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ENGAGING ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIESIN ARCHAEOLOGYA DRAFT TECHNICAL BULLETIN FOR CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN ONTARIO2011


ENGAGING ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIESIN ARCHAEOLOGYA Draft Technical Bullet<strong>in</strong> for Consultant Archaeologists <strong>in</strong> Ontario2010M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture


© Queen’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ter for Ontario, 2011ISBN 978‐1‐4435‐6885‐2 (Pr<strong>in</strong>t)ISBN 978‐1‐4435‐6886‐9 (HTML)ISBN 978‐1‐4435‐6887‐6 (PDF)


ContentsENGAGING ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY: A Draft TechnicalBullet<strong>in</strong> for Consultant Archaeologists <strong>in</strong> Ontario..................................................................11 Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> .......31.1 Standards....................................................................................................................31.2 Guidel<strong>in</strong>es ..................................................................................................................42 Develop<strong>in</strong>g Effective Approaches to <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong><strong>Archaeology</strong>...............................................................................................................................52.1 Whom to engage ........................................................................................................52.2 Identify<strong>in</strong>g communities with a potential <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the project. ...........................62.3 Identify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividual contacts with<strong>in</strong> a community................................................73 How to Proceed with Engagement ..................................................................................83.1 Preparation.................................................................................................................83.2 Initiat<strong>in</strong>g and susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g engagement........................................................................83.3 Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g Input from the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community............................................103.4 Report<strong>in</strong>g back to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities............................................................113.5 Report<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement to the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture....114 Roles <strong>of</strong> Non-Archaeologists .........................................................................................134.1 Proponents ...............................................................................................................134.2 Approval Authorities ...............................................................................................134.3 The M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture.....................................................................145 Resources ........................................................................................................................156 Bibliography....................................................................................................................186.1 Essential Read<strong>in</strong>g.....................................................................................................186.2 Additional Information ...........................................................................................187 Glossary...........................................................................................................................22


ENGAGING ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES INARCHAEOLOGY:A Draft Technical Bullet<strong>in</strong> for Consultant Archaeologists<strong>in</strong> OntarioThis bullet<strong>in</strong> is <strong>in</strong>tended to help the licensed consultant archaeologist engage <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities <strong>in</strong> archaeology as effectively as possible. It summarizes the direction on<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement set out <strong>in</strong> the Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Consultant Archaeologists andprovides <strong>in</strong>formation and resources to assist consultant archaeologists <strong>in</strong> successfullyfollow<strong>in</strong>g the standards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es. In this context, engagement means <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> each stage <strong>of</strong> an archaeological project, to the extent and <strong>in</strong> themanner that best suits their <strong>in</strong>terests and the needs <strong>of</strong> the project.<strong>Archaeology</strong> is particularly relevant to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities because it can help todocument <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> histories and peoples and to identify sacred sites and ancestralrema<strong>in</strong>s. <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> archaeology will improve understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>an archaeological project and enrich the archaeological record. The process demonstratesrespect for <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests and heritage, recognizes <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> peoples’ connection tothe land, and allows everyone to benefit from their knowledge.Engagement considers the <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> the archaeologicalassessment, the protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> archaeological sites, and the disposition <strong>of</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> artifacts and ancestral rema<strong>in</strong>s. It also seeks to build relationships with<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities that will facilitate their engagement <strong>in</strong> future projects. Effectiveengagement requires good plann<strong>in</strong>g and beg<strong>in</strong>s early <strong>in</strong> the project.The M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture is committed to cont<strong>in</strong>ual review <strong>of</strong> thetechnical bullet<strong>in</strong> with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and archaeology stakeholders and willupdate the bullet<strong>in</strong> as needed to ensure that it is useful, effective and current. Them<strong>in</strong>istry welcomes feedback from <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and archaeologists.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 1


ContentsSection 1 outl<strong>in</strong>es when to engage <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities dur<strong>in</strong>g archaeological work andsummarizes the sections <strong>of</strong> the Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Consultant Archaeologists thatrelate to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement.The standards set basic requirements for conduct<strong>in</strong>g archaeological fieldwork and aremandatory for all consultant archaeologists practis<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Ontario as a term andcondition <strong>of</strong> licence. Failure to follow these standards may result <strong>in</strong> suspension, revocationor refusal to renew a licence under the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. O.18.The guidel<strong>in</strong>es describe practices that will <strong>in</strong>crease the likelihood <strong>of</strong> successful engagementand reduce the chances <strong>of</strong> delays. Although not mandatory, the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism andCulture recommends that consultant archaeologists follow the guidel<strong>in</strong>es.Sections 2 and 3 build on the guidel<strong>in</strong>es with additional <strong>in</strong>formation on effectiveapproaches to engagement that have emerged <strong>in</strong> recent years. These sections cover whomto engage and how, manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>put from <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities, and report<strong>in</strong>g back to<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture on the archaeologicalproject.Section 4 provides an overview <strong>of</strong> other roles and responsibilities <strong>in</strong> the archaeologicalassessment process, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g proponents, approval authorities, and the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong>Tourism and Culture.Section 5 provides resources to help you identify the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities that mayhave an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the site.Section 6 provides a bibliography for consultant archaeologists seek<strong>in</strong>g a basic start<strong>in</strong>gpo<strong>in</strong>t for understand<strong>in</strong>g contemporary <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities, issues, and culturalhistories, and for those seek<strong>in</strong>g more <strong>in</strong>-depth <strong>in</strong>formation.Section 7 provides a glossary <strong>of</strong> terms related to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 2


2 Develop<strong>in</strong>g Effective Approaches to <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement is most effective when you approach it as an opportunity to enrichyour archaeological assessment. Mean<strong>in</strong>gful engagement goes beyond public notification(e.g., mail<strong>in</strong>g a form letter or issu<strong>in</strong>g a general public notice). It seeks to build a mutualunderstand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> issues, expectations, and opportunities for solution and partnership.In plann<strong>in</strong>g for engagement, you should recognize that every community is unique, withdist<strong>in</strong>ct <strong>in</strong>terests, knowledge and capacity to deal with requests for engagement. Instead <strong>of</strong>proceed<strong>in</strong>g on your own, it is a good idea to ask community representatives about howbest to engage and collaborate with the community <strong>in</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> anarchaeological project.The guidel<strong>in</strong>es encourage you to start engagement <strong>in</strong> Stage 1 <strong>of</strong> an archaeologicalassessment. This will help to facilitate future engagement regard<strong>in</strong>g specific archaeologicalsites if they are uncovered at a later stage. For example, where a consultant archaeologistassesses an <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> archaeological site as meet<strong>in</strong>g the criteria for Stage 3 and as clearlyhav<strong>in</strong>g cultural heritage value or <strong>in</strong>terest, with a high potential to go to Stage 4, <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities at the end <strong>of</strong> Stage 2 is a recommended first steptoward prepar<strong>in</strong>g for their engagement <strong>in</strong> Stage 3.Early engagement will also help you to develop a long-term relationship with thecommunity, separate from any specific archaeological project, and help to build mutualtrust, respect and understand<strong>in</strong>g over time.It is advisable to talk to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and your client (i.e., the developmentproject proponent or plann<strong>in</strong>g consultant, management firm or other representative) aboutopportunities to synchronize engagement on archaeology with engagement that may betak<strong>in</strong>g place for the development project as a whole. Synchroniz<strong>in</strong>g engagement may bemore efficient for all parties <strong>in</strong>volved and can help ensure that <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities are<strong>in</strong>formed and <strong>in</strong>volved at the outset <strong>of</strong> the development project, before the archaeologicalassessment beg<strong>in</strong>s.Specific approaches are outl<strong>in</strong>ed below. These have proven successful <strong>in</strong> archaeology and<strong>in</strong> other sectors that have engaged <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> Ontario.2.1 Whom to engageWhen determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g whom to engage, your goal is to identify <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> people who canspeak to the cultural heritage <strong>of</strong> an area and represent the <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> relevantcommunities.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 5


2.2 Identify<strong>in</strong>g communities with a potential <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the project.Often, more than one community will have an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> your archaeological project and ahistorical connection to the area affected by it. Consider the follow<strong>in</strong>g factors when try<strong>in</strong>gto identify <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities with an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> your project:Is the geographical location <strong>of</strong> the project close to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities or with<strong>in</strong>the traditional territory <strong>of</strong> a present-day <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community?Has more than one <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> culture <strong>in</strong>habited the area over time? For example, <strong>in</strong>southern Ontario, both Iroquoian and Algonkian-speak<strong>in</strong>g peoples have occupied landover the centuries. There are several tribes or nations with<strong>in</strong> these broad group<strong>in</strong>gs.Some live <strong>in</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> the region today (Chippewa, Mississauga, Six Nations)and some do not (Huron).Does the project site fall with<strong>in</strong> established or asserted treaty areas?What cultural affiliation has been <strong>in</strong>ferred for the archaeological site or sites <strong>in</strong> theproject area through archaeological fieldwork and analysis?Where the cultural affiliation <strong>of</strong> the project area or archaeological sites with<strong>in</strong> the projectarea is uncerta<strong>in</strong>, approach <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities with potential <strong>in</strong>terest with as much<strong>in</strong>formation as possible and seek their <strong>in</strong>put to <strong>in</strong>form your pr<strong>of</strong>essional <strong>in</strong>terpretation.<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities with potential <strong>in</strong>terest may also <strong>in</strong>clude:communities that have expressed <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the development project to your client;communities known to have an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> archaeology <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>in</strong> which you arework<strong>in</strong>g.It may be useful to obta<strong>in</strong> the advice <strong>of</strong> your colleagues (e.g., academic, co-worker,consultants), your pr<strong>of</strong>essional association, your client, and any <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> organizationsactive <strong>in</strong> the region.In most cases, engagement on an archaeological project will be at the community level.Often there will be more than one community <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the engagement process (seeSection 5 <strong>of</strong> this bullet<strong>in</strong>). You may wish to contact regional or collective <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>organizations to ask if they can help identify <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> an area or providecontact <strong>in</strong>formation. For more <strong>in</strong>formation about collective organizations, such as FirstNation political territorial organizations or tribal councils and the Métis Nation <strong>of</strong>Ontario, please see the resources <strong>in</strong> Section 5 <strong>of</strong> this bullet<strong>in</strong>.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 6


2.3 Identify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividual contacts with<strong>in</strong> a communityOnce you have identified the communities most likely to have an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> thearchaeological project, the next step is to <strong>in</strong>itiate contact. One <strong>of</strong> the benefits <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>glong-term relationships with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities is that you will likely know peoplewith whom you can <strong>in</strong>itiate the engagement. Some communities have designated personsto manage requests for consultation and engagement from government and proponents.Some communities also have a designated person responsible for issues regard<strong>in</strong>g landsand resources with<strong>in</strong> the community. The community representative may be an electedmember <strong>of</strong> the band council, a paid staff member who may or may not have expertise <strong>in</strong>archaeology, a member <strong>of</strong> a traditional society, an <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> scholar, or an elder withknowledge <strong>of</strong> the customs and history <strong>of</strong> their people. If no designated representativeexists, it can be helpful to ask the advice <strong>of</strong> your colleagues, your pr<strong>of</strong>essionalassociations, your client, or the adm<strong>in</strong>istrative <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community <strong>in</strong>identify<strong>in</strong>g an appropriate contact with<strong>in</strong> the community.After <strong>in</strong>itial contact, the community will determ<strong>in</strong>e how best to engage with you. They willbase this decision, <strong>in</strong> part, on the <strong>in</strong>formation you provide about the archaeologicalprocess <strong>in</strong> general and your specific archaeological project <strong>in</strong> particular. A community maywish to <strong>in</strong>volve more than one person <strong>in</strong> the engagement. You and that group will discusshow best to work together and then <strong>in</strong>corporate the arrangement <strong>in</strong>to the engagementprocesses for the archaeological project.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 7


3 How to Proceed with Engagement3.1 PreparationA key part <strong>of</strong> preparation should be to gather all available <strong>in</strong>formation about thearchaeological assessment or site. Br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g this valuable <strong>in</strong>formation to the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>community at the outset <strong>of</strong> the engagement process is a start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t. The <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>community can then share its knowledge and make decisions about its <strong>in</strong>terest and level <strong>of</strong><strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> the archaeological project.After identify<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities most likely to be <strong>in</strong>terested your project, youshould gather basic <strong>in</strong>formation about those communities, such as their culturalaffiliations and some sense <strong>of</strong> both their history and their current realities (e.g., languages,governance, socioeconomics, etc).The legacy <strong>of</strong> the historical relationships between <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> and non-<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> peoples<strong>in</strong> Canada has had a significant effect upon <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities. Understand<strong>in</strong>g thiswill help you to listen to the communities you engage and understand their needs. Someconsultant archaeologists have extensive knowledge <strong>in</strong> this area. Others will develop adeeper understand<strong>in</strong>g over time by work<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities. For consultantarchaeologists seek<strong>in</strong>g to broaden their knowledge, a list <strong>of</strong> resources, a bibliography, anda glossary are found at the end <strong>of</strong> this bullet<strong>in</strong>.3.2 Initiat<strong>in</strong>g and susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g engagementThe development <strong>of</strong> the engagement process should be collaborative. This will ensure thatthe <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community is <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> the archaeological project, comfortable with theprocess and able to participate. Rather than confront<strong>in</strong>g the community with a rigid set <strong>of</strong>requirements based on an <strong>in</strong>flexible timetable, beg<strong>in</strong> by clearly communicat<strong>in</strong>g the purpose<strong>of</strong> the engagement and ask<strong>in</strong>g for advice on how toproceed. Depend<strong>in</strong>g on the previous experience <strong>of</strong>the community, the <strong>in</strong>itial engagement may <strong>in</strong>cludeprovid<strong>in</strong>g the follow<strong>in</strong>g:an orientation to archaeology <strong>in</strong> the landdevelopment process, a description <strong>of</strong> your roleas an archaeologist <strong>in</strong> the project and anoverview <strong>of</strong> the typical archaeological stages <strong>in</strong> aproject;<strong>in</strong>formation about the planned archaeologicalproject, such as facts you have gathered thus far;and,Other effective practices <strong>in</strong>clude:Show<strong>in</strong>g respect for traditional andseasonal events <strong>in</strong> the community.Discuss<strong>in</strong>g opportunities to <strong>in</strong>volvelocal <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>esses and<strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong> the archaeologicalassessment (e.g., as field crewmembers or monitors).Ask<strong>in</strong>g the community if they haveidentified areas <strong>of</strong> cultural orspiritual significance with<strong>in</strong> theirtraditional territory (for example,through a cultural heritage valuesmapp<strong>in</strong>g exercise) and if they wouldbe will<strong>in</strong>g to share this <strong>in</strong>formationif it is relevant to the project.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 8


the k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>put (knowledge) or participation you are seek<strong>in</strong>g from the communityand how that may vary for each stage <strong>in</strong> the project.Ask community representatives how they prefer to exchange <strong>in</strong>formation on thearchaeological project and design the communication processes accord<strong>in</strong>gly. F<strong>in</strong>d out ifthe community has been <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> other archaeological projects and how theengagement proceeded.Develop an understand<strong>in</strong>g with the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community (or communities) to clarifycommunication, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g how the community will participate <strong>in</strong> the archaeologicalproject, when its <strong>in</strong>put will be sought and how it will be used, and how you will reportback to the community on the project. Some <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities have developedagreements (sometimes referred to as protocols) with local or prov<strong>in</strong>cial governmentagencies, municipal governments, archaeological consult<strong>in</strong>g firms or associations, orproponents. Such agreements cover notification and the engagement and/or consultationprocesses. Ask community representatives if they have any exist<strong>in</strong>g agreements that couldserve as a start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t for discussion.By listen<strong>in</strong>g to the community at the <strong>in</strong>itial stage, you will beg<strong>in</strong> to understand howarchaeology is viewed and learn the role it plays with<strong>in</strong> the community. This will alsoestablish a basis for the development <strong>of</strong> the engagement process that is to follow.Note that engagement is best achieved by face-to-face contact. Meet<strong>in</strong>gs are usually moreeffective than letters and phone calls, both <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>itial phases <strong>of</strong> engagement with acommunity and throughout the archaeological project. Where possible, hold meet<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community. You may need to communicate <strong>in</strong>formation both formally and<strong>in</strong>formally, through written materials, mak<strong>in</strong>g presentations and talk<strong>in</strong>g to people. Each<strong>in</strong>teraction should allow time for the community representatives to ask questions andcommunicate their perspectives.Try to take <strong>in</strong>to account the priorities <strong>of</strong> the community and other demands on itsrepresentatives. Many <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities are overwhelmed with the volume <strong>of</strong>requests for consultation and engagement from government and proponents. Your effortsto carry out community engagement <strong>in</strong> a way that is m<strong>in</strong>dful <strong>of</strong> this burden would bewelcome. For example, build considerable lead time <strong>in</strong>to the archaeological project plan,organize and conduct community <strong>in</strong>formation sessions about the project, or look foropportunities to work with other consultants or your client to consolidate engagementprocesses on multiple projects. If a community advises you that resource limitations couldh<strong>in</strong>der participation, you may wish to facilitate communication between the communityand your client to discuss how best to support <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 9


It is an effective approach to try to build a long-term relationship with the community byencourag<strong>in</strong>g participation and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g contact through regular communication. Suchrelationships can:ease the exchange <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation;promote shared understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests;build communication channels; andfacilitate and expedite future archaeological projects.3.3 Incorporat<strong>in</strong>g Input from the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communityAs noted <strong>in</strong> Part 1 <strong>of</strong> this bullet<strong>in</strong>, when recommend<strong>in</strong>g avoidance and protection orexcavation for certa<strong>in</strong> types <strong>of</strong> archaeological sites, you must engage <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities <strong>in</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> a strategy to mitigate impacts to the site.The standards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es make it clear that avoidance and protection is the preferredoption for archaeological sites with cultural heritage value or <strong>in</strong>terest. This optionpreserves the sites <strong>in</strong>tact [See Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Consultant Archaeologists, Section4.1].It is good practice to discuss mitigation options with the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community early<strong>in</strong> the archaeological project, ensure that the options are clearly understood, and documentthe community’s preference. You must consider the <strong>in</strong>put <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community atthe po<strong>in</strong>t when you make mitigation recommendations. However, because proponentshave the greatest flexibility at the start <strong>of</strong> a development project, it is a good idea to makethe community’s preference known to your client as early as possible.Where your recommendations do not reflect the community’s preference, you shouldcommunicate this to your client as early as possible as well.The standards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es do not require you to negotiate agreements between the<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community and your client.Other effective strategies to <strong>in</strong>corporate <strong>in</strong>put from <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities could <strong>in</strong>cludethe follow<strong>in</strong>g:Gather <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> the language <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community <strong>in</strong>volved. Valuablecultural <strong>in</strong>formation encoded <strong>in</strong> language can be lost <strong>in</strong> translation to English orFrench. <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> with speakers <strong>of</strong> the community’s language, either directly orthrough a translator, may yield better <strong>in</strong>sights <strong>in</strong>to the archaeological site, its function,or the traditional uses <strong>of</strong> that area.Adjust fieldwork processes or strategies, as <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g examples: work <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> ceremonies <strong>in</strong>to the fieldwork process;Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 10


extend a Stage 2 survey to <strong>in</strong>clude lands that have been identified as <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest tothe <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community, even though those lands may have low potential toconta<strong>in</strong> cultural heritage resources; <strong>in</strong> response to sensitivities expressed by an <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community regard<strong>in</strong>g thearchaeological site, <strong>in</strong>crease the area where the plough zone is to be excavated byhand rather than stripped by mechanical means; work with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> monitors <strong>in</strong> the archaeological fieldwork.Include the concerns <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities <strong>in</strong> your recommendations to theM<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture on the disposition <strong>of</strong> collections.3.4 Report<strong>in</strong>g back to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communitiesAll parties should agree to a clear and transparent process for report<strong>in</strong>g back to the<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community before, dur<strong>in</strong>g and after the archaeological fieldwork process. Thisis part <strong>of</strong> engagement and may go beyond mail<strong>in</strong>g the archaeological project report to thecommunity.There is a long history <strong>of</strong> outside experts study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and notshar<strong>in</strong>g the data with the communities <strong>in</strong>volved. In the eyes <strong>of</strong> these communities, suchdata has frequently been used aga<strong>in</strong>st their best <strong>in</strong>terests. Given this regrettable history,your efforts to ensure that valuable <strong>in</strong>formation from an archaeological project is madeaccessible to the community for its future use would likely be appreciated. This will alsocontribute to build<strong>in</strong>g effective long-term relationships with that community.Shar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation could take a variety <strong>of</strong> forms, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g but not restricted to a writtenreport. To demonstrate respect for their effort and <strong>in</strong>put, you may wish to make a f<strong>in</strong>alpresentation on your archaeological project to the community. The presentation shouldfocus on the contribution <strong>of</strong> the community, as well as on the f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs. Provid<strong>in</strong>g thecommunity with a copy <strong>of</strong> the background <strong>in</strong>formation compiled dur<strong>in</strong>g the archaeologicalproject would likely be appreciated. When <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement <strong>in</strong>cluded communityparticipation <strong>in</strong> fieldwork, report<strong>in</strong>g back to the community might also <strong>in</strong>clude theperspectives <strong>of</strong> the participants.Reports on archaeological assessments typically <strong>in</strong>clude technical term<strong>in</strong>ology, pr<strong>of</strong>essionalidioms and acronyms. You should prepare a pla<strong>in</strong>-language summary <strong>of</strong> the report to makethe <strong>in</strong>formation accessible to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities that do not have an archaeologyspecialist.3.5 Report<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement to the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourismand CultureWhen archaeological fieldwork has <strong>in</strong>cluded engagement with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities, youmust <strong>in</strong>clude documentation <strong>of</strong> the engagement process <strong>in</strong> the project report package [seeDraft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 11


Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Consultant Archaeologists, Section 7.6.2]. The documentation mustdescribe and give reasons for the follow<strong>in</strong>g:who was engaged;engagement procedures (e.g., communication protocol, data shar<strong>in</strong>g agreementsbetween you and the community);dates and Stages when engagement took place;strategies to <strong>in</strong>corporate community <strong>in</strong>put <strong>in</strong>to the fieldwork (e.g., community reportreview, <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> monitor); andprocess for report<strong>in</strong>g results to the community (e.g., oral presentations, pla<strong>in</strong> languagedocuments).In some cases, you may engage an <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community that has already articulated itsengagement preferences about archaeology or a level <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> classes <strong>of</strong>projects or types <strong>of</strong> sites, either through a protocol with your association or directnotification <strong>of</strong> your firm (e.g., a community may have expressed no <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> be<strong>in</strong>gengaged regard<strong>in</strong>g Archaic lithic scatters). If you modify your engagement approach <strong>in</strong>response to previously articulated community preference, you should note this <strong>in</strong> yourreport to the m<strong>in</strong>istry and adapt the documentation required by Section 7.6.2 <strong>of</strong> thestandards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es appropriately.Archaeological project reports submitted to the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture arepublicly accessible through the Ontario Public Register <strong>of</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> Reports. 1 When<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities have been engaged <strong>in</strong> the fieldwork process, do not <strong>in</strong>clude any<strong>in</strong>formation the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community identifies as private or sensitive (e.g., <strong>in</strong>formationrelated to burials, secret or sacred places, personal <strong>in</strong>formation) <strong>in</strong> the report that will befiled <strong>in</strong> the publicly accessible report register. [Section 7.3.1 <strong>of</strong> the Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>esfor Consultant Archaeologists] Such sensitive <strong>in</strong>formation should be provided separately, <strong>in</strong>either the cover letter or as supplementary documentation, so that it will not be entered <strong>in</strong>the register.Please note, however, that private or sensitive <strong>in</strong>formation conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> any supplementarydocumentation to the m<strong>in</strong>istry would be subject to the Freedom <strong>of</strong> Information and Protection <strong>of</strong>Privacy Act (FIPPA), which provides the public a legal right <strong>of</strong> access to most governmentheld<strong>in</strong>formation. Although private or sensitive <strong>in</strong>formation is protected through theprovisions <strong>of</strong> this legislation, it is important that you work with the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communityto determ<strong>in</strong>e what <strong>in</strong>formation is suitable for shar<strong>in</strong>g with the m<strong>in</strong>istry.1The Ontario Public Register <strong>of</strong> Archaeological Reports is adm<strong>in</strong>istered by the Culture Services Unit <strong>of</strong>the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture and can be accessed by send<strong>in</strong>g a request toArchaeologicalRegister@Ontario.caDraft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 12


4 Roles <strong>of</strong> Non-ArchaeologistsNon-archaeologists can be <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the archaeological assessment process and maytherefore play a role <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> engagement. This section provides an overview <strong>of</strong> theroles and responsibilities <strong>of</strong> proponents, approval authorities and the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourismand Culture <strong>in</strong> the archaeological assessment process.4.1 ProponentsProponents are your clients. They can be developers <strong>of</strong> land, resources or <strong>in</strong>frastructureand <strong>in</strong>clude private landowners, municipalities, other m<strong>in</strong>istries and prov<strong>in</strong>cial agencies.Several prov<strong>in</strong>cial statutes, such as the Environmental Assessment Act and the Plann<strong>in</strong>g Act,may require a proponent to undertake an archaeological assessment to ensure that adevelopment project will not impact archaeological sites. A proponent typically hires alicensed consultant archaeologist to undertake this work. The proponent is accountable tothe approval authority and is responsible for ensur<strong>in</strong>g that the development projectproposal mitigates any impacts to archaeological sites identified through the archaeologicalassessment.Often proponents engage with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities on the development project as awhole. In some cases, approval authorities require proponents to consult with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities to discuss the impact <strong>of</strong> the development project on <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> rights. Asnoted, proponents may look for opportunities to harmonize their engagement orconsultation on the development project as a whole with your engagement on thearchaeological project. This may be more efficient for you, your client and the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities. However, the proponent’s engagement on the development project as awhole cannot replace engagement on archaeology. That requires your pr<strong>of</strong>essionalexpertise and a different level <strong>of</strong> dialogue with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities.4.2 Approval AuthoritiesApproval authorities <strong>in</strong>clude prov<strong>in</strong>cial m<strong>in</strong>istries (such as the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> theEnvironment, the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Transportation, M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Municipal Affairs and Hous<strong>in</strong>gand M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources) and municipalities. Approval authorities havelegislative authority to determ<strong>in</strong>e whether proposed development projects meet theirrequirements and can proceed. Archaeologists should also refer to the policies andprocedures <strong>of</strong> relevant approval authorities. For example, archaeologists work<strong>in</strong>g onforestry projects on Crown lands should refer to the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources' 2007Forestry Management Guide for Cultural Heritage Values. Approval authorities typically awaitnotification that the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture has accepted an archaeologist’sassessment report before they decide whether to grant approval for a development projectand determ<strong>in</strong>e whether conditions should be placed on an approval.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 13


4.3 The M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and CultureThe M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture is responsible for licens<strong>in</strong>g archaeologists to practisearchaeology <strong>in</strong> Ontario and for establish<strong>in</strong>g the terms and conditions that licensees mustfollow (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Standards and Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Consultant Archaeologists).The m<strong>in</strong>istry’s <strong>Archaeology</strong> Review Officers review archaeological assessment reportsfrom consultant archaeologists to determ<strong>in</strong>e whether their work complies with thestandards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es. If your report meets the m<strong>in</strong>istry’s expectations, theArchaeological Review Officer will issue a letter accept<strong>in</strong>g the report to you, with copiesto the proponent (your client) and the approval authority. The Culture Services Unit isavailable to assist you with your contacts with municipalities and other approvalauthorities.The m<strong>in</strong>istry recognizes that build<strong>in</strong>g new relationships with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities is anevolv<strong>in</strong>g process. <strong>Archaeology</strong> Review Officers are available to assist you with technicalaspects <strong>of</strong> archaeology and wise practices for engagement.The m<strong>in</strong>istry will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to engage <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities, archaeologists andstakeholders on the guidance provided <strong>in</strong> this bullet<strong>in</strong> to ensure that it is current. Them<strong>in</strong>istry will also engage <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities on relevant policy <strong>in</strong>itiatives related toheritage conservation and will make best efforts to avoid potential <strong>in</strong>fr<strong>in</strong>gement on<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> rights. The m<strong>in</strong>istry is committed to build<strong>in</strong>g relationships and seek<strong>in</strong>gopportunities for partnership and collaboration with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities,archaeologists and stakeholders.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 14


5 ResourcesMany web-based <strong>in</strong>formation resources are available to help identify <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities that may have an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> an archaeological project and provide contact<strong>in</strong>formation for those communities.The Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s a map <strong>of</strong> First Nation communities<strong>in</strong> Ontario. The map notes cultural and political affiliation and provides contact<strong>in</strong>formation for each community: http://www.aborig<strong>in</strong>alaffairs.gov.on.ca.The federal <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Canada Portal at www.<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>canada.gc.ca provides l<strong>in</strong>ks to abroad range <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation about the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Peoples <strong>of</strong> Canada.First Nations may belong to Political Territorial Organizations. The websites <strong>of</strong> thesecollective organizations may also provide useful <strong>in</strong>formation:Nishnawbe-Aski Nation (NAN) represents Cree, Oji-Cree and Ojibway First Nations<strong>in</strong> the most northerly parts <strong>of</strong> Ontario. This organization’s website is accessible atwww.nan.on.caGrand Council Treaty #3 represents Ojibway and Oji-Cree First Nations <strong>in</strong>northwestern Ontario. This organization’s website is accessible at www.gct3.netThe Anishnabek Nation (also known as the Union <strong>of</strong> Ontario Indians) representsOjibway, Chippewa and Mississauga First Nations. This organization’s website isaccessible at www.anish<strong>in</strong>abek.caThe Association <strong>of</strong> Iroquois and Allied Indians represents a number <strong>of</strong> Iroquoian FirstNations and their allies. This organization’s website is accessible at www.aiai.on.caThe follow<strong>in</strong>g thirteen First Nations <strong>in</strong> Ontario are not affiliated with Political TerritorialOrganizations. Many <strong>of</strong> these <strong>in</strong>dependent Ontario First Nations have websites that canprovide helpful <strong>in</strong>formation. (You may wish to refer to the Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>Affairs <strong>in</strong>teractive map for <strong>in</strong>formation on these communities.)Chippewas <strong>of</strong> Nawash (near Owen Sound)Fly<strong>in</strong>g Post (near Thunder Bay)Mohawks <strong>of</strong> Akwesasne (near Cornwall)Ojibway Nation <strong>of</strong> Saugeen (near Savant Lake)Saugeen (near Owen Sound)Shawanaga (near Parry Sound)Six Nations <strong>of</strong> the Grand River (near Brantford)Temagami (near Sturgeon Falls)Walpole Island (Bkejwanong First Nation) (near Sarnia)Whitesand (northeast <strong>of</strong> Sioux Lookout)Iskatewizaagegan No. 39 Independent First Nation (near Fort Frances)Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 15


Lake Nipigon (reserve land has not yet been designated)Lac des Mille Lacs (northwest <strong>of</strong> Thunder Bay)First Nations may belong to Tribal Councils. The websites <strong>of</strong> these collectiveorganizations may also provide useful <strong>in</strong>formation:Anish<strong>in</strong>aabeg <strong>of</strong> Kabapiktawangag Resource CouncilBimose Tribal CouncilIndependent First Nations AllianceKeewayt<strong>in</strong>ook Okimakanak/Northern Chiefs CouncilMatawa First Nations ManagementMushkegowuk Tribal CouncilNokiiw<strong>in</strong> Tribal CouncilNorth Shore Tribal CouncilOgemawahj Tribal CouncilPwi-Di-Goo-Z<strong>in</strong>g-Ne-Yaa-Zh<strong>in</strong>g Advisory ServicesShibogama First Nations CouncilSouthern First Nations SecretariatUnited Chiefs and Councils <strong>of</strong> Manitoul<strong>in</strong> IslandWaabnoong Bemjiwang Associaton <strong>of</strong> First NationsWabun Tribal CouncilThe Chiefs <strong>of</strong> Ontario is an organization <strong>of</strong> all First Nations Chiefs. The Chiefs <strong>of</strong>Ontario website at www.chiefs-<strong>of</strong>-ontario.org/ <strong>in</strong>cludes a l<strong>in</strong>k to a list<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual FirstNations communities <strong>in</strong> Ontario.The Métis Nation <strong>of</strong> Ontario (MNO) site at www.metisnation.org provides historical<strong>in</strong>formation about the Métis people <strong>in</strong> Ontario, <strong>in</strong>formation about the work <strong>of</strong> the MétisCulture Council, and contact <strong>in</strong>formation for Métis regional councils across Ontario.Some <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities have web pages or <strong>in</strong>formation identify<strong>in</strong>g their traditionalterritories.There are <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities and traditional councils <strong>in</strong> Ontario that are notrecognized by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) that may have an <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong>archaeology. Where available, web pages from these communities are a good source <strong>of</strong><strong>in</strong>formation.The follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities no longer reside <strong>in</strong> Ontario, but may have acont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> archaeological sites or resources with<strong>in</strong> their traditional territories:Huron Wendat: www.wendake.caWyandot Kansas: www.wyandot.orgWyandotte Oklahoma: www.wyandotte-nation.orgDraft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 16


Anderdon Wyandot: http://www.wyandot<strong>of</strong>anderdon.comThe Ontario Federation <strong>of</strong> Indian Friendship Centres is a prov<strong>in</strong>cial <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>organization represent<strong>in</strong>g the collective <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> twenty-seven member FriendshipCentres located <strong>in</strong> towns and cities throughout the prov<strong>in</strong>ce. The organization’s website atwww.<strong>of</strong>ifc.org provides a list <strong>of</strong> Friendship Centres <strong>in</strong> Ontario, <strong>in</strong>formation about programsand services <strong>of</strong>fered though Friendship Centres, l<strong>in</strong>ks to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> organizations andprov<strong>in</strong>cial and federal government departments, and other useful resources.Historical <strong>in</strong>formation can be found <strong>in</strong> Volume I <strong>of</strong> the Report <strong>of</strong> the Royal Commission on<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Peoples. Information about the legacy <strong>of</strong> the past and about the aspirations <strong>of</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities can be found <strong>in</strong> Volumes II and III. www.a<strong>in</strong>c-<strong>in</strong>ac.gc.ca/ap/rrceng.asp.“Canada <strong>in</strong> the Mak<strong>in</strong>g” provides <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> history <strong>in</strong> Canada, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gtreaties, law, and key events: www1.canadiana.org/citm/<strong>in</strong>dex_e.html.Concise historical and other <strong>in</strong>formation on <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> peoples can be found on theCanadian Encyclopaedia website www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com and on the Indian andNorthern Affairs Canada site www.a<strong>in</strong>c-<strong>in</strong>ac.gc.ca/<strong>in</strong>dex-eng.asp.Current affairs can be found <strong>in</strong> regional and national <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> newspapers, available atwww.ammsa.com/w<strong>in</strong>dspeaker.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 17


6 Bibliography6.1 Essential Read<strong>in</strong>gThe follow<strong>in</strong>g works are a source <strong>of</strong> basic <strong>in</strong>formation for consultant archaeologists onissues related to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> history, <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> archaeology and modern <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities.Dickason, Olive Patricia1992 Canada’s First Nations: A History <strong>of</strong> Found<strong>in</strong>g Peoples from Earliest Times. McLellandStewart.Johnston, Basil2003 Honour Earth Mother, M<strong>in</strong>o-Audjaudauh Mizzu‐Kummik‐Quae. Kegedonce Press.M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources2008 <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Relations: An Introduction to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> relations for M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> NaturalResources Staff <strong>in</strong> Ontario. Draft. Queen’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ter for Ontario, Toronto.Morris, Alexander2000 The Treaties <strong>of</strong> Canada with the Indians. Prospero Canada Collection.Redbird, Duke1980 We are Métis: A Métis View <strong>of</strong> the Development <strong>of</strong> Native Canadian People. Ontario Métis& Non‐Status Indian Association.Rogers, Edward S. and Smith, Donald B. editors1994 <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. OHSS Dundurn.6.2 Additional InformationThe follow<strong>in</strong>g read<strong>in</strong>g list for consultant archaeologists seek<strong>in</strong>g supplementary <strong>in</strong>formationis meant only as a start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t. Archaeologists are encouraged to undertake <strong>in</strong>dependentresearch as appropriate for their work and to talk to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities directly.Alison, R. M.1976 Mammal and Bird Names <strong>in</strong> the Indian Languages <strong>of</strong> Ontario. M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> NaturalResources, Wildlife Branch, Division <strong>of</strong> Fish and Wildlife. Queen’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ter.Cartier, Jacques1924 The Voyages <strong>of</strong> Jacques Cartier. Edited By Henry Biggar. F.A. Acland. Ottawa, Ontario.Champla<strong>in</strong>, Samuel de1922 The Works <strong>of</strong> Samuel de Champla<strong>in</strong>. Edited by Henry Biggar. University <strong>of</strong> Toronto Press.Toronto, Ontario.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 18


Clarke, P. D.1870 Orig<strong>in</strong> and Traditional History <strong>of</strong> the Wyandotts and Sketches <strong>of</strong> Other Indian Tribes <strong>in</strong>North America. Hunter, Rose and Company. Toronto, Ontario.Copway, G.1850 The Traditional History and Characteristics Sketches <strong>of</strong> the Ojibway Nation by G. Copway orKah‐Ge‐Ga‐Gah‐Bowh, Chief <strong>of</strong> the Ojibway Nation. Facsimile Edition. Coles Publish<strong>in</strong>gCompany. Toronto, Ontario.Ellis, C. J. and N. Ferris editors1990 The <strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>of</strong> Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Special Publication No. 1, LondonChapter, Ontario Archaeological Society. London, Ontario.Ferris, Neal2004 Between Colonial and Indigenous Archaeologies: Legal and Extra‐Legal Ownership <strong>of</strong> theArchaeological Past <strong>in</strong> North America. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> 27(2):154‐190.Gehl, LynnGehl, Lynn2005 “Oh Canada! Your Home is Native Land”: The Algonqu<strong>in</strong> Land Claim Process. In Atlantis: AWomen’s Studies Journal, Volume 29.2.Government <strong>of</strong> Canada1985 Indian Act (R.S., 1985, c. I‐5). Available from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/I‐5/Government <strong>of</strong> Ontario1990 Ontario Heritage Act (R.S.O). Available from:www.e‐laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o18_e.htm2004 Ontario Heritage Act ‐ O. Reg. 170/04 Def<strong>in</strong>itions. Available from: www.e‐laws.gov.on.ca2005 Cemeteries Act (Revised) (R.S.O.). Available from:www.e‐laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90c04_e.htm2006 Ontario Heritage Act ‐ O. Reg. 8/06 Licences Under Part VI <strong>of</strong> the Act — Exclud<strong>in</strong>g Mar<strong>in</strong>eArchaeological Sites. Available from: www.e‐laws.gov.on.ca2007 Report <strong>of</strong> the Ipperwash Inquiry. Available from:www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/<strong>in</strong>quiries/ipperwash/report/2007 Forest Management Guide for Cultural Heritage Values. Queen’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ter for Ontario,Toronto.2008 <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Relations: An Introduction to <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Relations for M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> NaturalResources Staff <strong>in</strong> Ontario. Draft. Queen’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ter for Ontario, Toronto.Hickerson, H.1960 The Feast <strong>of</strong> the Dead Among the Seventeenth Century Agonkians <strong>of</strong> the Upper GreatLakes. American Anthropologist 62: 81‐107.Johnston, Basil1995 The Manitous: The Spiritual World <strong>of</strong> the Ojibway. Key Porter Books Ltd.1976 Ojibway Heritage. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto.Johnston, Charles M. editor1964 The Valley <strong>of</strong> the Six Nations: A Collection <strong>of</strong> Documents on the Indian Lands <strong>of</strong> the GrandRiver. Champla<strong>in</strong> Society/University <strong>of</strong> Toronto Press. Toronto, Ontario.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 19


Johnston, Darlenen.d Respect<strong>in</strong>g and Protect<strong>in</strong>g the Sacred. Available from:www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/<strong>in</strong>quiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/pdf/Johnston_Respect<strong>in</strong>g‐and‐Protect<strong>in</strong>g‐the‐Sacred.pdfJohnston, R. B.1979 Notes on Ossuary Burial among the Ontario Iroquois. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> 3:91‐104.Joseph, Robert P. C. and Cynthia F. Joseph2007 Work<strong>in</strong>g Effectively with <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Peoples. Second Edition. Indigenous Corporate Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gInc., North Vancouver.Kapches, Mima1976 The Interment <strong>of</strong> Infants <strong>of</strong> the Ontario Iroquois. Ontario <strong>Archaeology</strong> 27: 29‐39.Keeshig‐Tobias, Polly1996 The Illustrated History <strong>of</strong> the Chippewas <strong>of</strong> Nawash. Chippewas <strong>of</strong> Nawash, KenDassW<strong>in</strong>Communications.Kerber, Jordan E.2007 <strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Iroquois: Selected Read<strong>in</strong>gs and Resource Sources (Iroquois and theirNeighbours). Syracuse University Press.Leclair, Laurie and Neal Ferris1998 The Authority <strong>of</strong> the Miss<strong>in</strong>g One Tenth: Issues <strong>of</strong> Archaeological Artifact Ownership.Presented at the OAS Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>gs, Brantford Ontario October 17, 1998.Miller, J. R.1989 Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens, A History <strong>of</strong> Indian‐White Relations <strong>in</strong> Canada. University <strong>of</strong>Toronto Press. Toronto.Richardson, Boyce editor1989 Drum Beat: Anger and Renewal <strong>in</strong> Indian Country. Summerhill Press Ltd. Toronto.Ross, Rupert1992 Danc<strong>in</strong>g with a Ghost: Explor<strong>in</strong>g Indian Reality. Octopus Publish<strong>in</strong>g Group. Markham,Ontario.1996 Return<strong>in</strong>g to the Teach<strong>in</strong>gs: Explor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Justice. Pengu<strong>in</strong> Books.Sagard, Gabriel1632 The Long Journey to the Country <strong>of</strong> the Hurons. The Champla<strong>in</strong> Society. Toronto.Sioui, Georges E.1999 Huron/Wendat: The Heritage <strong>of</strong> the Circle. UBC Press. Vancouver.Spence, Michael1994 Mortuary Programmes <strong>of</strong> the Early Ontario Iroquoians. Ontario <strong>Archaeology</strong> 58: 2‐26.1986 Band Structure and Interaction <strong>in</strong> Early Southern Ontario. Canadian Review <strong>of</strong> PhysicalAnthropology 5: 83‐95.Squier, E. G.1848 Historical and Mythological Traditions <strong>of</strong> the Algonqu<strong>in</strong>s. New York Historical SocietyProceed<strong>in</strong>gs.Steckley, John L. and Bryan D. Cumm<strong>in</strong>s2008 Full Circle: Canada’s First Nations. Pearson Prentice Hall. Toronto.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 20


Trigger, Bruce1976 The Children <strong>of</strong> Aataentsic: A History <strong>of</strong> the Huron People to 1660. McGill‐Queen’sUniversity Press, Montreal.Thwaites, R. G.1897 The Jesuit Relations and Other Allied Documents, 1610‐1791. Volumes 1‐39. BurrowsBrothers. Cleveland, Ohio.Williamson, Ronald F. and Susan Pfeiffer.2004 Bones <strong>of</strong> the Ancestors: The <strong>Archaeology</strong> and Osteobiography <strong>of</strong> the Moatfield Ossuary.Mercury Series, <strong>Archaeology</strong> Paper No. 163, Canadian Museum <strong>of</strong> Civilisation.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 21


7 Glossary<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communitiesUsed <strong>in</strong>clusively <strong>in</strong> this technical bullet<strong>in</strong> to refer to First Nation communities (also known as“bands” under the Indian Act), Métis communities, and communities <strong>of</strong> other <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> peopleswho identify themselves as a community. Examples are: those liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> urban centres, or thosebelong<strong>in</strong>g to an <strong>in</strong>digenous Nation or tribe that encompasses more than one community (e.g., thePottawatomi, Mississauga, or Mohawk).<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> monitors<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> person(s) hired by the proponent, consultant archaeologist or the <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communityto represent <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>in</strong>terests dur<strong>in</strong>g the fieldwork component <strong>of</strong> an archaeological assessment.Approval authorityApproval authorities <strong>in</strong>clude prov<strong>in</strong>cial m<strong>in</strong>istries, such as the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> the Environment, theM<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Transportation, M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Municipal Affairs and Hous<strong>in</strong>g and M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> NaturalResources, and municipalities. Approval authorities have legislative authority to determ<strong>in</strong>e ifproposed development projects meet their requirements and can proceed.Archaeological projectAll aspects <strong>of</strong> the archaeological assessment (Stages 1‐4), <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g background study, propertysurvey, archaeological site assessment, mitigation and report<strong>in</strong>g.Archaeological resourcesThe Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Policy Statement (2005) def<strong>in</strong>es archaeological resources as <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g artifacts,archaeological sites and mar<strong>in</strong>e archaeological sites. The identification and evaluation <strong>of</strong> suchresources are based upon archaeological fieldwork undertaken <strong>in</strong> accordance with the OntarioHeritage Act.Archaeological siteOntario Regulation 170/04 under the Ontario Heritage Act def<strong>in</strong>es an archaeological site as “anyproperty that conta<strong>in</strong>s an artifact or any other physical evidence <strong>of</strong> past human use or activity thatis <strong>of</strong> cultural heritage value or <strong>in</strong>terest”.ArtifactOntario Regulation 170/04 under the Ontario Heritage Act def<strong>in</strong>es an artifact as “any object,material or substance that is made, modified, used, deposited or affected by human action and is <strong>of</strong>cultural heritage value or <strong>in</strong>terest”.ChiefA Chief is the leader <strong>of</strong> a First Nation community or council who is elected by members <strong>of</strong> the FirstNation, by the councillors accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Indian Act, or through custom elections. (Source: OntarioM<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs Glossary). Note that the term may also be used to refer to a Chief thatwas not elected but selected through an alternate process.Chiefs <strong>of</strong> OntarioThe Chiefs <strong>of</strong> Ontario is a coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g body for 134 First Nation communities located with<strong>in</strong> theboundaries <strong>of</strong> the Prov<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> Ontario. The ma<strong>in</strong> objective <strong>of</strong> the Chiefs <strong>of</strong> Ontario <strong>of</strong>fice is t<strong>of</strong>acilitate the discussion, plann<strong>in</strong>g, implementation, and evaluation <strong>of</strong> all local, regional, prov<strong>in</strong>cial,federal and national matters affect<strong>in</strong>g the First Nations <strong>in</strong> Ontario. The Regional Chief sits on theexecutive <strong>of</strong> the national Assembly <strong>of</strong> First Nations.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 22


ConfederacyAn organized alliance or union <strong>of</strong> Nations, or groups <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals, established for mutual supportor action. For example, the Iroquois Confederacy is an alliance <strong>of</strong> Six Nations (Mohawk, Oneida,Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora).Consultant archaeologistOntario Regulation 8/06 <strong>of</strong> the Ontario Heritage Act def<strong>in</strong>es a “consultant archaeologist” as “anarchaeologist who enters <strong>in</strong>to an agreement with a client to carry out or supervise archaeologicalfieldwork on behalf <strong>of</strong> the client, produce reports for or on behalf <strong>of</strong> the client and provide technicaladvice to the client”.Cultural heritage values mapp<strong>in</strong>g exerciseSome communities have developed maps <strong>of</strong> their traditional territory that identify areas <strong>of</strong> culturalheritage value. These <strong>in</strong>clude archaeological sites, cemeteries, trails and portage routes, traditionaluse areas (i.e., areas where culture‐specific foods, such as wild rice, nuts, medic<strong>in</strong>al plants and otherresources were harvested), and locations with sacred or spiritual significance.ElderA man or woman whose wisdom about spirituality, culture and life is recognized by the community.Elders can be any age. The <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> community and <strong>in</strong>dividuals will normally seek the advice andassistance <strong>of</strong> elders <strong>in</strong> various traditions and contemporary areas. (Source: Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs Glossary)First NationA term that came <strong>in</strong>to common use <strong>in</strong> the 1970s to replace the word "Indian." It has also beenadopted by some <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities to replace the term "band." (Source: Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong><strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs Glossary)Heritage conservationThe identification, protection, use and/or management <strong>of</strong> cultural heritage and archaeologicalresources <strong>in</strong> such a way that their heritage values, attributes and <strong>in</strong>tegrity are reta<strong>in</strong>ed.MétisFrench for "mixed blood." The Canadian Constitution recognizes Métis people as one <strong>of</strong> the three<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> peoples. Historically, the term "Métis" applied to the children <strong>of</strong> French fur traders andCree women <strong>in</strong> the Prairies and <strong>of</strong> English and Scottish traders and Dene women <strong>in</strong> the North.Today, the term is used broadly to describe people with mixed First Nations and European ancestrywho identify themselves as Métis, dist<strong>in</strong>ct from Indigenous and non‐Indigenous people. (ManyCanadians have mixed <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> and non‐<strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> ancestry, but not all identify themselves asMétis.) Note that Métis organizations <strong>in</strong> Canada have differ<strong>in</strong>g criteria about who qualifies as aMétis person. (Source: Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs Glossary)MitigationActions that are taken to avoid or reduce impacts to archaeological sites <strong>of</strong> cultural heritage valueor <strong>in</strong>terest. These actions <strong>in</strong>clude either the long term protection <strong>of</strong> archaeological sites and thedocumentation and removal <strong>of</strong> archaeological sites through excavation, or a comb<strong>in</strong>ation there<strong>of</strong>.Ontario Public Register <strong>of</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> ReportsThe report register is ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture and <strong>in</strong>cludes allarchaeological reports accepted by the m<strong>in</strong>istry. Information relat<strong>in</strong>g to the locations <strong>of</strong>archaeological sites is excluded from the register. The register is accessible to the public dur<strong>in</strong>gregular bus<strong>in</strong>ess hours at the m<strong>in</strong>istry’s Toronto <strong>of</strong>fice.Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 23


Oral historyEvidence taken from the spoken words <strong>of</strong> people who have knowledge <strong>of</strong> past events andtraditions. This oral history is <strong>of</strong>ten recorded on tape and then put <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g. It is used <strong>in</strong> historybooks and to document land claims. (Source: Ontario M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> Affairs Glossary)Political Territorial Organizations (PTOs)There are four PTOs <strong>in</strong> Ontario (see Resources section). First Nations affiliate with PTOs at theiroption. PTOs do not have authority <strong>in</strong> the affairs <strong>of</strong> First Nations, but they may represent FirstNations on political matters. They also <strong>of</strong>fer region‐wide services (polic<strong>in</strong>g, health, etc.) and are arepository <strong>of</strong> policy expertise. Note: The acronym PTO can also refer to Prov<strong>in</strong>cial TerritorialOrganizations.ProponentThe <strong>in</strong>dividual or entity propos<strong>in</strong>g the development.Report packageThe <strong>in</strong>formation package to be submitted to the M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Tourism and Culture for eachdevelopment project is the “report package.” The report package <strong>in</strong>cludes: 1) reports on fieldworkactivities for the archaeological project and results and recommendations for next steps; and 2)associated documentation, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a cover<strong>in</strong>g letter and supplementary documentation.Shared stewardshipArrangements made between the prov<strong>in</strong>ce and <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> communities to <strong>in</strong>volve <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong>communities <strong>in</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>cial land and resource management processes.TraditionalistIndividuals or groups with<strong>in</strong> a society who recognize, practise, and promote traditional ways andvalues.Traditional land/territoryAn area that a First Nation identifies as land they or their ancestors traditionally occupied.Tribal councilA group<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> First Nations with common <strong>in</strong>terests who voluntarily jo<strong>in</strong> together to provide advisoryand /or program services to their members. Tribal councils usually provide services <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g bandgovernance, f<strong>in</strong>ancial management, community plann<strong>in</strong>g, technical services, and economicdevelopment. (Source: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada web site)Draft <strong>Engag<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Aborig<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Communities</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> | 24

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