Arabic Verbs and Essentials of Grammar 2nd Ed

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Can you spot the three Arabic letters that appear in each of the wordson the previous page? You should be able to see that these lettersappear in all the words:ت.1 ك(kaaf) 2.(taa’)3. (baa’)(Look at Appendix (i) if you need to remind yourself of the Arabicalphabet.)Notice that the letters appear in the same order in all of the words: thekaaf comes first, then the taa’, and finally the baa’. These three letters,in this order, are the root.بكتبThe Arabic root system 7root letter 3root letter 2root letter 1Look back at the previous page again and see if you can spot thesethree root letters in all the words. Notice that sometimes there are otherletters as well as the root letters, but the root letters will always appearin the same sequence.The root sequence we have looked at (kaaf, taa’, baa’) is connectedwith the meaning of “writing.” Whenever you see a word with thisroot, it probably has something to do with writing. The root lettersmushroom into many different possible words. For example, when theroot letters are put into a particular pattern with the letter miim ‏(م)‏ at thefront, the meaning becomes “a place of writing,” or “a desk/an office”:(maktab) مكتبThe vast majority of Arabic words contain three root letters, as in theexample above. Much of Arabic grammar is concerned withmanipulating the three root letters into different patterns. If you lookback at the English words on the first page of this chapter, you will

8 The Arabic root systemsee that most of the changes take place at the beginning and the end ofthe word, leaving the core untouched. Arabic, on the other hand, addsletters, or combinations of letters, between the root letters, as well ason the beginning and end. Look at the word for “book” (kitaab):كتابadditional letter (’alif)root letter 3root letter 2root letter 1As a symbol to represent the three root letters of any word, Arabicمَكْتَب – “office” (f/ع/l). So the word for فعل grammar uses the letters‏(مَ)‏ (mafعal) pattern; i.e., the root letters have ma مَفْعَل (maktab) – is thebefore them, a sukuun ‏(ْ)‏ over the first root letter and a fatHa ‏(َ)‏ overthe second root letter. In the same way, the word كِتابة (kitaaba) wouldbe the فِعالة (fiعaala) pattern, كُتُب (kutub) would be the فُعُل (fuعul)pattern, etc. In the first chapters of the book, we have tried to also useother common words to illustrate the patterns. However, later we haveintroduced more examples using ‏,فعل since this is the conventionunderstood most widely by both native speakers and Arabists.You will find the root system very helpful once you have understoodthe concept and been introduced to some of the more common patterns.Native Arabic speakers have an instinctive understanding of how theirlanguage works, but as a learner you will need to approach it moremethodically. Soon you will begin to see the pattern and the shape ofwords, and the structure of the language will start to become apparent.Using a dictionaryIt is worth adding a note about how to use an Arabic dictionary. It ispossible to put Arabic in strict alphabetical order as we do in English,and this is becoming more common in the age of computerized

10 The Arabic root systemThe Arabic–English verb index on pages 128–143 of this book isarranged in strict alphabetical order. From this you can identify the rootletters for a particular verb, enabling you to look it up in Wehr’sdictionary, and other similarly arranged references.

Part One:Arabic VerbsCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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2Regular verbs:The basic tensesArabic is relatively straightforward when it comes to tenses. Somelanguages have many tenses and are very specific about the time of anaction and whether or not the action has been completed. Arabicgrammar is vague about time and there are only two basic tenses:الماض‏ ِ ي perfect) • The past (orالمَضارِع imperfect) • The present (orThe PastIn a simple regular verb, the basic past tense will look like this:كَتَبَ‏ش‏حَمَلَ‏(kataba): (he) wrote(shariba): (he) drank َ رِبَ‏(Hamala): (he) carriedThe three root letters are all followed by a vowel. In most cases this isall fatHas (kataba/Hamala), but sometimes the second vowel is aKaSra (shariba). (In rare cases, the second vowel is a Damma (u), butyou can ignore these verbs since you are not likely to see or use them.)If we take off the final vowel, this هُوَ‏ (“he”/“it”) part of the verb (thirdperson masculine singular) becomes the base, or stem of the past tense.Different endings can be added to this past stem depending on who iscarrying out the action (the subject of the verb). So, كَتَبَ‏ (kataba) is “hewrote” and كَتَب (katab) is the past stem. If we add the ending تُ‏ (tu) tothe stem, it becomes كَتَبْتُ‏ (katabtu) – “I wrote”; if we add نَا (naa), itbecomes كَتَبْنا (katabnaa) – “we wrote,” etc. Here is a table showing allthe endings for the past tense:Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

14 Arabic VerbsEndingExamplesingularI(tu)كتَبْتُ‏تُ‏أنا(katabtu)you (masc.*)(ta)كَتَبْتَ‏تَ‏أَنْتَ‏(katabta)you (fem.*)(ti)كَتَبْتِ‏تِ‏أَنْتِ‏(katabti)he/it(a)كَتَبَ‏َ‏هُوَ‏(kataba)she/it(at)كَتَبَتْ‏َتْ‏هِيَ‏(katabat)pluralweكَتَبْنَا (naa)نَانَهْنُ‏(katabnaa)pl) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏كَتَبْتُمْ‏ (tum)تُمْ‏(katabtum)pl) you (fem. أَنتُن َّ(katabtunna) كَتَبْتُن َّ (tunna) تُن َّ(uu) ُوا**‏ (masc.) they هُم(katabuu) كَتَبُوا(fem.) they هُن َّ(na) نَ‏(katabna) كَتَبْنَ‏* For an explanation of masculine and feminine genders, see page 107.** An extra ’alif ‏(ا)‏ is written after the waaw ‏(و)‏ but is silent.Note that you will not meet or need the feminine plurals as often as themasculine plurals. This is because you only use the feminine plural ifall the people in a group are female. If the group is mixed male andfemale, the masculine is used. Therefore, this form is the mostimportant to learn and become familiar with in the first place. Thereare also different endings for two people (the dual). To make it easierto absorb the basics first, an explanation of the dual and its associatedverb endings has been separated. Refer to Chapters 17 and 28 for anexplanation of the dual if you need it.

You do not have to use the personal pronouns (he, she, etc.) before theverb as you do in English. If you see an Arabic sentence like this:mother. (She) wrote a letter to her كَتَبَت رِسالة لأُم ِّهَا.‏you can tell it is “she” because of the ending of the verb (katabat). Thesentence could be more specific and say exactly who wrote the letter(the subject of the verb). Then you would see:كَتَبَت فاطمة رِسالة لأُم ِّهَا.‏Regular verbs: the basic tenses 15Fatma wrote a letter to her mother.Notice that in written Arabic the subject (Fatma) usually comes afterthe verb (wrote). More explanation of word order can be found inChapter 11.The PresentThe present is used for an action (or state) which is still going on(unfinished). Whereas the past is formed by adding endings to a stem,the present adds letters on the beginning and end of a different presentstem to show the subject of the verb. Look first at the present verbbelow. These letters on the beginning and end are underlined in thethird column. Can you identify the stem that appears throughout?singularIأَكْتُبُ‏أَنا’aktub(u*)you (masc.)تَكْتُبُ‏أَنْتَ‏taktub(u*)you (fem.)تَكْتُبِينَ‏أَنْتِ‏taktubiinahe/it هُوَ‏يَكْتُبُ‏yaktub(u*)she/it هِيَ‏تَكْتُبُ‏taktub(u*)* The final ending (u) on some of the verbs above has been put inparentheses because it is not usually pronounced.

16 Arabic Verbspluralweنَكْتُبُ‏نَهْنُ‏naktub(u)تَكْتُبُونَ‏ pl) you (masc.أَنْتُمْ‏taktubuunaتَكْتُبْنَ‏ pl) you (fem.أَنتُن َّtaktubnaيَكْتُبُونَ‏ (masc.) theyهُمyaktubuuna(fem.) they هُن َّيَكْتُبْنَ‏yaktubnaIf you look at the table, you can see that the present stem — whichappears in all the examples — is كْتُب (ktub): the three root letters k/t/b,with no vowel after the first letter and a Damma ( ُ ) after the second.The different letters added on the beginning and end (prefixes andsuffixes) are arranged around this present stem to show the subject ofthe verb. For example:way.) (Read this يَ + كْتُب + وُ‏ نَ‏ = يَكْتُبُونَ‏yaktubuuna(they write)=suffix (uuna)+stem (ktub)+prefix (ya)We can apply the same principle to another verb:تَ + جْلِس + يِنَ‏ = تَجْلِس‏ ِ ينَ‏tajlisiina(you [fem.] sit)=suffix (iina)+stem (jlis)+prefix (ta)

18 Arabic VerbsThe FutureIf you want to talk about the future in Arabic, you also use the presenttense. Often the word (sawfa) or the prefix َ (sa) are added tothe front of the verb to indicate the future.َ س‏ وْ‏ فَ‏We are going to the Egyptian museum tomorrow.The farmer will plant potatoes in the Fall.س‏َ سنَذْهَب إِلى المَتْهَف ْ المِصريّ‏ غَدًا.‏َ س‏ وْ‏ فَ‏ يَزْرَع الفَلاه البَطاطِس‏ في الخَريف.‏Summary of basic tenses• There are only two basic tenses in Arabic:the pastthe present• The past stem is formed from the three root letters with a fatHaafter the first root and a fatHa (or sometimes a kasra) after thesecond root letter (katab/sharib). Endings are added to the stemto show the subject of the verb.• The present stem is formed from the three root letters with avowel after the second (ktub/shrab/jlis). Prefixes, and sometimesalso endings, are added to the stem to show the subject of the verb.َ• The future may be made by adding (sawfa) or (sa) tothe present.س‏َ س‏ وْ‏ فَ‏

3Irregular verbs:introductionIrregular verbs can be defined as verbs that act differently from thebasic patterns in all or some cases. Unfortunately for the learner,Arabic has many irregular verbs (although some are more irregularthan others!) These fall into three categories and include some of themost common verbs:• Verbs with waaw ‏(و)‏ or yaa’ ‏(ي)‏ as one of the root letters• Verbs with hamza ‏(ء)‏ as one of the root letters• Doubled verbs, where the second and third letters of the root arethe sameThe first category is the most common, and verbs in this category alsodisplay the most irregularities.To help you remember the irregular verbs, we have chosen commonverbs in each category to illustrate the patterns in which they appear.The verbs you see in the tables and examples in the following chaptersare those you will probably encounter on a regular basis and will needto communicate in Arabic. By studying the way they work and meetingthem frequently in spoken and written Arabic, these verbs should helpto establish the irregular patterns in your mind.The irregular verbs are covered first in the basic tenses (see Chapter 2for a review of these tenses). Later chapters cover the various formsand variations. If you need to access this information immediately, gostraight to the relevant chapter which will show you how each type ofirregular verb behaves in these circumstances. If you want a generaloverview, work your way more systematically through the chapters inthe order they are presented.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

4Irregular verbs:Verbs with waaw or yaa’as a root letterWaaw ‏(و)‏ and yaa’ ‏(ي)‏ are often called weak letters, and the verbs theycontain called weak verbs. These letters do not have a strong sound,unlike letters such as baa’ ‏(ب)‏ or kaaf ‏,(ك)‏ and often drop out of wordsor become vowel sounds when put into the various patterns.Weak verbs are the largest category of irregular verbs. They can besubdivided into three types depending on which of the root letters isaffected:• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs)• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs)• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root letter (defective verbs)Waaw or yaa’ as first root letterThis is one of the simplest irregular patterns.• Verbs with yaa’ as the first root letter are rare and almost completelyregular.• Verbs with waaw as the first root letter are regular in the past(perfect) tense:وَ‏ جَدْنا عِلّة في البَرْنامَج.‏We found a bug (flaw) in the program.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 21وَ‏ عَدَت الهُكومة بِتَخْفيض‏ َّ الضراءِب بَعْد الانْتِخابات.‏The government promised a reduction in taxes after the elections.وَ‏ َ صلُوا إِلى شيكاغو بالطاءِرة.‏They arrived in Chicago by airplane.In the present, the first root letter almost always drops outcompletely:يَص‏ ِ ليَجِدُونَ‏َ تَضع‏(وصل (yaSil) he arrives (from the root‏(وجد (yajiduuna) they find (from the root‏(وضع she puts (from the root ‏(عtaDa‏)‏Compare this to the regular form of the present يَكْتُب (yaktub). In theassimilated verb, the first root letter has disappeared altogether from‏.(عSil/jid/Da‏)‏ the stem, leaving just the second and third root lettersThe table below shows more fully the present tense for the verbِ لَ/يَصلَ (to arrive):وَ‏ ص‏singularIِ أَصلُ‏أَنا’aSil(u)you (masc.)ِ تَصلُ‏أَنْتَ‏taSil(u)you (fem.)تَص‏ ِ لِينَ‏أَنْتِ‏taSiliinahe/it هُوَ‏ِ يَصلُ‏yaSil(u)she/it هِيَ‏ِ تَصلُ‏taSil(u)

22 Arabic Verbspluralweِ نَصلُ‏نَهْنُ‏naSil(u)تَص‏ ِ لُونَ‏ pl) you (masc.أَنْتُمْ‏taSiluunaتَص‏ ِ لْنَ‏ pl) you (fem.أَنتُن َّtaSilnaيَص‏ ِ لُونَ‏ (masc.) theyهُمyaSiluunathey (fem.)يَص‏ ِ لْنَ‏هُن َّyaSilnaWaaw or yaa’ as second root letterThis group of verbs contains some of the most commonly used verbs inthe Arabic language. They are called hollow verbs because the second(middle) root letter is often replaced by a long or short vowel.Hollow verbs in the pastIn the past tense, all hollow verbs have a long aa sound ( َا ) instead ofthe middle root letter for هو (he/it), هي (she/it) and هم (they):كَانَ‏زَارَتْ‏بَاعُواطَ‏ ارَ‏كون root: (kaana : “he/it was”) from theزور root: (zaarat : “she visited”) from theبيع:‏root (baaعuu : “they sold”) from theطير root: (Taara: “he/it flew”) from theThe other parts of the verb have a short vowel instead of the middleroot letter (see separate chapter for dual verbs). This is usually aDamma if the middle root letter is a waaw, and a kasra if it is a yaa’:كُنْتُ‏زُرْنَابِعْتُمْ‏طِرْتِ‏كون root: (kuntu: “I was”) from theزور root: (zurnaa: “we visited”) from theبيع:‏root (biعtum : “you [pl.] sold”) from theطير root: (Tirti: “you [fem.] flew”) from the

ِVerbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 23كانَ‏ ً مَريضا.‏He was ill.طارَت الطاءِرة فَوْ‏ قَ‏ الجبال.‏The airplane flew over the mountains.هَلْ‏ بِعتُم بَيْتكُمْ‏ في نيو يورك؟Have you sold your house in New York?زُرْنَا المَتْهَف أَمْس.‏We visited the museum yesterday.This table summarizes the past tense for hollow verbs:singularVerbs with waaw*visit) to زار)‏Verbs with yaa’fly) to طار)‏Iطِرْتُ‏ (zurtu)زُرْتُ‏أنا(Tirtu)you (masc.)you (fem.)(zurta)(zurti)طِرْتَ‏طِرْتِ‏زُرْتَ‏زُرْتِ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏(Tirta)(Tirti)he/itطَ‏ ارَ‏ (zaara)زَارَ‏هُوَ‏(Taara)she/itطَ‏ ارَتْ‏ (zaarat)زَارَتْ‏هِيَ‏(Taarat)pluralweطِرْنَا (zurnaa)زُرْنَانَهْنُ‏(Tirnaa)pl) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏طِرْتُمْ‏ (zurtum)زُرْتُمْ‏(Tirtum)(Tirtunna) طِرْتُن َّ (zurtunna) زُرْتُن َّ pl) you (fem. أَنتُن َّ(Taaruu) طَ‏ ارُوا (zaaruu) زَارُوا (masc.) they هُم(fem.) they هُن َّ(Tirna) طِرْنَ‏ (zurna) زُرْنَ‏* See page 24 for exceptions.

24 Arabic VerbsThere are a few hollow verbs that behave in the past like verbs withyaa’ as the middle root letter, but which actually have waaw in themiddle. One of the most common verbs of this type is “to sleep,” from‏:نوم the root lettersنامَتْ‏ في َ سرير أُمّها.‏She slept in her mother’s bed.نِمْتُ‏ حَت َّى َ الصبَاه.‏I slept until morning.From the table on page 23, you might have noticed that there is a shortvowel in the middle of hollow verbs when there is a sukuun ( ْ‏ ) overthe third root letter. This is a general rule for hollow verbs and is worthremembering as it works for all types, tenses, and forms of hollowverbs:• Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb =short vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb• Vowel over third root letter of regular verb =long vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verbHollow verbs in the presentIn the present tense, hollow verbs also follow the rules highlightedabove. Since the present tense usually has a vowel after the third rootletter (even if this is not always pronounced), this means that hollowverbs in this tense are characterized mainly by a long vowel in themiddle. The difference is that, whereas in the past the long vowel in themiddle is always a long aa (kaana), in the present it is a long ii if thesecond root letter is a yaa’ and usually a long uu if the second rootletter is a waaw:يَزُورُ‏يَبِيعُونَ‏زور (yazuur[u]: “he visits”) from the rootبيع (yabiiعuuna: “they sell”) from the rootVerbs like نوم (see above) are the exception since they have a long aa

Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 25in the middle of the present:يَنَامُ‏يَنَامُونَ‏(yanaam[u]) he sleeps(yanaamuuna) they sleepHere is a complete table and some examples showing the threedifferent types of hollow verb in the present. Pay the most attention tolearning the first two types. The third type has been included mainlyfor recognition. Notice that only the less common feminine pluralshave a sukuun over the third root letter and a short vowel in the middle.As in the past, this vowel depends on the middle root letter.singularMost verbswith waawVerbs withyaa’Verbs likeنام،‏ ينام(’azuur[u])أَنَامُ‏ (’aTiir[u])أَطِيرُ‏أنا أَزُورُ‏(’anaam[u])(tazuur[u])(tazuuriina)(taTiir[u])(taTiiriina)تَنَامُ‏تَنَامِينَ‏تَطِيرُ‏تَطِيرينَ‏تَزُورُ‏تَزُورينَ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏(tanaam[u])(tanaamiina)(yazuur[u])يَنَامُ‏ (yaTiir[u])يَطِيرُ‏هُوَ‏ يَزُورُ‏(yanaam[u])(tazuur[u])تَنَامُ‏ (taTiir[u])تَطِيرُ‏تَزُورُ‏هِيَ‏(tanaam[u])plural(nazuur[u]) نَهْنُ‏نَنَامُ‏ (naTiir[u])نَطِيرُ‏نَزُورُ‏(nanaam[u])تَزُورُونَ‏(tazuuruuna) أَنْتُمْ‏تَنَامُونَ‏ (taTiiruuna)تَطِيرُونَ‏(tanaamuuna)تَزُرْنَ‏أَنتُن َّ(tazurna)تَنَمْنَ‏ (taTirna)تَطِرْنَ‏(tanamna)(yanaamuuna) يَنَامُونَ‏ (yaTiiruuna) يَطِيرُونَ‏ (yazuuruuna) هُم يَزُورُونَ‏يَزُرْنَ‏(yanamna) يَنَمْنَ‏ (yaTirna) يَطِرْنَ‏ (yazurna) هُن َّ

26 Arabic Verbsَ هْر.‏Our major client visits our office every month.زَبوننا ِ الرَءِيسيّ‏ يَزُور مَكْتَبنا كُلّ‏ ش‏نَبِيع ُ المَهْصول لتُج َّار الجُمْلة.‏We sell the crop to wholesalers.أَنَام كُلّ‏ يَوْ‏ م الساعة الشَانِية عَشرة.‏I go to sleep every day at twelve o’clock.Waaw or yaa’ as third root letterThis group of verbs is sometimes called defective verbs. There are threemain types:• Verbs with waaw as the last root letter.• Verbs with yaa’ as the last root letter and fatHa as the middle vowelin the past• Verbs with yaa’ as the last root letter and kasra as the middle vowelin the pastIn the past tense, the first two types are reasonably regular. Only the partsof the verb for هو (he/it), هي (she/it) and هم (they) are irregular:‏:شكو From the rootcomplained”) (shakaa: “he َ كَاcomplained”) (shakat: “she َ كَتْ‏(shakaw: “they complained”)ش‏ش‏َ شكَوْ‏ ا‏:مشي From the rootwalked”) (mashaa: “he َ ىwalked”) (mashat: “she َ تْ‏(mashaw: “they walked”)مَش‏مَش‏َ مَش‏ وْ‏ اAll of the irregular parts of these two types are pronounced the same.The only difference is the spelling of شكا (shakaa) with a final ’alif,

Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 27and مشى (mashaa) with a final yaa’ (without the dots). (Look atAppendix (i) if you want to know more details about this final yaa’which is pronounced aa and known as ’alif maqsuura.) The differencesbetween these two types of verbs are more apparent in the regular partsof the past:شكَوْ‏ تُ‏مَش‏رَمَيْتَ‏رَجَوْ‏ تُمْ‏َ يْنَاشكو root: (shakawtu : “I complained”) from theمشي root: (mashaynaa : “we walked”) from theرمي:‏root (ramayta : “you threw”) from theرجو root: (rajawtum: “you [pl.] requested/hoped”) from theMost defective verbs follow one of the two patterns above. However,there are some verbs with yaa’ as the last root letter and kasra as themiddle vowel that follow a different pattern. Two common examplesare the verbs يَ‏ ِ (nasiya – to forget) and (laqiya – to meet).نَسِيتُ‏ e.g. These verbs have a long ii in many parts of the past tense,(nasiitu) – “I forgot.”نَس‏The following table summarizes the past tense for all three main typesof defective verbs:لَقِيَ‏defective type 1complain) to شكا)‏singularَ شكَوْ‏ تُ‏َ شكَوْ‏ تَ‏َ شكَوْ‏ تِ‏َ شكَاَ شكَتْ‏أناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏(shakawtu)(shakawta)(shakawti)(shakaa)(shakat)defective type 2walk) to مشى)‏َ مَشيْتُ‏َ مَشيْتَ‏َ مَشيْتِ‏َ مَشىَ مَشتْ‏(mashaytu)(mashayta)(mashayti)(mashaa)(mashat)defective type 3forget) to نسي)‏ِ نَسيتُ‏ِ نَسيتَ‏ِ نَسيتِ‏ِ نَسيَ‏ِ نَسيَتْ‏(nasiitu)(nasiita)(nasiiti)(nasiya)(nasiyat)

28 Arabic Verbspluraldefective type 1complain) to شكا)‏defective type 2walk) to مشى)‏defective type 3forget) to نسي)‏(shakawnaa)(shakawtum)(shakawtunna)(shakaw)َ مَشيْناَ‏َ مَشيْتُمْ‏َ شكَوْ‏ نَاَ شكَوْ‏ تُمْ‏َ شكَوْ‏ تُن ََّ شكَوْ‏ انَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُمَ يْتُن َّ(mashaynaa)(mashaytum)(mashaytunna)(mashaw)ِ نَسينَاِ نَسيتُمْ‏ِ نَسيتُن َُّ نَسوامَش‏َ مَش‏ وْ‏ ا(nasiinaa)(nasiitum)(nasiitunna)(nasuu)(shakawna)نَس‏ ِ ينَ‏ (mashayna)َ مَشيْنَ‏هُن َّ َ شكونَ‏(nasiina)Here are the three types of defective verbs in the present tense:defective type 1complain) to يشكو)‏singularْ أَشكُوْ تَشكُوْ تَشكِينَ‏ْ يَشكُوْ تَشكُوأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏(’ashkuu)(tashkuu)(tashkiina*)(yashkuu)(tashkuu)defective type 2walk) to يمشي)‏ِ أَمْشيِ تَمْشيِ تَمْشينَ‏ِ يمْشيِ تَمْشي(’amshii)(tamshii)(tamshiina*)(yamshii)(tamshii)defective type 3forget) to ينسى)‏َ أَنْسىَ تَنْسىَ تَنْسيْنَ‏َ يَنْسىَ تَنْسى(’ansaa)(tansaa)(tansayna)(yansaa)(tansaa)pluralْ نَشكُوْ تَشكُونَ‏ْ تَشكُونَ‏نَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُمهُن َّيَش‏ ْ كُونَ‏ْ يَشكُونَ‏(nashkuu)(tashkuuna*)(tashkuuna)(yashkuuna*)(yashkuuna)نمْش‏ ِ يتَمْش‏ِ تَمْشينَ‏ُ ونَ‏يَمْش‏ ُ ونَ‏ِ يمْشينَ‏(namshii)(tamshuuna*)(tamshiina)(yamshuuna*)(yamshiina)َ نَنْسىَ تَنْس‏ وْ‏ نَ‏َ تَنْسيْنَ‏َ يَنْس‏ وْ‏ نَ‏* Notice that the weak third root letter drops out altogether in these cases.يَنْس‏ َ يْنَ‏(nansaa)(tansawna)(tansayna)(yansawna)(yansayna)

Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 29Notice that defective verbs in the present tense can usually be spottedbecause they have a long vowel instead of the third root letter. In type 1this is a long uu (yashkuu); in type 2 a long ii (yamshii) and in type 3 along aa (yansaa) — but note this is written with ’alif maqsura, seeAppendix (i). Some of the changes that happen are not very logical andcan be difficult to remember. Concentrate on the most common partsfirst. Leave the other parts (e.g., feminine plural) until you feelconfident with the basic patterns.Summary of weak verbs• Weak verbs are those which have waaw ‏(و)‏ or yaa’ ‏(ي)‏ as oneof the root letters.• There are three types of weak verb:Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs)Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs)Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root letter (defective verbs)• Assimilated verbs are mainly regular except the first root letteralmost always drops out in the present tense.• Hollow verbs have a vowel in the middle instead of the secondroot letter. This is a short vowel if the third root letter has asukuun ( ْ‏ ) over it, and a long vowel if it does not.• Defective verbs are characterized by a long vowel (aa/uu/ii) ora diphthong (ay/aw) instead of the third root letter, but do notalways behave predictably. Each pattern should be learnedindividually.

5Irregular verbs:Doubled verbsDoubled verbs are those where the third root letter is the same as thesecond root letter. They are one of the simplest forms of irregular verbsto master. The general rule is similar to the rule for hollow verbs and isdependent on the vowel over the third root letter:• Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb =second and third root letters written separately in doubled verb• Vowel over third root letter of regular verb =second and third root letters written together in doubled verbكَتَبُواFor example, the past tense pattern (katabuu – they wrote) has thevowel Damma ‏(ُ)‏ over the third root letter. So, in a doubled verb, thesecond and third root letters would be written together with a shaddapattern: in this ‏(ّ)‏َ كّ‏ root: (shakkuu : “they doubted”) from the(raddat : “she replied”) from the root:ش‏ردّ‏َ شك ُّوارَد َّتْ‏كَتَبْنَاHowever, the past tense pattern (katabnaa – “we wrote”) has asukuun ( ْ‏ ) over the third root letter. So in a doubled verb, the secondand third root letters would be written separately in this pattern:َ شكَكْنَارَدَدْتُ‏(shakaknaa : “we doubted”)(radadtu : “I replied”)The same rules apply to the present tense (look back at Chapter 2 ifyou need to remind yourself of the patterns for regular verbs).Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Irregular verbs: Doubled verbs 31As most parts of the present tense have a vowel after the third rootletter, this means that you will see the root letters in a doubled verbwritten together in most cases. In addition, the middle vowel of thepresent tense (mostly Damma in doubled verbs) shifts back over thefirst root letter:أَوَ‏ دّ‏ أَنْ‏ ْ أَشكُركَ‏ عَلَى خِطابِكَ‏ الأخير.‏I’d like to thank you for your last letter.َ سأَمُد ُّكَ‏ بِالمَعْلومات الَتي طَ‏ لَبْتَها فَوْ‏ رًا.‏I will send you the information you requested immediately.Here is a table summarizing the past and present patterns for doubledverbs. A good exercise is to cover the column showing the doubled verband see if you can predict the pattern according to the rules on page 30.singularأناأنْتَ‏أنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Iyou (masc.)you (fem.)he/itshe/itDoubled verbs inthe pastradadturadadtaradadtiraddaraddatDoubled verbs inthe presentأَرُ‏ ُّدتَرُ‏ ُّدتَرُد ِّينَ‏يَرُ‏ ُّدتَرُ‏ ُّدرَدَدْتُ‏رَدَدْتَ‏رَدَدْتِ‏رَ‏ َّدرَد َّتْ‏’arudd(u)tarudd(u)taruddiinayarudd(u)tarudd(u)pluralنَهْنُ‏أنْتُمْ‏أنتُن َّهُمweyou (masc. pl)you (fem. pl)they (masc.)رَدَدْنَارَدَدْتُمْ‏رَدَدْتُن َّرَد ُّواradadnaaradadtumradadtunnaradduuنَرُ‏ ُّدتَرُد ُّونَ‏تَرْدُدْنَ‏يَرُد ُّونَ‏narudd(u)tarudduunatardudnayarudduuna(fem.) they هُن َّyardudna يَرْدُدْنَ‏ radadna رَدَدْنَ‏

32 Arabic VerbsA final cautionary note about doubled verbs: many spoken dialectstreat these verbs in the past like verbs with yaa’ as the final rootletter (see Defective verbs, Chapter 4). This means that many nativespeakers would say (radaynaa) for “we replied” rather than thegrammatically correct (radadnaa). In fact, this is also a commonwritten error among native speakers. This can be confusing to a learnerand is worth a special mention.رَدَيْنارَدَدْناSummary of doubled verbs• Doubled verbs have the same second and third root letter.• There are simple rules governing the way these verbs behave:the doubled root letters are written separately if the third rootletter has a sukuun ( ْ‏ ) over it, and written together if it does not.

6Irregular verbs:Verbs with hamzaThe hamza can be an enigmatic letter. The nearest analogy in Englishis the apostrophe. In both cases there is uncertainty as to when andhow to use it, even among native speakers. The apostrophe causes moreerrors in English than virtually anything else and the hamza probablyhas this dubious distinction in Arabic. Whereas in English we askourselves: “Should the apostrophe come before the s or after the s?,”in Arabic the question becomes: “Which letter should carry the hamza?”When you review this chapter, it is always worth reminding yourselfthat you are not alone in finding the hamza sometimes elusive. Readthe general guidelines but be prepared to refer to the tables regularly.The hamza itself is considered a consonant, not a vowel, pronounced asa short glottal stop — see Appendix (i) for more detail onpronunciation. Many verbs have hamza as one of the root letters. It canbe any of the three root letters and is found in some common verbs.Like the apostrophe, the rules (such as they exist) for hamza are moreconcerned with where to place it than how to pronounce it. Verbs withhamza as one of the root letters are mainly regular. The changes thatoccur are in the letter that carries the hamza.There are some guidelines for writing hamza. The simplest way topredict how a particular pattern will be written is to look at the patternfor regular verbs (see Chapter 2), and then apply the general rules onthe following page. Remember that there are exceptions andalternatives. For individual verbs, check the tables in this chapter andin the relevant chapters for derived forms or other patterns.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

34 Arabic VerbsGeneral rules for verbs with hamza as one of the root letters• If the hamza is at the beginning of the verb, it is written on an ’alif:(he took)/ (they ate)‏َذَخَٔا eh( /)koot اوُلَكَٔا yeht( )etaأَكَلُواأَخَذَ‏• If a pattern means you would need to write two ’alifs,), آ‏ ( it then these are combined as one with a madda sign overذِخٓا – of ’aakhudh fo daetsni (I ,”ekat take), I“( instead hduhkaa‘ – ذُخْٔأَا(:‏ aa: pronounced as a long• Otherwise, the letter carrying the hamza tends to relate to thevowel before the hamza:‏(وء)‏ – Damma before hamza = hamza written on waaw‏(ئ or ئ)‏ – Kasra before hamza = hamza written on yaa’ without dots‏(أ)‏ – FatHa before hamza = hamza written on ’alif• If the hamza has no vowel before it (i.e., the letter before has asukuun over it), then the rules above default to the vowel overلَٔاْسَي asks) )sksa ْ (he eh( أَل itself: the hamzaأَأْخُذآخُذيَس‏Examples:ْ ل.‏We read an Arabic play in class.قَرَأْنَا ْ مَسرَحِيّة عَرَبِيّة في الفَص‏َ سأَلْتُ‏ المُدَر ِّس‏ ُ سوءَالاً‏ عَن المُوءَل ِّف .I asked the teacher a question about the author.قَالَ‏ إنّ‏ المُوءَل ِّف كَتَبَ‏ المسرحيّة في َ السبْعِينات...‏He said that the author wrote the play in the seventies...‏...لأن َّه َ سئِمَ‏ من عَمَلِهِ‏ في البَنْك.‏...because he was fed up with his work in the bank.Don’t worry if these rules seem complicated. In the basic tenses thereare very few other irregularities, and the majority of patterns arewritten with the hamza on an ’alif. If you refer to the tables on page

Irregular verbs: Verbs with hamza 3535, you will start to get a feel for how to write these verbs.Look at the general rules on page 34 in conjunction with the laterchapters if you need to find out how the verbs with hamza behave inthe derived forms or other patterns.Past tensesingularأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Hamza as root 1take) to ‏:أخذ)‏أَخَذْتُ‏أَخَذْتَ‏أَخَذْتِ‏أَخَذَ‏أَخَذَتْ‏(’akhadhtu)(’akhadhta)(’akhadhti)(’akhadha)(’akhadhat)Hamza as root 2ask) to ‏:سأل)‏َ سألْتُ‏َ سألْتَ‏َ سألْتِ‏َ سألَ‏َ سألَتْ‏(sa’altu)(sa’alta)(sa’alti)(sa’ala)(sa’alat)Hamza as root 3slow*) to be ‏:بطوء)‏بَطُ‏ وءْتُ‏بَطُ‏ وءْتَ‏بَطُ‏ وءْتِ‏بَطُ‏ وءَ‏بَطُ‏ وءَتْ‏(baTu’tu)(baTu’ta)(baTu’ti)(baTu’a)(baTu’at)pluralأَخَذْنَاأَخَذْتُمْ‏أَخَذْتُن َّأَخَذُوانَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُم(’akhadhnaa)(’akhadhtum)(’akhadhtunna)(’akhadhuu)َ سألْنَاَ سألْتُمْ‏َ سألْتُن ََّ سألُوا(sa’alnaa)(sa’altum)(sa’altunna)(sa’aluu)بَطُ‏ وءْنَابَطُ‏ وءْتُمْ‏بَطُ‏ وءْتُن َّبَطُ‏ وءُوا(baTu’naa)(baTu’tum)(baTu’tunna)(baTu’uu)َ سألْنَ‏ (’akhadhna) هُن َّ أَخَذْنَ‏(sa’alna) بَطُ‏ وءْنَ‏ (baTu’na)*This verb is one of a very few that have Damma as the vowel on the middle rootletter (i.e., the ط )in the past. It has been chosen to show how the hamza is usuallywritten when preceded by a Damma.

36 Arabic VerbsPresent tensesingularآخُذ أناتَأْخُذ أَنْتَ‏تَأْخُذِينَ‏ أَنْتِ‏يَأْخُذ هُوَ‏تَأْخُذ هِيَ‏Hamza as root 1take) to ‏:يأخذ)‏(’aakhudh[u])(ta’khudh[u])(ta’khudhiina)(ya’khudh[u])(ta’khudh[u])Hamza as root 2ask) to ‏:يسأل)‏ْ أَسأَلْ تَسأَلْ تَسأَلِينَ‏ْ يَسأَلْ تَسأل(’as’al[u])(tas’al[u])(tas’aliina)(yas’al[u])(tas’al[u])Hamza as root 3slow) to be ‏:يبطوء)‏أَبْطُ‏ وءتَبْطُ‏ وءتَبْطُ‏ وءِينَ‏يَبْطُ‏ ءوتَبْطُ‏ و(’abTu’[u])(tabTu’[u])(tabTu’iina)(yabTu’[u])(tabTu’[u])pluralنَأْخُذ نَهْنُ‏تَأْخُذُونَ‏ أَنْتُمْ‏تَأْخُذْنَ‏ أَنتُن َّيَأْخُذُونَ‏ هُم(na’khudh[u])(ta’khudhuuna)(ta’khudhna)(ya’khudhuuna)(nas’al[u])(tas’aluuna)(tas’alna)(yas’aluuna)نَبْطُ‏ وء‏ُونَ‏ تَبْطُ‏ وء‏ْنَ‏ تَبْطُ‏ وء‏ُونَ‏ يَبْطُ‏ وءْ نَسأَلْ تَسأَلُونَ‏ْ تَسأَلْنَ‏ْ يَسأَلُونَ‏(nabTu’[u])(tabTu’uuna)(tabTu’na)(yabTu’uuna)ْ يَسأَلْنَ‏ (ya’khudhna) هُن َّ يَأْخُذْنَ‏َ يَبْطُ‏ وءْن (yas’alna)(yabTu’na)Remember that in the present tense the middle vowel will vary, as itdoes with regular verbs (see page 17). In the case of verbs with hamzaas the second or third root letter, this could affect the spelling, althougha middle fatHa with the hamza carried by an ’alif ‏(أ)‏ is by far the mostcommon.

Irregular verbs: Verbs with hamza 37Summary of verbs with hamza• Irregularities in these verbs are mainly concerned with thespelling (which letter carries the hamza).• There are some general rules which help to determine how thehamza should be written.• There are also exceptions and alternatives which need to beindividually absorbed over time.

7Derived forms of verbs:IntroductionWhile Arabic is not rich in tenses, it makes up for this with its systemof verb patterns, or forms. All the verbs covered in Chapters 1 to 6have been the basic, or root, form of the verb. The Arabic languageplays with this root to add subtle variations to the meaning.If you look at these groups of words in English, you can see they havedifferent but connected meanings:liquidateliquefyliquidizevalidatevaluerevalueBy adding different endings and prefixes, the meaning is slightlychanged. For example, as a native speaker you recognize that the prefix“re-” means “to do something again.”Arabic takes this principle much further with many different patternsthat add meaning to the original root form. These derived forms are themajor way in which Arabic achieves its richness of vocabulary. Look atthe following examples, all derived from the same root(qataluu) they killed(qattaluu) they massacred (“killed intensely”)(qaataluu) they battled (“tried to kill”)(taqaataluu) they fought each otherقَتَلُواقَت َّلُواقَاتَلُواتَقَاتَلُواCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Derived forms of verbs: Introduction 39All these are different forms of the same root قتل (q/t/l). The verbending associated with “they” in the past (uu) stays the same, butdifferent letters have been added between and before the root to add tothe original meaning.There are eight significant derived forms. Some others exist, but are onlyseen in poetry or archaic texts. Western scholars of Arabic refer to theforms by Latin numbers: form II (“form two”), form III, form IV, etc.However, native speakers will not be familiar with this. They will knowthem by the present tense of the pattern, using the root فعل (f/ع/l) — seeChapter 1 for more about this. For example, the verb قاتَلوا (theybattled), shown in the examples earlier, would be referred to as form IIIby Arabists, but as the pattern يُفاعِل (yufaaعil) by native speakers andArab grammarians. In the following chapters, we will refer to theforms by their numbers, with the فعل pattern in brackets.Most of the forms are connected with certain meanings — such astrying to do something, doing something together, etc. — althoughsometimes these meanings have strayed over time or have beenadopted for a new concept. All the derived forms do not exist for allroots, but most roots have at least one or two forms in generalcirculation. You will need to look in a dictionary under the root toknow exactly which forms exist. In addition, Arabic speakers willsometimes make up new verbs from existing roots, either as a joke orin an effort to be creative or poetic.Although the derived forms can at first seem complicated, they are infact a useful aid for the learner. If you recognize a derived pattern andknow another word with the same root, you can often take a goodguess at the meaning even if you have never seen that particular wordbefore. The next three chapters will show you the derived patterns andmeanings connected with them, as well as any differences in how theirregular verbs behave in these forms.

عilعil8 Derivedforms II–IVThe first of the three main groups of derived forms is made up offorms II يُفَع ِّل)‏ – ‏,(‏ilععyufa III يُفاعِل)‏ – yufaaعil), and IV يُفْعِل)‏ – yufعil).CharacteristicsPast tense• Form II is made by doubling the second root letter of the basic verb:(basic verb faعala) ➙ (form II verb ‏(‏alaععfaفَع َّلَ‏فَعَلَ‏• Form III is made by adding a long aa ‏(َا)‏ after the second root letter:(basic verb faعala)فَاعَلَ‏ ➙فَعَلَ‏(form III verb faaعala)• Form IV is formed by adding an ’alif before the first root letter and asukuun ‏(ْ)‏ over it:(basic verb faعala)أَفْعَلَ‏ ➙فَعَلَ‏(form IV verb ’afعala)Present tenseIn the present tense, these three forms have a Damma ‏(ُ)‏ as the firstvowel and a kasra ‏(ِ)‏ as the last. Forms II and III have a fatHa ‏(َ)‏ overthe first root letter. Form IV has a sukuun over the first root letter, as inthe past tense:Form II:Form III:Form IV:‏(‏ilععyufa‏)‏ يُفَع ِّليُفَاعِليُفْعِل(yufaa(yuf))It is worth noting that forms II, III and IV are the only verb forms thathave a Damma as the opening vowel.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Common meaning patternsDerived forms II–IV 411. Forms II and IV can have the meaning of carrying out an action tosomeone/something else (making a verb transitive or causative):يَدْرُس‏يُدَر ِّس‏ْ خُنَ خ ِّنيَس‏يُس‏يَخْرُجيُخْرِج(basic verb yadrus – to study)➙(form II verb yudarris – to teach)(basic verb yaskhun – to become hot)➙(form II verb yusakhkhin – to heat [“to make something hot”])(basic verb yakhruj – to go out)➙(form IV verb yukhrij – to remove/eject [“to take something out”])Sometimes a root can be put into forms II and IV with the same, oralmost the same, meaning. Watch for the subtle differences, e.g.:يَعْلَميُعَل ِّميُعْلِم(basic verb yaعlam – to know)➙(form II verb yuعallim – to instruct), and…(form IV verb yuعlim – to inform)2. Form II can also give a verb the meaning of doing somethingintensively and/or repeatedly:(basic verb yaqtul – to kill)➙(form II verb yuqattil – to massacre)يَقْتُليُقَت ِّليَكْس‏ ِّ يُكَسرَ ر(basic verb yaksar – to break)➙(form II verb yukassir – to smash up)3. Form III often carries the meaning of “doing something withsomeone else”:يَجْلِس‏يُجالِس‏يَعْمَليُعامِل(basic verb yajlis – to sit)➙(form III verb yujaalis – to sit with [someone])(basic verb yaعmal – to do)➙(form III verb yuعaamil – to treat/deal with [someone])

42 Arabic Verbs4. Form III can also carry the meaning of “trying to do something”:يَقْتُليُقاتِليَس‏يُسابِقْ بِق(basic verb yaqtul – to kill)➙(form II verb yuqaatil – to battle [“to try to kill”])(basic verb yasbiq – to come before/precede)➙(form III verb yusaabiq – to race [“to try to come before”])The verb “to try” is itself a form III verb:(yuHaawil) يُهاوِلHere is a table showing the past and present tenses for these three verbforms, followed by some example sentences:Pastsingularأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Form IIععfa‏)‏ ala)(darrastu)(darrasta)(darrasti)(darrasa)(darrasat)Form IIIعfaa‏)‏ ala)(saabaqtu)(saabaqta)(saabaqti)(saabaqa)(saabaqat)أَعْلَمْتُ‏أَعْلَمْتَ‏أَعْلَمْتِ‏أَعْلَمَ‏أَعْلَمَتْ‏سابَقْتُ‏سابَقْتَ‏سابَقْتِ‏سابَقَ‏سابَقَتْ‏ْ دَر َّستُ‏ْ دَر َّستَ‏ْ دَر َّستِ‏دَر َّسَ‏َ دَر َّستْ‏Form IVعaf‏’)‏ ala)(’aعlamtu)(’aعlamta)(’aعlamti)(’aعlama)(’aعlamat)pluralْ دَر َّسناْ دَر َّستُمْ‏ْ دَر َّستُن َّدَر َّسوانَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُم(darrasnaa)(darrastum)(darrastunna)(darrasuu)سابَقْناسابَقْتُمْ‏سابَقْتُن َّسابَقوا(saabaqnaa)(saabaqtum)(saabaqtunna)(saabaquu)أَعْلَمْناأَعْلَمْتُمْ‏أَعْلَمْتُن َّأَعْلَمُوا(’aعlamnaa)(’aعlamtum)(’aعlamtunna)(’aعlamuu)(’aعlamna) أَعْلَمْنَ‏ (saabaqna) سابَقْنَ‏ (darrasna) هُن َّ ْ دَر َّسنَ‏

َDerived forms II–IV 43Presentsingularأُدَر ِّس‏ أناتُدَر ِّس‏ أَنْتَ‏تُدَر ِّسينَ‏ أَنْتِ‏يُدَر ِّس‏ هُوَ‏تُدَر ِّس‏ هِيَ‏Form IIععyufa‏)‏ il)(’udarris[u])(tudarris[u])(tudarrisiina)(yudarris[u])(tudarris[u])Form III عyufaa‏)‏ il)(’usaabiq[u])(tusaabiq[u])(tusaabiqiina)(yusaabiq[u])(tusaabiq[u])أُعْلِمتُعْلِمتُعْلِمينَ‏يُعْلِمتُعْلِمأُسابِقتُسابِقتُسابِقينَ‏يُسابِقتُسابِقForm IVعyuf‏)‏ il)(’uعlim[u])(tuعlim[u])(tuعlimiina)(yuعlim[u])(tuعlim[u])pluralنُدَر ِّس‏ نَهْنُ‏تُدَر ِّسونَ‏ أَنْتُمْ‏ْ تُدَر ِّسنَ‏ أَنتُن َّيُدَر ِّسونَ‏ هُمْ يُدَر ِّسنَ‏ هُن َّ(nudarris[u])(tudarrisuuna)(tudarrisna)(yudarrisuuna)(yudarrisna)نُسابِقتُسابِقونَ‏تُسابِقْنَ‏يُسابِقونَ‏يُسابِقْنَ‏(nusaabiq[u])(tusaabiquuna)(tusaabiqna)(yusaabiquuna)(yusaabiqna)نُعْلِمتُعْلِمونَ‏تُعْلِمْنَ‏يُعْلِمونَ‏يُعْلِمْنَ‏(nuعlim[u])(tuعlimuuna)(tuعlimna)(yuعlimuuna)(yuعlimna)َ بْر.‏Fishing [lit: hunting fish] teaches patience.َ صيْد َ السمَك يُعَل ِّم الص‏َ سنُهاوِل اليَوْ‏ م أَن نَذْهَب إلَى الن َّهر.‏We will try to go to the river today.َ الشمْس‏ القَو ِّ ية َ سخ َّنَت الماء.‏The hot [lit: strong] sun has warmed the water.العُمّال أَخْرَجوا الزَبالة.‏The workers have removed the garbage.حَم َّلْنا المِلَفّ‏ مِن الاِنتَرنت أَمْس.‏We downloaded the file from the Internet yesterday.

44 Arabic VerbsIrregular verbs in forms II–IVVerbs that are irregular in the basic form often also show irregularitiesin the derived forms. You should still try to apply the same basic rulesfor the different types of irregular verb: weak verbs, doubled verbs, andverbs with hamza as a root letter (see Chapters 4–6). Note that, ingeneral, if a form requires doubling a root letter or separating rootletters with a long vowel, then a basic verb with a doubled or weakroot letter (waaw or yaa’) will often behave perfectly regularly whenput into these patterns. Here are some notes about how irregular verbsbehave in forms II–IV, followed by a summary table:Doubled verbs:• Doubled verbs behave as regular verbs in form II. (Doubling themiddle root letter means that the second and third root letters of adoubled verb are always written separately.)• Doubled verbs in forms III and IV follow the same rules as for thebasic doubled verb (see page 30). Form IV doubled verbs are muchmore common than form III.Verbs with hamza as a root letter:• Verbs with hamza behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rulesabout spelling on page 30. Note in particular the rule about writingtwo hamzas carried by ’alif together as a madda ( آ‏ ). This rule meansthe past tense of forms III and IV starts with this combination whenhamza is the first root letter (see table).• When hamza is the middle (second) root letter, you may see it by itselfon the line in form III because it follows a long vowel (see page 34).Weak verbs:• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first or second root letter (assimilatedand hollow verbs) behave as regular verbs in forms II and III.• Assimilated verbs in form IV have a long uu vowel at the beginningof the present tense (see table).• Hollow verbs in form IV behave as they do in the basic pattern. Theyhave a short vowel in the middle if the third root letter has a sukuunover it, but this is the short vowel connected to the derived pattern

Derived forms II–IV 45and not to the original root. For example, “I wanted” = أرَدْتُ‏ (’aradtu).The short vowel is a fatHa because the form IV past pattern is(’afala). أفْعَل• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behave irregularlyin all forms. Forms II, III and IV defective verbs all have the sameendings as the يمشي/مشى basic group of verbs (see pages 27–28).Doubled verbspastpresentVerbs with hamzaas 1st root letter:pastpresentas 2nd root letter:pastpresentas 3nd root letter:pastpresentWeak verbsassimilated:pastpresenthollow:pastpresentdefective:pastpresentرَد َّدَ‏يُرَد ِّدأَث َّرَ‏يُوءَث ِّرForm IIععyufa‏)‏ il)repeatedrepeatsinfluencedinfluencesno verbs incommon circulationهَن َّأَ‏يُهَن ِّئ َّ يَسرَ‏ \وَ‏ َّ ص‏ لَ‏ ِّ يُيَسريُوَ‏ ِّ صل\congratulatedcongratulatesfacilitated/deliveredfacilitates/deliversfrightenedfrightensbred/raisedbreeds/raisesضاد َّيُضادّ‏آخَذَ‏يُوءَاخِذForm IIIعyufaa‏)‏ il)س‏يُس‏خَو َّ فَ‏يُخَو ِّ فرَب َّىيُرَب ِّيَ اءَلَ‏َ اءِلكافَأَ‏يُكافِئوَ‏ افَقَ‏يُوَ‏ افِقنَاوَ‏ لَ‏يُنَاوِللاقَىيُلاقِيopposedopposesblamedblamesquestionedquestionsrewardedrewardsagreed withagrees withhanded overhands overmet withmeets withأَحَب َّيُهِبّ‏آمَنَ‏يُوءْمِنْ أَمَ‏ْ ئِمَ أَ‏ِ ئأَس‏يُس‏أَنْش‏يُنْش‏أَوْ‏ َ صلَ‏ِ يُوصلأَرَادَ‏يُرِيدأَعْطَ‏ ىيُعْطِيForm IVعyuf‏)‏ il)likedlikesbelieved (in)believes (in)boredboresfoundedfoundsconnectedconnectswantedwantsgavegives

46 Arabic VerbsSummary of forms II–IV• Form II verbs are characterized by the doubling of the second rootletter يُفَع ِّل)‏ – ‏.(‏ilععyufa• Form III verbs are characterized by the long aa vowel after thefirst root letter يُفاعِل)‏ – yufaaعil).• Form IV verbs are characterized by the sukuun over the first rootletter يُفْعِل)‏ – yufعil).• Forms II–IV are the only Arabic verbs to have a Damma as thefirst vowel in the present tense (yudarris, nuHaawil, etc.)• Forms II and IV are most often used with a transitive or causativemeaning (doing something to something/someone else). Form IIIis most often used for mutual actions (doing something withsomeone else). However, there are also many other possiblemeaning patterns.• Verbs that are irregular in the basic form may also act irregularly inthe derived forms (see table on page 41).

9 Derivedforms V–VIThe second of the groups of derived forms is made up offorms V يَتَفَع ََّل)‏ – ‏(‏alععyatafa and VI يَتَفاعَل)‏ – yatafaaعal).CharacteristicsPast tense• Form V is made by adding تَ‏ (ta) on the front of the form II pattern:(form II ➙ (form V verb• Form VI is made by adding تَ‏ (ta) on the front of the form III pattern:(form III faaعala) ➙ (form VI verb tafaaعala)Present tenseIn the present tense, these two forms are vowelized throughout with‏:(َ)‏ fatHaCommon meaning patterns‏(‏alaععtafaتَفَع َّلَ‏تَفَاعَلَ‏‏(‏alaععfa‏(‏alععyatafa‏)‏ يَتَفَع َّليَتَفَاعَلفَع َّلَ‏فَاعَلَ‏Form V:Form VI:(yatafaaعal)1. Form V can be connected to form II in meaning as well as structure.Form V is often the reflexive of form II. In other words, it has themeaning of performing an action on yourself:يُذَك ِّريَتَذَك َّر(form II verb yudhakkir – to remind)➙(form V verb yatadhakkar – to remember [“remind yourself”])Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

48 Arabic VerbsNotice that this can mean some form V verbs are very close in meaningto the original basic root verb and can even sometimes be alternativeswith almost the same meaning:يَعْلَميُعَل ِّميَتَعَل َّم(basic verb yaعlam – to know)➙(form II verb yuعallim – to instruct)➙(form V verb yataعallam – to learn)2. As form V is often the reflexive of form II, so form VI is sometimesthe reflexive of form III, producing the meaning of doing somethingtogether or as a group:(form III verb yuعaawin – to help)➙(form IV verb yataعaawan – to cooperate [“to help each other”])(form III verb yuHaadith – to talk to someone)➙(form VI verb yataHaadath – to converse/talk togetherيُعاوِنيَتَعَاوَ‏ نيُهادِشيَتَهادَش3. Some form VI verbs are connected with a state, where in English wemight use an adjective (“to be lazy,” “to be annoyed,” etc.). You shouldalso be aware that there are also many form V and VI verbs that haveno particular logic (or the logic is lost in the history of the language):يَتَكاس‏يَتَضايَقَ ليَتَوَ‏ ق َّفَ ر َّف يَتَص‏(yatakaasal) – to be lazy(yataDaayaq) – to be annoyed(yatawaqqaf)– to stop(yataSarraf) – to behave

Derived forms V–VI 49Here is a table showing the past and present tenses of forms V and VI,followed by some example sentences:PastsingularForm Vععtafa‏)‏ ala)Form VIعtafaa‏)‏ ala)تَهادَثْتُ‏ (tadhakkartu)تَذَك َّرْتُ‏أنا(taHaadathtu)(tadhakkarta)(tadhakkarti)تَهادَثْتَ‏تَهادَثْتِ‏تَذَك َّرْتَ‏تَذَك َّرْتِ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏(taHaadathta)(taHaadathti)تَهادَشَ‏ (tadhakkara)تَذَك َّرَ‏هُوَ‏(taHaadatha)تَهادَثَتْ‏ (tadhakkarat)تَذَك َّرَتْ‏هِيَ‏(taHaadathat)pluralنَهْنُ‏تَهادَثْنا (tadhakkarnaa)تَذَك َّرْنا(taHaadathnaa)أَنْتُمْ‏تَهادَثْتُمْ‏ (tadhakkartum)تَذَك َّرْتُمْ‏(taHaadathtum)تَذَك َّرْتُن َّ(taHaadathtunna) تَهادَثْتُن َّ (tadhakkartunna) أَنتُن َّتَذَك َّرواهُم(tadhakkaruu) تَهادَثوا (taHaadathuu)تَذَك َّرْنَ‏هُن َّ(tadhakkarna) تَهادَثْنَ‏ (taHaadathna)

50 Arabic VerbsPresentsingularأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Form Vععyatafa‏)‏ al)(’atadhakkar[u])(tatadhakkar[u])(tatadhakkariina)(yatadhakkar[u])(tatadhakkar[u])أَتَهادَشتَتَهادَشتَتَهادَثينَ‏يَتَهادَشتَتَهادَشأَتَذَك َّرتَتَذَك َّرتَتَذَك َّرينَ‏يَتَذَك َّرتَتَذَك َّرForm VIعyatafaa‏)‏ al)(’ataHaadath[u])(tataHaadath[u])(tataHaadathiina)(yataHaadath[u])(tataHaadath[u])pluralنَتَذَك َّرتَتَذَك َّرونَ‏تَتَذَك َّرْنَ‏يَتَذَك َّرونَ‏يَتَذَك َّرْنَ‏نَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُنهُمهُن َّ(natadhakkar[u])(tatadhakkaruuna)(tatadhakkarna)(yatadhakkaruuna)(yatadhakkarna)نَتَهادَشتَتَهادَثونَ‏تَتَهادَثْنَ‏يَتَهادَثونَ‏يَتَهادَثْنَ‏(nataHaadath[u])(tataHaadathuuna)(tataHaadathna)(yataHaadathuuna)(yataHaadathna)أَنا لا أتَذَك َّر ْ اسمَكَ.‏I don’t remember your name.َ تَكاسلْتُ‏ في َّ الصباه فَفاتَني القِطار.‏I was lazy in the morning, and so I missed the train.بَعْض‏ الناس‏ َ يَتَصر َّفونَ‏ بِطَ‏ ريقة غَريبة.‏Some people behave in a strange manner.َ فينة.‏The coast was polluted after the ship’s accident.هَلْ‏ تَتَضايَق مِن الد ُّخان؟you? Doesء the smoke botherتَلَو َّ شَ‏ الشاطِئ بَعدَ‏ حادِش الس‏

Irregular verbs in forms V and VIDerived forms V–VI 51Because of the close link between forms V–VI and II–III, you will findthat many of the same rules apply to the irregular verbs in both cases.Doubled verbs:• Doubled verbs behave as regular verbs in form V (as for form II,doubling the middle root letter means that the second and third rootletters of a doubled verb are always written separately.)• Doubled verbs in form VI will follow the same rules as for the basicdoubled verb (see page 30) but are rare and not worth too muchattention.Verbs with hamza as a root letter:• Verbs with hamza behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rulesabout spelling on page 34. Because past and present verbs in forms Vand VI are nearly always vowelized with fatHas ‏,(َ)‏ you will usually‏.(أ)‏ see the hamza written on an ’alif• When hamza is the middle (second) root letter, it can be written byitself on the line in form VI (as in form III) because it follows a longvowel (see page 30).Weak verbs:• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first or second root letter (assimilatedand hollow verbs) behave as regular verbs in forms V and VI, as theydo in forms II and III.• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behaveirregularly in both forms. Defective verbs in forms V and VI arecharacterized by an ’alif maqsuura at the end of both the past andpresent tenses — aa vowel written on a yaa’ without dots, see Appendix(i). This is the same ending as the مشى basic group of verbs in the pasttense, but like the ينسى group in the present tense (see pages 27–28).

52 Arabic VerbsDoubled verbspastpresentVerbs with hamzaas 1st root letter:pastpresentas 2nd root letter:pastpresentas 3nd root letter:pastpresentWeak verbsassimilated:pastpresenthollow:pastpresentdefective:pastpresentForm Vععyatafa‏)‏ al)hesitatedhesitateswas influencedis influencedwas optimisticis optimisticpredictedpredictsexpectedexpectswas colored (in)is colored (in)wished/wantedwishes/wantsForm VIعyatafaa‏)‏ al)no verbs incommon circulationتَآلَفَ‏يَتَآلَفتَس‏يَتَس‏تَرَد َّدَ‏يَتَرَد َّدتَأَث َّرَ‏ َّر يَتَأَثتَفَأ َّلَ‏يَتَفَأ َّلَ‏تَنَب َّأَ‏يَتنَب َّ ‏ٔاتَوَ‏ ق َّعَ‏ َّع يَتَوَ‏ قتَلَو َّنَ‏يَتَلَو َّ نتَمَن َّىيَتَمَن َّىَ اءَلَ‏َ اءَلتَكافَأَ‏يَتَكافَأ‏تَوَ‏ افَقَ‏يَتَوَ‏ افَقتَعاوَ‏ نَ‏يَتَعاوَ‏ نتَلاقَىيَتَلاقَىwere familiarare familiarwonderedwonderswere equalare equalagreed togetheragree togethercooperatedcooperatemet togethermeet together

Derived forms V–VI 53Summary of forms V–VI• Form V and VI verbs are characterized by the تَ‏ (ta) in front ofthe root letters.• Like form II, form V verbs also double the middle root letter‏.(‏alععyatafa – يَتَفَع َّل)‏• Like form III, form VI verbs also add a long aa after the first rootletter يَتَفاعَل)‏ – yatafaaعal).• Form V and VI verbs are vowelized throughout with fatHa in‏(َ)‏the past and present tenses.• Forms V and VI can be the reflexive of forms II and III. Form VIoften carries the meaning of “doing something together in agroup.”• Verbs that are irregular in the basic form may also act irregularlyin these derived forms (see table page 52).

10 Derivedforms VII–X– يَنْفَعِل)‏ The third group of derived forms is made of up forms VIIyanfaعil), VIII يَفْتَعِل)‏ – yaftaعil), and X يَسْتَفْعِل)‏ – yastafعil). Form IX(characterized by doubling the final root letter) has virtually died out inmodern Arabic. The only context in which you might see it isconnected with changing color, e.g.: يَهْمَرّ‏ (yaHmarr) – “turn red” or“blush,” etc.CharacteristicsPast tense• Form VII is made by adding in ‏(اِنْ)‏ in front of the root letters:(basic verb faعala) ➙ (form VII verb infaعala)• Form VIII is made by adding i ‏(اِ)‏ in front of the first root letter andtaa’ ‏(ت)‏ after it:(basic verb faعala) ➙ (form VIII verb iftaعala)• Form X is formed by adding an ista ‏(اِسْتَ)‏ in front of the root lettersand putting a sukuun over the first root letter:اِنْفَعَلَ‏اِفْتَعَلَ‏فَعَلَ‏فَعَلَ‏(basic verb faعala)ْ تَفْعَلَ‏ ➙(form VIII verb istafعala)Present tenseIn the present tense, these three forms keep the same basic features ofthe past tense but are vowelized differently. They all have a fatHa ‏(َ)‏ asthe first two vowels and a kasra ‏(ِ)‏ as the third:اِس‏فَعَلَ‏Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

عilعilعilيَنْفَعِل VII: Formيَفْتَعِليَس‏Form VIII:ْ تَفْعِل X: Form(yanfa(yafta(yastaf)))Derived forms VII–X 55Other characteristics• The kasra (i) that begins the past tense of all these three forms willdisappear (elide) if the word before ends with a vowel. This isbecause the kasra is carried by hamzat al waSl – see Appendix (i).(inqalaba markabuhu) – His boat turned over.but(thumma nqalaba markabuhu) – Then his boat turned over.• Form VII is almost never formed with verbs whose first root letter ishamza ‏,(ء)‏ waaw ‏,(و)‏ yaa’ ‏,(ي)‏ nuun ‏,(ن)‏ lam ‏,(ل)‏ or ra’ ‏.(ر)‏ Thecombination of sounds would be unnatural in Arabic.• The first root letter can affect the beginning of Form VIII verbs.These can seem complicated but follow these general rules:– When the first root letter is taa’ ‏,(ت)‏ waaw ‏(و)‏ or hamza ‏,(ء)‏ this isreplaced by a doubling of the taa’ at the beginning of the pattern:(ittakhadha/yattakhidh: “to adopt”) – from the root:(ittafaqa/yattafiq: “to agree”) – from the root:– When the first root letter is daal ‏,(د)‏ dhaal ‏(ذ)‏ or zaay ‏,(ز)‏ the taa’at the beginning of form VIII is replaced by a daal. In the case ofdaal and dhaal, this is then usually combined with the first rootletter to produce a double daal:(izdaHama/yazdaHim: “to crowd”) – from the root:(iddakhkhara/yaddakhkhir: “to save/store”) – from:– When the first root letter is Taa’ ‏,(ط)‏ Zaa’ ‏,(ظ)‏ Saad ‏(ص)‏ or DaadTaa’. the taa’ at the beginning of form VIII is replaced by a ‏,(ض)‏In the case of Taa’ and Zaa’, this is then usually combined with thefirst root letter to produce a double Taa’:أخذزحمذخروفقاِنْقَلَبَ‏ مَرْكَبُهُ.‏ثُم َّ انْقَلَبَ‏ مَرْكَبُهُ.‏اِت َّخَذَ/يَت َّخِذاِت َّفَقَ/يَت َّفِقاِزْدَحَمَ/يَزْدَحِماِد َّخَر/يَد َّخِر

56 Arabic VerbsCommon meaning patterns1. Form VII is relatively uncommon and usually has a passivemeaning:يَقْلِبيَنْقَلِبَ رِ ريَكْس‏يَنْكَس‏(basic verb yaqlib – to overturn/turn [something] over)➙(form VII verb yanqalib – to be overturned)(basic verb yaksar – to break)➙(form VII verb yankasir – to be broken)2. Form VIII is a common form and is usually intransitive, but there isno consistent meaning pattern connected with it. These verbs are oftenclose to the basic root meaning:(basic verb – to gather/put together)➙(form VIII verb yajtami to assemble/meet together)عyajmaيَجْمَعيَجْتَمِع(basic verb yaqrub – to be near)➙(form VIII verb yaqtarib – to approach/advance)3. Form X often has the meaning of asking for something:ع–‏يَقْرُبيَقْتَرِبُ رِ ريَنْش‏يَنْتَش‏(basic verb yanshur – to publish/diffuse)➙(form VIII verb yantashir – to become widespread)(basic verb ya’dhan – to permit)➙permission) (form X verb yasta’dhin – to ask for ْ تَأْذِنضربطلعْ اِض‏ طَ‏ ْ رَبَ/يَض‏ طَ‏ رِبيَأْذَنيَس‏يَعْلَميَس‏(iDTaraba/yaDTarib: “to be disturbed”) – from:from: “to be informed about”) – ‏:عa/yaTTaliعiTTala‏)‏ اِط َّ لَعَ/يَط َّ لِع(basic verb yaعlam – to know)➙knowledge”]) yastaعlim – to inquire [“ask for (form X verb ْ تَعْلِم

Derived forms VII–X 574. Form X can also mean to “consider or find something …”:beautiful)➙ (basic verb yaHsun – to be ُ نِ تَهْسنْ (form X verb yastaHsin – to admire [“consider beautiful”])يَهْس‏يَس‏Here is a table showing the past and present tenses for these three verbforms, followed by some example sentences:Pastsingularاِنْقَلَبْتُ‏اِنْقَلَبْتَ‏اِنْقَلَبْتِ‏اِنْقَلَبَ‏اِنْقَلَبَتْ‏أناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Form VIIعinfa‏)‏ ala)(inqalabtu)(inqalabta)(inqalabti)(inqalaba)(inqalabat)اِقْتَرَبْتُ‏اِقْتَرَبْتَ‏اِقْتَرَبْتِ‏اِقْتَرَبَ‏اِقْتَرَبَتْ‏Form VIIIعifta‏)‏ ala)(iqtarabtu)(iqtarabta)(iqtarabti)(iqtaraba)(iqtarabat)ْ اِستَعْلَمْتُ‏ْ اِستَعْلَمْتَ‏ْ اِستَعْلَمْتِ‏ْ اِستَعْلَمَ‏ْ اِستَعْلَمَتْ‏Form Xعistaf‏)‏ ala)(istaعlamtu)(istaعlamta)(istaعlamti)(istaعlama)(istaعlamat)pluralاِنْقَلَبْنااِنْقَلَبْتُمْ‏اِنْقَلَبْتُن َّاِنْقَلَبُوانَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُم(inqalabnaa)(inqalabtum)(inqalabtunna)(inqalabuu)اِقْتَرَبْنااِقْتَرَبْتُمْ‏اِقْتَرَبْتُن َّاِقْتَرَبُوا(iqtarabnaa)(iqtarabtum)ْ تَعْلَمْتُن َّ (iqtarabtunna)(iqtarabuu)ْ اِستَعْلَمْناْ اِستَعْلَمْتُمْ‏اِس‏ْ اِستَعْلَمُوا(istaعlamnaa)(istaعlamtum)(istaعlamtunna)(istaعlamuu)ْ اِستَعْلَمْنَ‏ (iqtarabna) اِقْتَرَبْنَ‏ (inqalabna) هُن َّ اِنْقَلَبْنَ‏(istaعlamna)

َ58 Arabic VerbsPresentsingularForm VIIعyanfa‏)‏ il)(’anqalib[u])(tanqalib[u])(tanqalibiina)(yanqalib[u])(tanqalib[u])Form VIIIعyafta‏)‏ il)(’aqtarib[u])(taqtarib[u])(taqtaribiina)(yaqtarib[u])(taqtarib[u])ْ أَستَعْلِمْ تَستَعْلِمْ تَستَعْلِمينَ‏ْ يَستَعْلِمْ تَستَعْلِمأَقْتَرِبتَقْتَرِبتَقْتَرِبينَ‏يَقْتَرِبتَقْتَرِبأَنْقَلِب أناتَنْقَلِب أَنْتَ‏تَنْقَلِبينَ‏ أَنْتِ‏يَنْقَلِب هُوَ‏تَنْقَلِب هِيَ‏Form Xعyastaf‏)‏ il)(’astaعlim[u])(tastaعlim[u])(tastaعlimiina)(yastaعlim[u])(tastaعlim[u])pluralنَنْقَلِبتَنْقَلِبونَ‏تَنْقَلِبْنَ‏يَنْقَلِبونَ‏يَنْقَلِبْنَ‏نَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُمهُن َّ(nanqalib[u])(tanqalibuuna)(tanqalibna)(yanqalibuuna)(yanqalibna)نَقْتَرِبتَقْتَرِبونَ‏تَقْتَرِبْنَ‏يَقْتَرِبونَ‏يَقْتَرِبْنَ‏(naqtarib[u])(taqtaribuuna)(taqtaribna)ْ تَعْلِمون (yaqtaribuuna)(yaqtaribna)ْ نَستَعْلِمْ تَستَعْلِمونَ‏ْ تَستَعْلِمْنَ‏يَس‏ْ يَستَعْلِمْنَ‏(nastaعlim[u])(tastaعlimuuna)(tastaعlimna)(yastaعlimuuna)(yastaعlimna)ِ فة.‏The ship capsized in the storm.اِنْقَلَبَت َ السفِينة في العاص‏َ شعَرْنا بالهَرارة حَيْنَ‏ اقْتَرَبْنا مِن الفُرْن.‏We felt the heat when we approached the oven.ْ يَستَعلِم الساءِه من الدَليل عَنْ‏ مَكان الأهْرام.‏The tourist asks the guide about the location of the pyramids.َ اِنْقَسمَت البيتْزا إِلى أرْبَعة أجْزاء.‏The pizza was divided into four pieces.ْ اِستَخْرَجَ‏ الجَر َّاه الر َّصاصة مِن كِتْفي.‏The surgeon removed the bullet from my shoulder.

Irregular verbs in forms VII–XDerived forms VII–X 59Here are some notes about how irregular verbs behave in forms VII–X,followed by a summary table:Doubled verbs:• Doubled verbs in forms VII, VIII, and X follow the same rules as forthe basic doubled verb (see page 30).Verbs with hamza as a root letter:• Verbs with hamza are not common in forms VII–X. When they dooccur, they behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rules aboutspelling on page 34. Note in particular that form VIII verbs withhamza as the first letter behave like assimilated verbs (see table).Weak verbs:• Assimilated verbs are virtually nonexistent in form VII and regular inform X. In form VIII, the first letter drops out and is replaced by adoubling of the taa’.• Hollow verbs in forms VII–X behave similarly to basic hollow verbs.They have a long vowel at the end if there is no sukuun over the third). َا ( sound root letter. Notice that this long vowel is usually an aaOnly in the present tense of form X is it an ii sound ( ِي ). If the thirdroot letter has a sukuun over it, the long vowel will become short. Forاِسْتَقَلْتُ‏ = resigned” (istaqaala), but “I اِسْتَقَالَ‏ = resigned” example, “he(istaqaltu).• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behaveirregularly in forms VII, VIII, and X and have the same endings as the27–28). basic group of verbs (see pages يمشي/مشى

60 Arabic VerbsDoubled verbspastpresentVerbs with hamzaas 1st root letter:pastpresentas 2nd root letter:pastpresentas 3nd root letter:pastpresentWeak verbsassimilated:pastpresenthollow:pastpresentdefective:pastpresentاِنْض‏يَنْض‏َ م ََّ مّ‏Form VIIعyanfa‏)‏ il)joined (club)joins (club)no verbs incommon circulationno verbs incommon circulationاِنْقَرَأَ‏يَنْقَرِئwas readis readno verbs incommon circulationاِنْقادَ‏يَنْقاداِنْهَنَىيَنْهَنِيwas ledis ledbowed, bentbows, bendsForm VIIIعyafta‏)‏ il)اِمْتَد َّيَمْتَدّ‏اِت َّخَذَ‏يَت َّخِذاِبْتَأَسَ‏يَبْتَئِس‏اِبْتَدَأَ‏يَبْتَدِئاِت َّفَقَ‏يَت َّفِقاِحْتاجَ‏يَهْتاجْ تَرَىْ تَرِياِش‏يَش‏extendedextendadoptedadoptwas sadis sadbeganbeginsagreedagreesneededneedsboughtbuysForm Xعyastaf‏)‏ il)ْ تَمَر َّْ تَمِرّ‏ْ تَأْجَرَ‏ْ تَأَجِراِس‏يَس‏اِس‏يَس‏continuedcontinuesrentedrentsno verbs incommon circulationْ تهْزَأَ‏ْ تَهْزِئاِس‏يَس‏ْ اِستَوْ‏ قَفَ‏ْ يَستَوْ‏ قِفْ تَقالَ‏ْ تَقِيلْ تَشْنَىْ تَشْنِياِس‏يَس‏اِس‏يَس‏mockedmocksstoppedstopsresignedresignsexcludedexcludes

Derived forms VII–X 61Summary of forms VII–X• Form VII verbs are characterized by the nuun ‏(ن)‏ before the rootletters يَنْفَعِل)‏ – yanfaعil).• Form VIII verbs are characterized by the taa’ ‏(ت)‏ after the firstroot letter يَفَتْعِل)‏ – yaftaعil). This form can change somewhatdepending on the first root letter.– ‏(ت)‏ taa’ and ‏(س)‏ • Form X verbs are characterized by the siinor sta sound – before the root letters يَسْتَفْعِل)‏ – yastafعil).• In the past tense, forms VII–X start with i ‏:(اِ)‏ infaعala, iftaعala,istafعala.• In the present tense, forms VII–X are vowelled with 2 fatHas anda kasra: yanfaعil, yaftaعil, yastafعil.• Form VII often has a passive meaning.• Form VIII is a common form but has no consistent meaningpatterns associated with it.• Form X has two common meaning patterns: to think or considerthat something is (beautiful, etc.), and to ask for something.

11Essentials of makingsentences with verbsThe first chapters of this book have covered the essentials of Arabicverbs — the basic tenses and forms. Before we move on to look atsome of the more detailed aspects of how verbs are used, we need torecap and expand on how to use verbs in sentences.Some information on how verbs behave in sentences has already beenpresented in the first ten verb chapters. Below is a summary of thisinformation with important additional notes.• Arabic verbs change according to the subject (who/what is carryingout the action):Khalid wrote (kataba) a letter to the minister.Fatma wrote (katabat) a letter to the minister.كَتَبَ‏ خالِد رِسالة لِلوَ‏ زير.‏كَتَبَتْ‏ فاطمة رِسالة لِلوَ‏ زير.‏• If the subject is a mixed group of male and female people, themasculine is used:school. The boys and girls entered the الأوْ‏ لاد والبَنات دَخَلُوا المَدْرَسة.‏There are different dual forms for two people or things. These arecovered in Chapter 18 (for verbs) and Chapter 28 (in general).• Because the prefixes and suffixes (letters on the beginning and end ofthe verb) tell you the subject, Arabic does not often use personalpronouns with verbs (e.g., أَنا – “I,” هُوَ‏ – “he,” etc.). If they are used,it is usually for emphasis after the verb:دَخَل أَخي جامِعة القاهِرة في عام ٢٠٠٥، ثُم َّ بَعدَ‏ َ سنتَيْن دَخَلْتُ‏ أنا.‏My brother attended Cairo University in 2005, then two years laterI [too] attended.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Essentials of making sentences with verbs 63• The verb can come before or after the subject. This is largely a matterof emphasis/level of formality. If a sentence starts with the subject,you might see the word إِن َّ (’inna) first. This word is added foremphasis but has no direct translation:كَتَبَ‏ خالِد رِسالة لِلوَ‏ زير.‏إِن َّ خالِدًا كَتَبَ‏ رِسالة لِلوَ‏ زير.‏(verb before subject)) إِن َّ (subject before verb with(ii). – khaalidan) – see Appendix خالِدًا)‏ is followed by the accusative case إِن َّ• The plural verbs are only used for people. If the subject of a verb isplural but not human (i.e., three or more things/ideas, etc.), Arabicgrammar regards this as feminine singular (refer to Chapter 21 if youهِيَ‏ need to review this concept). This means you have to use the(“she”) part of the verb:وَقَعَت الص ُّهُون عَلى الأَرْض‏ وَانْكَسَرَت.‏إِن َّ الدُوَل الإسْلامِي َّة تَتَعاوَن مِنْ‏ أَجْل السلام.‏for [the sake of] peace.The plates fell on the floor and broke.The Islamic states are cooperatingThis is a very important aspect of Arabic grammar generally sincethere is virtually no exception to the rule. It might seem odd to you torefer to a group of plates or countries as “she”, but it will seem justas odd to an Arabic speaker if you use the plural forms which theyreserve for people.• If the subject is a group of people, the verb will still be singular if itcomes before the subject. It will only change according to whetherthe subject is masculine or feminine:وَصَلَ‏ الرِجال إِلَى المَصْنع.‏بَدَأَت السَي ِّدات اجْتِماعهُن َّ.‏The men arrived at the factory.The women began their meeting.Look at the next sentences. They have two verbs, before and after thesubject:حَضَرَ‏ المُدَر ِّسون اجْتِماعاً‏ وات َّفَقُوا عَلَى البَرْنامِج لِلعام القادِم.‏The teachers attended a meeting and agreed on the programfor the upcoming year.كَتَبَت البَنات خِطابات،‏ ثُم َّ خَرَجْنَ.‏The girls wrote letters and then went out.

64 Arabic VerbsThe subject of the first sentence above is masculine plural(mudarrisuuna – teachers). The first verb (HaDara – attended) is inthe masculine singular because it comes before the subject. Thesecond verb (ittafaquu – agreed) has the plural ending uu since itcomes after the subject. The same is true of the second sentence,except that the subject is now feminine plural (banaat – girls) and sothe feminine singular ending at (katabat – wrote) and feminine pluralending na (kharajna – went out) are used.These are the basic guidelines for using verbs. You will become moreaware of subtle style differences through reading and absorbing Arabicthat is written in a natural style by native speakers.

12Verbs in thesubjunctiveIn previous chapters, we have seen how different verbs work in thestandard present tense. Now we need to look at some variations thatcan occur to the present verb in certain situations. Grammarians oftencall these variations “moods of the verb.” The two moods you need toknow in Arabic are the subjunctive and the jussive. Only in theminority of cases do these moods affect the way a verb is written orpronounced. However, you do need to know the whole story, otherwiseyou cannot understand or work out the changes that occur in thissignificant minority of cases.The individual usages of the subjunctive and jussive listed in the nexttwo chapters are relatively limited and easy to remember. You will sooncome to connect them with particular words and phrases.Regular verbs in the subjunctiveIn regular verbs, the subjunctive is very similar to the standard presenttense. This is also true of the derived forms.The most significant change is that when the standard present tenseends in a nuun ‏,(ن)‏ this is dropped in the subjunctive. This affects theأنْتِ‏ (’antum) – and the feminine أنْتُم (hum) and هُم – plurals masculine(’anti) parts of the verb. (The dual is also affected – see Chapter 28).These changes affect the spelling and pronunciation.Less significantly, the final (often unpronounced) Damma ‏(ُ)‏ that endsmany parts of the standard present tense (see page 15) changes to afatHa ‏(َ)‏ in the subjunctive. In other words يَكْتُبُ‏ (yaktubu) becomesCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

66 Arabic Verbs(yaktuba). As both these alternatives are usually written without يَكْتُبَ‏vowels and pronounced يَكْتُب (yaktub), you would not normally noticethe change.The table below shows the standard present tense and the subjunctivefor the regular verb yaktub (to write):singularStandard presentSubjunctiveIأَكْتُبَ‏ ’aktub(u)أَكْتُبُ‏أنا’aktub(a)you (masc.)you (fem.)taktub(u)taktubiinaتَكْتُبَ‏تَكْتُبِيتَكْتُبُ‏تَكْتُبِينَ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏taktub(a)taktubiihe/itيَكْتُبَ‏ yaktub(u)يَكْتُبُ‏هُوَ‏yaktub(a)she/itتَكْتُبَ‏ taktub(u)تَكْتُبُ‏هِيَ‏taktub(a)pluralweنَكْتُبَ‏ naktub(u)نَكْتُبُ‏نَهْنُ‏naktub(a)pl) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏تَكْتُبُوا*‏ taktubuunaتَكْتُبُونَ‏taktubuupl) you (fem. أَنتُن َّتَكْتُبْنَ‏ taktubnaتَكْتُبْنَ‏taktubnayaktubuu يَكْتُبُوا*‏ yaktubuuna يَكْتُبُونَ‏ (masc.) they هُم(fem.) they هُن َّyaktubna يَكْتُبْنَ‏ yaktubna يَكْتُبْنَ‏*Notice that the the masculine plurals have an extra ’alif in the subjunctive. As withthe past tense (see page 14), this ’alif is silent.

Irregular verbs in the subjunctiveVerbs in the subjunctive 67Irregular verbs do not stray much from the rules for regular verbs inthe subjunctive. There are some minor differences which you may meetoccasionally:• Weak verbs that end in a long ii ( ِي ) or uu ( ُو ) in the standardpresent tense, will end in iya ( ِيَ‏ ) or uwa ( ُوَ‏ ) in the subjunctive (iffully pronounced), but those that end in a long aa َى)‏ ) do notchange:yantahii – to finish – standard present tense ➞yantahiya – subjunctiveyabduu – to seem/appear – standard present tense ➞yabduwa – subjunctiveyansaa – to forget – standard present tense ➞yansaa – subjunctive (no change)يَنْتَهِييَنْتَهِيَ‏يَبْدُويَبْدُوَ‏يَنْسَىيَنْسَىUses of the subjunctiveThe subjunctive is only used when verbs come after particular words(or “particles” as they are sometimes called). The most common ofthese is أَنْ‏ (’an – to). Here is a fuller list, in rough order of frequency:أَنْ‏‏(أَلا)‏لِ‏لَنْ‏حَتّىلِكَيْ‏’an to(’allaa not to)li to/in order tolan shall/will not (used to make the future negative)Hatta* so thatlikayy in order to* Hatta also means “until.” The subjunctive is only used when it means “so that.”The structure أَنْ‏ (’an) + subjunctive is used frequently in Arabic, oftenafter verbs where in English we would use the infinitive (e.g., “can’trun” or “want to vote”).

68 Arabic Verbsلا ْ أستَطيع أَنْ‏ أَجْرِيَ‏ مَعَكُم اليَوْ‏ م لأَن ِّي مَريض.‏I can’t run with you today because I’m sick.هَلْ‏ تُريدونَ‏أَنْ‏ َ تُص‏ و ِّ تُوا في الاِنْتِخابات؟Do you [plural] want to vote in the elections?The other particles are used in roughly the same contexts as they wouldbe in English:عَلَيْكِ‏ أن تُذاكِرِي لِتَنْجَهِي في الاِمْتِهان.‏You [feminine] should study [lit: “on you that you study”]in order to pass the exam.هَيَا نَأْكُل الآن حَتىَ‏ نَنْتَهِيَ‏ قَبْلَ‏ بِداية البَرْنَامِج.‏Let’s eat now so that we can finish before the start of the program.لَنْ‏ تَرَى القَمْر بِالنَهار.‏You won’t see the moon in the daytime.اِشتَرَيْتُ‏ تَذكِرتي مِن الاِنتَرنَت لِكَيْ‏ أُوَ‏ ف ِّرَ‏ في ِ سعرِها.‏I bought my ticket from the Internet in order to save on its cost.Summary of the subjunctive• The subjunctive is a variation (“mood”) of the present tenseused after certain words.• The most common of these words is أَنْ‏ (’an – to).• The subjunctive is very similar to the standard present tense forboth regular and irregular verbs.• The major difference affecting everyday usage and spelling isthat the nuun ‏(ن)‏ is dropped from the end of the masculineplurals – يَكْتُبُوا تَكْتُبُوا/(‏yaktubuu‏)‏ (taktubuu) – and the feminine“you” – تَكْتُبِي (taktubii).

13Verbs in the jussive(incl. the imperative)The jussive is the second variation of the present tense that you need toknow. In many ways it is more important than the subjunctive, partlybecause it is more frequently used and partly because it displays moreirregularities.Regular verbs in the jussiveIn regular verbs, the jussive, like the subjunctive, is very similar to thestandard present tense. Again like the subjunctive, the most significantchange in regular verbs is that the nuun ‏(ن)‏ is dropped at the end of theأَنْتُمْ‏ “you” (hum) and هُمْ‏ “they” parts of the verb for masculine plurals(’antum), and the feminine singular “you” أَنْتِ‏ (’anti). (The dual is alsoaffected — see Chapter 28).The difference in regular verbs between the subjunctive and the jussiveis that the Damma ‏(ُ)‏ that ends many parts of the standard presenttense (see page 15) changes to a sukuun ‏(ْ)‏ in the jussive, rather thanthe fatHa ‏(َ)‏ of the subjunctive. In other words يَكْتُبُ‏ (yaktubu) becomes(yaktub) in the jussive. Since the standard present tense, the يَكْتُبْ‏subjunctive and the jussive are all often written without vowels andpronounced يَكْتُب (yaktub), you would not normally notice this change inregular verbs. (But it does become significant in irregular verbs — seethe section on page 70.)The table on the next page shows the standard present tense and thejussive for the regular verb يَكْتُب yaktub (to write):Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

70 Arabic VerbssingularStandard presentJussiveIأَكْتُبْ‏ ’aktub(u)أَكْتُبُ‏أنا’aktubyou (masc.)you (fem.)taktub(u)taktubiinaتَكْتُبْ‏تَكْتُبِيتَكْتُبُ‏تَكْتُبِينَ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏taktubtaktubiihe/itيَكْتُبْ‏ yaktub(u)يَكْتُبُ‏هُوَ‏yaktubshe/itتَكْتُبْ‏ taktub(u)تَكْتُبُ‏هِيَ‏taktubpluralweنَكْتُبْ‏ naktub(u)نَكْتُبُ‏نَهْنُ‏naktubpl) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏تَكْتُبُوا*‏ taktubuunaتَكْتُبُونَ‏taktubuupl) you (fem. أَنتُن َّتَكْتُبْنَ‏ taktubnaتَكْتُبْنَ‏taktubnayaktubuu يَكْتُبُوا*‏ yaktubuuna يَكْتُبُونَ‏ (masc.) they هُم(fem.) they هُن َّyaktubna يَكْتُبْنَ‏ yaktubna يَكْتُبْنَ‏*Notice that the the masculine plurals have an extra ’alif in the jussive as they do inthe subjunctive. As with the past tense (see page 14), this ’alif is silent.Irregular verbs in the jussiveThe fact that the jussive ends in a sukuun, although largelyinsignificant in regular verbs, does have a big impact on many types ofirregular verbs. Because the jussive replaces the Damma over the thirdroot letter of many parts of the present tense with a sukuun, this canfundamentally affect the whole formation of many irregular verbs. Theeasiest way to approach this is to take each type of irregular verb inturn, as follows:

Verbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 71Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs)follow the same rules as regular verbs:yaSil(u) – he arrives (standard present tense)yaSil – he arrives (jussive)يَصِلُ‏يَصِلْ‏• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs)change significantly in the jussive. These changes affect both thepronunciation and the spelling and so it is important to understandthem. Firstly, remind yourself of the basic rules for hollow verbs(see pages 22–26 if you need more help):• Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb =short vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb• Vowel over third root letter of regular verb =long vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verbYou know that a hollow verb in the standard present tense usually hasa long vowel in the middle because the third root letter has a vowelover it — for example, يَزُورُ‏ (yazuur(u) – he visits). In the jussive,however, the third root letter has a sukuun over it, and this means thata hollow verb will have a short vowel in the middle: يَزُرْ‏ (yazur). Lookat the table below showing how this rule applies to the other parts ofthe verb يزور . You could try covering the right-hand column andpredicting the jussive by looking at the rules above.singularأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏Iyou (masc.)you (fem.)he/itshe/itStandard presentأَزُورُ‏تَزُورُ‏تَزُورِينَ‏يَزُورُ‏تَزُورُ‏’azuur(u)tazuur(u)tazuuriinayazuur(u)tazuur(u)Jussiveأَزُرْ‏تَزُرْ‏تَزُورِييَزُرْ‏تَزُرْ‏’azurtazurtazuriiyazurtazur

72 Arabic Verbspluralنَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّهُمهُن َّweyou (masc. pl)you (fem. pl)they (masc.)they (fem.)Standard presentنَزُورُ‏تَزُورُونَ‏تَزُرْنَ‏يَزُورُونَ‏يَزُرْنَ‏nazuur(u)tazuuruunatazurnayazuuruunayazurnaJussiveنَزُرْ‏تَزُورُواتَزُرْنَ‏يَزُورُوايَزُرْنَ‏nazurtazuuruutazurnayazuuruuyazurnaNotice that the feminine plurals are the only parts of the present tensethat remain the same in the jussive. You can apply the pattern aboveto all hollow verbs, except that the short vowel will be fatHa ‏(َ)‏ ifthere is a long aa ‏(َا)‏ in the standard present tense and kasra ‏(ِ)‏ if‏:(ِي)‏ there is a long iiyabiiع(u) – to sell – standard present tense ➞– jussiveyanaam(u) – to sleep – standard present tense ➞yanam – jussiveyuriid(u) – to want – standard present tense ➞yurid – jussiveيَبِيعُ‏عyabi يَبِعْ‏يَنَامُ‏يَنَمْ‏يُرِيدُ‏يُرِدْ‏• Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root letter (defective verbs) alsochange significantly in the jussive. These verbs often have a longvowel at the end of the standard present tense (see pages 28–29).This changes to a short vowel in the jussive. Defective verbs in thejussive can be awkward to spot since they often look as if they onlyhave two root letters, especially if you see them without vowels.يَمْشِي Look at the standard present tense and the jussive for the verb(yamshii – to walk):

Verbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 73singularIyou (masc.)you (fem.)he/itshe/itStandard presentِ أَمْشيِ تَمْشيِ تَمْشينَ‏ِ يَمْشيِ تَمْشيأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏’amshiitamshiitamshiinayamshiitamshiiJussiveأَمْش‏ ِتَمْش‏ ِتَمْش‏ ِ ييَمْش‏ ِتَمْش‏ ِ’amshitamshitamshiiyamshitamshipluralنَهْنُ‏أنْتُمْ‏أنتُن َّهُمهُن َّAs with hollow verbs, the short vowel in the jussive of defectiveverbs depends on the original long vowel:yantahii – to finish – standard present tense ➞yantahi – jussiveyashkuu – to complain – standard present tense ➞yashku – jussiveyansaa – to forget – standard present tense ➞yansa – jussiveيَنْتَهِييَنْتَهِ‏يْشْكُويْشْكُ‏يَنْسَىيَنْسَ‏weyou (masc. pl)you (fem. pl)they (masc.)they (fem.)نَمْش‏ ِ يُ تَمْشونَ‏ِ تَمْشينَ‏ُ يَمْشونَ‏ِ يَمْشينَ‏namshiitamshuunatamshiinayamshuunayamshiinaنَمْش‏ ُِ تَمْشواِ تَمْشينَ‏ُ يَمْشواِ يَمْشينَ‏namshitamshuutamshiinayamshuuyamshiinaDoubled verbs• The rule affecting whether the identical root letters are writtenseparately or together in a doubled verb is connected with the vowel

74 Arabic Verbsover the third root letter in a regular verb. Remind yourself of the rule(see also Chapter 5):• Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb =second and third root letters written separately in doubled verb• Vowel over third root letter of regular verb =second and third root letters written together in doubled verbThe sukuun that characterizes much of the jussive means that thesecond and third root letters are written separately more often than inthe standard present tense. Try covering the right-hand column of theيَرُدّ‏ table below and predicting the jussive for the doubled verb(yarudd – to reply), applying the rules above.singularStandard presentJussiveIأَرْدُدْ‏ ’arudd(u)أَرُد ُّأَنا’ardudyou (masc.)you (fem.)tarudd(u)taruddiinaتَرْدُدْ‏تَرُد ِّيتَرُد ُّتَرُد ِّينَ‏أَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏tardudtaruddiihe/itيَرْدُدْ‏ yarudd(u)يَرُد ُّهُوَ‏yardudshe/itتَرْدُدْ‏ tarudd(u)تَرُد ُّهِيَ‏tardudpluralweنَرْدُدْ‏ narudd(u)نَرُد ُّنَهْنُ‏nardudpl) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏تَرُد ُّوا tarudduunaتَرُد ُّونَ‏tarudduutardudna تَرْدُدْنَ‏ tardudna تَرْدُدْنَ‏ pl) you (fem. أَنتُن َّ(masc.) they هُمyarudduu يَرُد ُّوا yarudduuna يَرُد ُّونَ‏(fem.) they هُن َّyardudna يَرْدُدْنَ‏ yardudna يَرْدُدْنَ‏

Verbs with hamza as a root letter• These verbs do not vary from regular verbs in the jussive. However,you should be aware of an alternative for the commonly used verbask): (yas’al – to يَسْأَلyas’al(u) – to ask – standard present tense ➞yas’al or yasal – jussiveيَسَلْ‏يَسْأَلُ‏يَسْأَلْ‏Verbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 75Uses of the jussiveThe jussive has three main uses in modern Arabic.Negative commandsThe jussive is used after لا (laa) to mean “don’t” as an order orcommand:لا تَزُرْ‏ َ مَريضك لأَكْشَر مِن ْ نِصف ساعة.‏Don’t visit your patient for more than half an hour. َّ الشجَرة العالية.‏لا تُهاوِلوا أَنْ‏ َ تَتَسل َّقوا هذِهِ‏Don’t [plural] try to climb this tall tree.‏(ل…)‏ and li ‏(فل…)‏ falThe jussive is used after فل…‏ (fal), or less commonly ل…‏ (li), with themeaning of “(so) let’s:”َ سرَقَ‏ الل ُّصوص‏ َ سيارَتنا!‏ فَلْنَذْهَبْ‏ إلى ُّ الشرْطة.‏Thieves have stolen our car! So let’s go to the police.فَلْنَطْ‏ لُبْ‏ مِن جيرانِنا أَنْ‏ يَمْتَنِعوا عَنْ‏ قَرْع الط ُّ بول.‏Let’s ask our neighbors to stop banging drums.Negative pastThe jussive is used after لَمْ‏ (lam) to make the past tense negative(“didn’t”):

76 Arabic Verbsلَمْ‏ أَتَزَو َّ جْ‏ بَعْد لأن َّني مُفْلِس.‏I haven’t gotten married yet because I’m broke.تَأَخ َّرَتْ‏ عَمّتي لأن َّها لَمْ‏ تَعْشُرْ‏ عَلى تاكسي.‏My aunt was late because she didn’t find a taxi.لَمْ‏ يَنْتَهِ‏ المُدير المالي مِنْ‏ تَقْريرِهِ‏ قَبْلَ‏ الاِجْتِماع.‏The finance manager didn’t finish his report before the meeting.The imperativeThe jussive is also used as a base for forming the imperative, orcommands. There are two basic categories and almost all Arabic verbsfollow the rules for the appropriate category.Verbs with sukuun over the first root letterIf a verb has a sukuun over the first root letter in the jussive, the lettersat the beginning (prefix) are taken off and replaced by an ’alif:✗ (jussive – “you write” )تَكْتُبْ‏اُكْتُبْ‏In a basic (form I) verb, the ’alif on the front of the imperative willhave a Damma if the middle vowel of the present is also a Damma, anda kasra if the middle vowel is either a fatHa or a kasra:تَشْرَبْ‏اِشْرَبْ‏تَطْلُبُوااُطْلُبُواتَذْهَبياِذْهَبي(imperative – “Write!”)tashrab – you drink (jussive) ➞ishrab – Drink! (imperative)taTlubuu – you [plural] request (jussive) ➞uTlubuu – Request! (imperative)tadhhabii – you [fem.] go (jussive) ➞idhhabii – Go! (imperative)

Derived forms IV, VII, VII, and X also have a sukuun over the first rootletter in the jussive and so have the added ’alif. Form IV has a fatHaover the ’alif and forms VII, VIII, and X all have a kasra:تُرْسِلْ‏اَرْسِلتَسْتَعْلِمِياِسْتَعْلِمِيتَنْتَهِ‏اِنْتَهِ‏تَقْتَرِبوااِقْتَرِبواVerbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 77tursil – you send (jussive, form IV) ➞arsil – Send! (imperative)tastaعlimii – you [fem.] inquire (jussive, form X) ➞istaعlimii – Inquire! (imperative)tantahi – you finish (jussive, form VIII) ➞intahi – Finish! (imperative)taqtaribuu – you [pl.] approach (jussive, form VIII) ➞iqtaribuu – Approach! (imperative)Verbs with a vowel over the first root letterSome verbs have a vowel over the first root letter of the jussive, ratherthan a sukuun. These type of verbs do not have the initial ’alif:Form II, III, V, and VI verbs are all like this, as are many irregularverbs, such as hollow verbs, doubled verbs, and verbs with waaw asthe first root letter:taqul – you say (jussive, hollow verb) ➞qul – Say! (imperative)tatadhakkar – you remember (jussive, form V) ➞tadhakkar – Remember! (imperative)taruddii – you [fem.] reply (jussive, doubled verb) ➞ruddii – Reply! (imperative)tataعaawanuu – you [pl.] cooperate (jussive, form VI) ➞taعaawanuu – Cooperate! (imperative)تَقُلْ‏قُلْ‏تَتَذَك َّرْ‏تَذَك َّرْ‏تَرُد ِّيرُد ِّيتَتَعاوَنواتَعاوَنواَ خ ِّنْ‏َ خ ِّنْ‏تُس‏س‏✗ (jussive – “you heat/warm up” )(imperative – “Heat!”)

78 Arabic VerbsHere are some example sentences using the imperative:تَعاوَ‏ نوا مَعاً‏ في بِناء المَدْرَسة الجَديدة.‏Cooperate in building the new school.ْ دِقاءِكِ.‏Go [fem.] to the beach and swim with your friends.اِذْهَبي إلى الشاطِئ ْ واسبَهي مَعَ‏ أَص‏ْ اِشرَب الشاي قَبْلَ‏ أَنْ‏ يَبْرَد.‏Drink the tea before it gets cold.ِ ه.‏Write your name and address here in clear handwriting.اُكْتُبْ‏ ْ اِسمَك وعُنْوانك هُنا بِخَطّ‏ واض‏ساعِدْني مِن ْ فَضلك لأَن َّ هذا ُّ الصنْدوق ثَقيل.‏Help me please because this box is heavy.اِذْهَب إلى السوق ْ واشتَرِ‏ لي بَعْضَ‏ الفاكِهة.‏Go to the market and buy me some fruit.Summary of the jussive• The jussive is a variation (“mood”) of the present tense usedafter certain words.• The most common of these words are لا (laa) to mean “don’t” asan order, and لَمْ‏ (lam) to make the past tense negative (“didn’t”).• The jussive is very similar to the subjunctive. The difference isthat there is a sukuun over the final root letter: يَكْتُبْ‏ (yaktub),rather than a fatHa as in the subjunctive.• The sukuun of the jussive changes the way many irregular verbsare written and pronounced. These need to be studiedindividually.• The imperative (for command or requests) is also formed fromthe jussive by removing the initial prefix. If this leaves a sukuunover the first letter, an ’alif is added at the beginning.

14Making verbsnegativeThis chapter contains a summary of how to make verbs negative. Someof these have been mentioned in previous chapters, but this summarywill be a useful reference.In English, we usually make verbs negative by adding the word “not,”by itself or with another small helping word such as “do,” “did,” etc:I walked ➞ I did not walk.I am going ➞ I am not going.I will find ➞ I will not find.I like ➞ I do not like.In Arabic, there are different ways of making a verb negative fordifferent tenses. You need to remember each individually.Present tenseThis is the simplest negative to form. You add the word لا (laa) in frontof the standard present verb:لا تَكْتُبُ‏+ لا(You) do not write/are not writing.standard present(taktub[u])Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

80 Arabic VerbsPast tenseThe negative of the past tense is formed with لَمْ‏ (lam) + jussive:لَمْ‏ تَكْتُبْ‏+ لَمْ‏(You) did not write.jussive(taktub)(See Chapter 13 for more details on the jussive.)There is an alternative of the negative past tense formed by simplyadding the word ما (maa) in front of the standard past: ما كَتَبْتَ‏ (maakatabta). This is less common in modern written Arabic but iswidespread in spoken dialects.FutureThe negative of the future is formed as follows:لَنْ‏ تَكْتُبَ‏+ لَنْ‏(You) will not write.subjunctive(taktub[a])(See Chapter 12 for more details on the subjunctive.)

Making verbs negative 81Imperative (commands)This is formed by using لا followed by the jussive:لا تَكْتُبْ‏(Do not write!)+ لاjussive(taktub)Be careful not to confuse this with the negative of the present tense.Without the vowels, there will not always be a difference in the spelling,but the context should tell you whether it is a command or not.Here are some examples of the different negatives:لا أُحِب ُّ ْ الاِستِهْمام بالماء البارِد.‏I don’t like bathing with cold water.لا تَلْعَبْ‏ بالكَبْريت!‏Don’t play with matches!كَلْبك لَنْ‏ يَخونَك أَبَداً.‏Your dog will never betray you.لَمْ‏ نَت َّفِقْ‏ لأَن َّهُ‏ كان هُناك فَرْقٌ‏ بَيْنَ‏ رَأْينا ورأيكُم.‏We didn’t agree because there was a difference betweenour viewpoint and yours.لا تُغَن ِّ يا أَخي لأن َّ َ صوتك مُزْعِج.‏Don’t sing [“O Brother”] because your voice is irritating.الن َّعامة طاءِر لا يَطيرُ.‏The ostrich is a bird [that] doesn’t fly.ل ‏َنْ‏ تَنْتَهِيَ‏ فِترة الجَفاف إِنْ‏ لَمْ‏ يَنْزِلْ*‏ المَطَ‏ ر.‏The period of dry weather won’t end if the rain doesn’t* fall.ْ إِن * After(if) Arabic uses the past tense.

15Making verbs passiveBefore we talk about the passive in Arabic, here is a quick reminder ofwhat a passive sentence is. Look at these three sentences in English:1 A spokesperson for the White House confirmed yesterday that thePresident was suffering from fatigue.2 It was confirmed yesterday by a spokesperson for the White Housethat the President was suffering from fatigue.3 It was confirmed yesterday that the President was suffering fromfatigue.All of these sentences mean the same. In the first two examples thesubject of the verb (“A spokesperson for the White House”) is presentin the sentence. In sentence 1 the verb is active (“confirmed”); insentence 2 the verb is passive (“It was confirmed”). The passive putsmore emphasis on what is being confirmed rather than who isconfirming — which is not so important in this case. In a passivesentence you can still include the subject after the word “by,” but it isoften omitted altogether, as in sentence 3.Although you will see the passive from time to time in Arabic, it is notused as much as it is in English. This is partly because the Englishlanguage is particularly fond of the passive and partly because Arabichas the derived form VII يَنْفَعِل)‏ – yanfaعil), which already has a passivemeaning (see Chapter 10). You should be aware of the main features ofthe passive, but don’t worry if you can’t remember all the details.Passive of basic regular verbsIn English we use the verb “to be” + passive participle to form thepassive (“it was confirmed,” “they are sold,” “he has been caught,”etc.). Arabic forms the passive by changing the vowels on the tenses.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Making verbs passive 83The past tense of a basic regular verb is vowelized in the passive with aDamma followed by a kasra, and the present tense with a Dammafollowed by a fatHa. This does not vary no matter what the vowelswere originally on the active verb:Dhakara – mentioned – active past tense ➞Dhukira – was mentioned – passive past tenseْ رِي َّة.‏The letter qaaf is not pronounced in colloquial Egyptian Arabic.لا يُنْطَ‏ ق حَرْف القاف في العَرَبِي َّة العامِي َّة المِص‏ذَكَرَ‏ذُكِرَ‏شَرِبَ‏شُرِبَ‏يَنْطُقُ‏يُنْطَقُ‏يَضْرِبُ‏يُضْرَبُ‏shariba – drank – active past tense ➞shuriba – was drunk – passive past tenseyanTuq[u] – pronounces – active present tense ➞yunTaq[u] – is pronounced – passive present tenseyaDrib[u] – hits – active present tense ➞yuDrab[u] – is hit – passive present tenseُ سرِقَتْ‏ مِني نُقودي!‏My money has been stolen from me!ذُكِرَ‏ هذا الخَبَر عَلى مَوقِعهِم في الاِنتَرنَتThis news was mentioned on their website [site on the Internet].ْ يُشرَب َّ الشرْبات في الأفْراه.‏Sherbet (cordial) is drunk at wedding celebrations.طُ‏ لِبَ‏ مِني أنْ‏ أَكْتُب جُمَلاً‏ لهذا الكِتاب.‏I was asked to write sentences for this book.Irregular verbs in the passiveIrregular verbs follow the same basic vowelizing as for regular verbs inthe passive, with some variations to fit in with the different patterns.Look at this table and the examples that follow:

84 Arabic VerbsActivePassiveDoubled verbspastpresentVerbs with hamzaas 1st root letter:pastpresentas 2nd root letter:pastpresentas 3nd root letter:pastpresentWeak verbsassimilated:pastpresenthollow:pastpresentdefective:pastpresentعَد َّيَعُدّ‏أَمَرَ‏يَأْمُرَ أَلَ‏ْ أَلcountedcountscommandedcommandsaskedasksreadreadfoundfindssaidsaysthrewthrowsعُد َّيُعَدّ‏أُمِرَ‏يُوء ‏ْمَرس‏يَس‏قَرَأَ‏يَقْرَأ‏وَ‏ جَدَ‏يَجِدقاليَقولرَمَىيَرْمِيُ ئِلَ‏ْ أَلwas countedis countedwas commandedis commandedwas askedis askedwas readis readwas foundis foundwas saidis saidwas thrownis thrownNote:• The middle vowel of the passive reappears on a doubled verb if thesecond and third root letters are written separately, e.g. عُدِدْتُ‏ ‏–‏udidtuع)‏I was counted/considered).• When hamza is a root, the letter that carries the hamza can change inthe passive as the vowels have changed (see page 34).• Assimilated verbs have a long uu ‏(ُو)‏ sound at the beginning of thepresent passive.• All hollow and weak verbs follow the same pattern in the passive, nomatter what group they fall into.س‏يُس‏قُرِئَ‏يُقْرَأ‏وُ‏ جِدَ‏يُوجَدقِيليُقالرُمِيَ‏يُرْمَى

Derived forms in the passiveMaking verbs passive 85راحة البال لا تقاس‏ بالمال.‏Peace of mind is not measured in money. (Arabic proverb)أُعْلِمَ‏ كُلّ‏ مَن يُهِم ُّهُ‏ الأَمْر.‏Everyone concerned [lit:قِيلَ‏ عَنْكَ‏ كَلام كَشير.‏A lot [of talk] was said about you.أيْنَ‏ توجَد المعابِد الأَثَرِي َّة؟whom the matter concerned] was informed.Where are the historic temples situated [lit: found]?أُمِرَ‏ الجَيش‏ بالهُجوم.‏The army was ordered to attack.The derived forms are very similar to the basic verb in the passive,with all tenses vowelized initially with a Damma. Like the basicverb, the second root letter carries a kasra in the past passive and afatHa in the present passive in all the derived forms. Around thesevowels, there are some minor variations as shown below:Derived FormIIIIIIVVVIVII*VIIIPast passivewas smashedwas treatedwas informedwas expectedwas discussedwas respectedPresent passiveis smashedis treatedis informedis expectedis discussedXwas extractedis extracted*Form VII has a passive meaning anyway and is virtually never seen in the passive form. َّ يُكَسريُعامَليُعْلَميُتَوَ‏ ق َّعيُتَهادَشيُهْتَرَمْ يُستَخْرَج ِّ كُسرَ‏عُومِلَ‏أُعْلِمَ‏تُوُ‏ ق ِّعَ‏تُهُودِشَ‏اُحْتُرِمَ‏ْ اُستُخْرِجَ‏is respected

86 Arabic Verbsعُومِلَ‏ المَريض‏ بِعِناية بَعْدَ‏ الجَراحة.‏The patient was treated with care after the surgery.أُعْلِمَ‏ كُلّ‏ مَن يُهِم ُّهُ‏ الأَمْر.‏Everyone concerned [lit: whom the matter concerned] was informed.يُتَوَ‏ ق َّع أَنْ‏ ْ يَسقُط المَطَ‏ ر بَعْد يَوْ‏ مَيْن.‏Rain is expected to fall in two days.ْ يُستَخْرَج الذ َّهَب مِن المَناجِم.‏[The] gold is extracted from [the] mines.Summary of the passive• The passive is not as common in Arabic as in English, but youwill meet it from time to time.‏(ُ)‏ • The most significant indicator of the passive is the Dammaat the beginning of both the past and present verbs.• In the past passive, there is also a kasra under the second rootletter: فُعِلَ‏ (fuعila).• In the present passive, there is also a fatHa over the second rootletter: يُفْعَل (yufعal).• Irregular verbs and derived forms are variations on the patternsabove but need to be referenced individually.

ع(‏l16Verbal nouns and otherverbal constructionsThe first fifteen chapters of this book cover the main tenses, variationsand derivations of Arabic verbs. This chapter covers verbal nouns andother constructions that are derived from verbs. These follow more orless predictable patterns. Connecting these patterns with a particulartype of construction and meaning will help you to further expand yourvocabulary and understand the structure of Arabic.Verbal nounsIn English we make nouns from verbs by adding endings such as“-tion,” “-ment,” or “-ing” (e.g., “information,” “treatment, ”“swimming,” etc.). Arabic puts the root letters into different patterns tomake verbal nouns. These are widely used and you should try toremember the main patterns and uses.Nouns from basic verbsUnfortunately as far as the learner is concerned, basic verbs have manydifferent patterns for forming verbal nouns. Here are some of the morecommon patterns with examples:Patternفَعْلفُعولفَعالفِعالةفَعَل(fa(fuعuul)(faعaal)(fiعaala)(faعal)Exampleيَض‏َ ضرْبدُخُول(Darb – hitting) from رِب ْ (yaDrib)(dukhuul – entering) from يَدْخُل (yadkhul)(dhahaab – going) from يَذْهَب (yadhhab)ْ يَسبَه (sibaaHa – swimming) fromذَهابِ سباحة– amalع)‏ عَمَلworking) from يَعْمَل (yaعmal)(yasbaH)Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

88 Arabic VerbsHowever, there are many more patterns for basic verbs, and you willneed to look each one up individually in a dictionary. The verbal nounis usually listed together with the verb.Because of the numerous variations in the way verbal nouns areformed, it is also difficult to generalize about irregular verbs. Sometypes of irregular verb will behave regularly in some patterns andirregularly in others. Only by looking up and remembering each verbalnoun individually will you start to get a feel for how irregular verbsbehave and start to take guesses at the likely patterns.Verbal nouns from derived formsVerbal nouns from derived forms are much more predictable. Onlyform III has a widely used alternative. Generally, if you know whichderived form a verb is, you will be able to create the verbal nounwithout reference to a dictionary. The table below shows the verbalnoun for the derived forms:Derived FormIIIII*IVVVIVIIVIIIXPresent verb ِّ يُكَسريُعامِليُعْلِميَتَوَ‏ ق َّعيَتَعاوَ‏ نيَنْقَلِبيَهْتَرِمْ يَس‏ ِ تَهْسنsmashes uptreatsinformsexpectscooperatingoverturnsrespectsadmiresVerbal nounتَكْس‏ ِ يرمُعامَلةإِعْلامتَوَ‏ ق ُّعتَعاوُ‏ ناِنْقِلاباِحْتِرامْ اِستِهْسانsmashing uptreatmentinformationexpectationcooperationoverturningrespectadmiration*The alternative verbal noun for form III is فِعال as in بِدال (bidaal– exchanging).

Uses of verbal nouns• GeneralizationsVerbal nouns are used for generalizing, much as they are in English.Note that you need to include اَلْ…‏ (al – the) in Arabic. ِّ السباحة مُفيدة ِّ لصهّتك.‏Swimming is beneficial to your health.الاِنْقِلابات ْ تَسعَى لِتَغْيير الهُكومات.‏Coups attempt to change governments.الفَن َّانونَ‏ يُهاوِلونَ‏ أَنْ‏ يُنالوا ْ اِستِهْسان الجُمْهور.‏Artists try to gain the admiration of the public.Verbal nouns and other verbal constructions 89• In place of أَنْ‏ (’an) + subjunctiveArabic does not have an infinitive like the English “to walk,” “to see,”etc. Chapter 12 shows how أَنْ‏ (’an) + subjunctive can be used in Arabicwhere English would use an infinitive. Another common alternative isto use the verbal noun. Look at these two sentences, which have thesame meaning. The first uses أَنْ‏ (’an) + subjunctive ‏(أَذْهَبَ)‏ and the‏:(الذَهاب)‏ second a verbal noun with alأَوَ‏ دّ‏ أَنْ‏ أذْهَبَ‏ إلَى ُّ السوق.‏أَوَ‏ دّ‏ الذَهاب إلَى ُّ السوق.‏I’d like to go to the market.It is considered good style to use verbal nouns in this way and is oftenless clumsy than using a repeating ‏.أَنْ‏ Look at the sentences below andalso watch for this usage in authentic Arabic.زَوجي يُريد المُقامرة بمالي أنا!‏My husband wants to gamble with my money!أَرْفُض‏ الدُخول في مُناقشات عَميقة.‏I refuse to enter into deep discussions.

عib90 Arabic Verbs• Together with a verbA verbal noun can be used together with the equivalent verb to addinformation about the action:زرْتُ‏ أُم ِّي زِيارة قَصيرةI visited my mother for a short time [lit: a short visit].َ عْبة.‏Many requests have been asked of me, all of them difficult.طُ‏ لِبَتْ‏ مِني طَ‏ لَبات كَشيرة كُلّها ص‏تَعاوَ‏ نوا مَعَنا تَعاوُ‏ ناً‏ مُشْمِراً.‏They cooperated with us fruitfully [lit: a fruitful cooperation].In addition, many verbal nouns have also acquired a specific meaningin general circulation. For example, the word خِطاب (khiTaab) nowخاطب،‏ يخاظب means “a letter” but is originally the verbal noun from(khaaTaba, yukhaaTib) meaning “to address publicly”.Active and passive participlesAn active participle is the equivalent of the English “-ing,” as in “Iwent along the road, whistling a tune.”(i.e., I was whistling.) A passiveparticiple is the equivalent of the English “burned” as in “I found thecakes in the oven, burned to a cinder.” (i.e., The cakes had beenburned.) These can also be used as adjectives to describe something: “awhistling machine,” “burnt toast,” etc. In Arabic, the active and passiveparticiples are also used to mean “the person/thing that [whistles]” and“the person/thing that is [burned].”Basic verbsThe active participle is formed by taking the root letters and puttingthem into the pattern فاعِل (faaعil):(kaatib) writing/writer كاتِب(laa ) playing/player لاعِب(raakib) riding/riderThe passive participle is formed by putting the root letters into thepattern مَفْعُول (mafعuul):(masjuun) imprisoned/prisoner ْ جُون(manduub) delegated/delegate مَنْدُوبمَس‏راكِب

ُ مَكْسور(maksuur) [thing] brokenVerbal nouns and other verbal constructions 91Don’t forget that the examples above only refer to one masculineperson or object. If you want to refer to a female or a group, you willneed to add the appropriate ending; for example, كاتِبة (kaatiba) wouldbe a female writer and لاعِبون (laaعibuun) would be a group of players.See Chapters 21 and 22 for more detail on these endings.Irregular verbs show some variations when put into the patterns for theactive and passive participles:Doubled verbsactive participlepassive participleVerbs with hamzaas 1st root letter:active participlepassive participleas 2nd root letter:active participlepassive participleas 3nd root letter:active participlepassive participleWeak verbsassimilated (1st root):active participlepassive participlehollow (2nd root):active participlepassive participledefective (3rd root):active participlepassive participle* ّسادّ‏ْ مَسدودآمِرمَأْمورس‏مَس‏ ‏ُولَ اءِلْ وءقارِئمَقْروءواجدمَوْ‏ جودباءِعمَبيع/مَقول*‏قاض‏مَقْض‏ ‏ّ/مَدْعُو**ٍِ يblocking[thing] blockedcommanding/commander[person] commandedasking/asker[person] askedreading/reader[thing] readfinding/finder[thing] foundbuying/buyer[thing] sold/[thing] saidjudging/judge[person] judged/invited* Alternatives are given for verbs with waaw as the weak root letter.** Pronounced qaaDin. A yaa’ reappears in the definite: القاضِي (al-qaaDii)

92 Arabic VerbsActive and passive participles in the derived formsActive and passive participles in the derived forms are similar acrossall the forms and also very similar to each other. All the active andpassive participles for derived forms begin with the prefix مُ (mu).After that, the vowelizing of the active participle is the same as thepresent tense, with the kasra under the second root letter changing to afatHa for the passive participle. This means that the only thing thatseparates the active participle مُفَت ِّش‏ (mufattish – inspector) from thepassive particle مُفَت َّش‏ (mufattash – inspected) is a single vowel.Because of this, you may find this vowel included for clarity, even ontexts that are otherwise not vowelized.Derived FormActive participlePassive participleIIمُفَت َّش‏ inspecting/inspectorمُفَت ِّش‏inspectedIIIمُعاوَ‏ ن helping/helperمُعاوِنhelpedIVَ مُرْسل sending/senderمُرْس‏ ِ لsentVمُتَوَ‏ ق َّع expectingمُتَوَ‏ ق ِّعexpectedVIمُتَفارَق dispersingمُتَفارِقdispersedَ مُنْصرِف VIIَ مُنْصرَف departingdepartedVIII مُهْتَرِم respecting مُهْتَرَم respectedْ مُستَعْمِل Xْ مُستَعْمَل utilizingutilizedHere are some example sentences showing active and passiveparticiples in context:الشيكات المُرْسلة بالبَريد تَأَخ َّرَتْ‏ في الوُ‏ صول.‏The checks that were mailed were late in arriving.كُلّ‏ ْ مُستَعْمِل لِهذِا النَفَق ِ يُخْتَصر مِن رِحْلتِهِ‏ ساعتَين.‏Every user of this tunnel cuts two hours from his journey.

تَجَو َّ لَت المُفَت ِّشات بَينَ‏ الفُصول في المَدْرَسة.‏The [female] inspectors alternated between classrooms in the school.َ اِشتَرَيْنا كُلّ‏ الخُبْز المَوْ‏ جود في المَخْبَز.‏We bought all the bread found in the bakery.مُصم ِّمو المَوقِع كانوا مِن المُهْتَرِفين.‏The website designers were professionals.Verbal nouns and other verbal constructions 93Nouns of place and instrumentOther nouns that are derived from verbs are nouns of place and nounsof instrument.Nouns of place describe the place where an action happens. Theyمَفْعَل are formed by putting the root letters of a verb into the pattern(mafعal), مَفْعِل (mafعil), or مَفْعَلة (mafعala):Nouns of instrument describe the implement used to perform an action.They are formed by putting the root letters of a verb into the pattern(mifعala): مِفْعَلة (mifعaal), or مِفْعال (mifعal), مِفْعَلopen) (to فته (miftaH – key [“instrument of opening”]) from مِفْتاهsweeping”]) miknasa‏)مِكْنَسة – broom [“instrument offrom كنس‏ (to sweep)cut) (miqaSS – scissors [“instrument of cutting”]) from (to مِقَصّ‏(minshaar – saw [“instrument of sawing”]) from نشر (to saw)قصّ‏study) (to درس‏ (madrasa – school [“place of study”]) from مَدْرَسةwrite) (to كتب (maktab – desk/office [“place of writing”]) from مَكْتَبmanufacture) (to صنع (maSna factory [“place of manufacture”]) from ْ نَعsit) (to جلس‏ (majlis – council [“place of sitting”]) from مَجْلِس‏ع–‏مَص‏مِنْشار

94 Arabic VerbsSummary of verbal nouns andother verbal constructions• There are a number of nouns and participles that can be formedfrom verbs. The most important of these are verbal nouns, activeand passive participles, nouns of place, and nouns of instrument.Familiarizing yourself with the patterns connected to each ofthese will help you expand your vocabulary.• Verbal nouns are formed from the root letters of a verb using avariety of patterns. These patterns are more predictable in thederived forms than in the basic form. Verbal nouns are mainlyused for generalizations and in sentences where English woulduse an infinitive (“to walk”/“to see,” etc.)• Active participles follow the pattern فاعِل (faaعil) in the basic verb.In the derived forms they all start with the sound مُ (mu) andhave a kasra as the final vowel. They are the rough equivalent ofthe English “-ing,” but can also be used to describe theperson/thing carrying out an action.• Passive participles follow the pattern مَفْعُول (mafعuul) in thebasic verb. In the derived forms they are the same as the activeparticiple, except that they have fatHa as the final vowel. Theyare the equivalent of the English past participle (burned/drunk,etc.), but can also be used to describe the person/thing that isthe object of an action.• There are also patterns that are used to describe the place orinstrument of an action. Nouns of place start with مَ (ma) andnouns of instrument with مِ (mi). The vowels after this vary andeach word should be learned individually.

ِِ17Verbs inthe dualArabic distinguishes between two things or people (the dual) and morethan two (the plural). Chapter 28 gives a more detailed overview of thedual, but this chapter specifically looks at the dual verb endings.The dual verb endings have been deliberately separated so that you cantackle them only when you are confident with other aspects and typesof the verb.There are three different dual endings for the following:feminine) (’antumaa: you two – both masculine and أَنْتُماmasculine*) (humaa: they two – هُماfeminine*) (humaa: they two – هُما*Note that although the word for the dual “they” is هُما (humaa) for both masculineand feminine, the verb endings are different.Here are the dual endings for the verb يَكْتُب/كَتَبَ‏ (to write):أَنْتُما(masc.) هُما(fem.) هُماPastكَتَبْتُما(katabtumaa)كَتَبا(katabaa)كَتَبَتا(katabataa)Presentتَكْتُبانِ‏(taktubaani)يَكْتُبان(yaktubaani)تَكْتُبان(taktubaani)Subjunctive* Jussive*تَكْتُبا(taktubaa)يَكْتُبا(yaktubaa)تَكْتُبا(taktubaa)تَكْتُبا(taktubaa)يَكْتُبا(yaktubaa)تَكْتُبا(taktubaa)* Note that the dual loses the final nuun in the subjunctive and jussive as themasculine plurals do.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

96 Arabic VerbsIrregular verbs will follow the same rules in the dual as those for otherparts of the verb. Also note that, like the plural, a verb will only bedual if it comes after the subject; otherwise it will be singular (see page63 for more details.)العاءِلتان هاجَرَتا إِلى كَنَدا بَعْدَ‏ الهَرْب.‏The two families emigrated to Canada after the war.هذان الفيلان ْ يَشتركان في عُروض‏ السيرْك.‏These two elephants take part in the circus parades.تُريد اِبْنَتايَ‏ أَنْ‏ تَتَفَو َّ قا في اِمْتِهان الل ُّغة ِ الفَرَنْسي َّة.‏My two daughters want to succeed in the French language examination.

18Verbs with four rootletters (quadriliterals)Most Arabic verbs have three root letters, but there are a few that havefour. These verbs are called quadriliteral ( رُباعي ). A few of these verbsare reasonably common and you will need to recognize them.Basic quadriliteral verbA basic quadriliteral verb is vowelized very similarly to form II of atriliteral verb (verb with three root letters.) The past tense is vowelizedwith all fatHas and the present with Damma/fatHa/kasra:Past tense: (daHraja) – rolledPresent tense: (yudaHrij) – rollsدَحْرَجَ‏يُدَحْرِجThe active and passive participles are also very similar to form II:Active participle: مُدَحْرِج (mudaHrij) – rollingPassive participle: مُدَحْرَج (mudaHraj) – (been) rolledThe most common verbal noun pattern from a basic quadriliteral verbis دَحْرَجة (daHraja), although some minor variations exist.Many verbs with four root letters are in fact created by repeating thesame sequence of two letters. This is often used for onomatopoeicverbs (verbs that sound similar to their meaning:)(yutharthir) – to chatter(yugharghir) – to gargle(yutamtim) – to mutter(yudandin) – to humيُشَرْثِريُغَرْغِريُتَمْتِميُدَنْدِنCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

عa98 Arabic VerbsDerived forms of quadriliteral verbsIn theory, there are three derived forms for quadriliteral verbs. Inpractice, form III is virtually extinct and there are no more than ahandful of verbs in the other two forms in common circulation.However, for the sake of these verbs, here are the past and presenttenses for forms II and IV of quadriliteral verbs:Form IIتَفَلْس‏يَتَفَلْس‏Past tense: فَ‏ َ (tafalsafa) – philosophizedPresent tense: ف َ (yatafalsaf) – philosophizesForm IVPast tense: عَر َّ َ (iqsha rra) – shuddered/quakedPresent tense: عِرّ‏ َ (yaqsha عi rr) – shudders/quakesاِقْش‏يَقْش‏Here are some examples of quadriliteral verbs in context:أُدَنْدِن تَهْتَ‏ الدُش.‏I hum in [lit: under] the shower.أنْتِ‏ تُشَرْثِرينَ‏ عَلَى التَليفون مُنْذُ‏ َ الصباه.‏You [fem.] have been chattering on the telephone since the morning.َ ريع.‏َ لْس‏The events of the film followed one another at a fast pace.َ الخَشب الرَطِب يُطَ‏ قْطِق في المَدْفَأَة.‏Damp wood crackles in the fireplace.تَس‏َ لَتْ‏ أَحْداش الفيلْم بِإِ‏ يقاع س‏

19Some unusualcommon verbsA few verbs have particular oddities, usually because of multiplecombinations of irregular features. The most important of these arelisted below. Since they are some of the most common verbs in theArabic language, you will need to try and memorize them individually.come) (to جاء/يجيءThis verb represents the most common group of very irregular verbs:hollow verbs that also have hamza as the last root letter. Both the rulesapplying to hollow verbs and the rules for the spelling of hamza applyto these verbs, causing multiple changes.Past Present Subjunctive Jussivesingular(ji’tu)(ji’ta)(ji’ti)(jaa’a)(jaa’at)(’ajii’[u])(tajii’[u])(tajii’iina)(yajii’[u])(tajii’[u])(’ajii’[a])(tajii’[a])(tajii’ii)(yajii’[a])(tajii’[a])أَجِئْ‏تَجِئْ‏تَجيئِييَجِئْ‏تَجِئْ‏أَج ‏ِيءَ‏تَجيءَ‏تَجيئِييَجيءَ‏تَجيءَ‏أَج ‏ِيءُ‏تَجيءُ‏تَجيئِينَ‏يَجِيءُ‏تَجِيءُ‏جِئْتُ‏جِئْتَ‏جِئْتِ‏جاءَ‏جاءَتْ‏أناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏هُوَ‏هِيَ‏(aji’)(taji’)(tajii’ii)(yaji’)(taji’)plural(ji’naa)(najii’[u])نَج ‏ِئْ‏ (najii’[a])نَجِيءَ‏نَجِيءُ‏جِئْنانَهْنُ‏(naji’)(ji’tum)(tajii’uuna)تَجِيئُوا (tajii’uu)تَج ‏ِيئُواتَج ‏ِيئُونَ‏جِئْتُمْ‏أَنْتُمْ‏(tajii’uu)(ji’tunna) أَنتُن َّ(taji’na)تَجِئْنَ‏ (taji’na)تَجِئْنَ‏تَج ‏ِئْنَ‏جِئْتُن َّ(taji’na)جاءواهُم(jaa’uu) يَج ‏ِيئُونَ‏ (yajii’uuna)يَج ‏ِيئُوا (yajii’uu)يَج ‏ِيئُوا(yajii’uu)جِئْنَ‏هُن َّ(ji’na) يَج ‏ِئْنَ‏ (yaji’na) يَجِئْنَ‏ (yaji’na) يَجِئْنَ‏ (yaji’na)Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

100 Arabic Verbsجاءوا إِلى بَيتي بَعْدَ‏ خُروجي.‏They came to my house after I had left [lit: after my leaving].لَمْ‏ أَجِئْ‏ لأَن ِّي مَريض.‏I didn’t come because I’m sick.see) (to رأَى/يرىThis verb has the root letters ر (raa’) + ء (hamza) + ي (yaa’). It actsrelatively normally in the past, but drops the hamza altogether in thepresent. Pay particular attention to the jussive. The yaa’ also getsdropped, which makes for a very short verb!singularPast(ra’aytu)Present(’araa)Subjunctive(’araa)Jussiveأَرَ‏أَرَىأَرَىرَأَيْتُ‏أنا(’ara)(ra’ayta)(taraa)تَرَ‏ (taraa)تَرَىتَرَىرَأَيْتَ‏أَنْتَ‏(tara)أَنْتِ‏(ra’ayti)(tarayna)تَرَيْ‏ (taray)تَرَيْ‏تَرَيْنَ‏رَأَيْتِ‏(taray)هُوَ‏ رَأَى(ra’aa) يَرَى (yaraa)يَرَ‏ (yaraa)يَرَى(yara)رَأَتْ‏هِيَ‏(ra’at) تَرَى (taraa) تَرَى (taraa) تَرَ‏ (tara)plural(ra’aynaa)(naraa)نَرَ‏ (naraa)نَرَىنَرَىرَأَيْنانَهْنُ‏(nara)(ra’aytum)(tarawna)تَرَوْ‏ ا (taraw)تَرَوْ‏ اتَرَوْ‏ نَ‏رَأَيْتُمْ‏أَنْتُمْ‏(taraw)(ra’aytunna) أَنتُن َّ(tarayna)تَرَيْنَ‏ (tarayna)تَرَيْنَ‏تَرَيْنَ‏رَأَيْتُن َّ(tarayna)هُم رأَوْ‏ ا(ra’aw) يَرَوْ‏ نَ‏ (yarawna)يَرَوْ‏ ا (yaraw)يَرَوْ‏ ا(yaraw)(yarayna) يَرَيْنَ‏ (yarayna) يَرَيْنَ‏ (yarayna) يَرَيْنَ‏ (ra’ayna) هُن َّ رَأَيْنَ‏

Some unusual common verbs 101هَلْ‏ رَأَيْتَ‏ آلة الطَ‏ باعة الجَديدة في المَعْرَض؟Did you see the new printing machine at the exhibition?أُريد أَنْ‏ أَرى أُمّي.‏I want to see my mother.لَمْ‏ يَرَ‏ الزبون ْ المَصنَع الجَديد أَمْس.‏The client didn’t see the new factory yesterday.be) (not to لَيْسَ‏Arabic does not have a verb “to be” (is/are/am, etc.) in simple positivesentences (see Chapter 23 for more details.) However, it does have averb “not to be.” The sentence:Haanii (is) a doctor.‏:لَيْسَ…بِ‏ or لَيْسَ‏ can be made negative by addingلَيْسَ‏ هاني طَ‏ بيبًا*.‏لَيْسَ‏ هاني بِطَ‏ بيب.‏(ii). (Tabiiban) – see Appendix طبيبًا now has the accusative ending طبيب *is unusual because it looks like a past verb, but always has a لَيْسَ‏‏.(لَمْ‏ يَكُنْ‏ هاني طبيباً‏ present meaning (“Haani wasn’t a doctor” would beHowever, it does change according to the subject:ْ I’m not تُ‏(masc./fem./pl.) ْ you’re not ْ تَ/لَس‏ ْ تِ/لَستُمْ‏he’s notَ she’s not تْ‏ْ we’re not نا(masc./fem.) ْ they’re not نَ‏المُوَ‏ ظ َّ فون لَيْسوا في المَكْتَب قَبْلَ‏ الساعة ِ التاسعة.‏The employees are not in the office before nine o’clock.ْ لَستُ‏ بِمُدَر ِّس.‏I’m not a teacher.لَس‏هاني طَ‏ بيب.‏لَس‏لَيْسَ‏لَيْس‏لَس‏لَيْسوا/لَس‏Haanii isn’t a doctor.Haanii isn’t a doctor.

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20The article andpersonal pronounsarticle) al (definite اَلArabic does not have an equivalent of the English “a/an” (indefinitearticle) as in “a book/an apple.” The word is simply written by itself:(kitaab) a book كِتاب(bint) a girl بِنْت(mudarris) a teacher مُدَر ِّس‏However, there is an equivalent of “the” (definite article): اَل (al). Thisis joined to the beginning of the word, rather than written separately.(al-kitaab) the book اَلْكِتاب(al-bint) the girl(al-mudarris) the teacherاَلْبِنْتاَلْمُدَر ِّس‏The fatHa (a) is dropped from al when the previous word ends in avowel:book. (wajada l-kitaab) He found the وَ‏ جَدَ‏ الْكِتاب.‏(haadhihi l-bint) this girl هذِهِ‏ الْبِنْتSometimes, the lam ‏(ل)‏ of the word اَل is pronounced the same as thefirst letter of the word that follows:(as-sayyara) the car(ar-rajul) the man(at-tuffaHa) the apple َّ اَلسيّارةاَلر َّجُلاَلت ُّفّاحةCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

106 Arabic Essentials of GrammarNotice how the first letter of the word now has a shadda ‏(ّ)‏ over it toshow that it is doubled. There are fourteen letters in Arabic that causeal to change. These letters are called “sun letters” ( الش َّمْسِيّة ‏,(الهُروف andyou can find a full list of them in Appendix (i). Pronouncing thesecorrectly is something that will take experience and time but willeventually become automatic.Personal pronounsPersonal pronouns are the equivalent of the English “I/we/you/she/he,”etc. These are:singularأناأَنْتَ‏أَنْتِ‏(’ana) I(’anta) you [masculine](’anti) you [feminine](huwa) he/it هُوَ‏(hiya) she/it هِيَ‏plural(naHnu) weنَهْنُ‏أَنْتُمْ‏أَنتُن َّ(’antum) you [pl. masculine](’antunna) you [pl. feminine][masculine] (hum) they هُم[feminine] (hunna) they هُن َّ(The next chapter explains more about feminine and masculine.)Note that Arabic also has different pronouns for “you” and “they”when talking about two people (the dual). See Chapter 28 for detailson these.

21 GendersArabic, like many other languages, makes a difference between maleand female nouns (people, objects, ideas, etc.) It has two genders:masculine (male) and feminine (female). The gender of a noun willaffect other words in a sentence, such as verbs, adjectives, etc., so youneed to be confident in this aspect of the grammar.Luckily, unlike many other languages, it is usually easy to tell thedifference between masculine and feminine nouns in Arabic. There areonly a few exceptions to the general rules.There are two main categories of feminine words:Words that refer to females — e.g.,:بِنْتأُمّ‏لَيْلَىNote that most countries are also regarded as feminine.Words that end in ة (taa’ marbuuTa):There is a special feminine ending that is a cross between ت (taa’) andtaa’ This is called taa’ marbuuTa. The vowel before a ‏.ة (ha’): هmarbuuTa is always a fatHa. Words that end with taa’ marbuuTa arealmost always feminine.(madiina) city مَدينَةمَكْتَبَةفِكْرة(bint) girl(’umm) mother(layla) Layla (or any other girl’s name)(maktaba) bookstore(fikra) ideaCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

108 Arabic Essentials of GrammarUsually, the taa’ marbuuTa is not pronounced — only the fatHa thatcomes before it.There are many feminine words that fit into both of the categoriesabove, ending in taa’ marbuuTa and referring to female people:(zawja) wife زَوْ‏ جة(mumariDDa) [female] nurse مُمَر ِّضة(khaala) [maternal] aunt خالةThere are also a few feminine words that do not fit into either category.Most of these are parts of the body or are connected with the naturalworld. Here are some examples of these.َ شمْس‏يَدأَرْض‏رِجْل(shams) sun(yad) hand(’arD) earth(rijl) footIn general, however, you can assume a word is masculine unless itrefers to a female or ends in taa’ marbuuTa.

22Sentences withoutverbsIn Arabic, the verb “to be” (e.g., I am, you are, he is, etc.) is omitted insimple present sentences. This means that in Arabic, unlike in English,you can have a sentence with no verb at all:أَحْمَد مُدَر ِّس.‏أنا ْ مَشغول اليَوم.‏أُمّي في الهَمام.‏ ُّ الشباك مَكْسور.‏Ahmed (is a) teacher.I (am) busy today.My mother (is) in the bathroom.The window (is) broken.These types of sentences are called “nominal sentences.”Demonstrative pronounsYou will often find nominal sentences using the Arabic equivalents of“this” and “that” (demonstrative pronouns):singular) (haadhaa) this (masculine هذاsingular) (haadhihi) this (feminine هذِهِ‏(plural*) (haa’ulaa’i) these هوءُلاءِ‏ذلِكَ‏تِلْكَ‏أُولئِكَ‏(dhaalika) that (masculine singular)(tilka) that (feminine singular)(’ulaa’ika) those (plural*)*The plurals are only used for people. For nonhuman plurals, use the femininesingular — see Chapter 23.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

110 Arabic Essentials of Grammarهذا كتاب.‏هذِهِ‏ أُخْتي.‏This (is a) book.This (is) my sister.mother. That (is) my تِلْكَ‏ أُمّي.‏company. These (are) employees in my هوءُلاءِ‏ مُوَ‏ ظ َّ فون في َ شرِكتي.‏Be careful to distinguish between the following:(haadhaa kitaab) This (is) a book.هذا كِتاب.‏book... (haadhaa l-kitaab) This هذا الكِتاب...‏The first is a sentence, the second is not. You need to add theappropriate pronoun, in this case هو (huwa), if you want to say thesentence “This is the book.”:(haadhaa huwa l-kitaab) This (is) the book.هذا هُوَ‏ الكِتاب.‏problem. (haadhihi hiya l-mushkila) This (is) the هذِهِ‏ هِيَ‏ ْ المُشكِلة.‏You should include the appropriate form of the verb يَكون (yakuun) if asentence requires you to use the subjunctive, jussive, or imperative (seeChapters 12 and 13 for when these are used):Ahmed wants to be a teacher.أَحْمَد يُريد أنْ‏ يَكون مُدَر ِّساً.‏sister. Be gentle with your كُنْ‏ لَطيفاً‏ مَعَ‏ أُخْتِكَ.‏lazy. Don’t be [plural] لا تكونوا كَسالَى.‏If you want to make a nominal sentence negative, you need to use thespecial verb لَيْسَ‏ (see page 101).

23 DescribingthingsAdjectives are the words you use to describe something, such as theEnglish “happy,” “heavy,” “red,” “busy,” etc. In English, adjectivescome before the person or thing described (the noun) and do notchange depending on whether the noun is singular or plural, etc.:a happy babyhappy babiesa red lightred lightsIn Arabic, adjectives come after the noun and change depending onwhether the noun is singular or plural, masculine or feminine.Masculine and feminine adjectivesIf the noun described is feminine, then the adjective is also feminine.(If you are unsure about masculine and feminine nouns, then reviewChapter 21.) This usually means adding the feminine endingadjective: (taa’ marbuuTa) to the ةمُدَر ِّس‏ ْ مَشغولمُدَر ِّسة ْ مَشغولةكِتاب ثَقيلحَقيبة ثَقيلة(a) busy teacher [masculine](a) busy teacher [feminine](a) heavy book [masculine](a) heavy bag [feminine]All of the above examples are indefinite (“a busy teacher”). If you wantto make them definite (the busy teacher) you have to add ال (al) to boththe noun and the adjective:Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

112 Arabic Essentials of Grammarthe busy teacher المُدَر ِّس‏ ْ المَشغولالكِتاب الشَقيلالهَقيبة الشَقيلةthe heavy bookthe heavy bagThere are a few adjectives to which you cannot add taa’ marbuuTa tomake the feminine. They have different feminine forms. The mostimportant of these are the adjectives describing the primary colors:ColorMasculineFeminineredحَمْراء (’aHmar)أَحْمَر(Hamraa’)blueزَرْقاء (’azraq)أَزْرَق(zarqaa’)yellowblack(’aSfar)(’aswad)َ صفْراءَ س‏ وْ‏ داءْ أَصفَرْ أَس‏ وَ‏ د(Safraa’)(sawdaa’)whiteبَيْضاء (’abyaD)أَبْيَض‏(bayDaa’)َ أَخْضر greenْ خَضراء (’akhDar)(khaDraa’)Adjectives with pluralsAdjectives also have a different plural form, but it is very important toremember that these will only be used with people. Nonhumans(things, ideas, etc.) use feminine singular adjectives.Many adjectives begin with مُ (mu) and are participles of the derivedforms of the verb (see Chapter 16). These can be made plural byadding ُونَ‏ (uuna) for males and ات (aat) for females, but others havetheir own particular plurals. It is best to check in a dictionary, whichwill give the plural after the adjective. Here are some examples ofadjectives used with humans and nonhuman plurals so that you cancompare them. For a more complete overview of the plural in general,see Chapter 25.

Describing things 113suitable circumstances ظُ‏ روف َ مُناسبةمُوَ‏ ظ َّ فونَ‏ َ مُناسبونَ‏مُوَ‏ ظ َّ فَات َ مُناسبَاتsuitable [male] employeessuitable [female] employeesnew books كُتُب جَديدةnew [male] teachers مُدَر ِّسونَ‏ جُدُدComparativesIf you want to compare two things, you will need to use thecomparative form of the adjective. The rules for forming thecomparative are similar to English.Comparatives with simple adjectivesIn English, we put “-er” on the end of short words to make acomparative: “longer/shorter/richer/poorer,” etc. In Arabic, the rootletters of a simple adjective are put into the pattern أفْعَل (’afal) to makea comparative:(kabiir) big ➞ أَكْبَر (’akbar) biggerَ أَقْصركَبير➞ short (qaSiir) قَصير(laTiif) gentleأَلْطَ‏ ف ➞لَطيف(’aqSar) shorter(’alTaf) gentlerIf an adjective has a doubled root, they are written together. If it endsin a و (waaw) or a ي (yaa’), this becomes an ’alif maqSuura (yaa’ withno dots pronounced aa):(jadiid) new ➞ أَجَدّ‏ (’ajadd) newerجَديد(’adhkaa) cleverer أَذْكَى ➞ clever (dhakiiy) ذَكِيّ‏The equivalent of the English “than,” as in “better than,” is the Arabicword مِنْ‏ (min). You will most often find the comparative used in this

114 Arabic Essentials of Grammarway. It does not change depending on whether the word it is describingis masculine or feminine:My brother is shorter than my sister.أَخي أَقْصر مِن أُخْتي.‏Khartoum. Cairo is bigger than القاهِرة أكْبَر مِنْ‏ الخَرْطوم.‏If you add ال (al) to a comparative, the meaning becomes superlativethe equivalent of the English “-est”, as in “biggest, shortest,” etc.:My brother [he] is the shortest in the family.أَخي هُوَ‏ َ الأقْصر في العاءِلة.‏fastest. Electronic mail [it] is the البريد الإِلَكتروني هُوَ‏ ْ الأَسرَع.‏Comparatives with longer adjectivesIn English, when we have a long adjective we want to makecomparative, we use the word “more” (or “less”), rather than putting“-er” on the end: “more comfortable/more suitable/less adaptable.”Arabic is similar. The word أكْشَر (’akthar – “more”) or(’aqall – “less”) is added in front of the noun to make the أَقَلّ‏comparative:أَكْشَر مُلاءمةً‏أَكْشَر اِحْتِراماً‏أَقَلّ‏ ْ اِستِعْمالاً‏more suitablemore respectedless utilizedNote: The nouns are now in the accusative case (mulaa’amatan, etc.) — see Appendix (ii).

عa24Describing position(prepositions of place)The following words are commonly used to describe the position ofsomething, and are also sometimes known as prepositions of place.Examples:المَلَفّ‏ تَهْت المَكْتَب.‏The file is under the desk.المُدير العامّ‏ عَنْدَ‏ عَميل اليَوْ‏ م.‏The general manager is with a client today.ذَهَبْتُ‏ إلَى البَنْك أَمْس.‏I went to the bank yesterday.وَ‏ راءَ‏بَيْنَ‏حَوْ‏ لَ‏وَ‏ جَدْتُ‏ َ صديقي وَ‏ راءَ‏ البَيْت في الهَديقة.‏I found my friend behind the house in the garden.هَلْ‏ رَأَيْتَ‏ نَظارتي عَلَى البِيانو؟Did you see my glasses on the piano?(ma مَعَ‏بِجانِبعِنْدَ‏عَلىفيإِلَىفَوْ‏ قَ‏تَهْتَ‏أَمامَ‏‏(‏alaaع)‏ on(fii) in(’ilaa) to(ward)(fawqa) above(taHta) under(’amaama) in front of(waraa’a) behind(bayna) between(Hawla) around) with(bijaanib) next to“chez” ‏(‏indaع)‏ with (someone),Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

25 PluralsIn English, plurals are words referring to more than one thing and aregenerally formed by adding the letter -s: books, ideas, letters, etc.There are some words to which you have to add -es – boxes, churches– and a few isolated irregularities, such as “man” becoming “men.”In Arabic, plurals refer to more than two things. The dual form is usedfor two (see Chapter 28.) In addition, most plurals are more like theEnglish “man/men” example than a case of simply adding letters onthe end of a word.Plurals are one of the few genuinely complicated areas of basic Arabicgrammar. This chapter will give you the essentials, but be prepared tolearn each plural individually with the singular.Forming pluralsLearning how to form the plural for Arabic words is a long andsometimes frustrating business. However, if you persevere, you willeventually learn most of the common plurals and acquire an instinct forthe others.Sound pluralsAll plurals are classified as either sound or broken. Sound plurals arethe simplest to learn but have limitations in how widely they are used.There are two sound plurals:Masculine: formed by adding ُونَ‏ (-uuna*) on the end of the singularand used mainly (but not exclusively) for male professions:(mudarris) teacher ➞ ونَ‏ ُ (mudarrisuuna) teachers(najjaar) carpenter ➞ نَجّارونَ‏ (najjaaruuna) carpentersمُدَر ِّس‏مُدَر ِّس‏نَجّار* Changes to ِينَ‏ (-iina) in the accusative and genitive case — see Appendix (ii).Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Feminine: formed by adding َات (-aat) on the end of the singular. If theword ends in a taa’ marbuuTa ‏,(ة)‏ this must be removed first. Like itsmasculine equivalent, the sound feminine plural is used for professionsbut is also used for a number of other words, especially verbal nounsfrom the derived forms (see Chapter 16.)(mudarrisa) teacher [fem.] ➞ مُدَر ِّسات (mudarrisaat) teachers‏(عijtimaa‏)‏ meeting ➞ اِجْتِماعَات (ijtimaaعaat) meetingsمُدَر ِّسةاِجْتِماع(iSlaaH) reform(iSlaaHaat) reforms اِص‏ ْ لاحات ➞Broken pluralsThe majority of plurals are broken plurals, so called because thesingular is broken apart and different long and short vowels arearranged around the root letters. Look at this example of how the pluralof the word وَلَد (walad – boy) is formed:singular:وَ‏ لَدْ اِصلاهPlurals 117root letter 3root letter 2root letter 1plural:long aa after root letter 2sukuun over root letter 1أَوْ‏ لاد’alif before root letter 1root letter 3root letter 2root letter 1‏,(ف)‏ faa’ (’afaal) pattern, with the letters اَ‏ ‏ٔفْعال This plural pattern is therepresenting the three root letters. There are many ‏(ل)‏ and lam ‏,(ع)‏ aynعdifferent plural patterns, but some are more common than others. It doesnot matter how the singular is vowelized, the plural pattern will alwaysbe the same, except that you have to know which to use!

118 Arabic Essentials of GrammarHere are the eight of the most common patterns with examples.Pattern(’afعaal)(fuعuul)(fiعaal)(fuعul)(fuعal)(’afعul)(fuعalaa’)(’afعilaa’)Example plural(’aqlaam)(buyuut)(kilaab)(kutub)(duwal)(’ashhur)(wuzaraa’)(’aSdiqaa’)Singular of…قَلَمبَيْتكَلْبكِتابدَوْ‏ لةَ شهْروَ‏ زيرَ صديقأَقْلامبُيوتكِلابكُتُبدُوَ‏ لْ أَشهروُ‏ زَراءْ أَصدِقاءأَفْعالفُعولفِعالفُعُلفُعَلأَفْعُلفُعَلاءأَفْعِلاء(qalam: pen)(bayt: house)(kalb: dog)(kitaab: book)(dawla: country)(shahr: month)(waziir: minister)(Sadiiq: friend)You will have to look in a dictionary to find which pattern to use for anindividual word. The plural will be given after the singular.Human and nonhuman pluralsArabic grammar has two different categories of plural: human (e.g. “men,”“nurses,” etc.) and nonhuman (e.g., “books,” “negotiations,” etc.). Thisdistinction is very important to remember. The masculine and feminineplural forms of verbs, adjectives, etc. are only used with human pluralnouns. Nonhuman plurals are regarded as feminine singular. So, forexample, the plural كُتُب (kutub – books) would be referred to as هِيَ‏ (hiya –she) and not هُم (hum – they), and would be described as جَديدة (jadiida –new [fem. singular]) and not جُدُد (judud – new [masc. plural]):هذِهِ‏ هِيَ‏ الكُتُب الجَديدة.‏اِنْتَهَت المُناقَشات أَمْس.‏These are the new books.The discussions ended (intahat – fem. sing.) yesterday.You need to etch this concept into your brain. Look back at the verbchapters and remind yourself of the feminine singular verbs. You couldpractice by forming a few sentences using nonhuman plurals.

ِ26 Describingpossession(‘iDaafa) إضافةIn English, we have two main ways of describing possession – usingthe word “of,” or the possessive “ -’s ”:the client’s officethe office of the clientThe most common way of describing possession in Arabic is closer tothe second example above, in that the word for “office” would comefirst followed by the word for “client.” The difference is that the twowords are put directly together (the meaning “of” is understood) andonly the last word can have the article ال (al):This structure, where two (or more) nouns are put back to back, isknown as إ‏ ‏ِضافة (’iDaafa), which literally means “addition.” Nothingcan come between two words in an ’iDaafa. So if you want to add anadjective, it must come right at the end and will have the article ال (al):Watch out for the sound masculine plural and the dual when they are‏:(ن)‏ the first noun in an ’iDaafa. They lose the final nuunteachers ➞ و * المَدْرسة ُ the teachers of the schooltwo teachers ➞ المَدْرسة the two teachers of the schoolمُدَر ِّس‏مُدَر ِّسا**‏مَكْتَب العَميلبَيْت المُدَر ِّس‏وَ‏ زير الاِقْتِصادمَكْتَب العَميل المُرْتَفِعبَيْت المُدَر ِّس‏ الفَخْموَ‏ زير الاِقْتِصاد المِص‏ْ رِيّ‏مُدَر ِّسونمُدَر ِّسانthe office of the clientthe teacher’s housethe minister of the economythe elevated office of the clientthe teacher’s luxurious housethe Egyptian minister of the economy* Changes to ِي (-ii) in the accusative and genitive case – see Appendix (ii).** Changes to (-ay) in the accusative and genitive case – see Appendix (ii).َيْ‏Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

120 Arabic Essentials of GrammarThe taa’ marbuuTa on the end of most feminine nouns is pronouncedwhen the word is the first in the ’iDaafa:(madiinat lundun) the city of Londonمَدينة لُنْدُنPossessive (attached) pronounsPossessive pronouns are the equivalent of the English “my,” “his,”“ours,” etc. In Arabic they are joined to the end of the word and arealso known as attached pronouns:(maktabnaa) our officeمَكْتَبنا(baytii) my house بَيْتِيHere is a table of the possessive pronouns with the example showingthe ending on the word بَيت (bayt – house):Possessive endingExampleIبَيْتي (ii)**ِيأَنا(baytii)you (masc.)بَيْتُكَ‏ (ka)كَ‏أَنْتَ‏(bayt[u*]ka)you (fem.)(ki)بَيْتُكِ‏كِ‏أَنْتِ‏(bayt[u]ki)he/itبَيْتهُ‏ (hu)َهُ‏هُوَ‏(bayt[u]hu)she/itبَيْتُها (haa)َهَاهِيَ‏(bayt[u]haa)weبَيْتُنا (naa)نَانَهْنُ‏(bayt[u]naa)pl.) you (masc. أَنْتُمْ‏بَيْتُكُمْ‏ (kum)كُمْ‏(bayt[u]kum)pl.) you (fem. أَنْتُن َّبَيْتُكُن َّ (kunna)كُن َّ(bayt[u]kunna)(bayt[u]hum) بَيْتُهُمْ‏ (hum) هُمْ‏ pl.) they (masc. هُمْ‏(bayt[u]hunna) بَيْتُهُن َّ (hunna) هُن َّ pl.) they (fem. هُن َّ

Describing possession 121Notes to the table:* The additional Damma ُ)‏ [u]) is the nominative case ending, which can change tofatHa or kasra – see Appendix (ii). Note that the endings هُ‏ (hu) and هُمْ‏ (hum) becomeبَيْتِهِمْ‏ (baytihi), بَيْتِهِ‏ kasra: (him) if this additional vowel is a هِم (hi) and هِ‏(baytihim).مُهامِي َّ vowel: ** The ii ending changes to ya if the word finishes in a long(muHaamiiya – my attorney).Attached pronouns can also be used with verbs, prepositions, and wordssuch as أن َّ (’anna – that).Attached pronouns with verbsYou can add the pronouns in the table opposite to verbs, except that theending ِي (ii) changes to ‏ِني (nii). The other endings are the same:أَخَذْتُها مَعي.‏باعوه أَمْس.‏تَزورنا كُلّ‏ أُس‏ْ بوع.‏أن َّ Attached pronouns with prepositions andThe attached pronouns can also be put on prepositions (see Chapter 24‏.أن َّ for examples of prepositions) and words such asNote that the nuun of the preposition مِن (min – from) is doubled whenii is added:أخَذَتْ‏ أُم ِّي فُلوسي مِن ِّي.‏I took her with me.They sold it yesterday.She visits us every week.My mother took my money from me.The word أن َّ is pronounced ’anna before an attached pronoun (ornoun), except for أَن ِّي (’annii – “that I”):ذَكَرَتْ‏ أَن َّها تَهْتاج إلَيْها.‏َ شكَوْ‏ تُ‏ أَن ِّي مُفْلِس.‏She mentioned that she needed it.I complained that I was broke.

27Questions andrelative clausesQuestionsQuestions are straightforward in Arabic. There is no special form of theverb used with questions. Simple questions can be formed by adding aquestion mark to the end of a sentence or by putting the word هَلْ‏ (hal),or less commonly أَ‏ (’a), in front of it:book. This is a هذا كِتاب.‏book? Is this a هَلْ‏ هذا كِتاب؟/‏ أَهذا كِتاب؟Other questions are formed by using the appropriate question word:*maadhaa is followed by a verb, maa by a noun.Relative clausesThe Arabic relative pronouns (“which/who”) are:(aladhii) masculine sing.(alatii) feminine sing.مَتَى نَذْهَب؟مَنْ‏ وَ‏ جَدَ‏ المِفْتاه؟لِماذا تَصيه؟بِكَم الآلة؟اَلَذِينَ‏اَللاتيأَيْنَ‏ البَنْك؟ماذا*‏ تَفْعَل؟ما*‏ ْ اسمُكَ؟كَيْف أُمُكَ؟اَلَذِياَلَتِيWhere is the bank?What are you doing?What is your name?How is your mother?Pay particular attention to the difference between these two clauses:المُلاكِم الذي أختارَ‏ المُدَر ِّبالمُلاكِم الذي أختارَهُ‏ المُدَر ِّبWhen are we going?Who found the key?Why are you shouting?How much is the machine?(aladhiina) masculine pl.(allaatii) feminine pl.the boxer who chose the trainerthe boxer whom the trainer chose [him]If the second sentence is indefinite, the relative pronoun is left out:[him] a boxer whom the trainer chose مُلاكِم أختارَهُ‏ المُدَر ِّبCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

ِ28The dualArabic has a separate form for talking about two things: the dual form.This is less common than the singular (one thing) or the plural (threeor more things), and for this reason it has been separated from the mainchapters. Having said that, you will come across the dual sometimesand may have to use it occasionally, so you need to know the basics ofhow it works.The dual in general is characterized by a long aa. Look at the dualwords for “you” and “they:”] feminine (’antumaa) you two [masculine and أَنْتُما] feminine (humaa) they two [masculine and هُماIf you want to refer to two people or things (nouns), you add the dualending انِ‏ (aani). (This ending changes to َينِ‏ (-ayni) in the accusativeand genitive case — see Appendix (ii).) If the nouns end with taa’marbuuTa, this is fully pronounced when you add the ending:كِتابانِ‏ ➞ book (kitaab)The dual ending is also added to adjectives:busy. ْ They (two) are غولانِ.‏ْ ْ تَشفَى.‏َ تانThere are two new nurses in the hospital.هُناكَ‏ مُمَر ِّض‏هُما مَش‏جَديدتانِ‏ في المُس‏كِتابمَدينتانِ‏ ➞ city (madiina) مَدينة(kitaabaani) two books(madiinataani) two citiesThere are also special verb endings for the dual. You can find these inChapter 17.Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

عa ع,‏124 AppendixesAppendix (i)Arabic alphabet and pronunciationHere are the Arabic letters in alphabetical order with the transliteration used inthis book, together with the vowels and dipthongs ([S] = sun letter, see 105–6).Letters of the alphabet:(’alif) used for vowel sounds“bat” (baa’) b, as in ب[S] (taa’) t, as in “tank” ت[S] (thaa’) th, as in “this” ش“bonjour” (jiim) j, as in French ج(Haa’) H, strong breathy h ه“loch” (khaa’) kh, as in Scottish خ(qaaf) q, said from back of throat ق“kate” (kaaf) k, as in ك[S] (laam) l, as in “letter” ل“met” (miim) m, as in م[S] (nuun) n, as in “never” ن(haa’) h, as in “hand”(waaw) w, as in “wand”“yellow” (yaa’) y, as in ي(hamza) ’, short pause/stop (1)هوءshort vowels:(fatHa) a, as in “mat”َُِ(Damma) u, as in “sugar”(kasra) i, as in “bit”long vowels:aa, as in “far”َاُوِي(2)uu, as in “boot”ii, as in “meet”dipthongs:aw, as in “how” or “home”َوْ‏َيْ‏ادذرزس‏ش‏(daal) d, as in “dad” [S](dhaal) dh, as in “that” [S](raa’) r, as in “rain” [S](zay) z, as in “zero” [S](siin) s, as in “sorry” [S](shiin) sh, as in “shut” [S][S] (Saad) S, strong, emphatic s ص‏[S] (Daad) D, strong, emphatic d ض‏[S] (Taa’) T, strong, emphatic t ط[S] (Zaa’) Z, strong, emphatic z ظ( yn) guttural stop ع“maigret” (ghayn) gh, as in French غ“fall” (faa’) f, as in فay, as in “lie”(1) Note that that there is a special type of hamza found at the beginning of the word al(“the”) and a few other words. This is called hamza al-waSl (“the joining hamza”). It isnot usually written and the vowel it carries elides when preceded by another vowel:(al-bayt - “the house”) but وَ‏ جَدوا الْبَيْت (wajaduu l-bayt - “they found the house”)اَلْبَيْت(2) Occasionally, aa is written using a yaa’ (without dots) rather than an ’alif. This alwayshappens at the end of a word and is called ’alif maqsuura: ‏-‏alaaع)‏ “on”).Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.على

Appendixes 125Appendix (ii)Grammatical case endingsMany languages — German, for example — have grammatical casesthat affect the noun endings. Arabic has three cases — nominative,accusative and genitive. However, the case endings are not usuallypronounced in Modern Arabic, nor do they generally affect thespelling. Situations where you might hear them include high-levelacademic discussions (on TV, for example), recitations of the Quran orother religious and literary texts, or sometimes as a kind of flourish atthe end of a sentence. Most beginning and intermediate learners cangloss over this aspect of Arabic grammar. However, it is useful to knowthat these cases exist and to have some idea of how they work so youare not thrown when you do meet them.The following table shows how the three cases work for most nouns inthe definite and indefinite. The underlining shows the case ending. Theending in bold— the extra accusative ’alif — affects the basic spellingand you should try to remember this.indefinitedefinitenominativeبيتٌ‏البيتُ‏(baytun)(al-baytu)accusativeبيتاً‏البيتَ‏(baytan)(al-bayta)genitiveبيتٍ‏البيتِ‏(baytin)(al-bayti)The most important uses of the cases are listed below, but this is just anindication. For more information, consult a detailed Arabic grammar book.• nominative: for the subject of a sentence• accusative: for the object of a verb• genitive: after prepositionsfor the second noun in an ’idafa (see page 119)There are exceptions to the endings given above. The most common ofthese is the sound masculine plural:nominative accusative genitiveindefinitedefinite*(mudarrisuuna) مُدَرِسونَ‏(al-mudarrisuuna) المُدَرِسونَ‏(mudarrisiina) مُدَرِسينَ‏(al-mudarrisiina) المُدَرِسينَ‏مُدَرِسينَ‏* The final nuun is dropped in an ’idaafa construction — see page 119.(mudarrisiina)(al-mudarrisiina) المُدَرِسينَ‏Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

عaعaعaعaعaعa126 AppendixesAppendix (iii) NumbersHere are the Arabic numbers, as numerals and spelled out. Arabic numbersare complex. The most important aspects are noted at the bottom of the page,but you will need a full grammar book to cover all the idiosyncrasies.– 1 (waaHid) واحِد ١– 2 (ithnaan) اِثْنان ٢– 3 (thalaatha) ثَلاثة ٣– 4 ) (’arba أَرْبَعة ٤– 5 (khamsa) خَمْسة ٥– 6 (sitta) ِ ستّة ٦(tist asharعْ تِسعة َ عَشر ١٩– 20 ‏(‏ishruunع)‏ ْ عِشرون ٢٠واحِد وَ‏ ْ عِشرون ٢١(waaHid wa ‏(‏ishruunع – 21ْ رون ٢٢(ithnaan wa ‏(‏ishruunع – 22اِثْنان وَ‏ عِش‏) – 19ََََََِْْ(sab سبْعة ٧– 7 ) – 8 (thamaaniya) ثَمانِية ٨– 30 (thalaathuun) ثَلاثون ٣٠(tis تِسعة ٩– 9 ) – 40 (’arbaعuun) أَربَعون ٤٠– 10 ‏(‏asharaع)‏ عَشرَة ١٠– 50 (khamsuun) خَمْسون ٥٠– 60 (sittuun) ستّون ٦٠(’ahad ‏(‏asharع سبْعون – 11 ٧٠ (sabعuun) – 70(ithnaa ‏(‏asharع ثَمانون – 12 ٨٠ (thamaanuun) – 80– 90 (tisعuun) تِسعون – 13 ٩٠ ‏(‏asharع (thalaathat ر ١٣(’arba t ‏(‏asharع – 14– 15 ‏(‏asharع (khamsat ر ١٥(sittat ‏(‏asharع مِئة – 16 ١٠٠ (mi’a) – 100(sab t ‏(‏asharع – 17 أَلْف ١٠٠٠ (’alf) – 1,000(thamaaniyat ثَمانِية عَشر ١٨– 18 ‏(‏asharع– (milyuun) مِلْيون ١٠٠٠٠٠٠1,000,000أَحَد َ عَشر ١١اِثْنا َ عَشر ١٢ثَلاثة عَش‏أَرْبَعة َ عَشر ١خَمْسة عَش‏ِ ستّة َ عَشر ١٦َ سبْعة َ عَشر ١٧Note:• Arabic numerals are written left to right (see above).• The numbers above are those you will meet most often. However, there are someة changes if followed by a feminine noun, notably the numbers 3–9 will lose the(taa’ marbuuta): 3 boys;3 girls.• Numbers 3–9 are followed by a plural noun, but 11 upwards by a singular noun (inthe accusative — see Appendix (ii): 3 books;30 books.ثلاثون كِتابًاثَلاش بَناتثَلاثة كُتُبثَلاثة أَوْ‏ لادCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Verb Index:400 Arabic verbs for easy referenceThis two-part Arabic–English and English–Arabic index contains all theverbs in the book, together with over 200 further high-frequencyArabic verbs.Many Arabic references arrange verbs according to root letters and/ortype. However, for many learners identifying the root and the type of verbcan itself be the main difficulty. So the Arabic–English section of thisglossary is presented in strict Arabic alphabetical order (past tensefollowed by present). You’ll find the Arabic letters in alphabetical orderon page 124. By using this system of alphabetization, you can look upan individual verb and find out its root letters, pronunciation, type andmeaning. You can then look up how the verb behaves in the differenttenses by using the references to conjugation tables in the main book.The English meanings given here are not intended to be comprehensive.There may be alternative meanings or nuances for a particular verb thatare not possible to include in this type of index. Once you haveestablished the root letters and type of verb, you can clarify themeaning in a good dictionary (see pages 8–9).We have also included below a further table showing where you canfind other verbal formations. For example, once you have establishedfrom the index that the verb درّس،‏ يدرّس‏ darrasa, yudarris is Form IIyou can then go to the table below and find the page reference for theformation and use of the passive, subjunctive, jussive (includingimperative), verbal nouns, and participles for this type of verb.Form I (Basic) Forms II–X QuadriliteralPassive 82–84 85 ––Subjunctive 66–67 66–67 ––Jussive 70–75 70–75 ––Verbal noun 87–88 88 97Active participle 91 92 97Passive participle 91 92 97Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

ّ128 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb60 be sad VIII, hamzated ibta’asa, yabta’is60 begin VIII, hamzated ibtada’a, yabtadi’57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) smile VIII, regular ibtasama, yabtasim57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) receive X, regular istaqbala, yastaqbil(guests, etc.)60 (as istawqafa, yastawqif) import X, assimilated istawrada, yastawrid60 adopt (measures, etc.) VIII, hamzated ittakhadha, yattakhidh60 (as ittafaqa, yattafiq) contact VIII, assimilated ittaSala, yattaSil60 agree VIII, assimilated ittafaqa, yattafiqعyajtami ijtamaعa, (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) meet VIII, regular 57–5857–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) work hard VIII, regular ijtahada, yajtahid60 need VIII, hollow iHtaaja, yaHtaaj57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) respect VIII, regular iHtarama, yaHtarim57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) celebrate VIII, regular iHtafala, yaHtafil60 (as imtadda, yamtadd) occupy VIII, doubled iHtalla, yaHtall(land, etc.)60 (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) contain VIII, defective iHtawaa, yaHtawii54 turn red IX, regular iHmarra, yaHmarr60 (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) choose VIII, hollow ikhtaara, yakhtaar57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) shorten VIII, regular ikhtaSara, yakhtaSir55 save, store VIII, irregular iddakhara, yaddakhir60 (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) put on (clothes) VIII, defective irtadaa, yartadiiعyartafi irtafaعa, (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) rise VIII, regular 57–5855 crowd VIII, irregular izdaHama, yazdaHim60 rent, hire X, hamzated ista’jara, yasta’jir60 (as ista’jara, yasta’jir) ask for X, hamzated ista’dhana, yasta’dhinpermission60 exclude X, defective istathnaa, yastathnii57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) admire X, regular istaHsana, yastaHsinRead this wayاابتأس،‏ يبتئس‏ابتدأ،‏ يبتدئابتسم،‏ يبتسماستقبل،‏ يستقبلاستورد،‏ يستوردات ‏ّخذ،‏ يتّخذاتّصل،‏ يتّصلات ‏ّفق،‏ يتّفقاجتمع،‏ يجتمعاجتهد،‏ يجتهداحتاج،‏ يهتاجاحترم،‏ يهترماحتفل،‏ يهتفلّ، يهتلّ‏ احتلاحتوى،‏ يهتوياحمربب دءءس‏ب س‏ مق ب لو ر دخ ذ ءو ص‏ لو ق فج م عج ه ده و جه ر مه ف له ل له و يّ، يهمر ه م راختار،‏ يختاراختصر،‏ يختصراد ‏ّخر،‏ يد ‏ّخرارتدى،‏ يرتديارتفع،‏ يرتفعازدحم،‏ يزدحماستأجر،‏ يستأجراستأذن،‏ يستأذناستشنى،‏ يستشنيخ ي رخ ص‏ رد خ رر د ير ف عز ه مءءج رذ نش ن يCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.استهسن،‏ يستهسن ه س‏ ن

ّّّّ60 (as istamarra, yastamirr) deserve X, doubled istaHaqqa, yastaHiqq60 (as istamarra, yastamirr) bathe X, doubled istaHamma, yastaHimm57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) use, X, regular istakhdama, yastakhdimemploy57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) extract X, regular istakhraja, yastakhrij60 (as istaqaala, yastaqiil) rest, relax X, hollow istaraaHa, yastariiH(as istaqaala, yastaqiil) 60be able to X, hollow عyastaTii istaTaaعa, 57–58 enquire X, regular istaعlama, yastaعlim57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) utilize X, regular istaعmala, yastaعmil60 resign X, hollow istaqaala, yastaqiil57–58 (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) explore X, regular istakshafa, yastakshifyastaعlim) istaعlama, (as 57–58enjoy X, regular عyastamti istamtaعa, 60 continue X, doubled istamarra, yastamirr(as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58listen VIII, regular عyastami istamaعa, 60 mock, make fun of X, hamzated istahza’a, yastahzi’60 stop (someone) X, assimilated istawqafa, yastawqif60 (as istawqafa, yastawqif) wake, awaken X, assimilated istayqaZa, yastayqiZ57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) participate VIII, regular ishtaraka, yashtarik60 buy VIII, defective ishtaraa, yashtarii55–56 be disturbed VIII, irregular iDTaraba, yaDTarib55–56 be informed about VIII, irregularعyaTTali iTTalaعa, 60 (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) be accustomed to VIII, hollow iعtaada, yaعtaad57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) apologize VIII, regular iعtadhara, yaعtadhir57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) believe VIII, regular iعtaqada, yaعtaqid57–58 approach, advance VIII, regular iqtaraba, yaqtarib42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) borrow VIII, regular iqtaraDa, yaqtariD98 shudder, quake IV, quadriliteral iqshaعarra, yaqshaعirr60 (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) be differentiated VIII, hollow imtaaza, yamtaaz57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) examine VIII, regular imtaHana, yamtaHinVerb Index: Arabic–English 129Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbاستهقّ،‏ يستهقّ‏استهماستخدم،‏ يستخدمه ق قه م مخ د مّ، يستهمّ‏ر جاستخرج،‏ يستخرج خ ر و هاستراه،‏ يستريه ط و عاستطاع،‏ يستطيع ع ل ماستعلم،‏ يستعلم ع م لاستعمل،‏ يستعمل ق ي لاستقال،‏ يستقيل استكشف،‏ يستكشف ك ش‏ فاستمتع،‏ يستمتعاستمراستمع،‏ يستمعاستهزأ،‏ يستهزئم ت عم ر رس‏ م عء ه زّ، يستمرو ق فاستوقف،‏ يستوقف ي ق ظاستيقظ،‏ يستيقظ ش‏ ر كاشترك،‏ يشترك ش‏ ر ياشترى،‏ يشتري ض‏ ر بط ل عاضطرب،‏ يضطرباطلع،‏ يطلعع و داعتاد،‏ يعتاد ع ذ راعتذر،‏ يعتذر ع ق داعتقد،‏ يعتقد ق ر باقترب،‏ يقترب ق ر ض‏اقترض،‏ يقترض‏ ق ش‏ ع راقشعرم ي زامتاز،‏ يمتاز م ه نامتهن،‏ يمتهن ّ، يقشعر

ّ130 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb60 extend VIII, doubled imtadda, yamtadd(as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58stop, desist VIII, regular عyamtani imtanaعa, 57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) pay attention VIII, regular intabaha, yantabih57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) become VIII, regular intashara, yantashirwidespread57–58 (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) wait VIII, regular intaZara, yantaZir60 (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) finish, end VIII, defective intahaa, yantahii60 bow, wind VII, defective inHanaa, yanHanii57–58 (as inqalaba, yanqalib) withdraw VII, regular insaHaba, yansaHib57–58 (as inqalaba, yanqalib) depart VII, regular inSarafa, yanSarif60 join, enroll VII, doubled inDamma, yanDamm60 be led VII, hollow inqaada, yanqaad60 be read VII, hamzated inqara’a, yanqari’57–58 (as inqalaba, yanqalib) be divided VII, regular inqasama, yanqasim60 (as inHanaa, yanHanii) be finished VII, defective inqaDaa, yanqaDii57–58 turn over, VII, regular inqalaba, yanqalibcapsize57–58 (as inqalaba, yanqalib) be broken VII, regular inkasara, yankasir45 blame III, hamzated ’aakhadha, yu’aakhidh45 (as ’aamana, yu’min) hurt IV, hamzated ’aalama, yu’lim45 believe (in) IV, hamzated ’aamana, yu’min27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) come I, defective, ’ataa, ya’tiihamzated45 influence II, hamzated ’aththara, yu’aththir45 (as ’araada, yuriid) answer IV, hollow ’ajaaba, yajiib45 (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) rent, hire II, hamzated ’ajjara, yu’ajjir45 like, love IV, doubled ’aHabba, yuHibb42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) do well IV, regular aHsana, yuHsin42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) inform, tell IV, regular ’akhbara, yukhbir35-36 take I, hamzated ’akhadha, ya’khudhRead this wayامتدامتنع،‏ يمتنعانتبه،‏ ينتبهانتشر،‏ ينتشرم د دم ن عن ب هن ش‏ رّ، يمتدانتظر،‏ ينتظرانتهى،‏ ينتهيانهنى،‏ ينهنيانسهب،‏ ينسهبانصرف،‏ ينصرفانضمانقاد،‏ ينقادانقرأ،‏ ينقرئن ظ رن ه ين ه وس‏ ه بص‏ ر فض‏ م مق و دء ق رّ، ينضمّ‏انقسم،‏ ينقسمانقضى،‏ ينقضيانقلب،‏ ينقلبانكسر،‏ ينكسرآخذ،‏ يوءاخذآلم،‏ يوءلمآمن،‏ يوءمنأتى،‏ يأتيأث ‏ّر،‏ يوءثّرأجاب،‏ يجيبأجّر،‏ يوءجّرأحبأحسن،‏ يهسنأخبر،‏ يخبرأخذ،‏ يأخذق س‏ مق ض‏ يق ل بك س‏ رءءءءءخ ذل مم نت يش رج و بج ر ءه ب به س‏ نخ ب رخ ذ ءّ، يهبّ‏

ّّ42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) remove IV, regular ’akhraja, yukhrij45 (as ’araada, yuriid) turn (something), IV, hollow ’adaara, yudiirmanage (e.g. business)35-36 (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) permit I, hamzated ’adhina, ya’dhan45 want IV, hollow ’araada, yuriid42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) send IV, regular ‘arsala, yursil45 bore (someone) IV, hamzated ’as’ama, yu’simعyusri ’asraعa, yuعlim) hurry IV, regular ’aعlama, (as 42–4335-36 (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) regret I, hamzated ’asifa, ya’saf45 (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) establish, II, doubled, ’assasa, yu’assisfound hamzated45 (as ’araada, yuriid) point, indicate IV, hollow ’ashaara, yushiir42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) become IV, regular ’aSbaHa, yuSbiH45 (as ’aHabba, yuHibb) insist IV, doubled ’aSarra, yuSirr42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) repair IV, regular ’aSlaHa, yuSliH45 (as ’araada, yuriid) add IV, hollow ’aDaafa, yuDiif45 (as ’ansha’a, yunshi’) extinguish IV, hamzated ’aTfa’a, yuTfi’42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) set off, liberate IV, regular ’aTlaqa, yaTliq45 (as ’araada, yuriid) lend IV, hollow ’aعaara, yuعiir45 (as ’aHabba, yuHibb) prepare IV, doubled ’aعadda, yuعidd45 give IV, defective ’aعTaa, yuعTii42–43 inform IV, regular ’aعlama, yuعlim45 (as ’araada, yuriid) benefit IV, hollow ’afaada, yufiidyuعlim) ’aعlama, (as 42–43take off IV, regular عyuqli ’aqlaعa, 35-36 (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) eat I, hamzated ’akala, ya’kul45 (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) confirm II, hamzated ’akkada, yu’akkid35-36 (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) command I, hamzated ’amara, ya’mur35-36 (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) hope I, hamzated ’amala, ya’mul45 construct, found IV, hamzated ’ansha’a, yunshi’42–43 (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) refresh IV, regular ’anعasha, yunعishVerb Index: Arabic–English 131Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbأخرج،‏ يخرجأدار،‏ يديرأذن،‏ يأذنأراد،‏ يريدأرسل،‏ يرسلأسأم،‏ يسئمأسرع،‏ يسرعأسف،‏ يأسفّ أسس،‏ ّ يوءسس‏أشار،‏ يشيرأصبه،‏ يصبهأصرأصله،‏ يصلهأضاف،‏ يضيفأطفأ،‏ يطفئر ج خد و رذ ن ءر و در س‏ لم ء س‏س‏ ر عءءس‏ فس‏ س‏ش‏ و رص‏ ب هص‏ ر رص‏ ل هض‏ ي فء ط فّ، يصرأطلق،‏ يطلقأعار،‏ يعيرأعدأعطى،‏ يعطيأعلم،‏ يعلمأفاد،‏ يفيدأقلع،‏ يقلعأكل،‏ يأكلأك ‏ّد،‏ يوءك ‏ّدأمر،‏ يأمرأمل،‏ يأملأنشأ،‏ ينشئط ل قع و رع د دع ط وع ل مف ي دق ل عءءءءك لك دم رم لء ن ش‏ّ، يعدأنعش،‏ ينعش‏ن ع ش‏

132 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb45 (as ’aعTaa, yuعTii) finish IV, defective ’anhaa, yunhii(as ’awSala, yuuSil) 45deposit IV, assimilated عyuudi ’awdaعa, 45 connect IV, assimilated ’awSala, yuuSilعyabii baaعa, (as Taara, yaTiir) sell I, hollow 23–2513–17 search I, regular baHatha, yabHath27–28 (as shakaa, yashkuu) seem, appear I, defective badaa, yabduu35–36 (as qara’a, yaqra’) begin I, hamzated bada’a, yabda’13–17 be/go cold I, regular barada, yabrad35-36 be slow I, hamzated baTu’a, yabTu’27–28 (as nasiya, yansaa) remain, stay I, defective baqiya, yabqaa27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) weep I, defective bakaa, yabkee13–17 swallow I, regularعyabla balaعa, 13–17 reach I, regular balagha, yablugh27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) build I, defective banaa, yabnii23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) get lost I, hollow taaha, yatuuh52 be familiar VI, hamzated ta’aalafa, yata’aalaf52 be influenced V, hamzated ta’aththara, yata’aththar52 (as ta’aththara, yata’aththar) be late V, hamzated ta’akhkhara, yata’akhkharعyatba tabaعa, 13–17 follow I, regular42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) season (food) II, regular tabbala, yutabbil52 (as talawwana, yatalawwan) wander V, hollow tajawwala, yatajawwal49–50 converse VI, regular taHaadatha,yataHaadath49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) talk, V, regular taHaddatha,speakyataHaddath49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) move V, regular taHarraka, yataHarrak49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) improve V, regular taHassana, yataHassanRead this wayأنهى،‏ ينهيأودع،‏ يودعأوصل،‏ يوصلبباع،‏ يبيعبهش،‏ يبهشبدا،‏ يبدوبدأ،‏ يبدأ‏برد،‏ يبردبطوء،‏ يبطوءبقي،‏ يبقىبكى،‏ يبكيبلع،‏ يبلعبلغ،‏ يبلغبنى،‏ يبنيتتاه،‏ يتوهتآلف،‏ يتآلفتأثّر،‏ يتأثّرتأخ ‏ّر،‏ يتأخ ‏ّرتبع،‏ يتبعتبّل،‏ يتبّلّ تجول،‏ يتجوتحادش،‏ يتهادشن ه يو د عو ص‏ لب ي عب ه شب د وء ب دب ر دء ب طب ق يب ك يب ل عب ل غن ن يت و هءءءل فش رخ رت ب عت ب لج و له د شّ ل‏ّش ‏ّش،‏ يتهد تحدتحر ‏ّك،‏ يتهر ‏ّكّ تحسن،‏ يتهس‏ه د شه ر كّ ن ه س‏ ن

ّّ49–50 remember V, regular tadhakkara,yatadhakkar97 (as daHraja, yudaHrij) translate I, quadriliteral tarjama, yutarjim52 hesitate V, doubled taraddada, yataraddad13–17 leave, abandon I, regular taraka, yatruk52 (as talawwana, yatalawwan) marry, V, hollow tazawwaja, yatazawwajget married52 wonder VI, hamzated tasaa’ala, yatasaa’al98 (as tafalsafa, yatafalsaf) follow one II, quadriliteral tasalsala, yatasalsalanother49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) climb V, regular tasallaqa, yatasallaq52 (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) be amused V, defective tasallaa, yatasallaa52 (as talawwana, yatalawwan) shop, V, hollow tasawwaqa, yatasawwaqgo shopping49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) behave V, regular taSarrafa, yataSarraf52 (as talawwana, yatalawwan) imagine V, hollow taSawwara, yataSawwar52 (as taعaawana, yataعaawan) be annoyed VI, hollow taDaayaqa, yataDaayaq52 cooperate VI, hollow taعaawana, yataعaawan13–17 tire, wear out I, regular taعiba, yatعab52 (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) dine, V, defective taعashshaa,have dinneryataعashshaa49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) put on V, regular taعaTTara, yataعaTTarperfume49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) learn V, regular taعallama, yataعallam52 (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) have lunch V, defective taghaddaa, yataghaddaa49–50 (as taHaadatha, yataHaadath) be VI, regular tafaaraqa, yatafaaraqdispersed52 be optimisitc V, hamzated tafa’’ala, yatafa’’al98 philosophize II, quadriliteral tafalsafa, yatafalsaf49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) excel V, regular tafawwaqa, yatafawwaq49–50 (as taHaadatha, yataHaadath) be lazy VI, regular takaasala, yatakaasalVerb Index: Arabic–English 133Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbتذك ‏ّر،‏ يتذك ‏ّرترجم،‏ يترجمترد ‏ّد،‏ يترد ‏ّدترك،‏ يتركّ تزوج،‏ ّ يتزوجتساءل،‏ يتساءلتسلسل،‏ يتسلسلتسل ‏ّق،‏ يتسلّقتسل ‏ّى،‏ يتسلّىّ تسوق،‏ ّ يتسوقتصر ‏ّف،‏ يتصر ‏ّفتصور،‏ يتصورتضايق،‏ يتضايقتعاون،‏ يتعاونتعب،‏ يتعبّ تعشى،‏ ّ يتعشىّ تعطر،‏ ّ يتعطرتعلّم،‏ يتعلّمتغد ‏ّى،‏ يتغد ‏ّىتفارق،‏ يتفارقتفأّل،‏ يتفأّلتفلسف،‏ يتفلسفّ تفوق،‏ يتفوتكاسل،‏ يتكاسلذ ك رت ر ج مر د دت ر كز و جل ء س‏س‏ ل س‏ لس‏ ل قس‏ ل وس‏ و قص‏ ر فص‏ و رض‏ ي قع و نت ع بع ش‏ يع ط رع ل مغ د وف ر قل ء فف ل س‏ فف و قك س‏ لّ ق

134 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb52 be equal VI, hamzated takaafa’a, yatakaafa’49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) talk V, regular takallama, yatakallam52 meet up VI, defective talaaqaa, yatalaaqaa49–50 (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) be V, regular talawwatha, yatalawwathpolluted52 be colored V, hollow talawwana, yatalawwan97 mutter I, quadriliteral tamtama, yutamtim52 wish, want V, defective tamannaa, yatamannaa31 (as radda, yarudd) be finished I, doubled tamma, yatimm52 predict V, hamzated tanabba’a, yatanabba’52 agree together VI, assimilated tawaafaqa, yatawaafaqعyatawaqqa tawaqqaعa, 52 expect V, assimilated52 ‏,عtawaqqa‏)‏ ‏(عyatawaqqa stop V, assimilated tawaqqafa, yatawaqqaf97 chatter I, quadriliteral tharthara, yutharthir99 come I, hollow, jaa’a, yajii’hamzated42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) argue III, regular jaadala, yajaadil27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) run I, defective jaraa, yajrii13–17 sit I, regular jalasa, yajlis13–17 collect I, regularعyajma jamaعa, 42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) prepare II, regular jahhaza, yujahhiz42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) talk to III, regular Haadatha, yuHaadith45 (as naawala, yunaawil) try III, hollow Haawala, yuHaawil13–17 reserve I, regular Hajaza, yaHjiz13–17 happen I, regular Hadatha, yaHduth13–17 burn I, regular Haraqa, yaHriqRead this wayتكافأ،‏ يتكافأ‏تكلّم،‏ يتكلّمتلاقى،‏ يتلاقىّ تلوش،‏ ّ يتلوشّ تلون،‏ يتلوتمتم،‏ يتمتمتمن ‏ّى،‏ يتمنّىتمتنبّأ،‏ يتنبّأ‏توافق،‏ يتوافقتوق ‏ّع،‏ يتوق ‏ّعتوق ‏ّف،‏ يتوق ‏ّفشثرثر،‏ يثرثرججاء،‏ يجيءك فك ل مءل ق يل و شل و نت م ت مم ن وت م مء ن بو ف قو ق عو ق فش ر ش رء ج يّ نّ، يتمّ‏جادل،‏ يجادلجرى،‏ يجريجلس،‏ يجلس‏جمع،‏ يجمعجه ‏ّز،‏ يجه ‏ّزهحادش،‏ يهادشحاول،‏ يهاولحجز،‏ يهجزحدش،‏ يهدشحرق،‏ يهرقج د لج ر يج ل س‏ج م عج ه زه د شه و له ج زه د شه ر ق

42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) move II, regular Harraka, yuHarrik(something)13–17 be beautiful I, regular Hasana, yaHsun42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) improve II, regular Hassana, yuHassin(something else)13–17 attend I, regular HaDara, yaHDur13–17 store away, memorize, I, regular HafiZa, yaHfaZsave to memory13–17 carry I, regular Hamala, yaHmil27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) protect I, defective Hamaa, yaHmii42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) download II, regular Hammala, yuHammil23–25 (as naama, yanaam) fear, be afraid I, hollow khaafa, yakhaaf23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) betray I, hollow khaana, yakhuun13–17 go out, exit I, regular kharaja, yakhruj45 frighten II, hollow khawwafa, yukhawwif23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) last I, hollow daama, yaduum97 roll I, quadriliteral daHraja, yudaHrij13–17 enter I, regular dakhala, yadkhul42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) smoke II, regular dakhkhana,yudakhkhin13–17 study I, regular darasa, yadrus42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) train, coach II, regular darraba, yudarrib42–43 teach II, regular darrasa, yudarris27–28 (as shakaa, yashkuu) invite, I, defective daعaa, yadعuusummon13–17 push, pay I, regularعyadfa dafaعa, 31 (as radda, yarudd) indicate, prove I, doubled dalla, yadull97 hum I, quadriliteral dandana, yudandinVerb Index: Arabic–English 135Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbحر ‏ّك،‏ يهر ‏ّكحسن،‏ يهسنّ حسن،‏ ّ يهسنحضر،‏ يهضرحفظ،‏ يهفظحمل،‏ يهملحمى،‏ يهميحم ‏ّل،‏ يهم ‏ّلخخاف،‏ يخافخان،‏ يخونخرج،‏ يخرجّ خوف،‏ ّ يخوفددام،‏ يدومدحرج،‏ يدحرجدخل،‏ يدخلدخ ‏ّن،‏ يدخ ‏ّندرس،‏ يدرس‏در ‏ّب،‏ يدر ‏ّبدر ‏ّس،‏ يدر ‏ّس‏دعا،‏ يدعودفع،‏ يدفعدلدندن،‏ يدندنه ر كه س‏ نه س‏ نه ض‏ ره ف ظه م له م يه م لخ و فخ و نخ ر جخ و فد و مد ه ر جد خ لد خ ند ر س‏د ر بد ر س‏د ع ود ف عد ل لد ن د نّ، يدلّ‏

ّ136 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) taste I, hollow dhaaqa, yadhuuq42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) study III, regular dhaakara, yudhaakir13–17 mention I, regular dhakara, yadhkur42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) remind II, regular dhakkara, yudhakkir13–17 go I, regular dhahaba, yadh-hab100 see I, defective, ra’aa, yaraahamzated13–17 win I, regular rabaHa, yarbaH45 breed, raise II, defective rabbaa, yurabbii42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) arrange, tidy II, regular rattaba, yurattib27–28 (as shakaa, yashkuu) request, hope I, defective rajaa, yarjuu13–17 return I, regularعyarja rajaعa, 42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) welcome II, regular raHHaba, yuraHHib31 reply, answer I, doubled radda, yarudd45 repeat II, doubled raddada, yuraddid13–17 draw (a picture) I, regular rasama, yarsum27–28 (as nasiya, yansaa) approve I, defective raDiya, yarDaa13–17 refuse I, regular rafaDa, yarfuD13–17 raise, lift up I, regularعyarfa rafaعa, 13–17 dance I, regular raqaSa, yarquS13–17 ride, get on I, regular rakiba, yarkab27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) throw I, defective ramaa, yarmii23–25 (as Taara, yaTiir) increase I, hollow zaada, yaziid23–25 visit I, hollow zaara, yazuurعyazra zaraعa, 13–17 plant I, regularذ و قذ ك رذ ك رذ ك رRead this wayذذاق،‏ يذوقذاكر،‏ يذاكرذكر،‏ يذكرذك ‏ّر،‏ يذك ‏ّرذهب،‏ يذهبررأى،‏ يرىربه،‏ يربهرب ‏ّى،‏ يربّيرت ‏ّب،‏ يرتبّ‏رجا،‏ يرجورجع،‏ يرجعرح ‏ّب،‏ يرحّبردرد ‏ّد،‏ يرد ‏ّدرسم،‏ يرسمرضي،‏ يرضىرفض،‏ يرفض‏رفع،‏ يرفعرقص،‏ يرقص‏ركب،‏ يركبرمى،‏ يرميزاد،‏ يزيدزار،‏ يزورززرع،‏ يزرعذ ه بي ء رر ب هر ب ور ت بر ج ور ج عر ه بر د در د در س‏ مر ض‏ ير ف ض‏ر ف عر ق ص‏ر ك بر م يز ي دز و رز ر عّ، يرد

ّ45 question III, hamzated saa’ala, yusaa’il42–43 race III, regular saabaqa, yusaabiq42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) help III, regular saaعada, yusaaعid42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) travel III, regular saafara, yusaafir45 (as laaqaa, yulaaqii) equal III, defective saawaa, yusaawii35–36 ask I, hamzated sa’ala, yas’al13–17 swim I, regular sabaHa, yasbaH13–17 precede I, regular sabaqa, yasbiq45 (as raddada, yuraddid) cause II, doubled sabbaba, yusabbib13–17 jail I, regular sajana, yasjun42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) record II, regular sajjala, yusajjil13–17 be hot I, regular sakhana, yaskhun42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) heat II, regular sakhkhana, yusakhkhin31 (as radda, yarudd) block I, doubled sadda, yasudd13–17 steal I, regular saraqa, yasraq13–17 cough I, regular saعala, yasعul27–28 (as nasiya, yansaa) attempt, strive I, defective saعiya, yasعaa13–17 fall I, regular saqaTa, yasquT13–17 live, reside I, regular sakana, yaskun13–17 allow I, regular samaHa, yasmaH13–17 hear I, regularعyasma samiعa, 45 (as rabbaa, yurabbii) name II, defective sammaa, yusammii35–36 (as sa’ala, yas’al) be fed up I, hamzated sa’ima, yas’am23–25 (as naama, yanaam) want I, hollow, shaa’a, yashaa’hamzated42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) share (in), III, regular shaaraka, yushaarikparticipateVerb Index: Arabic–English 137Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbس‏ساءل،‏ يساءلسابق،‏ يسابقساعد،‏ يساعدسافر،‏ يسافرساوى،‏ يساويسأل،‏ يسألسبه،‏ يسبهسبق،‏ يسبقسبّب،‏ يسبّبسجن،‏ يسجنسجّل،‏ يسجّلسخن،‏ يسخنسخ ‏ّن،‏ يسخ ‏ّنسدسرق،‏ يسرقسعل،‏ يسعلسعي،‏ يسعىسقط،‏ يسقطسكن،‏ يسكنسمه،‏ يسمهسمع،‏ يسمعسم ‏ّى،‏ يسم ‏ّيسئم،‏ يسأمش‏شاء،‏ يشاءل ء س‏س‏ ب قس‏ ع دس‏ ف رس‏ و يل ء س‏س‏ ب هس‏ ب قس‏ ب بس‏ ج نس‏ ج لس‏ خ نس‏ خ نس‏ د دس‏ ر قس‏ ع لس‏ ع يس‏ ق طس‏ ك نس‏ م هس‏ م عس‏ م يء س‏ش‏ يمءّ، يسدشارك،‏ يشاركش‏ ر ك

ّّ138 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) watch, view III, regular shaahada, yushaahid13–17 charge (battery, etc.) I, regular shaHana, yashHan31 (as radda, yarudd) strengthen, pull I, doubled shadda, yashidd14-16 (as kataba, yaktub) drink I, regular shariba, yashrab13–17 feel I, regular shaعara, yashعur27–28 complain I, defective shakaa, yashkuu13–17 thank I, regular shakara, yashkur31 (as radda, yarudd) doubt, suspect I, doubled shakka, yashukk31 (as radda, yarudd) smell I, doubled shamma, yashumm23–25 (as Taara, yaTiir) shout I, hollow SaaHa, yaSiiH23–25 (as Taara, yaTiir) become I, hollow Saara, yaSiir23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) fast I, hollow Saama, yaSuum42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) believe II, regular Saddaqa, yuSSadiq42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) change II, regular Sarrafa, yuSarrif(money, etc.)42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) repair II, regular SallaHa, yuSalliH45 (as rabbaa, yurabbii) pray II, defective Sallaa, yuSallii13–17 make, manufacture I, regularعyaSna Sanaعa, 45 (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) vote II, hollow Sawwata, yuSawwit45 oppose III, doubled Daadd, yuDaadd13–17 laugh I, regular DaHika, yaDHak13–17 hit I, regular Daraba, yaDrub23–25 fly I, hollow Taara, yaTiir13–17 cook I, regular Tabakha, yaTbukh13–17 print I, regularعyaTba Tabaعa, 13–17 knock (on door, etc.) I, regular Taraqa, yaTruqRead this wayشاهد،‏ يشاهدشهن،‏ يشهنشدشرب،‏ يشربشعر،‏ يشعرشكا،‏ يشكوشكر،‏ يشكرشكشمص‏صاه،‏ يصيهصار،‏ يصيرصام،‏ يصومصد ‏ّق،‏ يصد ‏ّقصر ‏ّف،‏ يصر ‏ّفش‏ ه دش‏ ه نش‏ د دش‏ ر بش‏ ع رش‏ ك وش‏ ك رش‏ ك كش‏ م مص‏ ي هص‏ ي رص‏ و مص‏ د قص‏ ر فص‏ ل هص‏ ل وص‏ ن عص‏ و تض‏ د دض‏ ه كّ، يشدّ، يشكّ‏ّ، يشمّ‏صل ‏ّه،‏ يصلّهصل ‏ّى،‏ يصلّيصنع،‏ يصنعّ صوت،‏ ّ يصوتض‏ضادضهك،‏ يضهكضرب،‏ يضربططار،‏ يطيرطبخ،‏ يطبخطبع،‏ يطبعطرق،‏ يطرقض‏ ر بط ي رط ب خط ب عط ر قّ، يضاد

97 (daHraja, yudaHrij) crackle I, quadriliteral TaqTaqa, yuTaqTiq13–17 request I, regular Talaba, yaTlub31 (as radda, yarudd) think, imagine I, doubled Zanna, yaZunn13–17 appear I, regular Zahara, yaZhar23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) return I, hollow ‏,‏aadaع yaعuud23–25 (as Taara, yaTiir) live I, hollow ‏,‏aashaع yaعiish42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) deal with III, regular ‏,‏aamalaع yuعaamil45 (as naawala, yunaawil) help III, hollow ‏,‏aawanaع yuعaawin13–17 cross (road, etc.) I, regular ‏,‏abaraع yaعbur31 (as radda, yarudd) count I, doubled ‏,‏addaع yaعudd42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) adjust II, regular ‏,‏addalaع yuعaddil13–17 display, show I, regular ‏,‏araDaع yaعriD13–17 know I, regular ‏,‏arafaع yaعrif13–17 play (an instrument) I, regular ‏,‏azafaع yaعzif13–17 tie I, regular ‏,‏aqadaع yaعqid13–17 know I, regular ‏,‏alimaع yaعlam42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) teach II, regular ‏,‏allamaع yuعallim13–17 do, work I, regular ‏,‏amilaع yaعmal42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) depart III, regular ghaadara, yughaadir97 gargle I, quadriliteral gharghara, yugharghir13–17 wash I, regular ghasala, yaghsil45 (as rabbaa, yurabbii) cover II, defective ghaTTaa, yughaTTii27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) boil I, defective ghalaa, yaghlii45 (as rabbaa, yurabbii) sing II, defective ghannaa, yughannii45 (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) change, alter II, hollow ghayyara, yughayyirVerb Index: Arabic–English 139Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbطقطق،‏ يطقطقطلب،‏ يطلبظظنّ،‏ يظنّ‏ظهر،‏ يظهرععاد،‏ يعودعاش،‏ يعيش‏عامل،‏ يعاملعاون،‏ يعاونعبر،‏ يعبرعدعد ‏ّل،‏ يعد ‏ّلعرض،‏ يعرض‏عرف،‏ يعرفعزف،‏ يعزفعقد،‏ يعقدعلم،‏ يعلمعل ‏ّم،‏ يعلّمعمل،‏ يعملغغادر،‏ يغادرغرغر،‏ يغرغرغسل،‏ يغسلّ غطى،‏ يغطغلى،‏ يغليغنّى،‏ يغنّيغيّر،‏ يغيّرط ق ط قط ل بظ ن نظ ه رع و دع ي ش‏ع م لع و نع ب رع د دع د لع ر ض‏ع ر فع ز فع ق دع ل مع ل مع م لغ د رغ ر غ رغ س‏ لغ ط وغ ل يغ ن يغ ي رّ يّ، يعدّ‏

ّّ140 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) pass, go by I, hollow faata, yafuut13–17 open I, regular fataHa, yaftaH42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) search, inspect II, regular fattasha, yufattish13–17 fail I, regular fashala, yafshal42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) prefer II, regular faDDala, yufaDDil13–17 have breakfast I regular faTara, yafTur13–17 do I, regular faعala, yafعal13–17 lose I, regular faqada, yafqid42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) think, reflect II, regular fakkara, yufakkir13–17 understand I, regular fahima, yafham42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) fight III, regular qaatala, yuqaatil23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) drive I, hollow qaada, yaquud23–25 (as Taara, yaTiir) measure I, hollow qaasa, yaqiis23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) say, tell I, hollow qaala, yaquul42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) gamble III, regular qaamara, yuqaamir13–17 accept I, regular qabila, yaqbal13–17 kill I, regular qatala, yaqtul42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) massacre II, regular qattala, yuqattil42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) estimate II, regular qaddara, yuqaddir42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) present, II, regular qaddama, yuqaddimbring forward35–36 read I, hamzated qara’a, yaqra’13–17 be/become near I, regular qaruba, yaqrub13–17 bang I, regularعyaqra qaraعa, 42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) decide II, regular qarrara, yuqarrir31 (as radda, yarudd) cut I, doubled qaSSa, yaquSS27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) judge I, defective qaDaa, yaqDiiف و تف ت هف ت ش‏ف ش‏ لف ض‏ لف ط رف ع لف ق دف ك رRead this wayففات،‏ يفوتفته،‏ يفتهفت ‏ّش،‏ يفتّش‏فشل،‏ يفشلّ فضل،‏ يفض‏فطر،‏ يفطرفعل،‏ يفعلفقد،‏ يفقدفكّر،‏ يفكّرفهم،‏ يفهمققاتل،‏ يقاتلقاد،‏ يقودقاس،‏ يقيس‏قال،‏ يقولقامر،‏ يقامرقبل،‏ يقبلقتل،‏ يقتلقتّل،‏ يقتّلقد ‏ّر،‏ يقد ‏ّرقد ‏ّم،‏ يقد ‏ّمقرأ،‏ يقرأ‏ف ه مق ت لق و دق ي س‏ق و لق م رق ب لق ت لق ت لق د رق د مء ق رّ لقرب،‏ يقربقرع،‏ يقرعقر ‏ّر،‏ يقر ‏ّرقص‏قضى،‏ يقضيق ر بق ر عق ر رق ص‏ ص‏ق ض‏ ي، يقص‏

عyaqTa qaTaعa, 13–17 tear, cut I, regular13–17 jump I, regular qafaza, yaqfiz13–17 shut, lock I, regular qafala, yaqfil13–17 turn (something) over I, regular qalaba, yaqlib27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) fry I, defective qalaa, yaqlii23–25 (as naama, yanaam) be about to I, hollow kaada, yakaad45 reward III, hamzated kaafa’a, yukaafi’23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) be, exist I, hollow kaana, yakuun14–16 write I, regular kataba, yaktub13–17 lie, tell lies I regular kadhaba, yakdhib13–17 hate I, regular kariha, yakrah45 (as raddada, yuraddid) repeat II, doubled karrara, yukarrir13–17 win, earn I, regular kasaba, yaksib13–17 break I, regular kasara, yaksir42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) smash II, regular kassara, yukassir42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) cost II, regular kallafa, yukallif13–17 sweep I, regular kanasa, yaknus27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) iron I, defective kawaa, yakwii45 (as saa’ala, yusaa’il) be suitable III, hamzated laa’ama, yulaa’im45 meet III, defective laaqaa, yulaaqii13–17 wear I, regular labisa, yalbas13–17 play I, regular laعiba, yalعab31 (as radda, yarudd) turn I, doubled laffa, yaliff27–28 (as nasiya, yansaa) meet I, meet laqiya, yalqaa13–17 touch I, regular lamasa, yalmis45 (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) pollute II, hollow lawwatha, yulawwith101 not to be — laysaVerb Index: Arabic–English 141Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbقطع،‏ يقطعقفز،‏ يقفزقفل،‏ يقفلقلب،‏ يقلبقلى،‏ يقليككاد،‏ يكادكافأ،‏ يكافئكان،‏ يكونكتب،‏ يكتبكذب،‏ يكذبكره،‏ يكرهكر ‏ّر،‏ يكر ‏ّركسب،‏ يكسبكسر،‏ يكسرّ كسر،‏ يكس‏كلّف،‏ يكلّفكنس،‏ يكنس‏كوى،‏ يكويللاءم،‏ يلاءملاقى،‏ يلاقيلبس،‏ يلبس‏لعب،‏ يلعبلفلقي،‏ يلقىلمس،‏ يلمس‏ّ لوش،‏ يلوليس‏ق ط عق ف زق ف لق ل بق ل يك و دك فك و نءك ت بك ذ بك ر هك ر رك س‏ بك س‏ رك س‏ رك ل فك ن س‏ك و يم ء لل ق يل ب س‏ل ع بل ف فل ق يل م س‏ل و ش—ّ رّ شّ، يلفّ‏

ّّ142 Verb Index: Arabic–EnglishPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verb23–25 (as zaara, yazuur) die I, hollow maata, yamuut31 (as radda, yarudd) extend, stretch I, doubled madda, yamudd31 (as radda, yarudd) pass (by) I, doubled marra, yamurr13–17 wipe I, regular masaHa, yamsaH13–17 hold, catch I, regular masaka, yamsik27–28 walk I, defective mashaa, yamshii35–36 (as qara’a, yaqra’) fill I, hamzated mala’a, yamla’13–17 own, possess I, regular malaka, yamlik45 (as laaqaa, yulaaqii) call out III, defective naadaa, yunaadii42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) discuss III, regular naaqasha, yunaaqish23–25 sleep I, hollow naama, yanaam45 hand over III, hollow naawala, yunaawil13–17 succeed I, regular najaHa, yanjaH13–17 appoint, delegate I, regular nadaba, yandub13–17 go down I, regular nazala, yanzil27–28 forget I, defective nasiya, yansaa13–17 publish, diffuse I, regular nashara, yanshur13–17 pronounce I, regular naTaqa, yanTuq13–17 look I, regular naZara, yanZur42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) clean II, regular naZZafa, yunaZZif42–43 (as darrasa, yudarris) organize II, regular naZZama, yunaZZim13–17 transport I, regular naqala, yanqul27–28 (as shakaa, yashkuu) grow I, defective namaa, yanmuu27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) intend I, defective nawaa, yanwii42–43 (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) emigrate III, regular haajara, yuhaajirRead this wayممات،‏ يموتمدمرمسه،‏ يمسهمسك،‏ يمسكمشى،‏ يمشيملأ،‏ يملأ‏م و تم د دم ر رم س‏ هم س‏ كم ش‏ يء م لّ، يمدّ، يمرملك،‏ يملكننادى،‏ يناديناقش،‏ يناقش‏نام،‏ ينامناول،‏ يناولنجه،‏ ينجهندب،‏ يندبنزل،‏ ينزلنسي،‏ ينسىنشر،‏ ينشرنطق،‏ ينطقنظر،‏ ينظرّ نظف،‏ ينظّ نظم،‏ ينظنقل،‏ ينقلنما،‏ ينمونوى،‏ ينويههاجر،‏ يهاجرم ل كن د ون ق ش‏ن و من و لن ج هن د بن ز لن س‏ ين ش‏ رن ط قن ظ رن ظ فن ظ من ق لن م ون و يه ج رّ فّ م

ّ13–17 land I, regular habaTa, yahbuT13–17 escape I, regular haraba, yahrub45 congratulate II, hamzated hanna’, yuhanni’45 agree III, assimilated waafaqa, yuwaafiq21–22 (as waSala, yaSil) trust I, assimilated wathaqa, yathiq21–22 (as waSala, yaSil) find I, assimilated wajada, yajid31 (as radda, yarudd) want, wish I, doubled wadda, yawadd21–22 (as waSala, yaSil) inherit I, assimilated waratha, yarith(as waSSala, yuwaSSil) 45distribute II, assimilated عyuwazzi wazzaعa, 21–22 (as waSala, yaSil) describe I, assimilated waSafa, yaSif21–22 arrive I, assimilated waSala, yaSil45 deliver II, assimilated waSSala, yuwaSSil(as waSala, yaSil) 21–22put, place I, assimilated عyaDa waDaعa, 45 (as waSSala, yuwaSSil) employ II, assimilated waZZafa, yuwaZZif45 (as waSSala, yuwaSSil) save, economize II, assimilated waffara, yuwaffir(as waSala, yaSil) 21–22fall I, assimilated عyaqa waqaعa, 21–22 (as waSala, yaSil) stand, stop I, assimilated waqafa, yaqif27–28 (as mashaa, yamshii) protect I, defective waqaa, yaqii(as waSSala, yuwaSSil) 45sign II, assimilated عyuwaqqi waqqaعa, 45 facilitate II, assimilated yassara, yuyassirVerb Index: Arabic–English 143Read this wayPage reference English Verb Type Transliteration Root Arabic verbهبط،‏ يهبطهرب،‏ يهربهن ‏ّأ،‏ يهنّئووافق،‏ يوافقوثق،‏ يشقوجد،‏ يجدودورش،‏ يرشوز ‏ّع،‏ يوز ‏ّعوصف،‏ يصفوصل،‏ يصلّ وصل،‏ يوص‏وضع،‏ يضعّ وظف،‏ يوظوفر،‏ يوفّروقع،‏ يقعوقف،‏ يقفوقى،‏ يقيوق ‏ّع،‏ يوق ‏ّعيّ يسر،‏ ّ ييسره ب طه ر بء ه نو ف قو ش قو ج دو د دو ر شو ز عو ص‏ فو ص‏ لو ص‏ لو ض‏ عو ظ فو ف رو ق عو ق فو ق يو ق عي س‏ رّ لّ فّ، يود

ّ144 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page ReferenceAت ر كط و عق ب لع و دض‏ ي فع د له س‏ نخ ذترك،‏ يتركاستطاع،‏ يستطيعقبل،‏ يقبلاعتاد،‏ يعتادأضاف،‏ يضيفعد ‏ّل،‏ يعد ‏ّلاستهسن،‏ يستهسناتّخذ،‏ يتّخذabandon taraka, yatruk I, regular 13–17able (be) istaTaaعa, عyastaTii X, hollow (as istaqaala, yastaqiil) 60accept qabila, yaqbal I, regular 13–17accustomed (be) iعtaada, yaعtaad VIII, hollow (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) 60add ’aDaafa, yuDiif IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45adjust ‏,‏addalaع yuعaddil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43admire istaHsana, yastaHsin X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58ءadopt ittakhadha, yattakhidh VIII, hamzated 60(measures, etc.)ق ر بو ق فو ف قو ف قس‏ م هس‏ ل وض‏ ي قر د دج و بع ذ رب د وظ ه رن د بق ر بر ض‏ يج د لر ت بو ص‏ لس‏ ء لذ ناقترب،‏ يقتربات ‏ّفق،‏ يتّفقوافق،‏ يوافقتوافق،‏ يتوافقسمه،‏ يسمهتسلّى،‏ يتسلّىتضايق،‏ يتضايقردأجاب،‏ يجيباعتذر،‏ يعتذربدا،‏ يبدوظهر،‏ يظهرندب،‏ يندباقترب،‏ يقتربرضي،‏ يرضىجادل،‏ يجادلرت ‏ّب،‏ يرتّبوصل،‏ يصلسأل،‏ يسألاستأذن،‏ يستأذنadvance iqtaraba, yaqtarib VIII, regular 57–58agree ittafaqa, yattafiq VIII, assimilated 60waafaqa, yuwaafiq III, assimilated 45agree together tawaafaqa, yatawaafaq VI, assimilated 52allow samuHa, yasmuH I, regular 13–17amused (be) tasallaa, yatasallaa V, defective (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) 52annoyed (be) taDaayaqa, yataDaayaq VI, hollow (as taعaawana, yataعaawan) 52ّ، يردanswer radda, yarudd I, doubled 31’ajaaba, yajiib IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45apologize iعtadhara, yaعtadhir VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58appear badaa, yabduu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28Zahara, yaZhar I, regular 13–17appoint nadaba, yandub I, regular 13–17approach iqtaraba, yaqtarib VIII, regular 57–58approve raDiya, yarDaa I, defective (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28argue jaadala, yajaadil III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43arrange rattaba, yurattib II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43arrive waSala, yaSil I, assimilated 21–22ask sa’ala, yas’al I, hamzated 35–36ءask for ista’dhana, yasta’dhin X, hamzated (as ista’jara, yasta’jir) 60permissionCopyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

ّRead this wayattempt saعiya, yasعaa I, defective (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28attend HaDara, yaHDur I, regular 13–17attention: intabaha, yantabih VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58pay attentionBVerb Index: English–Arabic 145English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceس‏ ع يه ض‏ رن ب هق ر عه م مك و نسعي،‏ يسعىحضر،‏ يهضرانتبه،‏ ينتبهقرع،‏ يقرعاستهمّ،‏ يستهمّ‏كان،‏ يكونليس‏كاد،‏ يكادحسن،‏ يهسنصار،‏ يصيرأصبه،‏ يصبهبدأ،‏ يبدأ‏ابتدأ،‏ يبتدئتصر ‏ّف،‏ يتصر ‏ّفاعتقد،‏ يعتقدصد ‏ّق،‏ يصد ‏ّقآمن،‏ يوءمنأفاد،‏ يفيدخان،‏ يخونآخذ،‏ يوءاخذسدغلى،‏ يغليأسأم،‏ يسئماقترض،‏ يقترض‏انهنى،‏ ينهنيكسر،‏ يكسرفطر،‏ يفطرربّى،‏ يربّيbang qaraعa, عyaqra I, regular 13–17bathe istaHamma, yastaHimm X, doubled (as istamarra, yastamirr) 60be kaana, yakuun I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25be: not to be — laysa — 101ك و ده س‏ نص‏ ي رص‏ ب هب د ءب د ءص‏ ر فع ق دص‏ د قء م نف ي دخ و نء خ ذس‏ د دغ ل يس‏ ء مق ر ض‏ن ه وك س‏ رف ط رر ب وbe about to kaada, yakaad I, hollow (as naama, yanaam) 23–25beautiful (be) Hasana, yaHsun I, regular 13–17become Saara, yaSiir I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25’aSbaHa, yuSbiH IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43begin bada’a, yabda’ I, hamzated (as qara’a, yaqra’) 35–36ibtada’a, yabtadi’ VIII, hamzated 60behave taSarrafa, yataSarraf V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50believe iعtaqada, yaعtaqid VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58Saddaqa, yuSSadiq II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43believe in ’aamana, yu’min IV, hamzated 45benefit ’afaada, yufiid IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45betray khaana, yakhuun I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25blame ’aakhadha, yu’aakhidh III, hamzated 45ّ، يسدblock sadda, yasudd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31boil ghalaa, yaghlii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28bore (someone) ’as’ama, yu’sim IV, hamzated 45borrow iqtaraDa, yaqtariD VIII, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43bow inHanaa, yanHanii VII, defective 60break kasara, yaksir I, regular 13–17breakfast (have) faTara, yafTur I regular 13–17breed rabbaa, yurabbii II, defective 45

146 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referencebroken (be) inkasara, yankasir VII, regular (as inqalaba, yanqalib) 57–58build banaa, yabnii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28burn Haraqa, yaHriq I, regular 13–17buy ishtaraa, yashtarii VIII, defective 60Cك س‏ رب ن يه ر قش‏ ر ين د وق ل به م لم س‏ كس‏ ب به ف لغ ي رص‏ ر فش‏ ه نش ر ش رخ ي رن ظ فس‏ ل قد ر بب ر دج م عل و نج ي ءت يانكسر،‏ ينكسربنى،‏ يبنيحرق،‏ يهرقاشترى،‏ يشترينادى،‏ يناديانقلب،‏ ينقلبحمل،‏ يهملمسك،‏ يمسكسبّب،‏ يسبّباحتفل،‏ يهتفلغيّر،‏ يغيّرصر ‏ّف،‏ يصر ‏ّفشهن،‏ يشهنثرثر،‏ يثرثراختار،‏ يختارّ نظف،‏ ينظتسلّق،‏ يتسلّقد ‏ّرب،‏ يد ‏ّرببرد،‏ يبردجمع،‏ يجمعّ تلون،‏ يتلوجاء،‏ يجيءأتى،‏ يأتيcall out naadaa, yunaadii III, defective (as laaqaa, yulaaqii) 45capsize inqalaba, yanqalib VII, regular 57–58carry Hamala, yaHmil I, regular 13–17catch masaka, yamsik I, regular 13–17cause sabbaba, yusabbib II, doubled (as raddada, yuraddid) 45celebrate iHtafala, yaHtafil VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58change (alter) ghayyara, yughayyir II, hollow (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) 45change (money) Sarrafa, yuSarrif II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43charge (battery) ’ahamma, yuhimm I, regular 13–17chatter tharthara, yutharthir I, quadriliteral 97choose ikhtaara, yakhtaar VIII, hollow (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) 60ّ فclean naZZafa, yunaZZif II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43climb tasallaqa, yatasallaq V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50coach darraba, yudarrib II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43cold: be/go cold barada, yabrad I, regular 13–17collect jamaعa, عyajma I, regular 13–17ّ نcolored (be) talawwana, yatalawwan V, hollow 52come jaa’a, yajii’ I, hollow, hamzated 99ءم ر ءش‏ ك وء ك ده ن ءو ص‏ لأمر،‏ يأمرشكا،‏ يشكوأك ‏ّد،‏ يوءك ‏ّدهنّأ،‏ يهنّئأوصل،‏ يوصل’ataa, ya’tii I, defective, (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28hamzatedcommand ’amara, ya’mur I, hamzated (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) 35-36complain shakaa, yashkuu I, defective 27–28confirm ’akkada, yu’akkid II, hamzated (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) 45congratulate hanna’, yuhanni’ II, hamzated 45connect ’awSala, yuuSil IV, assimilated 45

ّّّّRead this wayconstruct ’ansha’a, yunshi’ IV, hamzated 45contact ittaSala, yattaSil VIII, assimilated (as ittafaqa, yattafiq) 60contain iHtawaa, yaHtawii VIII, defective (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) 60continue istamarra, yastamirr X, doubled 60converse taHaadatha, yataHaadath VI, regular 49–50cook Tabakha, yaTbukh I, regular 13–17cooperate taعaawana, yataعaawan VI, hollow 52cost kallafa, yukallif II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43cough saعala, yasعul I, regular 13–17count ‏,‏addaع yaعudd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31cover ghaTTaa, yughaTTii II, defective (as rabbaa, yurabbii) 45crackle TaqTaqa, yuTaqTiq I, quadriliteral (daHraja, yudaHrij) 97cross (road, etc.) ‏,‏abaraع yaعbur I, regular 13–17crowd izdaHama, yazdaHim VIII, irregular 55cut qaSSa, yaquSS I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31DVerb Index: English–Arabic 147English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceءّأنشأ،‏ ينشئن ش‏ اتّصل،‏ يتّصلو ص‏ ل احتوى،‏ يهتويه و ي استمرم ر ر تحادش،‏ يتهادشه د ش طبخ،‏ يطبخط ب خ تعاون،‏ يتعاونع و ن كلّف،‏ يكلّفك ل ف سعل،‏ يسعلس‏ ع ل عدع د د غطى،‏ يغطغ ط و طقطق،‏ يطقطقط ق ط ق عبر،‏ يعبرع ب ر ازدحم،‏ يزدحمز ه م قص‏ق ص‏ ص‏ قطع،‏ يقطعق ط ع ّ، يستمرّ، يعدّ ي، يقص‏ر ق ص‏ع م لق ر رن د بو ص‏ لغ د رص‏ ر فو د عو ص‏ فه ق قق د رم و ترقص،‏ يرقص‏عامل،‏ يعاملقر ‏ّر،‏ يقر ‏ّرندب،‏ يندبّ وصل،‏ يوص‏غادر،‏ يغادرانصرف،‏ ينصرفأودع،‏ يودعوصف،‏ يصفاستهققد ‏ّر،‏ يقد ‏ّرمات،‏ يموتqaTaعa, عyaqTa I, regular 13–17dance raqaSa, yarquS I, regular 13–17deal with ‏,‏aamalaع yuعaamil III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43decide qarrara, yuqarrir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43delegate nadaba, yandub I, regular 13–17ّ لdeliver waSSala, yuwaSSil II, assimilated 45depart ghaadara, yughaadir III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43inSarafa, yanSarif VII, regular (as inqalaba, yanqalib) 57–58deposit ’awdaعa, عyuudi IV, assimilated (as ’awSala, yuuSil) 45describe waSafa, yaSif I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22ّ، يستهقّ‏deserve istaHaqqa, yastaHiqq X, doubled (as istamarra, yastamirr) 60determine qaddara, yuqaddir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43die maata, yamuut I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25

148 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referencedifferentiated (be) imtaaza, yamtaaz VIII, hollow (as iHtaaja, yaHtaaj) 60dine (have dinner) taعashshaa, yataعashshaa V, defective (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) 52discuss naaqasha, yunaaqish III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43dispersed (be) tafaaraqa, yatafaaraq VI, regular (as taHaadatha, yataHaadath) 49–50distribute wazzaعa, عyuwazzi II, assimilated (as waSSala, yuwaSSil) 45disturbed (be) iDTaraba, yaDTarib VIII, irregular 55–56divided (be) inqasama, yanqasim VII, regular (as inqalaba, yanqalib) 57–58do ‏,‏amilaع yaعmal I, regular 13–17faعala, yafعal I, regular 13–17doubt shakka, yashukk I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31download Hammala, yuHammil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43draw (a picture) rasama, yarsum I, regular 13–17drink shariba, yashrab I, regular 13–17drive qaada, yaquud I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25Eم ي زع ش‏ ين ق ش‏ف ر قو ز عض‏ ر بق س‏ مع م لف ع لش‏ ك كه م لر س‏ مش‏ ر بق و دامتاز،‏ يمتازّ تعشى،‏ يتعش‏ناقش،‏ يناقش‏تفارق،‏ يتفارقوز ‏ّع،‏ يوز ‏ّعاضطرب،‏ يضطربانقسم،‏ ينقسمعمل،‏ يعملفعل،‏ يفعلشكحم ‏ّل،‏ يهم ‏ّلرسم،‏ يرسمشرب،‏ يشربقاد،‏ يقودّ ىّ، يشكّ‏ك س‏ بء ك له ج رو ظ فم ت عع ل مض‏ م مد خ لس‏ و يك ف ءه ر بس‏ س‏كسب،‏ يكسبأكل،‏ يأكلهاجر،‏ يهاجرّ وظف،‏ يوظاستمتع،‏ يستمتعاستعلم،‏ يستعلمانضمدخل،‏ يدخلساوى،‏ يساويتكافأ،‏ يتكاف ‏ٔاهرب،‏ يهربّ أسس،‏ يوءس‏earn kasaba, yaksib I, regular 13–17eat ’akala, ya’kul I, hamzated (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) 35-36emigrate haajara, yuhaajir III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43ّ فemploy waZZafa, yuwaZZif II, assimilated (as waSSala, yuwaSSil) 45enjoy istamtaعa, عyastamti X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58enquire istaعlama, yastaعlim X, regular 57–58ّ، ينضمّ‏enroll inDamma, yanDamm VII, doubled 60enter dakhala, yadkhul I, regular 13–17equal saawaa, yusaawii III, defective (as laaqaa, yulaaqii) 45equal (be) takaafa’a, yatakaafa’ VI, hamzated 52escape haraba, yahrub I, regular 13–17ّ س‏ءestablish ’assasa, yu’assis II, doubled, (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) 45hamzatedق د رم ه نقد ‏ّر،‏ يقد ‏ّرامتهن،‏ يمتهنestimate qaddara, yuqaddir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43examine imtaHana, yamtaHin VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58

ّ‏ٔلاّRead this wayexcel tafawwaqa, yatafawwaq V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50exclude istathnaa, yastathnii X, defective 60exist kaana, yakuun I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25exit kharaja, yakhruj I, regular 13–17expect tawaqqaعa, عyatawaqqa V, assimilated 52explore istakshafa, yastakshif X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58extend imtadda, yamtadd VIII, doubled 60madda, yamudd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31extinguish ’aTfa’a, yuTfi’ IV, hamzated (as ’ansha’a, yunshi’) 45extract istakhraja, yastakhrij X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58FVerb Index: English–Arabic 149English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceف و قش ن يك و نخ ر جو ق عك ش‏ فم د دم د دط ف ءخ ر جّ تفوق،‏ يتفواستشنى،‏ يستشنيكان،‏ يكونخرج،‏ يخرجتوق ‏ّع،‏ يتوق ‏ّعاستكشف،‏ يستكشفامتدمدأطفأ،‏ يطفئاستخرج،‏ يستخرجّ قّ، يمتدّ، يمدي س‏ رف ش‏ لس‏ ق طو ق عء ل فص‏ و مخ و فس‏ ء مش‏ ع رق ت لم ل ءو ج دن ه ءن ه يق ض‏ يت م مط ي رت ب عّ يسر،‏ ييس‏فشل،‏ يفشلسقط،‏ يسقطوقع،‏ يقعتآلف،‏ يتآلفصام،‏ يصومخاف،‏ يخافسئم،‏ يسأمشعر،‏ يشعرقاتل،‏ يقاتلملأ،‏ يموجد،‏ يجدأنهى،‏ ينهيانتهى،‏ ينتهيانقضى،‏ ينقضيتمطار،‏ يطيرتبع،‏ يتبعّ رfacilitate yassara, yuyassir II, assimilated 45fail fashala, yafshal I, regular 13–17fall saqaTa, yasquT I, regular 13–17waqaعa, عyaqa I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22familiar (be) ta’aalafa, yata’aalaf VI, hamzated 52fast Saama, yaSuum I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25fear khaafa, yakhaaf I, hollow (as naama, yanaam) 23–25fed up (be) sa’ima, yas’am I, hamzated (as sa’ala, yas’al) 35–36feel shaعara, yashعur I, regular 13–17fight qaatala, yuqaatil III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43fill mala’a, yamla’ I, hamzated (as qara’a, yaqra’) 35–36find wajada, yajid I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22finish ’anhaa, yunhii IV, defective (as ’aعTaa, yuعTii) 45intahaa, yantahii VIII, defective (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) 60finished (be) inqaDaa, yanqaDii VII, defective (as inHanaa, yanHanii) 60ّ، يتمّ‏tamma, yatimm I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31fly Taara, yaTiir I, hollow 23–25follow tabaعa, عyatba I, regular 13–17

150 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referencefollow one tasalsala, yatasalsal II, quadriliteral (as tafalsafa, yatafalsaf) 98anotherforget nasiya, yansaa I, defective 27–28found ’ansha’a, yunshi’ IV, hamzated 45’assasa, yu’assis II, doubled, (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) 45hamzatedfrighten khawwafa, yukhawwif II, hollow 45fry qalaa, yaqlii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28Ggamble qaamara, yuqaamir III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43gargle gharghara, yugharghir I, quadriliteral 97get on rakiba, yarkab I, regular 13–17give ’aعTaa, yuعTii IV, defective 45go dhahaba, yadh-hab I, regular 13–17go down nazala, yanzil I, regular 13–17go out kharaja, yakhruj I, regular 13–17grow namaa, yanmuu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28Hس‏ ل س‏ ل تسلسل،‏ يتسلسلّ س‏ن س‏ ين ش‏ ءء س‏ س‏خ و فق ل ينسي،‏ ينسىأنشأ،‏ ينشئّ أسس،‏ يوءس‏ّ فق م رغ ر غ رر ك بع ط وذ ه بن ز لخ ر جن م ون و له د شك ر هس‏ م عس‏ خ نع و نس‏ ع در د دء ج رء ج رض‏ ر بم س‏ كّ خوف،‏ يخوقلى،‏ يقليقامر،‏ يقامرغرغر،‏ يغرغرركب،‏ يركبأعطى،‏ يعطيذهب،‏ يذهبنزل،‏ ينزلخرج،‏ يخرجنما،‏ ينموناول،‏ يناولحدش،‏ يهدشكره،‏ يكرهسمع،‏ يسمعسخ ‏ّن،‏ يسخ ‏ّنعاون،‏ يعاونساعد،‏ يساعدترد ‏ّد،‏ يترد ‏ّداستأجر،‏ يستأجرأجّر،‏ يوءجّرضرب،‏ يضربمسك،‏ يمسكhand over naawala, yunaawil III, hollow 45happen Hadatha, yaHduth I, regular 13–17hate kariha, yakrah I, regular 13–17hear samiعa, عyasma I, regular 13–17heat sakhkhana, yusakhkhin II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43help ‏,‏aawanaع yuعaawin III, hollow (as naawala, yunaawil) 45saaعada, yusaaعid III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43hesitate taraddada, yataraddad V, doubled 52hire ista’jara, yasta’jir X, hamzated 60’ajjara, yu’ajjir II, hamzated (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) 45hit Daraba, yaDrub I, regular 13–17hold masaka, yamsik I, regular 13–17

ّّّّّRead this wayhope rajaa, yarjuu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28’amala, ya’mul I, hamzated (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) 35-36hot (be) sakhana, yaskhun I, regular 13–17hum dandana, yudandin I, quadriliteral 97hurry ’asraعa, عyusri IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43hurt ’aalama, yu’lim IV, hamzated (as ’aamana, yu’min) 45Iimagine taSawwara, yataSawwar V, hollow (as talawwana, yatalawwan) 52import istawrada, yastawrid X, assimilated (as istawqafa, yastawqif) 60improve taHassana, yataHassan V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50Hassana, yuHassin II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43increase zaada, yaziid I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25indicate dalla, yadull I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31’ashaara, yushiir IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45influence ’aththara, yu’aththir II, hamzated 45influenced (be) ta’aththara, yata’aththar V, hamzated 52inform ’aعlama, yuعlim IV, regular 42–43’akhbara, yukhbir IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43informed about (be) iTTalaعa, عyaTTali VIII, irregular 55–56inherit waratha, yarith I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22insist ’aSarra, yuSirr IV, doubled (as ’aHabba, yuHibb) 45inspect fattasha, yufattish II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43intend nawaa, yanwii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28invite daعaa, yadعuu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28iron kawaa, yakwii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28JVerb Index: English–Arabic 151English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceر ج وء م لس‏ خ ند ن د نس‏ ر عء ل مص‏ و رو ر ده س‏ نه س‏ نز ي دد ل لش‏ و رء ش رء ش رع ل مخ ب رط ل عو ر شص‏ ر رف ت ش‏ن و يد ع وك و يرجا،‏ يرجوأمل،‏ يأملسخن،‏ يسخندندن،‏ يدندنأسرع،‏ يسرعآلم،‏ يوءلمتصور،‏ يتصوراستورد،‏ يستوردّ تحسن،‏ يتهس‏ّ حسن،‏ يهس‏زاد،‏ يزيددلّ،‏ يدلّ‏أشار،‏ يشيرأث ‏ّر،‏ يوءثّرتأث ‏ّر،‏ يتأثّرأعلم،‏ يعلمأخبر،‏ يخبراطلع،‏ يطلعورش،‏ يرشأصرفت ‏ّش،‏ يفتّش‏نوى،‏ ينويدعا،‏ يدعوكوى،‏ يكويّ نّ نّ، يصرس‏ ج نض‏ م مق ض‏ يسجن،‏ يسجنانضمقضى،‏ يقضيjail sajana, yasjun I, regular 13–17ّ، ينضمّ‏join inDamma, yanDamm VII, doubled 60judge qaDaa, yaqDii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28

رّخ152 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referencejump qafaza, yaqfiz I, regular 13–17Kkill qatala, yaqtul I, regular 13–17knock (on door, etc.) Taraqa, yaTruq I, regular 13–17know ‏,‏alimaع yaعlam I, regular 13–17Lق ف زق ت لط ر قع ل مع ر فه ب طد و مء خ رض‏ ه كك س‏ لع ل مت ر كق و دع و رط ل قك ذ بر ف عه ب بس‏ م عع ي ش‏س‏ ك نق ف لن ظ رف ق دت و هه ب بغ د وقفز،‏ يقفزقتل،‏ يقتلطرق،‏ يطرقعلم،‏ يعلمعرف،‏ يعرفهبط،‏ يهبطدام،‏ يدوم‏ّختأ‏ ر،‏ يتأ‏ضهك،‏ يضهكتكاسل،‏ يتكاسلتعلّم،‏ يتعلّمترك،‏ يتركانقاد،‏ ينقادأعار،‏ يعيرأطلق،‏ يطلقكذب،‏ يكذبرفع،‏ يرفعأحباستمع،‏ يستمععاش،‏ يعيش‏سكن،‏ يسكنقفل،‏ يقفلنظر،‏ ينظرفقد،‏ يفقدتاه،‏ يتوهأحبتغد ‏ّى،‏ يتغد ‏ّى13–17 yaعrif I, regular ‏,‏arafaعland habaTa, yahbuT I, regular 13–17last daama, yaduum I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25late (be) ta’akhkhara, yata’akhkharV, hamzated (as ta’aththara, yata’aththar) 52laugh DaHika, yaDHak I, regular 13–17lazy (be) takaasala, yatakaasal VI, regular (as taHaadatha, yataHaadath) 49–50learn taعallama, yataعallam V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50leave (abandon) taraka, yatruk I, regular 13–17led (be) inqaada, yanqaad VII, hollow 60lend ’aعaara, yuعiir IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45liberate ’aTlaqa, yaTliq IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43lie (tell lies) kadhaba, yakdhib I regular 13–17lift up rafaعa, عyarfa I, regular 13–17ّ، يهبّ‏like ’aHabba, yuHibb IV, doubled 45listen istamaعa, عyastami VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58live ‏,‏aashaع yaعiish I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25sakana, yaskun I, regular 13–17lock qafala, yaqfil I, regular 13–17look naZara, yanZur I, regular 13–17lose faqada, yafqid I, regular 13–17lost: be/get lost taaha, yatuuh I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25ّ، يهبّ‏love ’aHabba, yuHibb IV, doubled 45lunch (have) taghaddaa, yataghaddaa V, defective (as tamannaa, yatamannaa) 52

ّRead this wayMmake Sanaعa, عyaSna I, regular 13–17manage ’adaara, yudiir IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45(e.g. business)manufacture Sanaعa, عyaSna I, regular 13–17marry tazawwaja, yatazawwaj V, hollow (as talawwana, yatalawwan) 52massacre qattala, yuqattil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43measure qaasa, yaqiis I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25meet ijtamaعa, عyajtami VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58laaqaa, yulaaqii III, defective 45laqiya, yalqaa I, meet (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28meet up talaaqaa, yatalaaqaa VI, defective 52memorize, HafiZa, yaHfaZ I, regular 13–17save to memorymention dhakara, yadhkur I, regular 13–17mock istahza’a, yastahzi’ X, hamzated 60move taHarraka, yataHarrak V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50Harraka, yuHarrik II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43mutter tamtama, yutamtim I, quadriliteral 97Nname sammaa, yusammii II, defective (as rabbaa, yurabbii) 45near (be/become) qaruba, yaqrub I, regular 13–17need iHtaaja, yaHtaaj VIII, hollow 60OVerb Index: English–Arabic 153English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceص‏ ن عد و رص‏ ن عز و جق ت لق ي س‏ج م عل ق يل ق يل ق يه ف ظصنع،‏ يصنعأدار،‏ يديرصنع،‏ يصنعّ تزوج،‏ يتزوّ‏ جقتّل،‏ يقتّلقاس،‏ يقيس‏اجتمع،‏ يجتمعلاقى،‏ يلاقيلقي،‏ يلقىتلاقى،‏ يتلاقىحفظ،‏ يهفظذكر،‏ يذكرذ ك ر استهزأ،‏ يستهزئه ز ء تحر ‏ّك،‏ يتهر ‏ّكه ر ك حر ‏ّك،‏ يهر ‏ّكه ر ك تمتم،‏ يتمتمت م ت م س‏ م يق ر به و جه ل لف ت هض‏ د دف ء لن ظ مم ل كسم ‏ّى،‏ يسم ‏ّيقرب،‏ يقرباحتاج،‏ يهتاجاحتلّ،‏ يهتلّ‏فته،‏ يفتهضادتفأّل،‏ يتفأّلّ نظم،‏ ينظملك،‏ يملكoccupy (land, etc.) iHtalla, yaHtall VIII, doubled (as imtadda, yamtadd) 60open fataHa, yaftaH I, regular 13–17ّ، يضادoppose Daadd, yuDaadd III, doubled 45optimistic (be) tafa’’ala, yatafa’’al V, hamzated 52ّ مorganize naZZama, yunaZZim II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43own malaka, yamlik I, regular 13–17

ّّّ154 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page ReferencePّّّّاشترك،‏ يشتركش‏ ر ك مرم ر ر فات،‏ يفوتف و ت دفع،‏ يدفعد ف ع تعطر،‏ يتعطع ط ر أذن،‏ يأذنذ ن ء تفلسف،‏ يتفلسفف ل س‏ ف وضع،‏ يضعو ض‏ ع زرع،‏ يزرعز ر ع لعب،‏ يلعبل ع ب عزف،‏ يعزفع ز ف لوش،‏ يلول و ش تلوش،‏ يتلول و ش ملك،‏ يملكم ل ك صل ‏ّى،‏ يصلّيص‏ ل و سبق،‏ يسبقس‏ ب ق تنبّأ،‏ يتنبّأ‏ن ب ء فضل،‏ يفض‏ف ض‏ ل جه ‏ّز،‏ يجه ‏ّزج ه ز أعدع د د قد ‏ّم،‏ يقد ‏ّمق د م طبع،‏ يطبعط ب ع نطق،‏ ينطقن ط ق حمى،‏ يهميه م ي وقى،‏ يقيو ق ي دلد ل ل نشر،‏ ينشرن ش‏ ر شدش‏ د د دفع،‏ يدفعد ف ع participate ishtaraka, yashtarik VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58ّ، يمرpass (by) marra, yamurr I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31pass, go by faata, yafuut I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25pay dafaعa, عyadfa I, regular 13–17ّ رperfume (put on) taعaTTara, yataعaTTar V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50permit ’adhina, ya’dhan I, hamzated (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) 35-36philosophize tafalsafa, yatafalsaf II, quadriliteral 98place waDaعa, عyaDa I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22plant zaraعa, عyazra I, regular 13–17play laعiba, yalعab I, regular 13–17play (an instrument) ‏,‏azafaع yaعzif I, regular 13–17ّ شّ شpollute lawwatha, yulawwith II, hollow (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) 45polluted (be) talawwatha, yatalawwath V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50possess malaka, yamlik I, regular 13–17pray Sallaa, yuSallii II, defective (as rabbaa, yurabbii) 45precede sabaqa, yasbiq I, regular 13–17predict tanabba’a, yatanabba’ V, hamzated 52ّ لprefer faDDala, yufaDDil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43prepare jahhaza, yujahhiz II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43ّ، يعد’aعadda, yuعidd IV, doubled (as ’aHabba, yuHibb) 45present qaddama, yuqaddim II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43print Tabaعa, عyaTba I, regular 13–17pronounce naTaqa, yanTuq I, regular 13–17protect Hamaa, yaHmii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28ّ، يدلّ‏waqaa, yaqii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28prove dalla, yadull I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31publish nashara, yanshur I, regular 13–17ّ، يشدpull shadda, yashidd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31push dafaعa, عyadfa I, regular 13–17

ّّRead this wayput waDaعa, عyaDa I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22put on irtadaa, yartadii VIII, defective (as ishtaraa, yashtarii) 60(clothes, etc.)Qquake iqshaعarra, yaqshaعirr IV, quadriliteral 98quarrel jaadala, yajaadil III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43question saa’ala, yusaa’il III, hamzated 45RVerb Index: English–Arabic 155English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceو ض‏ عر د يوضع،‏ يضعارتدى،‏ يرتديّ، يقشعرءاقشعرق ش‏ ع ر جادل،‏ يجادلج د ل ساءل،‏ يساءلل س‏ س‏ ب قر ب ور ف عب ل غق ر ءق ر ءق ب لسابق،‏ يسابقربّى،‏ يربّيرفع،‏ يرفعبلغ،‏ يبلغقرأ،‏ يقر ‏ٔاانقرأ،‏ ينقرئاستقبل،‏ يستقبلrace saabaqa, yusaabiq III, regular 42–43raise rabbaa, yurabbii II, defective 45raise (lift up) rafaعa, عyarfa I, regular 13–17reach balagha, yablugh I, regular 13–17read qara’a, yaqra’ I, hamzated 35–36read: be read inqara’a, yanqari’ VII, hamzated 60receive istaqbala, yastaqbil X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58(guests, etc.)س‏ ج له م رن ع ش‏ر ف ض‏ء س‏ فر و هب ق يذ ك رذ ك رخ ر جء ج رء ج رص‏ ل هص‏ ل هسج ‏ّل،‏ يسجّلاحمرأنعش،‏ ينعش‏رفض،‏ يرفض‏أسف،‏ يأسفاستراه،‏ يستريهبقي،‏ يبقىتذك ‏ّر،‏ يتذك ‏ّرذك ‏ّر،‏ يذك ‏ّرأخرج،‏ يخرجاستأجر،‏ يستأجرأجّر،‏ يوءجّرصلّه،‏ يصلّهأصله،‏ يصلهrecord sajjala, yusajjil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43ّ، يهمرred: turn red iHmarra, yaHmarr IX, regular 54refresh ’anعasha, yunعish IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43refuse rafaDa, yarfuD I, regular 13–17regret ’asifa, ya’saf I, hamzated (as ’akhadha, ya’khudh) 35-36relax istaraaHa, yastariiH X, hollow (as istaqaala, yastaqiil) 60remain baqiya, yabqaa I, defective (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28remember tadhakkara, yatadhakkar V, regular 49–50remind dhakkara, yudhakkir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43remove ’akhraja, yukhrij IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43rent ista’jara, yasta’jir X, hamzated 60’ajjara, yu’ajjir II, hamzated (as ’aththara, yu’aththir) 45repair SallaHa, yuSalliH II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43’aSlaHa, yuSliH IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43

ّ156 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referencerepeat karrara, yukarrir II, doubled (as raddada, yuraddid) 45raddada, yuraddid II, doubled 45reply radda, yarudd I, doubled 31request rajaa, yarjuu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28Talaba, yaTlub I, regular 13–17reserve Hajaza, yaHjiz I, regular 13–17resign istaqaala, yastaqiil X, hollow 60respect iHtarama, yaHtarim VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58rest istaraaHa, yastariiH X, hollow (as istaqaala, yastaqiil) 60return ‏,‏aadaع yaعuud I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25rajaعa, عyarja I, regular 13–17reward kaafa’a, yukaafi’ III, hamzated 45ride rakiba, yarkab I, regular 13–17rise irtafaعa, عyartafi VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58roll daHraja, yudaHrij I, quadriliteral 97run jaraa, yajrii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28Sك ر رر د در د در ج وط ل به ج زق ي له ر مر و هع و در ج عك ف ءر ك بر ف عد ه ر جج ر يكر ‏ّر،‏ يكر ‏ّررد ‏ّد،‏ يرد ‏ّدردرجا،‏ يرجوطلب،‏ يطلبحجز،‏ يهجزاستقال،‏ يستقيلاحترم،‏ يهترماستراه،‏ يستريهعاد،‏ يعودرجع،‏ يرجعكافأ،‏ يكافئركب،‏ يركبارتفع،‏ يرتفعدحرج،‏ يدحرججرى،‏ يجريّ، يردب س‏ ءد خ رق و لب ه شف ت ش‏ت ب لر ء يب د وب ي عر س‏ لط ل قش‏ ر كابتأس،‏ يبتئس‏اد ‏ّخر،‏ يد ‏ّخرقال،‏ يقولبهش،‏ يبهشفت ‏ّش،‏ يفتّش‏تب ‏ّل،‏ يتبّلرأى،‏ يرىبدا،‏ يبدوباع،‏ يبيعأرسل،‏ يرسلأطلق،‏ يطلقشارك،‏ يشاركsad (be) ibta’asa, yabta’is VIII, hamzated 60save (money, etc.) iddakhara, yaddakhir VIII, irregular 55say qaala, yaquul I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25search baHatha, yabHath I, regular 13–17fattasha, yufattish II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43season (food) tabbala, yutabbil II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43see ra’aa, yaraa I, defective, hamzated 100seem badaa, yabduu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28sell baaعa, عyabii I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25send ’arsala, yursil IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43set off (something) ’aTlaqa, yaTliq IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43share (in) shaaraka, yushaarik III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43

ّنّخّّRead this wayVerb Index: English–Arabic 157English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceّ قس‏ و قّ تسوق،‏ يتسوshop, tasawwaqa, yatasawwaq V, hollow (as talawwana, yatalawwan) 52go shoppingءوّاختصر،‏ يختصرص‏ ر خ صاه،‏ يصيهص‏ ي ه عرض،‏ يعرض‏ع ر ض‏ اقشعرق ش‏ ع ر قفل،‏ يقفلق ف ل وق ‏ّع،‏ يوق ‏ّعو ق ع غنّى،‏ يغنّيغ ن ي جلس،‏ يجلس‏ج ل س‏ نام،‏ ينامن و م بطوء،‏ يبطب ط ء كسر،‏ يكس‏ك س‏ ر شمش‏ م م ابتسم،‏ يبتسمب س‏ م دخّن،‏ يدن د خ تحد ‏ّش،‏ يتهد ‏ّشه د ش وقف،‏ يقفو ق ف بقي،‏ يبقىب ق ي سرق،‏ يسرقس‏ ر ق توق ‏ّف،‏ يتوق ‏ّفو ق ف وقف،‏ يقفو ق ف امتنع،‏ يمتنعم ن ع استوقف،‏ يستوقفو ق ف اد ‏ّخر،‏ يد ‏ّخرر د خ شدش‏ د د مدم د د سعي،‏ يسعىس‏ ع ي درس،‏ يدرس‏د ر س‏ ذاكر،‏ يذاكرذ ك ر shorten ikhtaSara, yakhtaSir VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58shout SaaHa, yaSiiH I, hollow (as Taara, yaTiir) 23–25show ‏,‏araDaع yaعriD I, regular 13–17ّ، يقشعرshudder iqshaعarra, yaqshaعirr IV, quadriliteral 98shut qafala, yaqfil I, regular 13–17sign waqqaعa, عyuwaqqi II, assimilated (as waSSala, yuwaSSil) 45sing ghannaa, yughannii II, defective (as rabbaa, yurabbii) 45sit jalasa, yajlis I, regular 13–17sleep naama, yanaam I, hollow 23–25slow (be) baTu’a, yabTu’ I, hamzated 35-36ّ رّ، يشمّ‏smash kassara, yukassir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43smell shamma, yashumm I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31smile ibtasama, yabtasim VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58smoke dakhkhana, yudakhkhin II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43speak taHaddatha, yataHaddath V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50stand waqafa, yaqif I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22stay (remain) baqiya, yabqaa I, defective (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28steal saraqa, yasraq I, regular 13–1752 ‏(عyatawaqqa ‏,عtawaqqa‏)‏ stop tawaqqafa, yatawaqqaf V, assimilatedwaqafa, yaqif I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22stop (desist) imtanaعa, عyamtani VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58stop (someone) istawqafa, yastawqif X, assimilated 60store iddakhara, yaddakhir VIII, irregular 55ّ، يشدّ، يمدstrengthen shadda, yashidd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31stretch madda, yamudd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31strive saعiya, yasعaa I, defective (as nasiya, yansaa) 27–28study darasa, yadrus I, regular 13–17dhaakara, yudhaakir III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43

158 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceن ج هل ء مد ع وش‏ ك كب ل عك ن س‏س‏ ب هنجه،‏ ينجهلاءم،‏ يلاءمدعا،‏ يدعوشكبلع،‏ يبلعكنس،‏ يكنس‏سبه،‏ يسبهsucceed najaHa, yanjaH I, regular 13–17suitable (be) laa’ama, yulaa’im III, hamzated (as saa’ala, yusaa’il) 45summon daعaa, yadعuu I, defective (as shakaa, yashkuu) 27–28ّ، يشكّ‏suspect shakka, yashukk I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31swallow balaعa, عyabla I, regular 13–17sweep kanasa, yaknus I, regular 13–17swim sabaHa, yasbaH I, regular 13–17Tخ ذ ءق ل عخ ر جه د شك ل مه د شذ و قع ل مد ر س‏ق ط عق و لخ ب رش‏ ك رظ ن نف ك رر م ير ت بع ق دت ع بل م س‏د ر بأخذ،‏ يأخذأقلع،‏ يقلعأخرج،‏ يخرجتحد ‏ّش،‏ يتهد ‏ّشتكلّم،‏ يتكلّمحادش،‏ يهادشذاق،‏ يذوقعلّم،‏ يعلّمد ‏ّرس،‏ يد ‏ّرس‏قطع،‏ يقطعقال،‏ يقولأخبر،‏ يخبرشكر،‏ يشكرظنفك ‏ّر،‏ يفكّررمى،‏ يرميرت ‏ّب،‏ يرتّبعقد،‏ يعقدتعب،‏ يتعبلمس،‏ يلمس‏در ‏ّب،‏ يدر ‏ّبtake ’akhadha, ya’khudh I, hamzated 35-36take off ’aqlaعa, عyuqli IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43take out ’akhraja, yukhrij IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43talk taHaddatha, yataHaddath V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50takallama, yatakallam V, regular (as tadhakkara, yatadhakkar) 49–50talk to Haadatha, yuHaadith III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43taste dhaaqa, yadhuuq I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25teach ‏,‏allamaع yuعallim II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43darrasa, yudarris II, regular 42–43tear qaTaعa, عyaqTa I, regular 13–17tell qaala, yaquul I, hollow (as zaara, yazuur) 23–25’akhbara, yukhbir IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43thank shakara, yashkur I, regular 13–17ّ، يظنّ‏think Zanna, yaZunn I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31fakkara, yufakkir II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43throw ramaa, yarmii I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28tidy rattaba, yurattib II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43tie ‏,‏aqadaع yaعqid I, regular 13–17tire taعiba, yatعab I, regular 13–17touch lamasa, yalmis I, regular 13–17train darraba, yudarrib II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43

Read this waytranslate tarjama, yutarjim I, quadriliteral (as daHraja, yudaHrij) 97transport naqala, yanqul I, regular 13–17travel saafara, yusaafir III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43treat (deal with) ‏,‏aamalaع yuعaamil III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43trust wathaqa, yathiq I, assimilated (as waSala, yaSil) 21–22try Haawala, yuHaawil III, hollow (as naawala, yunaawil) 45turn laffa, yaliff I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31turn (something) ’adaara, yudiir IV, hollow (as ’araada, yuriid) 45aroundturn over (capsize) inqalaba, yanqalib VII, regular 57–58turn (something) qalaba, yaqlib I, regular 13–17overUunderstand fahima, yafham I, regular 13–17use istakhdama, yastakhdim X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58utilize istaعmala, yastaعmil X, regular (as istaعlama, yastaعlim) 57–58Vview (watch) shaahada, yushaahid III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43visit zaara, yazuur I, hollow 23–25vote Sawwata, yuSawwit II, hollow (as khawwafa, yukhawwif) 45WVerb Index: English–Arabic 159English Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceت ر ج من ق لس‏ ف رع م لو ش قه و لل ف فد و رترجم،‏ يترجمنقل،‏ ينقلسافر،‏ يسافرعامل،‏ يعاملوثق،‏ يشقحاول،‏ يهاوللفأدار،‏ يديرّ، يلفّ‏ق ل بق ل بف ه مخ د مع م لش‏ ه دز و رص‏ و تانقلب،‏ ينقلبقلب،‏ يقلبفهم،‏ يفهماستخدم،‏ يستخدماستعمل،‏ يستعملشاهد،‏ يشاهدزار،‏ يزورّ ت ّ صوت،‏ يصون ظ ري ق ظم ش‏ يج و لر و دش‏ يانتظر،‏ ينتظراستيقظ،‏ يستيقظمشى،‏ يمشيّ تجول،‏ يتجوأراد،‏ يريدشاء،‏ يشاءّwait intaZara, yantaZir VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58wake (awaken) istayqaZa, yastayqiZ X, assimilated (as istawqafa, yastawqif) 60walk mashaa, yamshii I, defective 27–28wander ل tajawwala, yatajawwal V, hollow (as talawwana, yatalawwan) 52want ’araada, yuriid IV, hollow 45م ن وو د دءتمنّى،‏ يتمنّىّ، ّ يود ودshaa’a, yashaa’ I, hollow, (as naama, yanaam) 23–25hamzatedtamannaa, yatamannaa V, defective 52wadda, yawadd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31

ّ160 Verb Index: English–ArabicRead this wayEnglish Arabic verb Root Transliteration Verb Type Page Referenceغ س‏ لش‏ ه دل ب س‏ت ع بب ك ير ه به س‏ نن ش‏ رغسل،‏ يغسلشاهد،‏ يشاهدلبس،‏ يلبس‏تعب،‏ يتعببكى،‏ يبكيرحّب،‏ يرحّبأحسن،‏ يهسنانتشر،‏ ينتشرwash ghasala, yaghsil I, regular 13–17watch (view) shaahada, yushaahid III, regular (as saabaqa, yusaabiq) 42–43wear labisa, yalbas I, regular 13–17wear out taعiba, yatعab I, regular 13–17weep bakaa, yabkee I, defective (as mashaa, yamshii) 27–28welcome raHHaba, yuraHHib II, regular (as darrasa, yudarris) 42–43well: do well aHsana, yuHsin IV, regular (as ’aعlama, yuعlim) 42–43widespread: intashara, yantashir VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58become widespreadك س‏ بر ب هن ه وم س‏ هم ن وو د دس‏ ه بس‏ ء لع م لج ه دك ت بكسب،‏ يكسبربه،‏ يربهانهنى،‏ ينهنيمسه،‏ يمسهتمنّى،‏ يتمنّىودانسهب،‏ ينسهبتساءل،‏ يتساءلعمل،‏ يعملاجتهد،‏ يجتهدكتب،‏ يكتبwin kasaba, yaksib I, regular 13–17rabaHa, yarbaH I, regular 13–17wind inHanaa, yanHanii VII, defective 60wipe masaHa, yamsaH I, regular 13–17wish tamannaa, yatamannaa V, defective 52ّ، يودwadda, yawadd I, doubled (as radda, yarudd) 31withdraw insaHaba, yansaHib VII, regular (as inqalaba, yanqalib) 57–58wonder tasaa’ala, yatasaa’al VI, hamzated 52work ‏,‏amilaع yaعmal I, regular 13–17work hard ijtahada, yajtahid VIII, regular (as iqtaraba, yaqtarib) 57–58write kataba, yaktub I, regular 14–16