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The authors applied both the SUMMA and MuSIASEM tools in a case study focused on theCairngorms National Park (CNP). The objectives of the research were to test the utility for end-usersand transferability of the DECOIN tools beyond their development teams and applications. This isreported in Blackstock et al. (in this proceeding). The case-study also tried to assess the role of economicgrowth in achieving sustainability objectives and the trade-offs between sustainability objectives. Thispaper reports progress made towards these objectives and highlights the strengths and weaknesses ofthe DECOIN tools.The SUMMA and MuSIASEM tools take complementary but distinct approaches to thecharacterisation of the sustainability of eco-social systems. SUMMA is a life-cycle oriented assessmentof the economic-environmental performance of a system. SUMMA uses multiple metrics to characterisesystem performance. SUMMA considers both the upstream draw on resources and the downstreamconsequences of waste. MuSIASEM is a conceptual approach to assessing overall performance andperformance of components of a system. MuSIASEM incorporates human activity, value added, energyuse and land, without resorting to a weightings based normalisation to a single unit of measure.Combined together as defined by the MuSIASEM “grammar” these dimensions provide a coherent andsystemic characterisation using indicators of stocks and flows of resources.A key feature of SUMMA and MuSIASEM is the multi-scale nature of the analysis. This allows theexplicit comparison of overall performance and of components, be they sectors or geographically definedregions. This can be highly informative as the “averages” of higher level performance may be made up ofvery distinctive elements, such that policy or other interventions based on the averages may be entirelyinappropriate. In both SUMMA and MuSIASEM the extent and intensity of resource use issimultaneously considered. This is essential to ensure that improvements in efficiency are noteliminated by a rebound in consumption (Jevon’s paradox).2. Materials and Methods2.1. Case-studiesThe Cairngorms National Park was created as a result of the National Park (Scotland) Act in 2003. It ishome to approximately 16,000 human residents as well as significant protected habitats and species.National Parks in Scotland are explicitly required to achieve ‘sustainable development’. Therefore, theyare not ‘wilderness reserves’ but fit the IUCN category V (protected landscape). With partners atParthenope University it was decided that the SUMMA based analysis would focus on the productionorientedland-based industries (PoLbI) (agriculture, forestry and sporting estates). The importance ofthe sector has been variously argued from minimal (gross value added), to marginal (employment), toimportant (downstream environmental impacts) and finally as crucial (landscape/character of theregion). The focus on PoLbI played to the strengths of the authors and built on a tested SUMMA modelfor the agricultural sector in Campania (Ulgiati et al. 2008). For the MuSIASEM analysis the case studyundertook analyses at Scotland wide level, local authority level and for the CNP as a whole. The analysesconsidered societal averages, the paid work and industry based sub-sectors. The MuSIASEM case-studyfollowed existing published approaches (Giampietro 2004;Giampietro and Mayumi 2000).22
2.2. MethodsFigure illustrates the key stages in the case study analysis. For more in-depth description of thematerials and methods see the relevant SMILE deliverables 1 . The key challenges in undertaking theanalyses were familiarisation with the DECOIN methods (WP2), agreeing a scope with the CNPAthrough the systems diagramming activity (WP2) and sourcing and integrating the required datasets(WP3). SUMMA is demanding in terms of its data requirements (>250 input values for each of the threetime periods). While with MuSIASEM it is possible to progressively step into the degree of detailedrequired, there were many challenges of incompatible sectoral classifications and units of spatialcollection. Several of these could be overcome by accessing more detailed datasets, but energythroughput datasets were limiting both in terms of spatial resolution and length of time series available,(only from 2005). For land use there are multiple sources but their integration (beyond the agriculturalsector) is limited. Indeed it was not possible to complete the within-CNP land use analysis within thescope of SMILE.Figure 1.Scotland case study activities and deliverables.3. ResultsWithin this paper it is only possible to present examples of the key types of outputs used incommunications with stakeholders at CNPA, not to summarise all the outputs generated 2 .1www.macaulay.ac.uk/SMILE2See www.macaulay.ac.uk/SMILE for more comprehensive examples.23
Page 1 and 2: Hanna Lakkala & Jarmo Vehmas (edito
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
Page 5 and 6: Implementation of Total responsibil
Page 7 and 8: In addition, an expert panel chaire
Page 9 and 10: GROUPING AND RANKING THE EU-27 COUN
Page 11 and 12: objects, i.e. countries. The city b
Page 13 and 14: Motorization rate (number of cars/
Page 15 and 16: Cluster 7: Italy, SpainAs can be un
Page 17 and 18: The northwestern European cluster i
Page 20 and 21: ReferencesEurostat (2011) Eurostat
Page 24 and 25: 3.1. SUMMA examplesEmissions are a
Page 26 and 27: sector not in the paid work sector
Page 28 and 29: sustainability. While non-use and e
Page 30 and 31: Figure 5.Fund-Flow analysis of Scot
Page 32 and 33: examination concern e.g. dispersal
Page 34 and 35: These interlinked themes strongly a
Page 36 and 37: Social sustainabilitySocial sustain
Page 38 and 39: Economic sustainabilityThe existenc
Page 40 and 41: Public transport is efficient (supp
Page 42 and 43: SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BI
Page 44 and 45: 1. Introduction and BackgroundThe d
Page 46 and 47: 3. Case StudiesTwo alternative scen
Page 48 and 49: (methodological, spatial and time-s
Page 50 and 51: Comparing with energy uses in Campa
Page 52 and 53: ESI 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14% Renewable
Page 54 and 55: Kamm, B. - Kamm, M. (2004) Principl
Page 56 and 57: It is possible to identify five pre
Page 58 and 59: Case study applicationThe Cairngorm
Page 60 and 61: The language and terminology used b
Page 62 and 63: utility of MUSIASEM were less varie
Page 64 and 65: Our findings illustrate that relati
Page 66 and 67: McNie, E. C. 2007, "Reconciling the
Page 68 and 69: 1. IntroductionRomania is a country
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.The Manufacture sector has
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Figure 5.Between 2002 and 2006, Ele
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The database of net taxes on produc
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Serbanescu, I., 2007. Romania Under
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flows such as the residuals of prod
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Consumption (TMC) is a deriavite of
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6. Imported and Exported Material F
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points of view means that the use o
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TRENDS AND DRIVING FACTORS IN FINNI
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Figure 1.The interlinking of the fr
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Figure 3. The removal of total andc
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200150100500-50CO2FI/FECFIFECFI/VAF
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ReferencesBraczyk, P.H.J., Cooke, P
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“JUST BEGIN”A CASE STUDY IN CRE
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2. Materials and MethodsThe role of
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everyone some share in the land’s
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allowing for winter grazing and car
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Useful PrinciplesAn especially impo
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This approach necessarily has major
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POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE LEAST DE
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made interviews in a village that h
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was put on projects predominantly f
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(discussed in more detail in follow
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4. Solar Home System Program in Lao
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micro hydro has not received that m
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And the role of smaller scale solut
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has become in discourse level the m
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ReferencesBerliant, Leslie (2009) W
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DEVELOPING TIBET INTO A SPECIAL SUS
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are just a curiosity for festivals
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Environmental sustainabilityEnviron
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and towns under the reservoir. Howe
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ailways, airports and townships for
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(3) social needs: good relations an
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COPENHAGEN FAILURE AND NORTH-SOUTHD
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”whoever defines the terms of the
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Blair makes a division between deve
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Issue 3: Action suggestionsOne of t
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change as a serious problem and und
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aspects. Through the scrutiny of le
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50 000 ha are currently irrigated.
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Table 2.The main pieces of legislat
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Table 3.The main policy documents o
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However, the Zambian laws on sanita
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State House (2009). Updated on 16th
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Forum 2009). As agriculture is the
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2005; Levy and Newell 2002). These
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The virtual water ‘flows’ embed
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value given to the other members of
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countries of operation, promoting m
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Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., (2
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1723. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION
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guarantee the consumer’s opportun
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3. Growth of GDP doesn’t guarante
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Veblen’s observation on the inter
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overriding of the ‘interference o
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consumption has no centre point (or
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Habermas, J., 1968. Erkenntnis und
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2010). However, people who prioriti
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Table 2.Operationalizing of attitud
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material intensity, which is driven
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225 cases of serious illness per te
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instance, to tax labor in the frame
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Anderson, A., Harris, T., Tylavsky,
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Heiskala, R. (2000). Toiminta, tapa
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Rauh, V., Arunajadai, S., Horton, M
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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CONSUMPTION- TW
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possibilities to participate in the
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udgets were mostly selected by expe
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Figure 1.Material footprint of the
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eference budgets. A reduction in li
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Schmidt-Bleek,F. (2009) The Earth:
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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYC
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Geels notes that for transitions to
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Hafkamp (2002), working from the ec
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4.1. LCT based analysis as a test f
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effect, this image establishes a vi
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management strategies, it has been
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5.2.3. Subsidiarity: Level of imple
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Council Directive. 2008. 2008/98/EC
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LAND USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION -
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Economic: part of the technical pot
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local food production system. Conse
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As can be seen from the graph above
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ReferencesBerndes G, Hoogwijk M, va
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DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE
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Figure 1.Dynamic and Folding Field
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esponses to an array of possible em
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Leadership and institutionsThe SEQC
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not preferable. Scenario 4: Transfo
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Figure 2.Practical responses across
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Wilber, Ken. 2001. A Theory of Ever
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2. Background and LiteratureSustain
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about environmental challenges. Sco
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interconnectedness of globalization
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ConclusionThe analysis of the data
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ReferencesAgenda 21, Chapter 36. Th
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2. Theory and LiteratureTo achieve
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There probably are professional dif
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design fields, 2 from economics and
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out. While there are some necessary
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J. (Eds.) Proceedings of LeNS Confe
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INNOVATIVE FISCAL POLICY IN THE CON
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3. A concept of innovative fiscal p
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transfers, and social contributions
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Although Finland can be ranked into
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which induced lower tax revenues -
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panacea; furthermore, unlegislated
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ReferencesAfonso, A. - Hauptmeier,
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In this paper are presented some fi
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The baseline scenario for 2011-2012
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Indirect effects: the increased wei
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AcknowledgementsThis paper was supp
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e added to the domestic hidden econ
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case when all household are involve
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(from 70.8% in 1997 to 63.1% in 200
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Appendix 1Shares of informal income
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H2 Estimations under the hypotheses
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1999). In this analysis the Finnish
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warming, growing environmental burd
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aggregate indicator. It is by no me
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Diefenbacher, H. 1994. The index of
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3147. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
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themselves - both in day-to-day bus
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3. How do we arrive at big picture?
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Figure 3.Pillars of sustainability
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That communication, networking, and
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companies already consider the sust
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1. IntroductionCompanies leading in
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Figure 1.Sources of InnovationExami
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penetration of disruptive innovatio
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introduced by Canon which eventuall
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Scenario 4 - Disruptive Era: This i
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Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J. P. 200
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1. IntroductionTotal Quality manage
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Waddock and Graves, 1997). Neverthe
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organizations to discover and creat
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undertaken to pursue a sustainable
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and ways to enhance and effectively
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Waddock, SA & Graves, SB 1997. ‘T
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the company and its stakeholders. O
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persons. About 30% of the shares ar
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working groups and board of directo
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sustainability webpages and press r
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Näsi, Juha (1995) What is stakehol
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the indirect and inter-stakeholder
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In June 2005, the presidents of Uru
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examine the stakeholder relationshi
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Union expressed its’ support to t
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The analysis of this case illustrat
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Meyer, K. E., Mudambi, R. & Narula,
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(Vandenbergh 2007; McBarnet and Kur
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Finally, enforceability is another
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3.2. OverviewThe legal scholarship
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law, transnational private regulati
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The SA8000, a certification based s
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As the analyzed literature shows, t
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Shaffer, G. and Pollack, M.A.., 201
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documents and to correct the disclo
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2.2. The EU CSR disclosure regimeSi
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The decision laid down the path for
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2011). More fundamental criticisms
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espect of the materiality of CSR re
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unexpected side effects as well. As
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HEITZMAN, S., WASLEY, C. E. & ZIMME
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4008. FUTURES METHODS
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1. IntroductionThe Finnish society
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Figure 2.An analysis on effectivene
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In the following the scenarios are
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Development corresponds closest to
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD CARDS AND
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infrastructure sector. Thus, the ne
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consulted the right experts or if w
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Tampere area and Lapin Kansa is pub
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Here are just a few examples of the
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transparent decision-making. If pol
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Local and Regional Authorities.http
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DELPHI ON TRANSPORT AND CO 2 EMISSI
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which had offered little informatio
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and sidewalks. The use and ownershi
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very slow decrease after the year 2
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emissions of the car, and the annua
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Finnish Government (2008) Long-term
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ANALYSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROA
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developed countries but not globall
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only are useful in stable condition
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analysis and literature survey form
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However, the survey did not give in
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DETR (1999) Sustainable distributio
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complex and systematic understandin
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The structure and aims of the paper
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Table 1.Steps of the ANT-derived me
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After the first iteration the impor
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in the real world? Since the lack o
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SMALL STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRAN
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Quantitative content analysis was p
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general, attitudes towards car tax
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Future orientation of the discussio
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public, there were little possibili
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46810. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
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meaningful components and compares
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fuel combustion. Positive values fo
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We analyse the changes in the count
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200180160140120100806040200Activity
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has had considerable impact on CO 2
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The structural decomposition analys
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Intensity effect on Final Energy Co
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%China, factors affecting CO 2 emis
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4. ConclusionsThe decomposition ana
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MICROALGAE AS A BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK:
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are dominating the international ag
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3.1.3. BiodiversityBiodiversity is
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Moreover, people attach more and mo
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important role in tackling with or
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Spolaore P., Joannis C. C., Duran E
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DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONSK.
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disciplines and socialised in diffe
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5. Corporate contextKSB is a medium
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Most important, BOS does not touch
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ongoing or expected changes in the
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1Idea andevaluation2Clarif. ofobjec
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Arthur. 2009. The Nature of Technol
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SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS IN DESIGN
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Figure 1.Left: The various roles of
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longer product centred. It is widel
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the competence to help develop dema
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Figure 4.Survey framework: Dimensio
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gap. In our survey, the lack of con
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SUSTAINABILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DESIG
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“memories of the future” that e
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that it is quite common for compani
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3. How will sustainability change:
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e sensitive to sustainability as th
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Industrial Designers Society of Ame
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