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CHAPTER3THE ROMANTIC PERIOD,1820-1860:ESSAYISTS AND POETSThe Romantic movement, which originatedin Germany but quickly spread to England,France, and beyond, reached Americaaround the year 1820, some 20 years after WilliamWordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge hadrevolutionized English poetry by publishingLyrical Ballads. In America as in Europe, freshnew vision electrified artistic and intellectual circles.Yet there was an important difference: Romanticismin America coincided with the periodof national expansion and the discovery of a distinctiveAmerican voice. The solidification of anational identity and the surging idealism andpassion of Romanticism nurtured the masterpiecesof “the American Renaissance.”Romantic ideas centered around art as inspiration,the spiritual and aesthetic dimension ofnature, and metaphors of organic growth. Art,rather than science, Romantics argued, couldbest express universal truth. The Romanticsunderscored the importance of expressive artfor the individual and society. In his essay “ThePoet” (1844), Ralph Waldo Emerson, perhaps themost influential writer of the Romantic era,asserts:For all men live by truth, and stand in needof expression. In love, in art, in avarice, inpolitics, in labor, in games, we study to utterour painful secret. The man is only half himself,the other half is his expression.The development of the self became a majortheme; self-awareness, a primary method. If,according to Romantic theory, self and naturewere one, self-awareness was not a selfish deadend but a mode of knowledge opening up the universe.If one’s self were one with all humanity,then the individual had a moral duty to reformsocial inequalities and relieve human suffering.The idea of “self” — which suggested selfishnessto earlier generations — was redefined.New compound words with positive meaningsemerged: “self-realization,” “self-expression,”“self-reliance.”As the unique, subjective self became important,so did the realm of psychology. Exceptionalartistic effects and techniques were developedto evoke heightened psychological states. The“sublime” — an effect of beauty in grandeur(for example, a view from a mountaintop) —produced feelings of awe, reverence, vastness,and a power beyond human comprehension.Romanticism was affirmative and appropriatefor most American poets and creative essayists.America’s vast mountains, deserts, and tropicsembodied the sublime. The Romantic spiritseemed particularly suited to American democracy:It stressed individualism, affirmed the valueof the common person, and looked to the inspiredimagination for its aesthetic and ethicalvalues. Certainly the New England Transcendentalists— Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry DavidThoreau, and their associates — were inspiredto a new optimistic affirmation by the Romanticmovement. In New England, Romanticism fellupon fertile soil.TRANSCENDENTALISMThe Transcendentalist movement was a reactionagainst 18th-century rationalism and a manifestationof the general humanitarian trend of19th-century thought. The movement was basedon a fundamental belief in the unity of the worldand God. The soul of each individual was thought26