras porque tinha chovido o dia
inteiro.)
Negative forms.
I + hadn’t
You + hadn’t
He + hadn’t
She + hadn’t been verb in the ING form
It + hadn’t
We + hadn’t
You + hadn’t
They + hadn’t
1. It hadn't been raining during the week, so we decided
to go to the beach on weekend.
(Não tinha chovido durante a semana, então
decidimos ir pra praia no final de semana.)
2. They didn't pass the exam because they hadn't been
studying a lot. (Eles não passaram no teste porque
não tinham estudado muito.)
121

Interrogative Forms
Had + I
Had + You
Had + He
Had + She been verb in the ING form.
Had + It
Had + We
Had + You
Had + They
1. Had you been swimming? (Você estava nadando?)
2. Had he been waiting for her for a long time?
(Ele tinha esperado por ela por muito tempo?)
Duration Before Something in the Past
122
Utilizamos o past perfect continuous para mostrar que
algo começou no passado e continuou até um outro
horário no passado "For five minutes" and "for two
weeks"
Todas indicam duração de tempo que podem ser
utilizados com o Past Perfect Continuous.
Note: que este tem uma relação com o present perfect,
entretanto, a duração não continua até agora.
EXAMPLES:
a) They had been talking for over an hour before Tony
arrived.
b) She had been working at that company for three years
when it went out of business.
c) James had been teaching at the University for more
than a year before he left for Asia.
IMPORTANT
Se não incluir duração tais como:"for two weeks" or
"since Friday", muitos natives escolhem usar o Past
Continuous. Ha significados diferentes.
EXAMPLES:
I was reading when my roommate returned.
Significa que: A leitura foi interrompida quando o
amigo chegou.
I had been reading for an hour when my roommate
returned.
Significa que: a leitura foi interrompida antes do
amigo entrar.

CAPÍTULO XV - GERUND & PRESENT PARTICIPLE
O gerúndio, também conhecido como Present Participle
( Particípio Presente ), é formado a partir de qualquer
verbo (exceto anômalos) + ING. Veremos em seguida que
há uma pequena diferença entre o Gerúndio e o Present
Participle em seus usos mais comuns.
E.g.
Play Playing Study Studying
Do Doing Come Coming
Work Working See Seeing
Write Writing Understand Understanding
Gerúndio:
Formação Há algumas regras para a formação do
gerúndio.
Vejamos.
1. Geral. Verbo + ING
2. Se o verbo terminar em E, este é retirado e ING é
acrescentado. (Exceto To Be - being)
3. Se o verbo terminar em IE, estes são retirados e YING
é acrescentado. ( Die e Lie - dying, lying ).
4. Verbos terminados em EE não sofrem alterações,
basta acrescentar ING. (See - seeing ).
5. Verbos monossilábicos com CONSOANTE, VOGAL,
CONSOANTE (CVC) têm a última consoante
dobrada. ( Cut - cutting, Stop - stopping, Swim -
swimming, Plan - planning , Put - putting).
6. Verbos dissilábicos que tenham o stress ( sílaba
tônoca) na última sílaba e que ainda tenham a
terminação CVC também têm a última consoante
dobrada. (Prefer -preferring, occur - occurring )
Gerúndio:
Usos: Já sabemos que o gerúndio é usado na formação
de tempos contínuos, tais como: presente contínuo,
passado contínuo, futuro contínuo, etc... Mas o gerúndio
tem outras funções além dessa.
Vejamos.
1.Gerúndio como Substantivo:
O verbo na forma de gerúndio pode funcionar como
substantivo, e por isso pode também conjugar verbos, ser
adjetivado, etc.. Observe.
• My understanding in English is very good.
Meu entendimento de inglês é muito bom.
• My hearing is not that good.
Minha audição já não é tão boa.
• Smoking is not good for health.
Fumar é prejudicial à saude.
• Mesmo que um gerúndio seja um substantivo, um
gerúndio ainda pode levar um objeto direto (como um
verbo). Isto é conhecido como um gerund complement.
Por exemplo:
• swimming the lake
• running a mile
• drinking a beer
2. Gerúndio como Adjetivo:
O verbo na forma de gerúndio pode funcionar como
adjetivo.
Veja.
• We have a talking clock.
Nós temos um relógio falante.
• How much is the washing machine ?
3. Após preposição:
Quanto custa a máquina de lavar ?
• I need to buy a cleaning tape.
Preciso comprar uma fita limpadora.
O gerúndio funcionará como Infinitivo após uma
preposição. Neste caso o gerúndio será considerado como
objeto da preposição, e obrigatório.
• I am thinking about going there
Estou pensando em ir lá.
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• She is tired of studying.
Ela está cansada de estudar..
• Before leaving she said good-bye.
Antes de sair ela disse adeus.
4. Gerund Phrase
Uma Gerund Phrase é composta por um gerúndio, seu
objeto, e todos os modificadores. Por exemplo:
Eating blackberries without washing them will make you
ill.
Na gerund phrase acima:
Eating é o gerúndio.
(A Gerund Phrase sempre começa com o gerúndio.)
A palavra blackberries é o objeto do gerúndio.
(O objeto de um gerúndio também é chamado de Gerund
Complement.)
A frase, without washing é um modificador.
(Neste caso, o modificador é uma locução.)
EXERCISES
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed
itself as a bastion of manners and formality. Justices call
one another “Your Excellency,” dress in billowing robes
and wrap each utterance in grandiloquence, as if little had
changed from the era when marquises and dukes held
sway from their vast plantations.
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another
justice about whether he would even be on the court had
he not been appointed by his cousin, aformer president
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impeached in 1992. With another justice, Mr. Barbosa
rebuked him over what the chief justice considered his
condescending tone, telling him he was not his
“capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the
high court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire
legal system of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare
for politicians to ever spend time in pr