2 Renmark to border LAP area assessment - EPA - Sa.gov.au

E N V I R O N M E N T P R O T E C T I O N A U T H O R I T Y
River Murray and Lower Lakes
catchment risk assessment for water quality
Results and management options
APRIL 2007

River Murray and Lower Lakes
catchment risk assessment for water quality
Results and management options

The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment project for water quality
Results and management options
Authors: Luke Mosley, Bethany Hammond, Veronica Phillips and John Riggs (EPA) and Karla Billington and
Belinda Hemer (SA Water)
For further information please contact:
Environment Protection Authority
Watershed Protection Office
Suite 2, 85 Mount Barker Road
Stirling SA 5152
Telephone: (08) 8139 9000
Facsimile: (08) 8139 9901
Email:
Website:
ISBN: 978–1–9211–25–37–9
April 2007
© Environment Protection Authority
This document may be reproduced in whole or part for the purpose of study or training, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source
and to its not being used for commercial purposes or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those given above requires the prior written
permission of the Environment Protection Authority.
Printed on recycled paper

Contents
Acknowledgements 7
Definitions 9
Abbreviations 10
Executive Summary 13
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Study purpose 15
1.2 Content of this report 16
1.3 Brief description of method 16
2 Renmark to border LAP area assessment 20
2.1 Description of the area 21
2.2 Environmental value zones 22
2.3 Hazard identification process 22
2.4 Risk to water quality in the Renmark to border area 22
2.5 Options for management of risk, RB LAP area 43
3 Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP areas assessment 50
3.1 Description of the area 50
3.2 Environmental value zones 52
3.3 Hazard identification process 52
3.4 Risk to water quality in the Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong areas 53
3.5 Options for management of risk, BB and LB LAP areas 78
4 Riverland West LAP area assessment 84
4.1 Description of the area 84
4.2 Environmental value zones 86
4.3 Hazard identification process 86
4.4 Risk to water quality in the Riverland West area 86
4.5 Options for management of risk, RW LAP area 112
5 Mid Murray LAP area assessment 118
5.1 Description of the area 118
5.2 Environmental value zones 120
5.3 Hazard identification process 120
5.4 Risk to water quality in the Mid Murray area 120
5.5 Options for management of risk, MM LAP area 146

6 Mannum to Wellington LAP area assessment 152
6.1 Description of the area 152
6.2 Environmental value zones 154
6.3 Hazard identification process 154
6.4 Risk to water quality in the Mannum to Wellington area 155
6.5 Options for management of risk, MW LAP area 184
7 Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas assessment 191
7.1 Description of the area 191
7.2 Environmental value zones 194
7.3 Hazard identification process 195
7.4 Risk to water quality in the Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas 195
7.5 Options for management of risk, GW and CD LAP areas 217
8 Summary of risk assessment results 223
8.1 Summary of results by environmental value 223
8.2 Summary of results by hazard type 227
9 Risk management options 229
9.1 Specific management options by hazard type 229
References and data sources 254

List of tables
Table 1.1 Stressors and their potential effect on environmental values 18
Table 2.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, RB LAP area 25
Table 2.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, RB LAP area 28
Table 2.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, RB LAP area 34
Table 2.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, RB LAP area 36
Table 2.5 Frequency of risks to recreational values, RB LAP area 38
Table 2.6 Summary of risks to recreational values, RB LAP area 40
Table 2.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, RB LAP area 44
Table 3.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, BB & LB LAP areas 55
Table 3.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, BB & LB LAP areas 60
Table 3.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, BB & LB LAP areas 67
Table 3.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, BB & LB LAP areas 69
Table 3.5 Frequency of risks to recreational values, BB & LB LAP areas 72
Table 3.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, BB & LB LAP areas 74
Table 3.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, BB & LB LAP areas 79
Table 4.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, RW LAP area 89
Table 4.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, RW LAP area 94
Table 4.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, RW LAP area 100
Table 4.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, RW LAP area 103
Table 4.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, RW LAP area 105
Table 4.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, RW LAP area 108
Table 4.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, RW LAP area 113
Table 5.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, MM LAP area 123
Table 5.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental value, MM LAP area 127
Table 5.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, MM LAP area 135
Table 5.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, MM LAP area 137
Table 5.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, MM LAP area 139
Table 5.6 Summary of significant risks to recreational environmental values, MM LAP area 141
Table 5.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, MM LAP area 147
Table 6.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, MW LAP area 156
Table 6.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem health environmental values, MW LAP area 161
Table 6.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, MW LAP area 170
Table 6.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, MW LAP area 173

Table 6.5 Frequency of risk to recreational use, MW LAP area 177
Table 6.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, MW LAP area 179
Table 6.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, MW LAP area 185
Table 7.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, GW & CD LAP areas 196
Table 7.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental value, GW & CD LAP areas 203
Table 7.3 Frequency of risks to recreational use, GW & CD LAP areas 210
Table 7.4 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, GW & CD LAP areas 213
Table 7.5 Current and potential future options for management of risks, GW & CD LAP areas 218
Table 8.1 The number and ‘average’ level of risk of different types of hazards in the LAP areas 228

List of figures
Figure 1.1 Map showing LAP areas along the River Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong 17
Figure 1.2 Guidelines for interpreting maps (on attached DVD) 19
Figure 2.1 Map of Renmark to border LAP area 20
Figure 2.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, RB LAP area 23
Figure 2.3 Example of hazard in the RB LAP area: irrigation horticultural area 23
Figure 2.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, RB LAP area 24
Figure 2.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, RB LAP area 33
Figure 2.6 Key map of recreational zones, RB LAP area 37
Figure 3.1 Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP areas 51
Figure 3.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, BB & LB LAP areas 53
Figure 3.3 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, BB & LB LAP areas 54
Figure 3.4 Example of hazard in the BB & LB LAP areas: river vessel waste disposal station 55
Figure 3.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, BB & LB LAP areas 66
Figure 3.6 Key map of recreational zones, BB & LB LAP areas 71
Figure 4.1 Map of the Riverland West LAP area 85
Figure 4.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, RW LAP area 87
Figure 4.3 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, RW LAP area 88
Figure 4.4 Example of hazard in the RW LAP area: wastewater lagoons on the floodplain 89
Figure 4.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, RW LAP area 101
Figure 4.6 Key map of recreational zones, RW LAP area 106
Figure 5.1 Map of the Mid Murray LAP area 119
Figure 5.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, Mid Murray LAP area 121
Figure 5.3 Example of hazard in the MM LAP area: diesel pump and fuel store near the river 121
Figure 5.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, MM LAP area 122
Figure 5.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, MM LAP area 134
Figure 5.6 Key map of recreational zones, MM LAP area 138
Figure 6.1 Map of Mannum to Wellington LAP area 153
Figure 6.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, MW LAP area 155
Figure 6.3 Example of hazard in MW LAP area: dairy cows on flood irrigated pasture 156
Figure 6.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, MW LAP area 157
Figure 6.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, MW LAP area 169
Figure 6.6 Key map of recreational zones, MW LAP area 176
Figure 7.1 Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas 193

Figure 7.2 Example of hazard to water quality in GW & CD LAP areas: Finniss River 195
Figure 7.3 Frequency of hazards to water quality, GW & CD LAP areas 196
Figure 7.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, GW & CD LAP areas 197
Figure 7.5 Key map of recreational zones, GW & CD LAP areas 211
Figure 8.1 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risk
for stressors of the aquatic ecosystem environmental value 224
Figure 8.2 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risk
for stressors of the raw water supply environmental value 225
Figure 8.3 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risk
for stressors of the recreational environmental value 227

Acknowledgements
The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality is a collaborative project
between the Environment Protection Authority (EPA), SA Water and South Australian Murray-Darling Basin
Natural Resources Management Board (SAMDB NRMB). The project team (Bethany Hammond, Belinda
Hemer, Veronica Phillips and Luke Mosley) extends thanks to everyone who attended the workshops and
provided feedback and advice to the team, the project management committee and to other agencies
who assisted in information gathering and data exchange, including those listed below.
Project Steering Committee
John Riggs, EPA (Chair)
John Rolls and Scott Douglas, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation (DWLBC)
David Cunliffe, Department of Health
Mellissa Bradley, Robyn Cox and Sarah Evans, SAMDB NRMB
Jan Whittle, River Murray Local Action Planning (LAP) group coordinator
Karla Billington and Greg Ingleton, SA Water
Mayor Ian Mann, Murray Mallee Local Government Association (MMLGA)
Agency staff
David Duncan (EPA) for detailed comments and review of methods and results
Jonathan Irvine for GIS support
Lisa Grande (EPA) for administrative assistance
Monica Bosco, Sharon Finney, Kylie Hyde, Chris Brown, Jo Kneebone, Jade Ballantine and John Dunsford
(EPA) for reviews of draft documents and informative comments
Murray Mallee Local Government Association (MMLGA)
SA Water Operations staff, Murray Bridge
Murraylands Regional Development Board
Local Action Planning coordinators and workshop participants in the regions
Renmark to border LAP area
Alex Tucker and Chris Alderton, Renmark to border LAP group
Alan Carthew, Renmark River Cruises
Mike Stephenson, Berri Barmera Council
Barry Porter and Adam Rouse, DWLBC
Barry Schier, Renmark Irrigation Trust
Les Hill, Murray Darling Association
Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP areas
Paul Stribley, Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP coordinator
Mike Stephenson and Nerida Roscoe, Berri Barmera Council
Yvonne Menere, Loxton Waikerie Council
Ron Boyce, Overland Corner
Barry Porter, DWLBC
7

Roz Becker, Riverland Tourism Association
Karina Chin and Les Hill, Murray Darling Association
Gavin McMahon and Renee Fielke, Central Irrigation Trust
Riverland West LAP area
Emma Egel and Frances Simes, Riverland West LAP coordinator and chair
Rick Noble, Graham MacInnes, and Yvonne Menere, Loxton Waikerie Council
Michael Frost and Rocky Warren, Mid Murray Council
David Roediger, Morgan
Ian Kroen, Waikerie
Ian Arnold, Roymac irrigators
Jasmine Francis, Cadell Community and Tourist Association
Andrew White, Golden Leisure Houseboats
Mid Murray LAP area
Judy Pfeiffer, Mid Murray LAP coordinator
David LeBrun, Swan Reach/Nildottie
Bev Earl and Rosalie Mead, Younghusband
Rocky Warren and Michael Frost, Mid Murray Council
Terry Franklin, DWLBC
Ron Greening, Mannum Marine
Glen Jones, Boating Industry Association of South Australia
Mannum to Wellington LAP area
Kathryn Rothe, Mannum to Wellington LAP coordinator
Joanne Pfeiffer, SAMDB NRMB
Terry Franklin, DWLBC
Glen Dorsey, Lower Murray Operations
Alyssa Close and Heather Treloar, Rural City of Murray Bridge
Des Wynne, Mypolonga Highland Committee
Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas
Graham Gates, Coorong District LAP coordinator
Jennie Dale and Tony Randall, Goolwa to Wellington LAP area
Rachel Murphy, SAMDB NRMB
Grant Rigney and Luke Trevorrow, Ngarrindjeri
Greg Lundstrom, Signal Point
David Cooney, Alexandrina council
Clarry Fisher, Coorong council
Tom Chapman, The Marina, Hindmarsh Island
Brenton Erdmann and Roger Brown, DWLBC
Rick Trezona, Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture
Kerri Muller, Natural Resources Management
Mark Dale, Irrigation Field Officer
8

Definitions
aesthetic value the visual appearance of water
blackwater wastewater from toilets on vessels
consequence an outcome of a hazardous event expressed qualitatively or
quantitatively, in relation to an environmental value, including a
measure of the magnitude of the effect
environmental value intrinsic attributes or uses of the river that require maintenance of a
sufficient level of water quality such that those values are not impaired
(eg aquatic ecosystem health, suitability for recreational activities and
raw water supplies)
event an incident or situation that occurs in a particular place at a particular
time (eg pump discharge, rainfall event)
greywater water that has been used for washing, laundering, bathing or showering
on vessels
hazard the source of potential harm; an activity, structure or land use that poses
a risk to water quality
hazardous event an incident or situation that releases the intrinsic potential (for adverse
impact) of a hazard
likelihood an estimate of the frequency which a stressor (eg pathogen, salt,
nutrient
discharge) from a hazard is released and impacts an environmental value
potable use water intended for human consumption (drinking and domestic use)
raw water water in its natural state prior to any treatment; in the context of the
current study, water entering into a treatment plant
recreation and aesthetics the environmental value of recreational water quality and aesthetics,
including primary and secondary contact and visual use
risk the chance of something happening that will have an impact on the
environment; specified in terms of the likelihood of an event or
circumstances occurring, and the consequences that may flow from it
risk assessment the overall process of risk identification, analysis and evaluation
risk level the magnitude of risk (eg low, moderate, high, very high)
scenario a combination of events and conditions
stressor any physical, chemical, or biological entity that induces an adverse
response
source of risk a term encompassing both hazard and event
zone the segment of river assigned to a particular environmental value
9

Abbreviations
10
ADWG Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
BB LAP Berri–Barmera Local Action Planning area
BIASA Boating Industry Association of South Australia
CD LAP Coorong District Local Action Planning area
CIT Central Irrigation Trust
COP code of practice
DEH Department for Environment and Heritage
DHS Department of Health
DO dissolved oxygen
d/s downstream
DTEI Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure
DWLBC Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation
ECO aquatic ecosystem environmental value
EPA Environment Protection Authority
EV environmental value
GIS geographic information system
GPT gross pollutant trap
GW LAP Goolwa to Wellington Local Action Planning area
HM heavy metals
HY hydrocarbons
INRM integrated natural resources management
LAP Local Action Planning
LB LAP Loxton–Bookpurnong Local Action Planning area
LMI Lower Murray Irrigation
LMO Lower Murray Operations
LMRIA Lower Murray Reclaimed Irrigation Area
MDA Murray Darling Association

MM LAP Mid Murray Local Action Planning area
MMLGA Murray Mallee Local Government Association
MW LAP Mannum to Wellington Local Action Planning area
NRM Natural Resources Management
NRMB Natural Resources Management Board
NTU nephelometric turbidity unit
NU nutrients
OR natural and other biodegradable organic matter
PA pathogens
PE pesticides
RAW raw water supply environmental value
RB LAP Renmark to border Local Action Planning area
RCMB Rural City of Murray Bridge
REC recreational environmental value
RW LAP Riverland West Local Action Planning area
SA salinity
SADHS South Australian Department of Human Services
SAMDB South Australian Murray–Darling Basin
SA Water South Australia Water Corporation
SOP standard operating procedure
SS suspended solids
STEDS septic tank effluent disposal scheme
TU turbidity
u/s upstream
USE Upper South East
Water Quality EPP Environment Protection (Water Quality) Policy 2003
WSUD water sensitive urban design
WTP water treatment plant
WWTP wastewater treatment plant
11

Executive Summary
The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality project was established
to help key stakeholders—Environment Protection Authority (EPA), SA Water and the South Australian
Murray–Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board (SAMDB NRMB) with an interest in catchment
management to prioritise actions to best mitigate water quality risks.
A qualitative screening risk assessment approach was used to prioritise risks at a broad catchment scale.
The risk assessment used concepts and methods developed specifically for the study (see companion
report, River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Introduction and
methods) following a successful trial of the risk assessment concepts and methods in the
Mannum–Mypolonga area.
The following local action planning (LAP) areas were used as the study consultation regions: Renmark to
border, Berri–Barmera, Loxton-Bookpurnong, Riverland West, Mid Murray, Mannum to Wellington, Goolwa
to Wellington, and Coorong District. Workshops conducted in each LAP area gained community-based
information on the nature and location of water quality hazards (eg stormwater outlets, flood-irrigated
areas, horticulture areas, septic tanks, informal camping areas, vessel moorings/marinas).
Several significant facets (environmental values) of the River Murray and Lower Lakes need protection
from pollution and management of overall water quality. The environmental values considered in this
project were:
• aquatic ecosystem health
• raw water supply
• recreational (including aesthetics).
Qualitative measures of the likelihood and consequence of an event occurring to release a stressor (a
potential water quality contaminant: pathogens, turbidity, nutrients, heavy metals, organic matter,
pesticides, salinity) were used to calculate a level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) to the
environmental values. Some assessments were based on detailed knowledge and others on limited
knowledge; the certainty associated with each assessed risk was documented to indicate reliability of
the results. Results were catalogued and displayed using a GIS database.
A total of 928 different hazards to water quality were identified. Results are presented in separate
chapters for each of the LAP areas. Priority risks to each environmental value were identified and these
are the areas of more detailed investigation during Stage III of the project.
Management options and recommendations were proposed based on the outcomes of the risk assessment.
Both specific risk management options and broader regional strategies were proposed. The potential
management actions were categorised as capital or on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring,
policy, research requirements or compliance. The relevant stakeholders for the implementation of each
mitigation option were identified as a basis for consultation and negotiation on future management of
risks. Some works are already underway to mitigate priority risks. The risk assessment process was
designed to be iterative and ongoing, with the database updated as required.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
1 Introduction
The River Murray and Lower Lakes areas are intrinsically important as ecosystems, state drinking water
supply sources, and recreational and tourism resources. Thus water quality management in the
Murray–Darling Basin is important for the whole of South Australia. Numerous pressures affect the water
quality and sustainability of the River Murray and Lower Lakes but a lack of integrated information
makes strategic development to protect and improve water quality difficult.
1.1 Study purpose
The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality project was designed to
engage and provide information to a wide range of interested people and organisations on the sources of
water quality risks within the River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment in South Australia.
The major objectives of the project were to:
• identify the nature and location of hazards that present a potential risk to water quality by consulting
and engaging with community and other stakeholders
• develop a qualitative high-level understanding of those hazards and their risk to water quality using a
risk assessment approach and GIS
• identify potential solutions to mitigate these risks, including on-ground action and capital works,
investigations and enforcement, monitoring, education and awareness raising
• identify gaps in the knowledge and resources required to support the full implementation of
mitigation strategies.
The risk assessment project partners, the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources
Management Board (SAMDB NRMB), Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and SA Water, have a direct
interest in River Murray water quality, and will use the information gathered to develop management
strategies. The SAMDB NRMB also has the important role of managing the region’s investment strategy.
More specifically, the outcomes from the project will:
• provide partner and other agencies with a solid foundation of baseline information to aid future
decision-making and investment strategies
• identify opportunities to work with managers of high-risk activities to proactively address these risks
• provide information for and guidance to the SAMDB NRMB on investment priorities for the water
quality program to achieve the greatest benefits to the River Murray resource
• assist the EPA to identify compliance and licensing requirements, and educational needs, and prepare
business plans
• provide input to SA Water’s risk management framework and water quality improvement strategies
• inform the local action planning (LAP) network along the river to help community-level risk mitigation
strategies and funding submissions.
15

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
1.2 Content of this report
Risks to water quality were assessed for the entire 640 km length of the River Murray, Lower Lakes and
Coorong in South Australia. This report presents the risk assessment results for eight LAP areas which
were used as the study consultation regions (Figure 1.1):
• Renmark to border
• Berri to Barmera
• Loxton to Bookpurnong
• Riverland West
• Mid Murray
• Mannum to Wellington
• Goolwa to Wellington
• Coorong District.
Consultation and reporting for the Berri-Barmera and Loxton-Bookpurnong LAP areas, and for the
Goolwa-Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas, were combined for efficiency of consultation: the two
Riverland LAP areas span either side of the river in a similar area, and the Lower Lakes and Coorong
areas spanned either side of the lakes. Hence this report has six LAP area results chapters, followed by a
chapter summarising these results and providing further discussion on potential management strategies
in the context of the entire study area.
A series of maps showing the risks to water quality for each environmental value is included on the
attached DVD. Key maps for each LAP area and each environmental value have been included in this
report as well as on the DVD to help locate particular maps of interest. Figure 1.2 is a guide for
interpreting the maps.
1.3 Brief description of method
A qualitative screening risk assessment approach was used to prioritise risks at a broad catchment scale.
For information on the methods used to derive the results contained in this report and interpretation of
maps see River Murray and Lower Lakes Catchment Risk Assessment for Water Quality: Introduction and
Methods.
Several significant facets (environmental values) of the river need protection from pollution and
management for overall water quality. The environmental values, which are the endpoints to which risk
is assessed, considered in this risk assessment project were:
• aquatic ecosystem health
• raw water supply 1
• recreational (including aesthetics).
For the purposes of the risk assessment, zones were created relating to where the different
environmental values were considered important 2 . The study identified and categorised sources of
potential harm (hazards) that pose a risk to water quality in these zones. Some examples of hazards
include stormwater outlets, flood-irrigated areas, horticulture areas, septic tanks and marinas. Each
1 Relates to the suitability of water for supply to a drinking water treatment plant
2 Aquatic ecosystem zones were established along the whole study area, raw water supply zones around the drinking
water offtakes, and recreational zones at the high-use recreational areas.
16

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
hazard requires a process (event) to create a risk to the water quality of the river (eg rainfall event,
pump discharge, accidental spillage). The event releases a potential water quality contaminant (stressor)
that could affect environmental values (eg nutrients, heavy metals). The stressors considered in the
current study are shown in Table 1.1 along with their potential effects on aquatic ecosystem, raw water
supply and recreational environmental values. Water quality risks were identified and categorised as very
high, high, moderate or low, based on the likelihood of the event and consequences (on environmental
values) that might flow from it. Some assessments were based on detailed knowledge and others on
limited knowledge, so the certainty associated with each assessed risk was documented to indicate the
reliability of the results and need for additional information.
The information collected in this report is not necessarily a complete set of hazards that pose a risk to
water quality. The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality project
was designed to be a ‘living database’, and risks will be added, deleted or modified as further
information becomes available.
Figure 1.1 Map showing LAP areas along the River Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong
17

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 1.1 Stressors and their potential effect on environmental values*
18
Stressor Environmental value
Salinity (SA) Can decrease species
diversity and health
Pathogens (PA)
eg E coli, Giardia,
Cryptosporidium
Nutrients (NU)
eg phosphorus and
nitrogen compounds
Turbidity (TU) ✝
suspended solids
Heavy metals (HM)
eg arsenic, lead,
zinc, copper
Natural and other
biodegradable organic
matter (OR)
eg oils, leaves, hair,
dissolved organic
carbon
Hydrocarbons (HY)
eg fuels, diesel
Pesticides (PE)
eg insecticides,
fungicides
Aquatic ecosystem Raw water supply Recreational use
Predominantly water
taste implication
Not applicable Potential health
Contributes to algal
growth/blooms that can
lead to reduced DO
levels and fish kills;
ammonia can be toxic to
biota
Changes optical
properties, affects
photosynthesis, smothers
habitats
Potential toxicant; may
bioaccumulate in some
species
Breakdown leads to
reduction in DO which
can result in fish kills;
breakdown may also
release nutrients and
subsequently increase
algal growth
Toxic; affects surfacedwelling
organisms
Toxic; may
bioaccumulate
implications
Contributes to algal
growth/blooms which can
cause taste and odour
issues; nitrate may be
toxic at high levels
(>10 mg/L)
Increases cost of water
treatment (filtration,
coagulation)
Potential health
implications for certain
metals (eg arsenic)
Increases cost of
treatment, increases
chlorine demand,
responsible for byproduct
formation during
disinfection
Health and treatment
system implications
Not applicable
Potential health
implications
Contributes to algal
growth/blooms, which
can be toxic and a skin
irritant, and can affect
visual clarity of the
water
Changes optical
properties, limits
visual clarity
Health implications
from skin contact at
high concentrations
Aesthetics at high
concentrations
Health implications,
aesthetics
Health implications Health implications
from skin contact at
high concentrations
* Shaded cells are stressors considered as part of the risk assessment for a particular environmental
value; other stressors not applicable (would not affect a particular environmental value) or not
considered to occur or be applicable in current project
✝
Assessment of turbidity includes suspended solids (SS) within the water column; loss of clarity
within the column caused by larger-sized SS particles is temporary as they settle out
DO—dissolved oxygen

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Hazards are displayed on a separate series of maps for each environmental value (aquatic
ecosystem, raw water, and recreation and aesthetics).
Each hazard has a unique 'GEOCODE' (a descriptive reference code) denoting the relevant
LAP region, unique hazard number and event type code. For example, MW00171B describes
an event discharge (Event Type B) from hazard number 171 in the Mannum to Wellington
(MW) LAP area.
Map representation of hazards and their corresponding water quality risks is shown in the
example below.
Each column
represents a
different water
quality stressor
and the height of
the column
denotes the level
of risk
(see key)
STRESSORS
NUTRIENTS
TURBIDITY
ORGANICS
HEAVY METALS
PESTICIDES
HYDROCARBONS
SALINITY
VERY HIGH
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
LEVEL OF RISK
Figure 1.2 Guidelines for interpreting maps (on attached DVD)
GEOCODE
Symbol for
hazard type
19

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
2 Renmark to border LAP area assessment
2.1 Description of the area
The Renmark to border Local Area Planning (RB LAP) area, of approximately 170,500 hectares, is located
in the South Australian Riverland (Figure 2.1), in the District Council of Renmark Paringa. Major towns are
Renmark, Paringa and Lyrup. The LAP area encompasses a significant expanse of backwaters to the river
proper, most of which are accessible for recreational use (eg canoeing, boating).
20
Figure 2.1 Map of Renmark to border LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Land and groundwater salinisation is a major problem in the area, largely the legacy of historical
vegetation clearance in the regional catchment. The salinisation problem has been exacerbated in some
locations by irrigation creating a ‘groundwater mound’ and increasing saline groundwater flows to the
floodplain and river. Large areas of the Renmark region, currently used for viticulture and citrus
horticulture, employ drip and/or under-canopy irrigation practices that are generally much more water
efficient than historical flood irrigation methods3 . Much of the irrigation drainage is now collected in
caissons and pumped to regional disposal basins (eg Noora; DWLBC 2003b), where evaporation delays
seepage back into the groundwater or the river. The Renmark Irrigation Trust controls most inland water
licences in this area; the Central Irrigation Trust (CIT) also operates in the Chaffey Irrigation Area.
Generally, water quality within the RB LAP area is fair compared to the lower reaches of the river (EPA
2001a). Monitoring is carried out regularly on a wide range of parameters across the border in Victoria
(at Rufus River) and just downstream of Renmark (at Lock 5). SA Water also monitors some water quality
parameters at the Renmark Water Treatment Plant (WTP) off-take. The ‘run of the river’ and other
salinity surveys (by DWLBC) have identified areas of the river receiving large salt inputs from
groundwater (eg Chowilla area). It is also anticipated that a large quantity of salt currently trapped in
floodplain sediment will enter the river if the area floods in the future (CSIRO 2003). In terms of this
project’s framework, saline groundwater inputs were quite difficult to define for a precise hazard
location, as they diffuse into the river to varying degrees along its whole length. Specific salinity risks
that could be attributed to defined source locations (eg large horticultural areas, saline creek/drainage
discharges) are included in this report.
Dissolved nutrient (oxidised nitrogen and phosphate) and E coli levels were on average much lower in the
RB reach of the river than the Lower Murray (EPA 2001a). Total heavy metal levels at monitoring stations
in this LAP area were generally at a low level, with pesticides generally at, or below, detection levels.
Turbidity levels in the river are elevated from where the river enters South Australia to its mouth (EPA
2001a). This is significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has a high clay
colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988).
2.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the
river, a total of 38 zones in the RB LAP area.
Raw water supply zones
Three raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable
water off-take) were identified in the RB LAP area:
3 While water use efficiency based around low rate water application systems is growing, an apparent accumulation
of salt in the root zone of the irrigated crop is increasing.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RBRAW001 Renmark and Paringa water supply off-take—Renmark WTP supplies Renmark and a
pipeline under the river delivers water to the Paringa system.
RBRAW002 Lyrup water supply—this private system operated by the Lyrup Village Association
combines the off-take for raw drinking water and irrigation water.
RBRAW003 Cooltong water supply off-take—located in Ral Ral Creek, this system supplies Cooltong,
Monash and Glossop, and shares the off-take with the CIT.
Recreational zones
Seven recreational zones were identified in the RB LAP area:
RBREC001 Chowilla and surrounds (21 km long)
RBREC002 Headings Cliff to Woolenook Bend (5 km long)
RBREC003 Ninkle Nook Bend (2.9 km long)
RBREC004 Renmark and surrounds (16.5 km long)
RBREC005 Plush’s Bend and surrounds (1.4 km long)
RBREC006 Lyrup Flats National Park (11.5 km long)
RBREC007 Coolaltit Bend to LAP boundary (4 km long).
2.3 Hazard identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Renmark to border LAP
office, District Council of Renmark Paringa, DWLBC, Renmark Irrigation Trust, Murray Darling Association
and Renmark River Cruises. The workshop identified the nature and location of potential water quality
hazards and recreation zones, and provided useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation
process.
2.4 Risks to water quality in the Renmark to border area
Frequency of hazard types
A total of 141 hazards were identified in the Renmark to border LAP area. The highest frequency hazards
were stormwater discharge points, diesel pump fuel stores, vessel moorings, informal camping areas
(with no facilities), horticulture areas, and creeks and rivers (Figure 2.2).
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
Figure 2.3 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the RB LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
22

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Number of hazards
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Chemical Store
Ferry
Landfill
Marina
Refuelling Facility
Slipway
Transport Infrastructure
Wastewater Disposal Area
Drainage Disposal Site
Industry
Figure 2.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, RB LAP area
Figure 2.3 Example of hazard in the RB LAP area: irrigated horticultural area
Petrol Station
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Wetland/Lagoon
Toilets/Septic Tanks
Wastewater Infrastructure
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Creek/River
Horticulture
Informal Camping
Vessel Mooring(S)
Fuel Store
Stormwater Infrastructure
23

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
24
Note: shaded maps included on attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 2.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, RB LAP area
Each hazard was assessed for relevant water quality stressors (eg stormwater for nutrients, turbidity,
organic matter, heavy metals and hydrocarbons). The summary of identified risks to aquatic ecosystem
health for water quality stressors (Table 2.1) shows that nutrients have the highest frequency, followed
by organic matter, turbidity, hydrocarbons, pesticides, salinity and heavy metals. Most risks were rated
as low (173) or moderate (198) but a significant number of high-level (13) risks were recorded.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, RB LAP area
Stressor
Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 16 34 19 6 39 44 15 173
Moderate 65 24 61 16 2 16 14 198
High 3 1 3 0 0 0 6 13
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 84 59 83 22 41 60 35 384
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The aquatic ecosystem risks identified in the RB LAP area are summarised in Table 3 and discussed in
more detail below for each stressor.
Salinity
Discharges from the Pike River were assigned a very high risk ranking as significant salinity increases
were observed where it enters the main stem of the river (and continue for several kilometres
downstream). The Pike-Mundic river system receives significant inputs of irrigation drainage from
Simarloo and Pike irrigation areas. Chowilla and Ral Ral creeks were assessed as high salinity risks.
Chowilla Creek drains a major backwater system to the north and currently discharges about 30 tonnes
of salt per day to the river. Ral Ral Creek receives irrigation drainage from Chaffey irrigation area and
also drains a backwater system. Event discharges from these other creeks were also rated as a
moderate-high risk as salt (currently trapped in floodplains and wetlands) could be mobilised and flushed
into the river proper. The ecological impact of salinity from discharges to the river is somewhat
uncertain as salinity levels have historically been variable (MDBC 1988).
Groundwater leakage from large horticultural/irrigation areas (Murtho, Chaffey, Simarloo, Renmark,
Paringa, Pike) adjacent to the river made up most of the other moderate-high salinity risk ratings, and a
pumped drainage discharge to Ral Ral Creek from Chaffey irrigation district also received a high-risk
rating. Large areas of irrigated horticultural land adjacent to the river in the Renmark to Border LAP
area are predominantly used to grow citrus fruit and grapes.
Bookmark and Nelwart creeks were noted as moderate risks during event discharges (large rainfall events
and/or artificial flooding). They may receive irrigation drainage input from Renmark irrigation area and
other catchment sources. Flows in and out of Bookmark Creek are regulated, with maximum salinity
targets set for the discharge.
Event discharges from wetlands (Whirlpool Corner, Mundic Creek, Templeton) also presented a lowmoderate
salinity risk. Basic monitoring has recently been conducted at Templeton wetlands as part of
the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey 4 .
Several management strategies are already in place or planned to reduce the effects of salinity on the
river, and floodplain and wetland vegetation. Several district schemes operate to collect and pump
irrigation drainage water to regional disposal basins.
4 See the website
25

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Drainage water from the Disher Creek and Berri basins is pumped to the large Noora drainage disposal
basin, where it is unlikely this water will return to the river for a very long period of time (DWLBC
2003b). Over the last 20 years rehabilitation of irrigation systems and improved practices has also
reduced the volume of irrigation drainage to the river. Initiatives planned or being enacted include:
• management of Chowilla wetland, including monitoring of artificial flushing effects
• implementation of Pike River and Murtho land and water management plans, and feasibility of a salt
interception scheme for Pike irrigation area
• construction of the Murtho salt interception scheme
• water quality investigations for Ral Ral Creek.
Nutrients
Several large horticulture areas (Murtho, Chaffey, Simarloo, Renmark, Paringa, Lyrup, Pike) received a
high-risk ranking for leakage of nutrients through groundwater to the river as did some rivers and creeks
(Ral Ral Creek, Pike River) that receive irrigation drainage and are permanently connected to the river.
The disposal of drainage on the floodplain from Lyrup irrigation area was also assessed as a high risk.
Several other horticultural areas received a moderate risk ranking. There was some uncertainty to these
assessments due to a lack of monitoring data (other than for salt). The large-scale saline inputs that
have been noted from this region led to the assumption that nutrients (in particular nitrate) would also
be a significant input. Elevated levels have been reported under irrigation areas in other areas of South
Australia (eg Northern Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a).
Greywater and blackwater discharges from vessel mooring locations were identified as a moderate
nutrient risk as were accidental spillages from river vessel waste disposal stations (Customs House, Lock
6 Road and Renmark). The likelihood of deliberate blackwater discharge in this region seems lower than
in other stretches of the river where there are long distances between some waste disposal stations
(50–100 km).
The Renmark stormwater point discharges were generally categorised as moderate risks. One (Renmark
Ave) discharges directly to the river, while the others initially discharge into backwaters or lagoons
before entering the river. Old River Creek (receives urban stormwater discharges from Renmark) was
rated as a moderate risk for event discharges of nutrients. Several management systems (including
wetlands and end-of-line pollutant arrestors) have been installed in Renmark and stormwater
infrastructure has been upgraded at 6 of the 13 discharge points, including retention basins in two
smaller catchments. A gross pollutant trap (GPT) is installed on the largest catchment discharge point at
Renmark Avenue but GPTs only trap a portion of debris and larger sediments; many contaminants, such
as hydrocarbons and heavy metals, would still reach the river. A stormwater management strategy exists
for Renmark and Paringa (Brown and Root 2001).
Septic tank systems in several locations adjacent to the river were rated as a moderate nutrient risk due
to a likelihood of leakage from these systems. The density of septic tank distribution is not as high in
this LAP area as in some other however the septic tanks near Lock 5 Road are ageing. The Renmark and
Paringa STEDS lagoons located on the floodplain very close to the Bookmark Creek and Mundic river
backwater respectively were given a moderate risk ranking for infrastructure failure. Both have been
noted to be periodically failing and/or overflowing which is of concern. A winery that irrigates
wastewater adjacent to Bookmark Creek was also given a moderate risk ranking.
Discharges from creeks and wetlands contributed to other moderate nutrient risks, particularly from
Whirlpool Corner wetland (one of the few permanent wetlands in the region), and Chowilla, Ral Ral,
Bookmark and Nelwart creeks. Event discharges from these sources had a lower likelihood but a higher
consequence than ‘normal’ (dry weather) discharges. The degree to which pollutants are flushed out of
wetlands or lagoons during significant rainfall events or floods is uncertain.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Organic matter
Moderate-high organic matter risks were attributed to horticultural areas but this assessment is
somewhat uncertain (most groundwater monitoring data pertained to salinity). The large horticultural
areas noted above and Lyrup drainage disposal areas were given high-risk rankings.
Stormwater discharges, leakage from smaller horticultural areas, vessel and creek discharges, septic tank
leakage and the Paringa STEDS lagoons were assessed as a moderate risk for organic matter. In general,
the moderate risk ranking for these hazards was derived from high likelihood but low consequence.
Turbidity
The high level of turbidity in the river coming into South Australia makes additional turbidity impacts on
the aquatic ecosystem less likely than in many other waterbodies. The few moderate sources of turbidity
risk identified were predominantly stormwater and creek or river event discharges.
Most turbidity risks were classified as low. Ferry decks were identified as a low turbidity risk, as
sweeping and collection of material from ferry decks is the current preferred method for cleaning
(though some ferry decks are still washed down). The Department for Transport, Energy and
Infrastructure (DTEI) is currently identifying ferry cleaning and contaminant detainment systems that
could be implemented on new ferries.
Hydrocarbons
Urban stormwater from the township of Renmark contributed to moderate hydrocarbon risks. The
cumulative risk of these stormwater discharges within a relatively small spatial area is of concern.
Other low hydrocarbon risks included accidental spills of diesel fuel from the motors and fuel tanks of
irrigation and stock water pumps. In particular, large stores in the northern region (eg Coombool) pose a
risk to the immediately adjacent creek systems.
Heavy metals
Groundwater leakage from the horticultural areas to the river was considered a low-moderate heavy
metal risk. There was a lack of certainty to this assessment but groundwater contamination for metals
such as cadmium and zinc has been reported under irrigation areas in other areas of South Australia (eg
Northern Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a).
Moderate-risk sources of heavy metals included stormwater discharge points in Renmark. Urban
stormwater typically contains a significant amount of heavy metals (eg lead, copper, zinc) during the
first flush period. Although the risk was classed as moderate, these metals are likely to be mostly in
particulate form (therefore not immediately bioavailable or toxic) but may be accumulating in the
immediate vicinity of stormwater outfalls. Wash-off from the Jane Eliza slipway was also classified as a
moderate risk hazard for heavy metals due to the likely blasting of metal containing paints (eg vessel
exterior and antifouling).
Pesticides
Pesticide use is widespread in the area for horticulture but the risk was assessed as moderate (Murtho,
Chaffey, Simarloo, Renmark, Paringa, Lyrup, Pike) to low (smaller irrigation areas). Discharges from
Chowilla and Ral Ral creeks and the Pike River were also assessed as a moderate risk. Both these
assessments were not certain as there was no direct monitoring data obtained for drainage from these
areas. The water quality monitoring data for the region (eg SA Water data for Renmark) typically shows
undetectable levels. Pesticide use is regulated through the National Registration Scheme for agricultural
and veterinary chemicals (EPA 2003d).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.2. Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, RB LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
28
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
CHEMICAL STORE
RB038C Irrigation pump, Templeton ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2
CREEK/RIVER
RB005A Chowilla Creek DISCHARGE high 2 mod 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 0 0 v high 3
RB005B Chowilla Creek EVENT DISCHARGE high 2 high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 0 0 high 3
RB007A Creek (adj Dix cutting) DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
RB007B Creek (adj Dix cutting) EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
RB014A Big Hunchee Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
RB014B Big Hunchee Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
RB019A Ral Ral Creek DISCHARGE high 2 mod 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 0 0 high 2
RB019B Ral Ral Creek EVENT DISCHARGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 0 0 mod 2
RB024B Creek (backwater of Old River) EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
RB054B Bookmark Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 mod 3 mod 2 low 2 0 0 mod 3
RB065A Pike River DISCHARGE v high 2 mod 2 v high 2 mod 2 mod 2 0 0 v high 2
RB065B Pike River EVENT DISCHARGE high 2 high 2 high 2 high 2 mod 2 0 0 high 2
RB080A Old River Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 high 2
RB080B Old River Creek EVENT DISCHARGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
RB081B Nelwart Island Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 0 0 mod 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RB041A Irrigation discharge, Chaffey irrigation district DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 high 2
RB082B Irrigation drainage disposal site, Lyrup LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
FERRY
RB060B Ferry, Lyrup EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 3
RB060C Ferry, Lyrup ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
FUEL STORE
RB029C Pump fuel store, Coombool Station ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB032C Pump fuel store, north of Bunyip Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB090C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Kangara Foods ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB091C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Dix cutting ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB092C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Chowilla Station ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB093C Pump fuel store—domestic, Ral Ral Creek ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RB094C Pump fuel store—domestic, Calperum Station ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB095C Pump fuel store—domestic, Pike backwater ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB096C Pump fuel store—domestic, Chowilla Station ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB097C Pump fuel store—domestic, Woolshed ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB098C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Bulyong Creek ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB099C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Old River billabong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB100C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Old River billabong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
RB008L Horticulture, near Wiela LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
RB012L Horticulture, Murtho irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB013L Horticulture, Chaffey irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB039L Horticulture, Warwilla LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
RB057L Horticulture, Simarloo irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB073L Horticulture, Paringa irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB118L Horticulture, Renmark irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB119L Horticulture, near Lock 6 LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
RB120L Horticulture, Pike irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RB121L Horticulture, Lyrup irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 2
INDUSTRY
RB085D Winery, EPA Lic #1257—Angoves INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB086D Winery, EPA Lic #1197—Renmano INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 1 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
RB002G Recreation area, Customs House HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB011G Recreation area, Murtho Forest HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB016G Recreation area, Lindner's HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB025G Informal camping, d/s Lock 5 HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB053G Informal camping, u/s of Nelwart Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB059G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats National Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB063G Informal camping, Lyrup (d/s ferry) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB066G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats National Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RB089G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
LANDFILL
RB067B Cleanfill area, top of Pike River EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 3
MARINA
RB018Q Marina, Jane Eliza MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
30
SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
PETROL STATION
RB050C Petrol station—SAFF, Paringa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB050L Petrol station—SAFF, Paringa LEAKAGE low 2
RB077C Petrol station—BP, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB077L Petrol station—BP, Renmark LEAKAGE low 2
RB078C Petrol stations, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
REFUELLING FACILITY
RB001C Refuelling, Customs House ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
RB070H Slipway, Jane Eliza WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RB023B Stormwater discharge, Old River (Patey Dr), Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 1 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB101B Stormwater discharge, Ninth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB102B Stormwater discharge, Tenth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB103B Stormwater discharge, Twelfth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB104B Stormwater discharge, James Ave, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB105B Stormwater discharge, Renmark Ave EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB106B Stormwater discharge, Para St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB107B Stormwater discharge, Pyap St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB108B Stormwater discharge, Tapio St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB109B Stormwater discharge, Tolarno St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB110B Stormwater discharge, Twentieth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB111B Stormwater discharge, Twentyfirst St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB112B Stormwater discharge, Renmark West EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
RB113B Stormwater discharge, Jane Eliza, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RB006L Septic tanks, Woolshed LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RB027L Septic tanks, Lock 5 bend LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RB035L Septic tanks, Chowilla Homestead LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RB058L Septic tanks, near Lyrup Heights LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RB068L Septic tanks, Lyrup LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
RB049C Bridge, Paringa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 1

SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
RB010S Recreation area, Lock 6 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB036S Boat ramp, Wilkadene VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB042S Recreation area, Wynne Haven VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB045S Bank erosion, Riverbend Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB052S Recreation area, Plush's Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB072S Recreation area, Pine View VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB074S Bank erosion, Riverfront Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB075S Recreation area, Riverfront Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB084S Boat ramp, Sandy Beach VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RB003R Houseboats, Customs House VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB040R Houseboats, Ninkle Nook backwater VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB043R Houseboats, Kylie Island VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 mod 2 low 2
RB047R Houseboats, Reedy Creek VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB048R Houseboats, u/s of Paringa VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB051R Houseboats, d/s of Dix Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB061R Houseboats, Lyrup (opposite ferry) VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB062R Houseboats, Lyrup (d/s ferry) VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB071R Houseboats, Pine View VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB117R Houseboats, u/s of Lyrup VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
RB004C River vessel waste disposal, Customs House ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 3 low 2 low 3
RB009C River vessel waste disposal, Lock 6 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RB046C River vessel waste disposal station, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
RB085L Winery, EPA Lic #1257—Angoves LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RB017D STEDS infrastructure, Jane Eliza INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
RB020D STEDS lagoon, EPA Lic #2208—Renmark INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 mod 2
RB045D STEDS infrastructure, Riverbend Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
RB055D Pipeline under river to Noora INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 3 mod 2 low 1 mod 3
RB079D STEDS lagoon, EPA Lic #2053—Paringa INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 mod 2
RB083D STEDS infrastructure, Riverfront Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
32
PE HY SA
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
WETLAND/LAGOON
RB114B Wetland, Templeton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
RB115A Wetland, Whirlpool Corner DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RB115B Wetland, Whirlpool Corner EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB116B Wetland, Mundic Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to raw water supplies
Figure 2.5 is the key map for risks to the raw water supply environmental value in the RB LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to raw water supplies
Figure 2.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, RB LAP area
33

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 2.3. The highest frequency of risks was for nutrients and organic matter, followed
by pathogens, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, turbidity, salinity and pesticides. All risks were rated as low
(55) or moderate (36).
Table 2.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, RB LAP area
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides;
HY hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The raw water supply risks identified in RB LAP area are summarised in Table 2.4 and discussed in more
detail below for each stressor.
Pathogens
A moderate pathogen risk from discharges from Ral Ral Creek, which discharges about 850 m upstream
of the Renmark off-take, was identified. There was uncertainty as to the pathogen levels in the creek (it
receives irrigation drainage and drains backwaters).
Jane Eliza marina (approximately one kilometre upstream of the Renmark off-take) received a moderate
risk ranking as it contains several houseboats with permanent residents. The risk related to regular
greywater discharges (sinks, showers, dishwashers) warrants further examination. The remainder of the
pathogen risks, including sources such marina and vessel discharges (eg mooring opposite the Lyrup ferry
and Jane Eliza marina), were ranked as low level. The three waste disposal stations in the LAP area
(Custom’s House, Lock 6 and Renmark) make the likelihood of deliberate blackwater discharge from
vessels low, as was the likelihood of wastewater reaching the off-take point.
The Ninth and Tenth Street stormwater discharges in Renmark are directly adjacent to the raw water offtake
and were classed as a moderate risk. The proximity of the Tenth Street discharge to the off-take(20
m) is of concern but the catchment is relatively small and mainly parklands. Runoff from the ferry at
Lyrup and stormwater discharges at Renmark also pose a low pathogen risk to raw off-takes.
Other sources of potential pathogen risk were popular recreation areas with no sanitation facilities,
particularly Lyrup Flats National Park, which extends for several kilometres along the river. It was rated
as a low risk because of its distance from the off-take (>12 km) but this ranking is uncertain, particularly
during high occupancies in peak holiday periods.
34
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 11 9 4 9 7 1 12 2
55
Moderate 3 6 5 6 6 4 2 4 36
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 14 15 9 15 13 5 14 6 91

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Nutrients
Leakage from Lyrup irrigation area onto the floodplain immediately upstream of the Lyrup raw water offtake
was assessed as a moderate nutrient risk. Uncertainty for the assessment came from a lack of
monitoring data on pollutants and volumes being discharged. The Ral Ral Creek event discharge was
identified as a moderate nutrient risk and algal blooms5 have been recorded in the past in this area. Risk
from the creek was assessed as a point source but also includes the risk from other moderately rated
hazards such as groundwater leakage from the large Renmark and Chaffey irrigation districts. Chaffey has
a direct drainage discharge to Ral Ral Creek, which was assigned a moderate risk although a lack of
monitoring data made the assessment uncertain. Algal blooms have also occurred in Jane Eliza lagoon
but are infrequent and do not regularly outflow to the river.
The Ninth and Tenth Street stormwater discharges in Renmark were also classed as a moderate risk (see
pathogens above). Hazards posing low nutrient risks included vessel and stormwater discharges, septic
tanks at the Lyrup township and informal camping facilities.
Organic matter
Organic matter risk sources were similar to those for nutrients (moderate risk for leakage from Ral Ral
Creek, Renmark, Chaffey and Lyrup irrigation districts, and drainage discharge from Chaffey and Lyrup).
The Ninth and Tenth Street stormwater discharges in Renmark were also classed as a moderate risk for
the reasons noted above.
Hydrocarbons and heavy metals
Ral Ral Creek was identified as a moderate heavy metal risk during rainfall event discharges, as was
leakage and drainage disposal from the Renmark, Chaffey and Lyrup irrigation areas. No monitoring data
was obtained to confirm this assessment but elevated levels have been reported under irrigation areas
elsewhere in South Australia (eg Northern Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a). The Ninth and Tenth Street
stormwater discharges in Renmark were also classed as a moderate risk for the reasons noted above and
the possibility of deliberate or accidental spills in the catchment area. Low-level hydrocarbon and heavy
metal risks came from other Renmark stormwater discharges and the Lyrup vehicle ferry (runoff and
spills).
Salinity
A moderate salinity risk was assigned to the drainage disposal (onto floodplain) from Lyrup irrigation area
immediately upstream of the Lyrup off-take. This may be masked somewhat by Pike River discharges
further upstream. Moderate salinity risks were assigned to the Ral Ral Creek discharge, Renmark and
Chaffey irrigation areas, drainage discharge (into Ral Ral Creek) from Chaffey irrigation area.
Pesticides
The low pesticide risk assigned for the Ral Ral Creek discharge and the irrigation areas (Renmark,
Chaffey, Lyrup) is supported by monitoring data showing generally undetectable pesticide levels at the
Renmark off-take.
Turbidity
The Ninth and Tenth Street stormwater discharges in Renmark were classed as a moderate turbidity risk
during rainfall events, as was Ral Ral Creek.
5 The cause of the algal blooms is unclear but several other factors (eg light, water temperature) may contribute in
addition to nutrient levels.
35

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, RB LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
36
SA
HY
HM PE
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU
CREEK/RIVER
RB019A Creek discharge, Ral Ral DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB019B Creek discharge, Ral Ral EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RB041A Irrigation discharge, Chaffey irrigation district DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB082L Irrigation drainage disposal site, Lyrup LEAKAGE mos 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
FERRY
RB060B Ferry, Lyrup EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3
RB060C Ferry, Lyrup ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
RB013L Horticulture, Chaffey irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB118L Horticulture, Renmark irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB121L Horticulture, Lyrup irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
RB059G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats National Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 3 low 2
RB063G Informal camping, Lyrup (d/s ferry) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
RB018Q Marina, Jane Eliza MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1 low 2
SLIPWAY
RB070H Slipway, Jane Eliza WASH DOWN low 3 low 2 low 3
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RB101B Stormwater discharge, Ninth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
RB102B Stormwater discharge, Tenth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
RB103B Stormwater discharge, Twelfth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
RB104B Stormwater discharge, James Ave, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
RB105B Stormwater discharge, Renmark Ave EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
RB113B Stormwater discharge, Jane Eliza, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RB068L Septic tanks, Lyrup LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RB061R Houseboats, Lyrup (opposite ferry) VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational use
Figure 2.6 is the key map for risks to the recreational environmental value in the RB LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to recreation
Figure 2.6 Key map for recreation zones, RB LAP area
Frequencies of identified risks to recreation for the various water quality parameters are summarised in
Table 2.5. The highest frequency of risks to recreational values was for pathogens, followed by nutrients,
turbidity and hydrocarbons. The majority of these risks (124) were assessed as low level, although a
significant number (69) of moderate-level risks were identified, mostly pathogen risks.
37

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.5 Frequency of risks to recreational values, RB LAP area
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; HY—hydrocarbons
The recreational risks identified in this LAP area are summarised in Table 2.6 and discussed in more
detail below for each stressor.
Pathogens
A large number (44) of moderate pathogen risks were identified relating to a number of different
hazards. Event discharges from creeks and rivers were assessed as a moderate risk, as were Renmark
urban stormwater event discharges. The actual risk could be lower as people would tend not to swim or
ski during or immediately following rainfall events. High-use recreational camping areas lacking
sanitation facilities (eg Lyrup area, downstream of Lock 5 and upstream of Nelwart Island) were also
classed as a moderate risk with community concern expressed as to widespread human excreta at these
sites following holiday periods. The Sustainable Recreation Strategy is currently prioritising recreation
sites along the River Murray and Lower Lakes for rehabilitation and/or additional recreation facilities
(Sustainable Recreation Project 2005). Septic tanks at Lyrup and Lock 5 road were identified as a
moderate risk, as were riverfront wastewater (STEDS) infrastructure.
Jane Eliza marina (approximately one kilometre upstream of the Renmark off-take) received a moderate
risk ranking primarily related to greywater discharges (sinks, showers, dishwashers). Most vessels were
noted to pump out effluent at the Renmark vessel waste disposal station; two or three pump out with a
contracted tanker. The risk of a vessel accidentally spilling sewage at the river vessel waste disposal
stations was also given a moderate risk ranking to recreational values.
Other moderate sources of pathogen risk include leakage from septic tanks (Lyrup township and houses
near Lock 5 bend) and infrastructure failure at a caravan park effluent/STEDS system leading to spillage
of effluent.
Nutrients
Several (9) hazards posing a moderate nutrient risk were identified including leakage from large
horticultural areas (Renmark, Paringa, Lyrup), Renmark stormwater inputs, discharges from creeks or
rivers (Big Hunchee, Ral Ral, Pike River) and vessels at Jane Eliza marina. The septic systems for the
dwellings on Lock 5 Road and in Lyrup were assessed as a moderate risk but there was some uncertainty
to the level of nutrient (in particular nitrate) leakage from these sites. Mundic Creek and Whirlpool
Corner wetland were rated as low nutrient risks, but it was noted that they are located in popular
swimming areas.
38
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 9 40 32 43
124
Moderate 44 9 15 1 69
High 0 0 0 0 0
Very high 0 0 0 0 0
Total 53 49 47 44 193

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Hydrocarbons
Several Renmark stormwater discharges and diesel fuel stores contribute to low risks to recreational
values. There is also a dry-dock area associated with the marina and a re-fuelling facility. Accidental fuel
spillage on the Lyrup ferry poses a moderate risk to recreation areas in the immediate vicinity.
Turbidity
Event discharges from creeks or rivers and stormwater discharges were ranked as moderate turbidity
risks to recreational values. However, people are unlikely to swim or ski during rainfall conditions so the
risk may be mainly to aesthetic values. Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in high-use recreation areas
was a common community concern. This was assessed as a low risk but its actual impact on recreational
values was difficult to quantify.
39

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, RB LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
40
HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
CREEK/RIVER
RB014A Big Hunchee Creek DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2
RB014B Big Hunchee Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
RB019A Ral Ral Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RB019B Ral Ral Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RB054B Bookmark Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 3
RB065A Pike River DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2
RB065B Pike River EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
RB080A Old River Creek DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2 low 2
RB080B Old River Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
RB081B Nelwart Island Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RB082L Irrigation area drainage disposal site, Lyrup LEAKAGE mod 2
FERRY
RB060B Ferry, Lyrup EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3
RB060C Ferry, Lyrup ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
FUEL STORE
RB032C Pump fuel store, north of Bunyip Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB098C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Bulyong Creek ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB099C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Old River billabong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RB100C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Old River billabong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
RB073L Horticulture, north of Paringa LEAKAGE mod 1
RB118L Horticulture, adj Renmark LEAKAGE mod 1
RB121L Horticulture, Lyrup irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 1
INFORMAL CAMPING
RB002G Recreation area, Customs House HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB011G Recreation area, Murtho Forest HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB016G Recreation area, Lindner's HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB025G Informal camping, d/s Lock 5 HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB053G Informal camping, u/s of Nelwart Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2

HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RB059G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats National Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB063G Informal camping, Lyrup (d/s ferry) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB066G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats National Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RB089G Informal camping, Lyrup Flats HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MARINA
RB018Q Marina, Jane Eliza MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 mod 3 low 2
PETROL STATION
RB050C Petrol station—SAFF, Paringa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB050L Petrol station—SAFF, Paringa LEAKAGE low 2
RB077C Petrol station—BP, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RB077L Petrol station—BP, Renmark LEAKAGE low 2
RB078C Petrol stations, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
REFUELLING FACILITY
RB001C Refuelling, Customs House ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
RB070H Slipway, Jane Eliza WASH DOWN low low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RB101B Stormwater discharge, Ninth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB102B Stormwater discharge, Tenth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB103B Stormwater discharge, Twelfth St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB104B Stormwater discharge, James Ave, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB105B Stormwater discharge, Renmark Ave EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB106B Stormwater discharge, Para St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB107B Stormwater discharge, Pyap St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB108B Stormwater discharge, Tapio St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
RB109B Stormwater discharge, Tolarno St, Renmark EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RB027L Septic tanks, Lock 5 bend LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RB068L Septic tanks, Lyrup LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
RB049C Bridge, Paringa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
RB010S Recreation area, Lock 6 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB042S Recreation area, Wynne Haven VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
41

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
42
HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
RB045S Bank erosion, Riverbend Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING
low 2 low 2
RB052S Recreation area, Plush's Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB072S Recreation area, Pine View VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB074S Bank erosion, Riverfront Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RB075S Recreation area, Riverfront Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RB003R Houseboats, Customs House VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
RB040R Houseboats, Ninkle Nook backwater VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
RB043R Houseboats, Kylie Island VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
RB047R Houseboats, Reedy Creek VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
RB048R Houseboats, u/s of Paringa VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
RB051R Houseboats, d/s of Dix Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
RB061R Houseboats, Lyrup (opposite ferry) VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 2 low 2
RB062R Houseboats, Lyrup (d/s ferry) VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 2 low 2
RB071R Houseboats, Pine View VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 2 low 2
RB117R Houseboats, u/s of Lyrup VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
RB004C River vessel waste disposal, Customs House ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RB009C River vessel waste disposal, Lock 6 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RB046C River vessel waste disposal station, Renmark ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RB045D STEDS infrastructure, Riverbend Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
RB083D STEDS infrastructure, Riverfront Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
RB115A Wetland, Whirlpool Corner DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
RB115B Wetland, Whirlpool Corner EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RB116B Wetland, Mundic Creek EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
2.5 Options for management of risks, RB LAP area
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the RB LAP area are shown in
Table 2.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring, compliance,
policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities will be examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
43

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 2.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, RB LAP area
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV
risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
44
Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capital on-ground
works
Activity Stressor EV
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
HIGH RISKS
SA Water, Renmark
Paringa Council,
DWLBC, Irrigation
trusts & irrigators, LAP
groups, EPA, SA Water
Investigate land uses
and catchment
drainage network in
more detail
Liaison and policy
development with
DWLBC re: water
efficiency and
drainage water
quality relationship
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Examine DWLBC
monitoring study
data for Ral Ral
Creek and other
systems where
available
Education on
sustainable
irrigation
practices
Pike/Murtho salt
interception scheme
funding and
implementation
ECO
SA
NU
OR
Creek/river discharges:
RAW
Ral Ral Creek
Chowilla Creek
Research risk from
Ral Ral Creek in more
detail and possible
mitigation action by
SA Water
Funding for
conversion to drip
irrigation systems
Chaffey irrigation
water diverted to
disposal basin rather
than directly to Ral
Ral Creek
Pike River
Monitoring of
artificial flooding
impacts at Chowilla
Old River Creek
*
*
*
*
Catchment water
quality modeling
Revegetation of
catchments and
creation of riparian
buffers
Irrigation trusts &
irrigators, LAP groups,
EPA, DWLBC
Review previous data
on contaminants
(nutrients, organic,
matter, pesticides) in
drainage water
Liaison and policy
development with
DWLBC re: water
efficiency and
drainage water
quality relationship
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitoring of
irrigation discharge
water and
groundwater
quality
Education on
sustainable
irrigation
practices
ECO Salt interception
scheme
implementation
(Pike/Murtho)
SA
NU
OR
Horticulture/irrigation
areas:
Murtho
Funding for
conversion to drip
irrigation systems
Chaffey irrigation
water diverted to
disposal basin rather
than directly to Ral
Ral Creek
Renmark
Catchment and
ground water quality
modeling,
incorporating
research into the
impact of diffuse
runoff
Paringa
Chaffey
Divert Lyrup irrigation
drainage off
floodplain
Pike Simarloo
Lyrup
*
*
*
*
*
*
SA Water to examine
more closely risks
arising from
discharge from Lyrup
irrigation area

Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Activity Stressor
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Capital on-ground
works
MODERATE RISKS
BIASA, Marina
owners/operators,
EPA, Planning SA,
DWLBC, SA Water
Research possible
effect of greywater
discharges (from
permanent vessels)
on the Renmark raw
water supply off-take
Marina planning
guidelines for new
marinas
Audit and enforce
Code of Practice
for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters and/or
licence
Monitoring of
nutrient levels in
marinas
Education of boat
owners on
appropriate waste
disposal
Marina, Jane Eliza NU
(mod
OR
PA)
Survey/audit how
often boats move
mooring locations
and frequency of
vessels who use a
contractor to pump
out blackwater
SA Water, EPA,
Renmark Paringa
Council
SA Water to examine
options for reducing
risk to off-take and
alternative options
for stormwater
detention
basins/wetlands
Contingency plan for
SA Water in case of a
large rain event or
spill in catchment
Auditing of
industries within
the catchment
Monitoring of
discharge quality
and effects on offtake
during rainfall
events (e.g.
turbidity spikes)
Currently has GPT
Additional treatment
required due to
proximity to off-take
such as diversion to a
retention basin
ECO
RAW
REC
PA
NU
TU
OR
HM
HY
Stormwater:
Ninth and Tenth
streets, Renmark (risk
to Renmark off-take)
CIT, EPA, SA Water
Investigate possible
effect on Cooltong
off-take
Enforce Water
Quality EPP (EPA
2003c) if required
Monitoring of
discharge water
quality and effect
on Ral Ral Creek
Chaffey irrigation
water diverted to
disposal basin rather
than directly to Ral
Ral Creek
ECO
RAW
SA
OR
NU
Chaffey drainage
disposal discharge
Renmark Paringa
Council, EPA
Research water
quality impacts in
more detail
Plan for necessary
upgrades
Audit and enforce
licence conditions
and/or Water
Quality EPP
ECO Upgrade system to
reduce risks and/or
move off flood plain
NU
OR
Wastewater/STEDS
lagoons
Paringa
Renmark
*
*
DWLBC, BIASA,
Houseboat Hirers
Association, Renmark
Paringa council
Surveys on station
use to determine if
the station and
disposal area
Auditing systems to
record numbers of
boats using the
stations
Education of
vessel users on
the operation of
stations
ECO
REC
NU
PA
River vessel waste
disposal stations:
Custom's House
capacity is
appropriate
Emergency
procedures in
place in the event
of station failure
Lock 6 Rd
Renmark
*
*
*
45

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
46
Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capital on-ground
works
Activity Stressor EV
Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Capacity building
BIASA, EPA, Renmark
Paringa council,
Houseboat Hirers
Association
Development of
affordable and
effective greywater
treatment systems
ECO
RAW
REC
Vessel mooring:
Introduce
requirement for all
houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to be
slipped and surveyed
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters
Monitoring of
greywater
discharge
concentrations
Education and
awareness of river
vessel users on
blackwater
disposal stations
and greywater
management
NU
OR
(mod
PA)
d/s Dix Park
Lyrup (opp ferry)
Survey/audit of
how often boats
move mooring
locations
Reedy Creek
Pine View
Customís House
Ninkle Nook
backwater
*
*
*
*
*
*
u/s of Lyrup
*
DWLBC
SA ECO Ensure pipeline is
appropriately
maintained,
reducing risk of
spillage
Pipeline under river to
Noora
DWLBC, EPA
Enforce Water
Quality EPP (EPA
2003c) if required
ECO Monitoring of water
quality entering
river
OR
SA
Creek discharge,
Bookmark
Renmark Paringa
council, EPA, SAMDB
NRMB, Department of
Health
Auditing and
enforce the Public
and Environmental
Health Act or
Water Quality EPP
if necessary
Monitoring on the
influence of septic
tank disposal
trenches on
groundwater
contamination
Education on the
importance of
regular auditing
and management
practices
Upgrade of systems to
STEDS or similar
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Toilet/septic tanks
systems
Lock 5 Rd
Lyrup
*
*
EPA
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Emergency
response
procedures in the
event of a spillage
ECO
REC
RAW
Slipway, Jane Eliza HM
HY
Waters. License if
required

Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Activity Stressor EV
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Capital on-ground
works
Renmark Paringa
Council, EPA, SAMDB
NRMB
Ensure applications
for development
take into account
effluent disposal
system capacity
Audit systems and
enforce licence
conditions and/or
Water Quality EPP
if required
Emergency
response
procedures in the
event of
pump/storage
failure
PA ECO
REC
STEDS:
Jane Eliza
Riverbend Cvan Pk
Riverfront Cvan Pk
*
*
*
Local council, EPA,
SAMDB NRMB
Investigate
treatment/reuse
alternatives
New developments
should be required
to incorporate
stormwater
management
systems (e.g.
retention basins and
wetlands) and use
water-sensitive
urban design
principles
Auditing of
industries within
the catchment
Monitoring of
discharge quality
Public education
on avoiding
pollution of the
stormwater
system
Treatment/reuse
alternatives (e.g.
before water enters
Bookmark Creek for
Renmark West
catchment)
ECO
REC
RAW
NU
TU
PA
HY
OR
HM
Stormwater:
Renmark West
Catchment water
quality modeling
Monitoring of water
quality in Jane
Eliza lagoon and its
outflow to river
20th St East,
Renmark
Various others
*
*
*
SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC,
EPA
Research required
assessing the
potential of wetlands
to discharge a pulse
of contaminants
following significant
rain events
Monitor water
quality of wetlands
ECO
REC
NU
TU
OR
SA
PA
Wetland:
Whirlpool Corner
Mundic Creek
*
*
Councils, Riverland
Tourism Association,
Sustainable Recreation
Project/MDA, campers,
EPA, Department of
Health, SA Water
Research whether
permit systems can
be introduced
Informal camping areas:
Lyrup Flats Nat Pk
and d/s ferry
Murtho Forest
Customs House
Lindner's
PA ECO Construction of Continual Survey of campsites Enforcing Public Implement
REC sanitation facilities education and looking at the Environmental Sustainable
*
RAW
signage for frequency of use Health Act or Recreation Strategy
campers is and density of Water Quality EPP (2005)
recommended to campers
if required
*
encourage
Designate camping
appropriate waste
sites that require
*
disposal
permits, allowing
greater control over
*
use
d/s Lock 5
* Limit access around
u/s of Nelwart Is off-takes
*
47

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
48
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capital on-ground
works
Activity Stressor EV
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
EPA, winery operators
ECO Enforcement of
licence conditions
NU
OR
Winery: EPA Lic #
1257—Angoves
Ensure wastewater
irrigation
practices are
sustainable and
relevant back-up
systems are
present
LOW LEVEL &
CUMULATIVE RISKS
EPA, Renmark Paringa
council, DWLBC
Any new storage
applications are
required to be
bunded
Presence of spill
kits and education
in their use
HY ECO Bunding of all stores
that pose a risk to the
river
Pump fuel stores
Irrigation, Bulyong Ck
Irrigation, Chowilla Stn
Irrigation, Old River
billabong
Stock watering,
Coombool Stn
EPA, station operators,
local councils
Research into
seepage of fuel from
underground storage
tanks
Auditing of fuel
storage tanks
Education on
emergency
response
procedures in the
event of a fuel
spill
Petrol stations HY ECO
REC
Presence of spill
kits
DTEI, Renmark Paringa
council
Infrastructure and HY ECO
Emergency
ferries:
RAW
response
procedures in
Bridge, Paringa
event of spill and
* presence of spill
Ferry, Lyrup kits
*

Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Activity Stressor EV
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Capital on-ground
works
Renmark Paringa
council, EPA, local
community
Investigate the use of
geo-textile bags on
the river bank
Possible monitoring
of effects on
turbidity and bank
erosion
Designate specific
zones for
recreation river
craft
TU ECO
Bank erosion due to
recreation:
REC
Riverbend Cvan Pk
Increase the
number of speed
restricted zones
Riverfront Cvan Pk
d/s of Heading's
Cliff
Lindnerís
*
*
*
*
49

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
3 Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP areas assessment
3.1 Description of the area
The Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong (BB & LB) Local Action Planning (LAP) areas are located in
the South Australian Riverland, approximately 220 kilometres north-east of Adelaide (Figure 3.1). The
boundaries are directly aligned with those of the Berri Barmera Council above the River Murray and part
of the Loxton Waikerie Council below. The LAP area north of the river (between the Lyrup ferry and
Overland Corner) includes the townships of Berri, Barmera, Glossop, Cobdogla, Winkie, Monash and
Gerard. South of the river the area includes Loxton, Moorook and Kingston-on-Murray.
Land and groundwater salinisation is a major problem in the area, largely the legacy of historical
vegetation clearance in the regional catchment. The problem has been exacerbated in some locations by
irrigated horticulture creating a ‘groundwater mound’ and increasing saline groundwater flows. Large
areas of the region are currently used for viticulture and citrus horticulture, which employ drip and/or
under-canopy irrigation (see Croucher 2005). Irrigation practices are much improved from historical
methods, although both natural and irrigation-induced groundwater flows are highly saline at both Berri
and Loxton. Often the river floodplain intercepts the salt load, which threatens floodplain health (AWE
2001a). The salt trapped on the floodplain may enter the river through natural or artificial flooding.
The BB & LB Local Action Planning Committees have identified water quality as a key issue in each of
their local action plans. The committees work with a number of other agencies on various programs to
help manage water quality in the region: water quality monitoring of Lake Bonney; stormwater
management in Berri, Barmera and Loxton; provision of education programs for irrigators to improve
irrigation practices and reduce drainage; revegetation initiatives and waste disposal upgrades.
Generally, water quality within the BB & LB LAP region is fair compared to the rest of the river (EPA
2001a). Regular monitoring is carried out on a wide range of parameters at Berri, Loxton and Lock 3. The
‘run of the river’ and other salinity surveys (by DWLBC) have identified areas of the river receiving large
salt inputs from groundwater (eg Gurra Gurra Lakes area) and modelled the impacts to the river and
floodplain (CSIRO 2003). In terms of this project’s framework, saline groundwater inputs were quite
difficult to define for a precise hazard location, as they diffuse into the river to varying degrees along its
whole length. Please refer to DWLBC ‘run of the river’ and ‘nano-TEM’ salinity monitoring data for
indications of the magnitude of these salt inputs and their impacts on river salinity. Specific salinity risks
that could be attributed to defined source locations (eg large horticultural areas, saline creek/drainage
discharges) are included in this report.
Dissolved nutrient (oxidised nitrogen and phosphate) and E coli levels are on average lower in this reach
of the river than in the Lower Murray (EPA 2001a). However, dissolved nutrients may be used rapidly by
algae and average Anabaena circinalis (blue-green algae) levels are often elevated at Lock 3. It has been
suggested that this is due to outflows from Watchel’s lagoon, which receives significant horticulture
drainage inputs (EPA 2001a). Total heavy metal readings recorded at the river monitoring stations in this
LAP area were generally at a low level and pesticides were generally at, or below, detection levels.
Some lagoons in the area (eg Watchel’s and Yatco) are also very saline (EPA 2001a). Turbidity levels are
high along the river’s whole South Australian length. They are significantly influenced by contributions
from the Darling River (which has a high clay colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988).
50

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 3.1 Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP areas
51

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
3.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the
river, a total of 39 zones in the BB & LB LAP areas.
Raw water supply zones
Six raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable
water off-take) were identified in the BB & LB LAP areas:
BLRAW001 Berri raw water off-take
BLRAW002 Loxton raw water off-take, which also supplies the townships of Noora, Pata and Taplan
BLRAW003 Gerard raw water off-take, a private system (ie not SA Water operated)
BLRAW004 Moorook raw water off-take (unfiltered)
BLRAW005 Barmera–Cobdogla raw water off-take, which supplies the townships of Cobdogla and
Barmera
BLRAW006 Kingston-on-Murray raw water off-take (unfiltered).
Recreation zones
Nine recreation zones were identified in the BB & LB LAP areas:
BLREC001 Berri and surrounds (9.8 km long)
BLREC002 Salt Creek discharge to Ajax Achilles Lake (2.5 km long)
RLREC003 Lock 4 (Bookpurnong) to Clarky’s (north) camping area (5.7 km long)
BLREC004 Rilli Reach camping area to Clarky’s (south) (4.3 km long)
BLREC005 Rilli Island and downstream (4.5 km long)
BLREC006 Loxton and surrounds (8 km long)
BLREC007 Forby’s Island (downstream of Pyap) (0.4 km long)
BLREC008 Yatco lagoon discharge to Kingston-on-Murray (16.4 km long)
BLREC009 Overland Corner and surrounds (6.9 km long).
3.3 Hazard identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Berri–Barmera and
Loxton–Bookpurnong LAP office, Berri Barmera and Loxton Waikerie local councils, Riverland Tourism
Association, Central Irrigation Trust, DWLBC, Murray Darling Association and Overland Corner wetland
programs. The workshop identified the nature and location of potential water quality hazards and
recreation zones, and provided useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation process.
52

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
3.4 Risks to water quality in the Berri–Barmera and Loxton–Bookpurnong
areas
A total of 143 hazards were identified in the BB & LB LAP areas. The highest frequency hazards were
informal camping areas (no sanitation facilities), horticulture drainage, wastewater infrastructure (eg
STEDS pumps), vessel launching facilities (boat ramps), toilets/septic tanks, and vessel moorings
(Figure 3.2).
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
Number of hazards
30
25
20
15
10
Figure 3.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, BB & LB LAP areas
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
5
0
Fuel Store
Slipway
Marina
Quarry
Animal Husbandry
Industry
Landfill
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Petrol Station
Figure 3.3 is the key map for the risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the BB & LB LAP
area. The attached CD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
The summary of identified risks to aquatic ecosystem health for the various water quality stressors (Table 3.1)
shows that nutrients have the highest frequency, followed by organic matter, turbidity, hydrocarbons and
salinity. Most of the risks were rated as low (233) or moderate (174), but a number of high-level (12)
risks were recorded.
Transport Infrastructure
Wetland/Lagoon
Creek/River
Stormwater Infrastructure
Drainage Disposal Site
Vessel Mooring(S)
Toilets/Septic Tanks
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Wastewater Infrastructure
Horticulture
Informal Camping
53

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
54
Note: shaded maps included on attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 3.3 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, BB & LB LAP areas

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 3.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, BB & LB LAP areas
Stressor
Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total risks
Low 52 37 51 1 41 39 12 233
Moderate 60 13 61 9 1 8 22 174
High 5 0 0 0 0 0 7 12
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 117 50 112 10 42 47 41 419
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The aquatic ecosystem risks identified in the BB & LB LAP area are summarised in Table 3.2 and
discussed in more detail below for each stressor.
Figure 3.4 Example of hazard in the BB & LB LAP areas: river vessel waste disposal station
55

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Salinity
Large areas of land adjacent to the river or backwaters are used for irrigated horticulture in the BB & LB
LAP area. Groundwater leakage from several horticultural areas (Overland Corner, Kingston, Loxton,
Cobdogla, Moorook and Berri) and lagoons (Yatco, Pyap, Watchel’s and Banrock) contributed most high
salinity risk ratings. Horticultural drainage is also a large contributor (along with regional groundwater
discharges) to a high risk of leakage from Gurra Gurra Lakes and discharge from its outlet to the river
(Salt Creek). Salt Creek is quite saline (2000–6000 EC) compared to the river and any drop in Lock 4
levels causes flow, which draws high salt concentrations out of the lake into the river. The
creek/discharge from Lake Bonney also received a moderate risk ranking. This creek has low discharge but
any drop in Lock 3 levels tends to draw high salt concentrations out and increased ambient river water
salinities have been observed downstream of Lock 3. There is some uncertainty about the ecological
impact of saline discharges to the river, as salinity levels have historically been variable (MDBC 1988).
A winery and associated wastewater disposal area near Loxton received a moderate risk ranking, as did
the pipeline taking saline drainage under the river to Berri evaporation basin. Potential
leakage/discharge from evaporation basins (Loveday, Overland Corner, Cobdogla) received a moderate
risk ranking although there was some uncertainty as to the impact of these basins on the river. They
receive or have previously received (Loveday) irrigation drainage for horticultural areas but it appears
that groundwater generally tends to flow from the river towards them. The risk level for possible future
artificial flushing is unclear but warrants further investigation.
Several major strategies are in place to reduce the effects of saline drainage on the river (AWE 2001a).
Much of the area’s irrigation drainage is collected in district caissons and pumped to regional disposal
basins (eg drainage from Berri is pumped away from the river to Noora disposal basin 20 km east of
Loxton), where evaporation reduces seepage back into groundwater. This has presumably also reduced
nutrient inputs, but evaporation lagoons at Loxton, Cobdogla and Berri have been identified as ‘at
capacity’ with a potential for leakage and overflowing. SA Water recently constructed a salt interception
scheme at Bookpurnong, which prevents large amounts of salt entering the river. The $21.4-million salt
interception scheme being constructed at Loxton could remove an additional 66 tonnes of salt from the
River Murray each day6 . Irrigation practices have improved substantially in recent times in the BB & LB
LAP areas and flood irrigation is now rarely practised. An on-ground water efficiency project is currently
being employed to inform irrigators and increase awareness of best-practice land management. A
management plan and conceptual salt models have been developed for the Loveday wetland and DWLBC
and the SAMDB NRMB are investigating its rehabilitation. A wetland management plan is currently being
developed for the Cobdogla basin, and capital works with flow regulators and an upgrade of a pipe
through the causeway are already in progress at this site.
Saline impacts on floodplain vegetation and wetlands are also a major concern in the area. Basic
monitoring recently conducted at wetlands in this area as part of the River Murray Wetlands Baseline
Survey, surveyed Gurra Gurra Lakes, Rilli lagoons, Loveday swamp and Cobdogla basin. A subsequent
survey is currently being carried out on another set of wetlands. Data collected in the survey relates to
site physical characteristics, water quality, groundwater inputs, vegetation, fish, birds, frogs and macroinvertebrates.
It will be used to identify conservation values and management objectives for each
6 See
56

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
wetland. The BB &LB LAP areas are also part of the combined Riverland network, where several smallscale
projects are in place to monitor discharges from lagoons and wetlands within the region. The
Riverland revegetation incentive scheme, also in operation, encourages groups or individual landholders
to rehabilitate wetlands and other native vegetation sites within their property, and should bring positive
water quality benefits in the future.
Nutrients
Groundwater leakage from several large horticultural areas (Overland Corner, Kingston, Loxton,
Cobdogla, Moorook and Berri) was classified as a high nutrient risk, as were discharges from Watchel’s
and Banrock lagoons, which receive nutrient inputs from horticulture drainage. Watchel’s lagoon has had
blue-green algal problems in the past (EPA 2001a). The recent rehabilitation of Moorook irrigation area
should reduce water quality impacts on this lagoon in the future. Several other smaller horticulture
areas received a moderate risk ranking, as did Yatco and Pyap lagoons where inputs of irrigation drainage
and low water exchange may create favourable conditions for algal growth.
Monitoring studies have noted significant saline groundwater inputs in the BB & LB LAP region and
although there was some uncertainty about nutrient levels in this groundwater, it was assumed to be
significant and this contributed to the moderate-high risk rankings for these horticultural areas. Several
management strategies are in place to reduce the amount of horticultural drainage reaching the river
(see above).
Greywater and blackwater discharges from marinas and other vessel mooring locations were identified as
a moderate nutrient risk, as were accidental spillages from the river vessel waste disposal stations (Berri,
Loxton and Lock 3 as seen in Figure 3.4). Deliberate blackwater discharge in this region seems less likely
than in other stretches of the river with large distances (50–100 km) between some waste disposal stations;
a recent survey of boating activity along the river indicated moderate to high frequency use of the stations
(BIASA 2001).
Two of the Loxton township effluent pumps (stations 1 and 4) were classed as a moderate risk as they
are located in close proximity to the river, and pump failure (and subsequent discharge) could have a
moderate-high consequence for ecosystem health in the immediate vicinity. A moderate risk was also
identified from septic tank systems (leakage to groundwater/river water) in several locations (eg
Kingston-on-Murray caravan park, Yatco holiday units, Rili Island), public toilets (Berri Ski Club), and the
township of Gerard. The townships of Berri, Barmera, Cobdogla and Loxton are already on STEDS, and
upgrades are planned for other locations to connect to these systems.
Berri stormwater point discharges were identified as a moderate risk, with filtration systems (gross
pollutant traps) already in place for three of the larger town catchments. Berri has five discharge points
close to each other but currently most town stormwater is diverted to a retention lagoon near the
caravan park. Loxton township has no discharge points directly into the river and stormwater is currently
directed to retention areas on the floodplain.
Informal camping areas in general presented a low nutrient risk. The exception was Overland Corner
(moderate risk) with over 300 campsites. Although a self-composting toilet is in place there, pressure is
placed on the facility during peak camping periods and many people dig pit toilets.
57

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Organic matter
Groundwater leakage from several large horticultural areas (Overland Corner, Kingston, Loxton,
Cobdogla, Moorook and Berri) was classified as a high organic matter risk although there was some
uncertainty to this assessment due to a lack of monitoring data. Stormwater discharges, leakage from
smaller horticultural areas, lagoons, vessel and creek discharges, two of the Loxton township effluent
pumps and septic tank leakage were assessed as a moderate risk for organic matter, generally because of
a high likelihood but low consequence.
Turbidity
The current very high level of turbidity in the river coming into South Australia makes additional
turbidity impacts on the aquatic ecosystem less likely than in many other waterbodies. The few
moderate sources of turbidity risk were stormwater discharges in Berri, creeks and wash down activities
at a slipway. Most turbidity risks—vessel launching/boat ramp areas, marinas, quarries and vessel waste
disposal stations—were classified as low.
The community raised concerns about wake boat induced erosion but it was difficult to determine the
precise location, extent or impact of this activity.
Hydrocarbons
Urban stormwater from the township of Berri contributed to moderate hydrocarbon risks. The cumulative
risk of these stormwater discharges within a relatively small spatial area is of concern. The Kingston
Bridge and Cobdogla causeway were also given a moderate risk ranking. While the likelihood of
accidental spillage from these hazards is low, the potential consequences of a major oil spill resulted in
a moderate risk to aquatic ecosystem health.
Other low hydrocarbon risks noted included accidental spills of fuel from river craft, possible leaching
from petrol stations and areas that are situated on historical landfill sites (eg near Berri township) and
pump fuel stores.
Heavy metals
Groundwater leakage from horticultural areas to the river was considered a moderate heavy metal risk.
There was a lack of certainty to this assessment but groundwater contamination for metals such as
cadmium and zinc has been reported under irrigation areas in other areas of the State (eg Northern
Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a).
Other moderate-risk sources of heavy metals included stormwater discharge points in Berri, in particular
in catchments with a considerable amount of development. These metals are likely to be mostly in
particulate form and therefore not immediately bioavailable or toxic, but they may be accumulating in
the immediate vicinity of stormwater outfalls. Wash-off from a slipway in Berri was also classified as a
moderate risk for heavy metals due to the likely blasting of metal containing products (eg vessel exterior
and antifouling paints). Leaching and runoff from historical landfill areas (now informal camping areas)
were also categorised as a moderate-risk although no monitoring data was obtained on which to base this
assessment. Broad water quality trends (EPA 2001a) show no significant heavy metal increases in the BB
& LB reach of the river, but there may be higher levels in the vicinity of the localised areas noted above.
58

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Pesticides
Pesticide use is widespread in the area for horticulture and the risk was assessed as moderate (large
irrigation areas noted above) to low (other irrigation areas). No direct monitoring data was obtained as a
base for the assessment (eg in drainage from horticultural areas).
Water quality monitoring data for the region (eg SA Water data for Berri) typically shows undetectable
levels of pesticides, whose use is regulated through the National Registration Scheme for agricultural and
veterinary chemicals (EPA 2003d).
59

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 3.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, BB & LB LAP areas
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
60
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
HY SA
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
BL091B BBLB Dog shelter, Moorook EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
BL132B BBLB Piggery, upstream of Katarapko Creek EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
BL140B BBLB Piggery, adj Gurra Gurra Lake EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
CREEK/RIVER
BL049B BBLB Creek opposite Loxton township EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
BL054A BBLB Eckert Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
BL054B BBLB Eckert Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
BL061A BBLB Banrock Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 high 2
BL061B BBLB Banrock Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
BL065A BBLB Creek, outlet from Lake Bonney DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL109A BBLB Katarapko Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 3
BL109B BBLB Katarapko Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
BL151A BBLB Salt Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 high 2
BL151B BBLB Salt Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
BL019L BBLB Leakage to river, Gurra Gurra Lakes LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 high 3
BL053A BBLB Groundwater discharge from lagoons, d/s Rilli Island DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
BL053L BBLB Groundwater leakage from lagoons, d/s Rilli Island LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
BL058L BBLB Groundwater discharge, near Solora LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 3
BL087B BBLB Evaporation basin, Loveday EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 1 mod 3
BL104L BBLB Horticulture, Gerard LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
BL111L BBLB Natural /groundwater drainage discharge, W of Berri LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
BL119B BBLB Salt pan, Overland Corner EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 1 mod 2
BL125B BBLB Evaporation basin, Cobdogla EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 1 mod 3
FUEL STORE
BL050C BBLB Pump fuel store—private irrigation, Loxton ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
BL008L BBLB Horticulture, u/s Berri LEAKAGE low 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 3

HY SA
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
BL057L BBLB Horticultureówinery & oranges, Solora LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL066L BBLB Vineyard & winery, Loch Luna LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL074L BBLB Horticulture, Chambers Creek LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL075L BBLB Horticulture, u/s Kingston LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL080L BBLB Vineyard & winery, EPA Lic #2298—Kingston Estates LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL089L BBLB Horticulture, Moorook LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL099L BBLB Horticulture, adj Yatco lagoon LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL101L BBLB Horticulture, Yatco LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL102L BBLB Horticulture, New Residence LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL105L BBLB Horticulture, Seven Mile Reach LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL106L BBLB Horticulture, Pyap lagoon LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL107L BBLB Horticulture, Pyap irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL118L BBLB Horticulture, Overland Corner LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL147L BBLB Horticulture, Berri area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL178L BBLB Horticulture, area NE of Loxton LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
BL180L BBLB Banrock vineyard and winery LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
BL181L BBLB Horticulture, Cobdogla LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 2 high 3
INDUSTRY
BL041D BBLB Winery, EPA Lic #1838—Loxton INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
BL172B BBLB Concrete batching plant, EPA Lic #1254—Santos EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2
BL173B BBLB Angas Park Fruit Co, EPA Lic #1990—Loxton EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
BL031G BBLB Permanent camping /landfill, d/s of Berri HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL034G BBLB Camping ground, Katarapko HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL037G BBLB Informal camping, Rilli reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL038G BBLB Informal camping, Eckert Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL039G BBLB Informal camping, Rilli Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL048G BBLB Informal camping, d/s Thiele's sandbar HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL055G BBLB Informal camping, western side Katarapko Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL056G BBLB Informal camping, Clarky's camp zone (u/s end) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
BL060G BBLB Informal camping, Overland Corner HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL064G BBLB Informal camping, u/s Banrock HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
61

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
62
SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
BL078G BBLB Informal camping, adj Thurk Is HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL083G BBLB Informal camping, Bruno Bay to Watchel's lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL090G BBLB Informal camping, Moorook game reserve HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL093G BBLB Informal camping, Moorook game reserve HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL110G BBLB Informal camping, Katarapko Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL112G BBLB Informal camping, Blackfellows Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL114G BBLB Informal camping, Loch Luna HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL134G BBLB Informal camping, Eckert's Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL137G BBLB Recreation area, Quast's Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL153G BBLB Recreation area, u/s of Loxton North HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL154G BBLB Informal camping, d/s of Rilli Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL167G BBLB Informal camping, western side Katarapko Creek HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL168G BBLB Informal camping, Clarky's camp zone (d/s end) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
BL170G BBLB Informal camping, Rilli Reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
LANDFILL
BL007L BBLB Landfill (disused), north of Berri LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
BL010L BBLB Disused damóreceived old cannery wastewater, Berri LEAKAGE low 2
BL148L BBLB Cannery dump, u/s of Berri LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
BL009Q BBLB Big River Marina, north of Berri MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 3
BL025Q BBLB Berri Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
BL032C BBLB Petrol station—Shell, Berri ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL032L BBLB Petrol station—Shell, Berri LEAKAGE low 2
BL085C BBLB Petrol station, Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL085L BBLB Petrol station, Cobdogla LEAKAGE low 2
BL146L BBLB Petrol station, Berri (disused) LEAKAGE low 2
BL177L BBLB Petrol station—BP, Loxton LEAKAGE low 3
QUARRY
BL071B BBLB Quarry, Sugarloaf Hill EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
BL149B BBLB Quarry, top of Gurra Gurra EVENT DISCHARGE low 2

SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
SLIPWAY
BL030H BBLB Slipway, EPA Lic #1385—Berri WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 low 1 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL027E BBLB Stormwater retention basin, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
BL155B BBLB Stormwater discharge, Crawford Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
BL156B BBLB Stormwater discharge, Vaughan Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
BL157B BBLB Stormwater discharge, Ahern St, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
BL158B BBLB Stormwater discharge, Berri oval EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
BL159B BBLB Stormwater discharge, Berri marina EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
BL021L BBLB Septic tanks—pubic toilet and ski club toilet LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
BL035L BBLB Septic, Katarapko camping ground LEAKAGE low 3 low 3
BL042L BBLB Septic tanks—Country Living development, Loxton LEAKAGE low 3 low 3
BL052L BBLB Septic tanks—housing development, u/s Rili Island LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
BL079L BBLB Septic tanks, Kingston-on-Murray Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 3 low 3
BL094L BBLB Public toilet septic tanks, Moorook LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
BL098L BBLB Septic tanks—holiday units, Yatco LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
BL115L BBLB Septic tanks, Kingston-on-Murray Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
BL116L BBLB Septic tanks, backpackers LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
BL117D BBLB Toilet holding tanks, Overland Corner INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
BL130L BBLB Septic tanks, Gerard township LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
BL136L BBLB Pit toilet, Katarapko Creek LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
BL082C BBLB Kingston Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
BL084C BBLB Causeway, downstream of Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
BL097C BBLB Causeway, Kingston-Loxton Rd ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
BL152C BBLB Causeway, Salt Creek ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
BL020S BBLB Recreation area, Berri ski club & boat ramp VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL023S BBLB Private boat ramp, Martins Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL036S BBLB Boat ramp, u/s Lock 4 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL040S BBLB Boat ramp, Rilli Island VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
63

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
64
SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
BL051S BBLB Private moorings & jetties, Loxton VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL077S BBLB Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL108S BBLB Boat ramp, u/s of Pyap VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL113S BBLB Recreation area, Bruno Bay VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 3
BL124S BBLB Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 3
BL126S BBLB Recreation area, Moorook VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 3
BL135S BBLB Boat ramp, Katarapko Island VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL145S BBLB Recreation area, Berri VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 3
BL150S BBLB Recreation area, d/s of Salt Creek VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL171R BBLB Loxton Council mooring area VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
BL002R BBLB Permanent houseboats, Spring Cart Gully VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 3 low 2
BL043R BBLB Houseboat mooring, Loxton VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL059R BBLB Houseboats, Overland Corner VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL062R BBLB Houseboats, Banrock Creek VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL076R BBLB Commercial houseboats, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL127R BBLB Houseboats, Moorook VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL129R BBLB Houseboats, Yatco lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 3 low 2
BL144R BBLB Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL176R BBLB Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
BL028C BBLB River vessel waste disposal station, Berri ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
BL045C BBLB River vessel waste disposal station, Loxton ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
BL122C BBLB River vessel waste disposal station, Lock 3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
BL041L BBLB Winery wastewater irrigation, EPA Lic #1838—Loxton LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL026C BBLB Effluent pump station, Berri #1 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL029D BBLB Filtration wastewater lagoon, Berri INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
BL044D BBLB Filtration wastewater lagoon, Loxton INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3
BL047D BBLB STEDS infrastructure, Loxton Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL063C BBLB Irrigation pump—fertiliser Injection ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2

SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE LAP HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
BL086D BBLB STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL123D BBLB STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL141C BBLB Pipeline, Berri evaporation basin ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 mod 2
BL161C BBLB Effluent pump station, Berri #2 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL162C BBLB Effluent pump station, Berri #3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL163C BBLB Effluent pump station, Loxton #1 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 mod 2
BL164C BBLB Effluent pump station, Loxton #2 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL165C BBLB Effluent pump station, Loxton #3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL166C BBLB Effluent pump station, Loxton #4 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 mod 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
BL046B BBLB Loxton stormwater retention wetlands EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
BL081A BBLB Watchel's lagoon DISCHARGE high 2 mod 2 mod 2
BL121A BBLB Banrock lagoon DISCHARGE high 2 mod 2 mod 2
BL121B BBLB Banrock lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
BL128A BBLB Yatco lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 high 3
BL131A BBLB Pyap lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 high 3
65

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to raw water supplies
Figure 3.4 is the key map for risks to the raw water supply environmental value in the BB & LB LAP
areas. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
66
Note: only hazards identified in shaded areas were assessed for risk to raw water supplies
Figure 3.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, BB & LB LAP areas

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 3.3. The highest frequency of risks was for nutrients and pathogens, followed by
organic matter, hydrocarbons and turbidity. Of the risks, 14 were rated as moderate with the remaining
133 classified as low level. No high or very high risks were identified.
Table 3.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, BB & LB LAP areas
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 27 28 13 25 8 5 25 2 133
Moderate 3 3 0 4 1 0 1 2 14
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 30 31 13 29 9 5 26 4 147
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides;
HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The raw water supply risks identified in the BB & LB LAP areas are listed in Table 3.4 and discussed in
more detail below for each stressor.
Pathogens
A moderate-level risk was due to a stormwater discharge point (Crawford Terrace) in Berri, which is
situated only 25 m upstream of the raw water off-take. Currently most Berri stormwater is diverted to a
retention lagoon. However, in a large storm event a significant amount of water could discharge from
this point and present a risk to the water treatment plant. Other stormwater outlets were assessed as
low risk.
The wastewater pond for back flushed water from the filtration plant in Berri was given a moderate risk
ranking due to its proximity to the off-take. Major infrastructure failure would have to occur for this risk
to eventuate. The only other moderate risk identified was for informal camping areas at Moorook game
reserve which extend over a kilometre upstream and downstream of the off-take. Other popular
recreation areas with no sanitation facilities (eg Thurk Island, Thiele’s sandbar) were given a low risk
ranking.
Other low-risk sources included vessel/houseboat waste disposal at houseboat moorings (eg Berri,
Moorook, Kingston-on-Murray townships) and at Berri marina. The three river vessel waste disposal
stations in the area (Berri, Loxton and Lock 3) make the likelihood low of blackwater being discharged
from vessels and reaching the off-take points.
Other sources of low pathogen risk were wastewater infrastructure systems for townships (eg Gerard,
Loxton, Berri effluent pump stations). Many of Berri’s effluent pumps are due to be upgraded to
67

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
telemetry to enable automatic shut-off. Toilets/septic tank systems (eg Kingston caravan park, Gerard
township, Berri public toilets) also pose a low risk in some locations. A large degree of uncertainty
accompanied the above risk rankings because site-specific studies could not be referenced.
Salinity
Moderate salinity risks are present as a result of discharges from Yatco lagoon (Moorook off-take) and
Cobdogla and Loveday swamps/evaporation basins (Barmera and Cobdogla township off-take), and
Gerard horticultural area (Gerard off-take). Loveday and Cobdogla basins evaporate irrigation and
regional groundwater drainage and are in close proximity to the river and off-take. The risk ranking was
assigned from an unlikely (value of 1) likelihood ranking and moderate (value of 3) consequence ranking.
Future artificial flushing strategies to restore the health of the associated wetlands would need to be
closely monitored to minimise potential negative effects on the water supply.
Salt inputs from several of the other larger horticultural areas, although not located in the raw water
zones, are undoubtedly contributing to a higher overall risk to raw water supplies in this region. Several
salt interception programs have been implemented to reduce potential future salt impacts on the raw
water quality. It is expensive and difficult to remove salt in water treatment operations.
Nutrients
Moderate nutrient risks were assigned to discharge from Yatco lagoon (Moorook off-take), Gerard
horticultural area, and potential discharge from Loveday and Cobdogla evaporation basins. There was
some uncertainty to this assessment. Low risk hazards were assigned to stormwater discharge points in
Berri and informal camping areas.
Organic matter
Moderate organic matter risks were assigned to potential discharges from Loveday and Cobdogla
evaporation basins, Gerard horticultural area and stormwater discharge at in Berri (Crawford Terrace).
Turbidity
A moderate turbidity risk was assessed for the Crawford Terrace stormwater discharge 25 m upstream of
the Berri raw water off-take. Highly turbid water can increase the cost of water treatment and
potentially shield pathogens from treatment. Low turbidity risks included other stormwater discharge
points, vessel launching areas, and Berri marina (shallow).
Hydrocarbons
Most hydrocarbon risks to raw water supplies were through stormwater discharge points in the Berri
township, with the Crawford Terrace discharge receiving a moderate risk ranking. The Cobdogla
causeway was also given a moderate risk ranking as in the unlikely event of a spill it is just downstream
of the Cobdogla off-take. Low risk hazards included petrol stations, vessel mooring areas and boat
ramps.
Heavy metals
A number of heavy metal risks to raw water supplies were found through stormwater discharge points in
the Berri township, with the Crawford Terrace discharge receiving a moderate risk ranking. Low risk
hazards included Berri marina and an informal camping area/old landfill downstream of Berri.
68

Table 3.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, BB & LB LAP areas
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
BL087B Evaporation basin, Loveday EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 3
BL125B Evaporation basin, Cobdogla EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 3
HORTICULTURE
BL104L Horticulture, Gerard LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
BL031G Permanent camping / landfill, d/s of Berri HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2 low 2 low 3 low 3
BL048G Informal camping, d/s Thiele's sandbar HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 3 low 2
BL078G Informal camping, adj Thurk Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 3 low 2
BL093G Informal camping, Moorook game reserve HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2 low 2
BL025Q MARINA DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1 low 2
PETROL STATION
BL032C Petrol station—Shell, Berri ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL032L Petrol station—Shell, Berri LEAKAGE low 2
BL085C Petrol station, Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL085L Petrol station, Cobdogla LEAKAGE low 2
BL146L Petrol station, Berri (disused) LEAKAGE low 2
BL177L Petrol station—BP, Loxton LEAKAGE low 2
BL030H Slipway, EPA Lic #1385—Berri WASH DOWN low 2 low 2 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL027E Stormwater retention basin, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
BL155B Stormwater discharge, Crawford Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
BL156B Stormwater discharge, Vaughan Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
BL157B Stormwater discharge, Ahern St, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
BL158B Stormwater discharge, Berri Oval EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
BL159B Stormwater discharge, Berri marina EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
69

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
70
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
BL021L Septic tanks, pubic toilet and ski club toilet LEAKAGE low 3 low 3 low 2
BL042L Septic tanks, Country Living development Loxton LEAKAGE low 3 low 3 low 3
BL079L Septic tanks, Kingston-on-Murray Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL094L Public toilet septic tanks, Moorook LEAKAGE low 3 low 3 low 3
BL130L Septic tanks, Gerard township LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
BL082C Causeway, d/s of Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
BL020S Recreation area, Berri ski club & boat ramp VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL023S Private boat ramp, Martins Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL077S Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL113S Recreation area, Bruno Bay VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL124S Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL126S Recreation area, Moorook VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL145S Recreation area, Berri VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
BL076R Commercial houseboats, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
BL127R Houseboats, Moorook VESSEL DISCHARGES low 3 low 3 low 3 low 1
BL144R Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES low 3 low 3 low 3 low 1
BL176R Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL026C Effluent pump station, Berri #1 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL029D Filtration wastewater lagoon, Berri INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 3 low 3
BL044D Filtration wastewater lagoon, Loxton INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL086D STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL123D STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL161C Effluent pump station, Berri #2 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL162C Effluent pump station, Berri #3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
BL128A Yatco lagoon DISCHARGE low 3 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational values
Figure 3.6 is the key map for the risks to the recreational environmental value in the BB & LB LAP areas.
The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risks to recreation
Figure 3.6 Key map for recreation zones, BB & LB LAP areas
71

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Frequencies of identified risks to recreation for the various water quality parameters are summarised in
Table 3.5. The highest frequency of risks to recreation was for nutrients and pathogens, followed by
hydrocarbons and turbidity. Most risks (152) were assessed as low but a large number of (56) moderatelevel
risks were identified.
Table 3.5 Frequency of risks to recreational values, BB & LB LAP areas
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; HY—hydrocarbons
The recreational risks identified in BB & LB LAP areas are listed in Table 3.6 and discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Pathogens
Rainfall event discharges from creeks (Salt, Banrock, opposite Loxton township) were assessed as a
moderate risk, as were Berri urban stormwater discharges. The actual risk may be lower as people would
tend not to swim or ski during or immediately following rainfall events.
Informal camping at various locations (eg Rilli island, Overland corner, Moorook) was assigned a moderate
risk ranking but with some uncertainty. It was difficult to precisely assess the scale of this impact on
water quality although the community has noted decreases in aesthetic value, particularly during peak
holiday periods. The Sustainable Recreation Project (2005) is currently prioritising recreation sites along
the River Murray and Lower Lakes that require rehabilitation and/or additional recreation facilities. This
project highlighted Rilli Reserve and Overland Corner as potential rehabilitation sites and recommended
installation of composting toilets, revegetation and interpretive signage.
Other moderate pathogen risks were identified as potential spills from river vessel waste disposal
stations and discharges of wastewater from houseboats/vessel mooring sites (including marinas). Low risk
sources included infrastructure failure leading to accidental spills of effluent from caravan park toilet
facilities and town STEDS.
Nutrients
Moderate nutrient risks were assessed for discharges from lagoons (eg Banrock, Watchel’s and Yatco),
creeks (eg Salt and Eckert), and horticultural areas (eg Overland corner). Watchel’s lagoon has a history
of blue-green algal blooms being driven into the main river (EPA 2001a) by wind action.
The adjacent irrigation areas have been rehabilitated and this work should reduce the impact of the
lagoon on the river.
72
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 23 60 30 39 152
Moderate 39 9 8 0 56
High 0 0 0 0 0
Very high 0 0 0 0 0
Total 62 69 38 39 208

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Other moderate nutrient risks were the two marinas, Big River and Berri. Low nutrient risks included
sources such as the numerous informal camping areas lacking sanitation facilities; stormwater discharges
from Berri, and effluent discharge from wastewater pump failure in regional townships.
Hydrocarbons
All hydrocarbon risks were assessed as low and included urban stormwater discharges, fuel stores, vessel
mooring areas and marinas (accidental spillages). The actual risk would probably be to aesthetic values
only, as people would tend not to swim or ski in areas that have oil slicks.
Turbidity
The highly turbid nature of the river already poses a risk to recreation, as there is generally no visibility
at a depth of 1.2 m (ANZECC 2000). Event discharges from stormwater outlets and creeks pose a
moderate turbidity risk to recreational values. People are likely to avoid swimming/water–skiing during
rainfall conditions so the risk may be mainly to aesthetic values. Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in
high-use recreation areas was a common community concern. This was assessed as a low risk but its
actual impact on recreational values was difficult to quantify.
73

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 3.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, BB and LB LAP areas
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
74
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
CREEK/RIVER
BL049B Creek, opp Loxton township EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
BL061A Banrock Creek DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
BL061B Banrock Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
BL151A Salt Creek DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
BL151B Salt Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
BL087B Evaporation basin, Loveday EVENT DISCHARGE low low 2
BL119B Salt pan, Overland Corner EVENT DISCHARGE low low 2
BL125B Evaporation basin, Cobdogla EVENT DISCHARGE low low 2
FUEL STORE
BL050C Pump fuel store‚private irrigation, Loxton ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
BL008L Horticulture, u/s Berri LEAKAGE mod 3
BL080L Vineyard and winery, EPA Lic #2298—Kingston Estates LEAKAGE mod 2
BL118L Horticulture, Overland Corner LEAKAGE mod 2
BL147L Horticulture, Berri area LEAKAGE mod 2
BL180L Banrock vineyard & winery LEAKAGE mod 2
INDUSTRY
BL041D Winery, EPA Lic #1838—Loxton INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2
BL172B Concrete batching plant, EPA Lic #1254—Santos EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
BL173B Fruit processing, EPA Lic #1990—Angas Park Fruit Co, Loxton EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
BL031G Permanent camping /landfill, d/s of Berri HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2
BL037G Informal camping, Rilli reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2
BL039G Informal camping, Rilli Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2
BL048G Informal camping, d/s Thiele's sandbar HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2
BL056G Informal camping, Clarky's camp zone (u/s end) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 3
BL060G Informal camping, Overland Corner HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2

HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
BL064G Informal camping, u/s Banrock HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL078G Informal camping, adj Thurk Is HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL083G Informal camping, Bruno Bay to Watchel's lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL090G Informal camping, Moorook game reserve HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL093G Informal camping, Moorook game reserve HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL137G Recreation area, Quast's Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL153G Recreation area, u/s of Loxton North HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL154G Informal camping, d/s of Rilli Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL168G Informal camping, Clarky's camp zone (d/s end) HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
BL170G Informal camping, Rilli reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
LANDFILL
BL007L Landfill (disused), north of Berri LEAKAGE low 2
BL010L Disused dam—received old cannery wastewater LEAKAGE low 2
BL148L Cannery dump, u/s of Berri LEAKAGE low 2
MARINA
BL009Q Big River marina, north of Berri MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 3 low 3
BL025Q Berri marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
BL032C Petrol station—Shell, Berri ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL032L Petrol station—Shell, Berri LEAKAGE low 2
BL085C Petrol station, Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
BL085L Petrol station, Cobdogla LEAKAGE low 2
BL146L Petrol station, Berri (disused) LEAKAGE low 2
BL177L Petrol stationóBP, Loxton LEAKAGE low 3
SLIPWAY
BL030H Slipway, EPA Lic #1385—Berri WASH DOWN low low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL027E Stormwater retention basin, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
BL155B Stormwater discharge, Crawford Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
BL156B Stormwater discharge, Vaughan Tce, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
BL157B Stormwater discharge, Ahern St, Berri EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
BL158B Stormwater discharge, Berri oval EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
BL159B Stormwater discharge, Berri marina EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
75

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
76
HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
BL021L Septic tanks—pubic toilet and ski club toilet LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
BL035L Septic, Katarapko camping ground LEAKAGE low 3 low 2
BL042L Septic tanks—Country Living development, Loxton LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
BL079L Septic tanks, Kingston-on-Murray Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
BL094L Public toilet septic tanks, Moorook LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
BL115L Septic tanks, Kingston-on-Murray Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
BL116L Septic tanks, backpackers LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
BL117D Toilet holding tanks, Overland Corner INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
BL082C Kingston Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
BL084C Causeway, downstream of Cobdogla ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
BL020S Recreation area, Berri ski club & boat ramp VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL023S Private boat ramp, Martins Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL036S Boat ramp, u/s Lock 4 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL040S Boat ramp, Rilli Island VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL051S Private moorings & jetties, Loxton VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL077S Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL113S Recreation area, Bruno Bay VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL124S Recreation area, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL126S Recreation area, Moorook VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL145S Recreation area, Berri VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL150S Recreation area, d/s of Salt Creek VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
BL171R Loxton Council mooring area VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
BL002R Permanent houseboats, Spring Cart Gully VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL043R Houseboat mooring, Loxton VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL059R Houseboats, Overland Corner VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL062R Houseboats, Banrock Creek VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL076R Commercial houseboats, Kingston-on-Murray VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2

HY
NU
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
BL127R Houseboats, Moorook VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL144R Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
BL176R Houseboats, Berri VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
BL028C River vessel waste disposal station, Berri ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
BL045C River vessel waste disposal station, Loxton ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
BL041L Winery wastewater irrigation, EPA Lic #1838—Loxton LEAKAGE low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BL026C Effluent pump station, Berri #1 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL029D Filtration wastewater lagoon, Berri INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL044D Filtration wastewater lagoon, Loxton INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
BL047D STEDS infrastructure, Loxton Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
BL063C Irrigation pump—fertiliser Injection ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
BL086D STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
BL123D STEDS infrastructure, Cobdogla Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
BL161C Effluent pump station, Berri #2 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL162C Effluent pump station, Berri #3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL163C Effluent pump station, Loxton #1 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL164C Effluent pump station, Loxton #2 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL165C Effluent pump station, Loxton #3 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
BL166C Effluent pump station, Loxton #4 ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
BL081A Watchel's lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2
BL121A Banrock lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2
BL121B Banrock lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
BL128A Yatco lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2
77

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
3.5 Options for management of risks, BB & LB LAP areas
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the BB & LB LAP areas are
shown in Table 3.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring,
compliance, policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities will be examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
78

Table 3.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, BB & LB LAP areas
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV
the risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder (s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
HIGH RISKS
CIT, local
irrigators, Berri
Barmera and
Loxton Waikerie
councils, DWLBC,
EPA
Research whether
additional salt
interception
schemes viable
option
Liaison with
DWLBC re: water
extraction and
drainage
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitor of
irrigation
discharge water
and groundwater
quality
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
Reduce or cease
irrigation drainage into
river by diverting
drainage to land-based
disposal basins
ECO
REC
RAW
NU
SA
OR
Horticulture irrigation
drainage
Overland Corner
Moorook
Kingston irrigation
area
Berri
Pyap
Cobdogla
Gerard
various others
*
*
LAP groups,
irrigators, CIT,
DWLBC, councils,
EPA
Investigate land
uses and catchment
drainage network
in more detail
Liaison with
DWLBC re: water
extraction and
drainage
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitoring of
discharges to
river
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
Rehabilitate vegetation
in the area
Divert all horticultural
drainage to land-based
disposal basins
Plant riparian buffers
where runoff risks exist
ECO
REC
NU
SA
TU
OR
Catchment water
quality modelling
Creek discharges
Outlet from Lake
Bonney
Salt Creek/Gurra
Gurra lakes
Banrock Creek
*
*
Loxton Waikerie
Council, DWLBC,
local irrigators,
EPA
Research key
factors driving algal
blooms
Liaison with
DWLBC re: water
extraction and
drainage
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitor water
quality
Cease irrigation
discharge into lagoons
through disposal onto
land
ECO
REC
NU
SA
OR
Lagoons
Watchel's
Yatco
*
79

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
80
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
MODERATE RISKS
SAMDB NRMB,
DWLBC, BB LAP,
CIT, local
community, EPA,
Berri Barmera
Council, SA Water
Continue
investigation of
other
rehabilitation
options
Enforce Water
Quality EPP if
required
Monitor water
quality in basins
and discharges to
river to
determine
effects of
flushing practices
(e.g. on Cobdogla
water off-take)
Continue to implement
established
rehabilitation programs;
including revegetation,
surface water and
groundwater modelling,
installation/modification
of regulators
ECO
RAW
SA
OR
NU
Evaporation basins
Loveday
Cobdogla
*
BIASA, EPA, local
councils (Berri
Barmera and
Loxton Waikerie),
DTEI, Houseboat
Hirers Association
Develop affordable
and effective
greywater
treatment systems
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters
Monitor
discharges
Survey/audit how
often boats move
mooring locations
Education and
awareness of river
vessel users on
blackwater disposal
stations and
greywater
management
ECO
REC
RAW
NU
OR
Introduce
requirement for
all houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to
be slipped and
surveyed
PA
Houseboat/vessel
mooring
Loxton * Overland Corner * Banrock Creek * Moorook * Berri
* Spring Cart Gully
* Yatco lagoon * Kingston-on-Murray
*
DWLBC, BIASA,
Houseboat Hirers
Association, local
councils
Survey station use
to determine if
capacity is
appropriate
Auditing system to
record boats using
the stations
Education of vessel
users on operation
of stations
Emergency
procedures in place
in event of station
failure
ECO
RAW
NU
PA
REC
River vessel waste
disposal stations
Berri
Loxton
Lock 3
*
BIASA, marina
owner/operator,
EPA, DWLBC,
Planning SA
Marina planning
policy
development
Audit, license and/or
enforce Code of
Practice for Vessel
and Facility
Management: Marine
and inland waters
Monitor nutrient
levels in marina
Bund fuel storage tanks Education of boat
owners and marina
operators on
appropriate waste
disposal
ECO
REC
NU
OR
PA
Marinas
Berri
Big River
Audit frequency
of pump out
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder (s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Berri Barmera
Council, EPA, SA
Water
Research whether
SA Water can shut
down off-take
during first flush
periods of rainfall
events (turbidity
sensor?)
Contingency plan
for SA Water in
case of a large
rain event or spill
in catchments (in
particular
Crawford Tce)
Audit industries
within the catchment
Community Monitor quality
education on and quantity of
pollution of discharges (being
stormwater undertaken by
SAMDB NRMB at
Crawford Tce)
Divert all stormwater in
Crawford Tce catchment
to retention basin or
ensure treatment prior
to discharge.
Employ treatment/reuse
alternatives at other
locations or GPTs
ECO
RAW
PA
NU
REC
TU
OR
Stormwater
Berri * Crawford Tce
*
(priority)
Vaughan Tce
various other
HM
HY
*
Berri Barmera
and Loxton
Waikerie
councils,
Department of
Health, SAMDB
NRMB, EPA
Consider the
density of septic
tank soakage
trenches in any
new
developments in
the Water
Protection Area
Audit and enforce
Public and
Environmental Health
Act or Water Quality
EPP if necessary
Monitor the
influence of
septic tank
disposal trenches
on groundwater
contamination
Education on the
importance of
regular auditing
and management
practices
Upgrade STEDS or WWTP
where appropriate
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
PA
OR
Toilets/septic tank
systems
Gerard
Moorook & Berri ski
club public toilets
Kingston-on-Murray
Caravan Park
various others
*
*
*
Loxton Waikerie
Council, EPA
Appropriate
emergency
response
procedures in place
Research whether
bunding/infrastructure
would be required to
prevent sewage reaching
the river in event of
pump/pipe failure
ECO
REC
NU
OR
Effluent pump stations
Loxton # 1
Loxton # 4
*
DWLBC, SAMDB
NRMB, LAP
groups, Irrigation
trusts, EPA
Research
catchment land
uses and catchment
water quality
modelling
Develop wetland
management
plans
Monitor water
quality and flows
and effects of
artificial flushing
practices
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
SA ECO Revegetate catchments
Fence to control grazing
Wetland and creek
discharges
Katarapko
Banrock
Creek opp Loxton
*
81

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
82
Lead
stakeholder (s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
Berri Barmera
and Loxton
Waikerie
councils,
Department of
Health, Riverland
Tourism
Association,
MDA/Sustainable
Designate
camping sites
that require
permits, allowing
greater control
over use
Audit and enforce
the Public and
Environmental Health
Act or Water Quality
EPP if necessary
Survey of
campsitesófrequ
ency of use and
density of
campers
Education on the
sustainable use of
campsites
Install additional
sanitation facilities
(Sustainable Recreation
Strategy identified
Overland Corner & Rilli
Island as priority sites)
ECO
RAW
PA
NU
REC
OR
Limit access
around off-takes
Informal
camping/recreational
sites
Overland Corner
* Rilli Island & Reach
* D/s Thiele's sandbar
* Moorook game * reserve
Clarky's *
campground
Recreation
Project, campers,
EPA, SA Water
various others
*
DWLBC, irrigation
trusts
SA ECO Maintain pipeline
regularly
Pipeline—Berri
evaporation basin
EPA, winery
operators
ECO Enforce licence
conditions
NU
OR
Winery: EPA Lic # 1838—
Loxton
Ensure wastewater
irrigation practices
are sustainable and
relevant back-up
systems are present
Local councils,
DTEI, SA Water
Research location
of booms and other
oil spill response
equipment and
potential risk to
off-take
Emergency
response
procedures
Locate spill kits nearby
Install appropriate
roadside barriers/bridge
cages
HY ECO
RAW
Infrastructure
Causeway d/s of
Cobdogla
Kingston Bridge
*
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder (s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
LOW/CUMULATIVE RISKS
EPA, station
operators, local
councils
Research seepage
of fuel from
underground
storage tanks
Audit fuel storage
tanks
Education on
emergency
response
procedures in
event of a fuel spill
Petrol stations HY ECO
REC
Presence of spill
kits
Berri Barmera
and Loxton
Waikerie
councils, EPA
Recommend that
new applications
for boating
facilities are only
approved with
communal
facilities
Boat ramps HY ECO Presence of spill kits Education and
awareness on
appropriate
refueling
procedures
Berri Barmera
and Loxton
Waikerie
councils, local
community
Investigate the use
of geo-textile bags
Bank erosion TU ECO Designate specific
zones for
recreation river
craft
83

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
4 Riverland West LAP area assessment
4.1 Description of the area
The Riverland West Local Action Planning (RW LAP) area extends from Lock 1 near Blanchetown to Lock 3
near Overland Corner (Figure 4.1). It spans 184 km of the River Murray and encompasses a total of
13,370 ha of adjacent floodplains. The area contains 11,700 ha of irrigated horticultural land, mainly
vines (37%) and citrus (20%) (RW LAP 1999). Away from the river are extensive areas of dryland farming,
cattle grazing and pristine mallee country. The main townships in this area are Waikerie, Cadell and
Morgan.
Land and groundwater salinisation is a major problem in the area, largely the legacy of historical
vegetation clearance in the regional catchment. The problem has been exacerbated in some locations by
irrigation creating a ‘groundwater mound’ and increasing saline groundwater flows. It is also anticipated
that large quantities of salt currently trapped in floodplain sediment would enter the river with future
flooding (CSIRO 2003). Salt interception schemes at Woolpunda and Waikerie currently prevent about 350
tonnes of salt per day from entering the River Murray. Further schemes are planned to address increasing
salinity problems in the area caused by irrigation drainage (SA Water 2004).
The RW LAP group’s environmental improvement projects (RW LAP 1999) include:
• 10 wetland rehabilitation projects, eg Sinclair and Murbko lagoons, Morgan lagoons, Brenda Park-
Scotts Creek wetlands, Akuna Station, Maize Island
• helping growers reduce drainage and salt problems, and improve irrigation practices, within a land
and water management planning framework
• revegetation projects totalling 100 ha, including the successful Taylorville North–Lock 2 Rehabilitation
Project
• stormwater and effluent treatment projects in conjunction with local councils.
Water quality within the Riverland West area is generally fair compared to the rest of the River Murray
(EPA 2001a). SA Water monitoring stations at Lock 3, Waikerie, Woolpunda and Morgan measure a variety
of water quality parameters, and DWLBC’s ‘run of the river’ studies provide high-resolution data on salt
inputs. Salinity levels increase from Lock 3 to Morgan (EPA 2001a) where, nevertheless, salinity is about
25% less than it would be if the salt interception schemes were not in operation (SA Water 2004). In this
project’s framework, saline groundwater inputs were quite difficult to define as a precise hazard
location, as they diffuse into the river to varying degrees along its whole length. Specific salinity risks
that could be attributed to defined source location (eg large horticultural areas, saline creek/drainage
discharges) are included in this report.
Nutrient levels do not change significantly within this area (EPA 2001a) but blue-green algae (Anabaena
circinalis) levels are often elevated (SA Water unpublished data) in the region. No trends in heavy metal
levels between the monitoring stations are obvious within the area and pesticide levels were generally at
or below detection levels. Turbidity levels, which are high from where the river enters South Australia to
the mouth, are significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has a high clay
colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988).
84

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 4.1 Map of the Riverland West LAP area
85

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
4.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the
river, a total of 50 zones in the RW LAP area.
Raw water supply zones
Six raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable
water off-take) were identified in the RW LAP area:
RWRAW001 Woolpunda (unfiltered)
RWRAW002 Waikerie township
RWRAW003 Cadell (unfiltered)
RWRAW004 Cadell Training Centre (unfiltered)
RWRAW005 Morgan (township and Morgan–Whyalla pipeline)
RWRAW006 Blanchetown (unfiltered).
Recreation zones
Ten recreation zones were identified in the RW LAP area:
RWREC001 Waikerie and surrounds (10.6 km long)
RWREC002 upstream of Ramco lagoon (2.2 km long)
RWREC003 Ramco Point (1.3 km long)
RWREC004 Lock 2 to ‘Old Riversleigh’ (3.6 km long)
RWREC005 Hogwash Bend to Wilson’s Sandbar (5.2 km long)
RWREC006 Cadell and surrounds (5.0 km long)
RWREC007 Morgan to Brenda Park wetland (11.7 km long)
RWREC008 Scotts Creek to Murbko Flat (8.3 km long)
RWREC009 McBeans Pound shack area to Roonka (3.4 km long)
RWREC010 Blanchetown (4.4 km long).
4.3 Hazard identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Riverland West LAP office;
Loxton Waikerie and Mid Murray local councils; local irrigators and landholders from Cadell, Morgan and
Waikerie; and Golden Leisure Houseboats. The workshop identified the nature and location of potential
water quality hazards and recreation zones, and provided useful information for the subsequent risk
evaluation process.
4.4 Risks to water quality in the Riverland West area
Frequency of hazard types
A total of 140 hazards to water quality were identified. Those with the highest frequencies were
toilets/septic tank systems, wetlands/lagoons, horticulture, vessel launching/ boat ramps, vessel
moorings and informal camping areas (Figure 4.2).
86

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
Number of hazards
25
20
15
10
5
0
Chemical Store
Landfill
Quarry
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
Refuelling Facilities
Stormwater Infrastructure
Animal Husbandry
Fuel Store
Industry
Marina
Transport Infrastructure
Vessel Waste Disposal Area
Drainage Disposal Site
Ferry
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Grazing
Petrol Station
Creek/River
Wastewater Infrastructure
Informal Camping
Vessel Mooring(S)
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Horticulture
Figure 4.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, RW LAP area
Wetland/Lagoon
Toilets/Septic Tanks
Figure 4.3 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the RW LAP area.
The attached CD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Each hazard was assessed for different water quality risk parameters (eg stormwater may be assessed for
nutrients, turbidity, organic material, heavy metals and hydrocarbons). The frequencies of identified
risks for water quality parameters are summarised in Table 4.1. The highest frequency of risks was for
nutrients and organic matter, followed by turbidity, pesticides, hydrocarbons and salinity. Most of these
risks were rated as low (234) or moderate (254) level, but a significant number (16) of high risks were
recorded.
87

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
88
Note: shaded areas are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 4.3 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, RW LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 4.4 Example of hazard in the RW LAP area: wastewater lagoons on the floodplain
Table 4.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, RW LAP area
Stressor
Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 32 65 36 6 44 49 2 234
Mod 89 7 85 19 10 3 41 254
High 4 0 4 0 0 0
8 16
V.high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 125 72 125 25 54 52 51 504
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The aquatic ecosystem risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 4.2 and discussed in more
detail below for each stressor.
Salinity
Several large horticulture areas (eg irrigation areas near Cadell and Waikerie, Qualco/Sunlands irrigation
area) received a high salinity risk ranking. Horticultural drainage was also a large contributor (along with
regional groundwater discharges) to the high risk ranking for some lagoon (Ramco and Hart lagoons,
89

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
saline and connected to the river) and creek (Big and Little Toolunka creeks) discharges. Run of the river
and other salinity modelling studies have noted significant saline groundwater inputs in the RW LAP
region between Waikerie and Morgan supporting this general level of risk. Horticultural land use in these
areas is predominantly citrus and grapes that employ drip and/or canopy irrigation (Croucher 2005).
Large irrigated areas have increased saline groundwater flows to the river and floodplain by creating an
‘irrigation mound’ (elevated water head under irrigation areas). Irrigation displaces approximately 950
tonnes of salt per day within the RW LAP area: 210 tonnes enters the river and the rest is stored on the
floodplain (RW LAP 1999). There is some uncertainty about the ecological impact of salinity from saline
discharges to the river, as salinity levels have historically been variable (MDBC 1988).
Several management schemes are in place or planned to manage salt in the region, including from the
high risks identified above. SA Water operates two large salt interception schemes located at Waikerie
and Woolpunda which work by capturing saline groundwater using deep bores near the river and pumping
it away to a specially created disposal basin at Stockyard Plain (15 km south-west of Waikerie). Before
these schemes were implemented, the River Murray was carrying up to 250 tonnes per day of salt past
Woolpunda and 100 tonnes a day past Waikerie. Recent surveys show these salinity levels have decreased
to less than 10 tonnes a day in each area7 . Irrigation drainage that used to enter Ramco lagoon is also
now being diverted to the Waikerie scheme and a management plan is in place for this lagoon. A Hart
lagoon wetland management plan has been developed to manage the wetting and drying cycles of the
lagoon to maintain and enhance native flora and fauna communities, and reduce the impact of salinity
on the wetland. Irrigation practices have generally improved in the Riverland area and flood irrigation is
now rare. An on-ground water efficiency project is currently providing irrigators with information and
increasing awareness of best-practice land management. While irrigation technology has been well
adopted throughout the region, this project aims to provide high-level understanding of current bestpractice
techniques. The Riverland revegetation incentive scheme has also been in operation, in which
groups or individual landholders are encouraged to rehabilitate wetlands and other native vegetation
sites within their property.
The non-permanently connected wetlands were rated as a moderate risk during large rainfall events or
floods when salt, previously trapped in the floodplain and non-flowing creeks, is mobilised and flushed
into the river proper. The risk may be higher during the initial ‘first flush’ of such an event; further
research is needed to refine the risk assessment. The RW LAP area is part of the combined Riverland
network, where several small-scale projects are in place to monitor discharges from lagoons and
wetlands within the region.
Nutrients
Several large horticulture areas noted above as high risks for salinity also received a high risk ranking for
leakage of nutrients (in particular nitrate) through groundwater to the river, based on their large-scale
saline groundwater inputs. Elevated levels have been reported under irrigation areas in other areas of
South Australia (eg Northern Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a). Some lagoons (Hart and Ramco) that receive
irrigation drainage and are permanently connected to the river also received a high-risk ranking.
7 See
90

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The Waikerie STEDS wastewater ponds (located below the 1956 flood level) posed a high risk based on
information that they were discharging effluent to the floodplain only a few hundred metres from the
river. Upgrades are planned for this system in the near future. Morgan township was also assigned a high
nutrient risk level due to a large number of septic tanks within a relatively close proximity of the river.
Blanchetown township was assigned a moderate risk level. There was some uncertainty to this
assessment due to an absence of monitoring data but nitrate is very mobile from septic tank soakage
areas (SADHS 2004). There are no firm plans for converting these townships to STEDS although it was
noted large capital expenditure would be required for this.
A significant number of moderate-risk nutrient hazards were identified from vessel/houseboat mooring
sites (eg Waikerie, Morgan), marinas (Griffen’s and Koala) and vessel waste disposal stations. The three
river vessel waste disposal stations in the RW LAP area (Waikerie, Blanchetown and Morgan) also
presented moderate nutrient risks in the event of accidental spillage when houseboats were emptying
their blackwater holding tanks. The Morgan river vessel waste disposal station was also noted as a
moderate risk due to its soakage trench leaking through adjacent cliffs (below 1956 flood level). The
station is in process of being connected to an upgraded Morgan caravan park STEDS.
The significant number of shack sites (eg Idyll Acres, Cadell, Pelican Point, Freeman’s landing) within the
RW LAP area include a number of moderate nutrient risk posed from their septic tank systems. A STEDS
scheme for ‘Idyll Acres’ is nearly operational, and a scheme for Pelican Point is also in progress. Mid
Murray Council levies individual shack owners (typically $4000–7000) to pay for these schemes. Some
caravan parks (eg Blanchetown, Sunlands) and riverfront public toilets were also classified as a moderate
risk. Paisley Creek runs around Blanchetown caravan park and presumably increases drainage output
from the septic tank soakage trenches to the river.
Generally speaking, older septic systems pose the highest risk and many of them have been, or are in the
process of being, replaced with STEDS. Several major shack areas such as Scott’s Creek, Brenda Park and
Beaumont’s subdivision are also connected. The STEDS infrastructure (effluent pumps) generally received
a low risk ranking as the risk has a lower likelihood of failure and/or overflow of systems.
Stormwater discharge from the McCutcheon Street catchment in Waikerie was classified as a moderate
nutrient risk. This is the largest catchment in Waikerie and is predominantly residential. Waikerie is the
only township in the RW LAP area where stormwater is discharged directly to the river from a
stormwater outlet. Runoff from the remaining townships enters the river as diffuse flow, allowing for
some degree of ‘natural’ filtration in the flow path.
Several wetland and creek discharges represent a significant portion of the moderate nutrient risks. This
is an area that requires further research, as there was a lack of certainty to this assessment. The
moderate nutrient risks were generally attributed to potential event discharges where the surrounding
land use and activities contribute nutrients. Natural or artificial flooding may also result in mixing and
discharge of mobilised contaminants into the river (AWQC 1993). Many wetlands within the area are
undergoing rehabilitation, often incorporating a wetting/drying cycle.
Informal camping areas presented a low nutrient risk in this LAP area because the majority were not
highly populated, although one church campsite can house several hundred campers over Easter
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
weekend. As camping is a seasonal activity, the likelihood of this activity having an effect on ecosystem
health increases during peak holiday periods. Areas such as Ramco Point and Holder Bend within this LAP
area have been identified in the Sustainable Recreation Project (2005) as requiring toilet facilities.
Three ferries operate in this area, at Cadell, Waikerie and Morgan, and were identified as a low risk to
water quality.
Organic matter
Moderate-high organic matter risks were attributed to horticultural areas but there was some uncertainty
as to this assessment (most groundwater monitoring data pertained to salinity). The large horticultural
areas noted above were those given the high-risk rankings. Discharges from creeks (eg Little Toolunka
and Big Toolunka) and lagoons (eg Devlin’s Pound and Yarra) in the area were assessed as posing a
moderate organic matter risk, although again there was a lack of certainty to this ranking.
Other sources of moderate organic risks included houseboats, marinas, river vessel waste disposal
stations and stormwater from Waikerie.
Sources of low organic risks were similar to those noted for nutrients above such as failure of STEDS
infrastructure. The Waikerie STEDS ponds and the Morgan and Blanchetown townships’ septic tanks were
considered a moderate risk for the reasons noted above for nutrients.
Turbidity
The current very high level of turbidity in the river coming into South Australia makes additional
turbidity impacts on the aquatic ecosystem less likely than in many other waterbodies. The majority of
turbidity risks were classified as low and came from vessel launching/boat ramp areas, marinas, quarries
and vessel waste disposal stations. The few moderate sources of risk identified were predominantly
rainfall event discharges from creeks and a stormwater outlet in Waikerie, and wash down activities at a
Morgan slipway.
The community raised concerns about wake boat induced erosion but it was difficult to determine the
precise location, extent or impact of this activity.
Hydrocarbons
The McCutcheon St catchment in Waikerie is predominantly residential, and stormwater runoff from it
was assessed as a moderate hydrocarbon risk. Accidental spillage from the Blanchetown bridge was also
rated as a moderate risk. Although it is unlikely that a catastrophic event (eg fuel tanker spillage) would
take place, the effect on the ecosystem could be quite large. A houseboat refuelling facility in Waikerie
was considered a moderate risk based on the likelihood of spills during vessel refuelling. The fuel storage
tank (10,000 L) for this facility is above ground, bunded and approximately 50 m away from the river.
Low hydrocarbon risk sources included ferry runoff, leakage from petrol stations, and accidental
spillage from recreational river craft, fuel stores on the edge of the river, and a truck wash facility near
Ramco lagoon.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Heavy metals
Groundwater leakage from the horticultural areas to the river was considered a moderate heavy metal
risk. There was a lack of certainty to this assessment but groundwater contamination for metals such as
cadmium and zinc has been reported under irrigation areas in other areas of South Australia (eg Northern
Adelaide Plains, EPA 2003a).
A moderate risk was present for the stormwater discharge in Waikerie, runoff from the DTEI dockyard at
Morgan, and wash off from a marina with a slipway. Sources of low risks included ferry spillage and
runoff, and a water filtration plant at Morgan.
Pesticides
Pesticide use is widespread in the area for horticulture but the risk was assessed as moderate (irrigation
areas near Cadell and Waikerie, Qualco/Sunlands) to low (most irrigation areas). Event discharges from
creeks were also assessed as a moderate risk. Both these assessments lacked certainty as there was no
direct monitoring data obtained for drainage from these areas. The river water quality monitoring data
for the region (eg SA Water data for Waikerie and Morgan) typically shows undetectable levels of
pesticides. Pesticide use is regulated through the National Registration Scheme for agricultural and
veterinary chemicals (EPA 2003d).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 4.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, RW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
94
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
RW014B Piggery—sows only, Lund's EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
RW094B Piggery, EPA Lic #10960—Miller's EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
CHEMICAL STORE
RW104C Filtration plant, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low
CREEK/RIVER
RW018A Little Toolunka Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 high 2
RW018B Little Toolunka Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW021A Big Toolunka Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 high 2
RW021B Big Toolunka Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW168A Scott Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW168B Scott Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RW053L Drainage discharge through cliffs near Waikerie LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
RW063B Evaporation basin, Maize Island EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 1 mod 3
RW080L Irrigation drainage, Qualco/Sunlands area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
FERRY
RW047B Ferry, Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW047C Ferry, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW086B Ferry, Cadell EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW086C Ferry, Cadell ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW159B Ferry, Morgan EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW159C Ferry, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
FUEL STORE
RW036C Pump fuel store, Beckman Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW037C Pump fuel store, adj Ross lagoon ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GRAZING
RW038G Cattle grazing, Ross lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RW084G Cattle grazing, Taylor Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
RW095B Camel farm EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
RW097G Cattle grazing, Weston Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
HORTICULTURE
RW001L Horticulture, Qualco/Sunlands irrigation area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 3
RW004L Horticulture, Thompson's LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW020L Horticulture, Harts Landing LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW071L Horticulture, Metollo's LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW081L Horticulture, near Markaranka LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW082L Horticulture, d/s of Hogwash Bend LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW085L Horticulture, Nikalapko LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW089L Horticulture, Cadell LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 3
RW105L Horticulture, d/s Cadell LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW119L Horticulture, near Pine Village LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW129L Horticulture, Joyson's LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW133L Horticulture, below Sinclair Flat LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
RW180L Horticulture, area NW of Waikerie LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 3
RW181L Horticulture, Waikerie area LEAKAGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 3
RW182L Horticulture, N of Woolpunda LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 3
INDUSTRY
RW177B Winery, EPA Lic #1911 EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3
RW178H Truckwash, Ramco WASH DOWN low 2 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
RW006G Informal camping, Bartels Landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW016G Informal camping, Church campsite HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RW017G Informal camping, Taylorville Road HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW030G Informal camping, Ramco HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW035G Informal camping, adj Hart lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW059G Informal camping, Round Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW061G Informal camping, Maize Island Conservation Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RW079G Recreation, Hogwash Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
RW096G Informal camping, Wilson's Sandbar HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
RW103G Informal camping, Morgan Conservation Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 3 low 2
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96
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
LANDFILL
RW011L Old council landfill LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
RW142Q Marina, Griffen's Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW162Q Marina, Koala Houseboats MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
RW024C Petrol station, Sunlands Caravan Park ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RW024L Petrol station, Sunlands Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2
RW049C Petrol station, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RW049L Petrol station, Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
RW054C Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW054L Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
RW148C Petrol station—Ampol, Blanchetown ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RW148L Petrol station—Ampol, Blanchetown LEAKAGE low 2
QUARRY
RW039B Mineral quarry, adj Ross lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
RW174C Houseboat refuelling facility, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
SLIPWAY
RW161H Transport SA Dockyard, Morgan WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod 1 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW052B Stormwater discharge, McCutcheon St catchment Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RW025L Septic tanks, Sunlands Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RW031L Septic tanks, dwellings adj Hart lagoon LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RW057L Septic tanks, Waikerie ski club LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW067L Septic tanks, Good Hope Landing rural living LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW088L Septic tanks, Cadell township LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
RW100L Septic tanks, Cadell shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW101D Public toilet, Cadell INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW106L Septic tanks, Freeman's Landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RW116L Septic tanks, 'Idyll Acres' shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW118L Septic tanks, Prince Alfred College environment centre LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW120L Septic tanks, Pine Village LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW122L Septic tanks, Wombats Rest shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW124L Septic tanks, Pelican Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW127L Septic tanks, 'Verfel' shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW135L Septic tanks, McBeans Pound shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW137L Septic tanks, Roonka scout camp LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW138L Septic tanks, Roonka riverfront cottages LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW139L Septic tanks, adj Arlunga wetland LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
RW144L Septic tanks, Blanchetown caravan park (u/s bridge) LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW149L Septic tanks, Palms Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW175L Septic tanks, Waikerie adj pumping shed LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW184L Septic tanks, Morgan township LEAKAGE high 2 mod 2
RW184L Septic tanks, Blanchetown township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
RW146C Bridge, Blanchetown Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
RW161C Transport SA Dockyard, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
RW005S Recreation area, Bartels Landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW010S Recreation area, d/s of Lock 2 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW026S Recreation area, adj Ramco lagoon VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW041S Recreation area, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW042S Recreation area, Apex boat ramp VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW045S Recreation area, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW056S Recreation area, Holder Landing, Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW066S Boat ramp, d/s of Yarra lagoon discharge VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW070S Boat ramp, adj to Woolpunda pump station VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW098S Recreation area, Cadell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW123S Recreation area, Pelican Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW125S Boat ramp, Murbko Flat wetland complex VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW128S Boat ramp, Murbko VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
98
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
RW134S Recreation area, McBeans Pound VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW147S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RW007R Permanent houseboat mooring, d/s Bartels Landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW043R Houseboats, permanent & hire, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW046C Permanent restaurant & hotel, River Murray Queen ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW060R Houseboats—two permanent VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW064R Houseboats—three permanent, Yarra lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW083R Houseboats, adj Mallyons VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW114R Houseboats, u/s of Brenda Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW126R Houseboats, Murbko Flat wetland complex VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW136R Houseboats, McBeans Pound VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW143R Houseboats, Blanchetown VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW164R Houseboats—commercial, Morgan VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW165R Houseboats, Morgan VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
RW167R Houseboats, d/s of Brenda Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
RW044C River vessel waste disposal station, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW145C River vessel waste disposal station, Blanchetown ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW166C River vessel waste disposal station, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
RW179L Wastewater disposal, Crusta EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW013D Effluent pond—piggery INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW050L STEDS lagoon, Waikerie LEAKAGE high 3 mod 3
RW093D Wastewater lagoons, Morgan filtration plant INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW113D STEDS infrastructure, Brenda Park shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW117D Effluent pump, EPA Lic #14164 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW121D STEDS infrastructure, Scotts Creek shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW157D STEDS infrastructure, Northwest Bend shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW158D STEDS infrastructure, Beaumont's subdivision shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW160D STEDS infrastructure, Morgan Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RW163D STEDS infrastructure, Morphett Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW171D Effluent pump, EPA Lic #14164 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
RW002B Wetland, opposite Thompson's vines EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW008B Wetland, Niagra wetland system EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW009B Wetland, Reid Flat floodplain basin EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low low 2
RW015A Wetland, Boggy Flat DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW015B Wetland, Boggy Flat EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW027A Lagoon, Ramco lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 high 3
RW027B Lagoon, Ramco lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW032A Hart lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low mod 2 mod 2 high 2
RW032B Hart lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW040A Lagoon, Ross lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW040B Lagoon, Ross lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW048A Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW048B Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW062B Lagoon, Holder lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW065A Lagoon, Yarra lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW065B Lagoon, Yarra lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW069A Lagoon, Devlins Pound DISCHARGE mod 2 low mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW069B Lagoon, Devlins Pound EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW078B Swamp, Smiths swamp EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW087B Wetlands, Cadell Training Centre EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW099B Wetland, Cadell Basin EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW169B Wetland, Wombat Rest backwater EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW170B Wetland, Murbko Flat complex EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW171B Wetland, Murbko South EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW172A Wetland, Donald Flat lagoon DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low low 2
RW172B Wetland, Donald Flat lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low mod 2
RW173A Wetland, Arlunga EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to raw water supplies
Figure 4.4 is the key map for risks to the raw water supply environmental value in the RW LAP area. The
attached CD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 4.3. The highest frequency of risks was for nutrients, followed by organic matter,
pathogens, hydrocarbons, salinity, turbidity, heavy metals and pesticides. Most of these risks were rated
as low (162) level, with only a few (6) moderate risks.
Table 4.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, RW LAP area
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides;
HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
The raw water supply risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 4.4 land discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Pathogens
Waste disposal systems (Cadell shacks, Waikerie riverfront septic tanks, Blanchetown township), a vessel
mooring area just upstream of Blanchetown bridge, and accidental spillage from the Blanchetown river
vessel waste disposal were assessed as moderate pathogen risks. The distance from the Blanchetown
hazards to the off-take is reasonably large (>350 m) but effluent from the vessel station and adjoining
public toilets is pumped up above the cliff line to a large soakage trench located 50 m inland from the
cliff edge and pumped out every 6–12 months. There are plans to move it further inland and possibly
establish a wastewater reuse scheme.
Jaeschke lagoon (opposite Waikerie off-take) was assessed as a moderate risk—animals graze all around
the lagoon and upstream of the ferry. Informal camping at Morgan Conservation Park (opposite Morgan
off-take) was assessed as a moderate pathogen risk. Cadell Training Centre lagoon (degraded wetland
affected by grazing) was also classed as a moderate risk (Cadell Training Centre unfiltered off-take).
Low risk sources of pathogens included ferry runoff (Waikerie and Cadell) and accidental spillage from
the River Murray Queen. Double reinforced pipes pump waste inland from this vessel so a low risk was
assigned. Stormwater discharge from the McCutcheon Street catchment in Waikerie was classified as a
low pathogen risk as it is over one kilometre upstream from the off-take.
100
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 18 20 6 19 4 1 16 9 93
Mod 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 6
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 20 22 6 21 4 1 16 9 99

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risks to raw water supplies
Figure 4.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, RW LAP area
101

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Nutrients
Several horticultural areas in raw water supply zones (Waikerie, Cadell, Metello’s) were allocated a
moderate nutrient risk. Nutrient inputs from several of the other larger horticultural areas, while not
located in the raw water zones, are probably contributing to a higher overall risk of algal blooms in this
area. Other moderate nutrient risks were recorded for Jaeschke and Cadell Training Centre lagoons, the
river vessel disposal station in Waikerie, septic tanks in Blanchetown township and Cadell and Waikerie
riverfront locations. Stormwater discharge from the McCutcheon Street catchment in Waikerie was
classified as a low pathogen risk.
Organic matter
Moderate organic matter risks were attributed to several horticultural areas in raw water supply zones
(Waikerie, Cadell, Metello’s). Other sources and risk levels were similar to those described for nutrients
above.
Hydrocarbons and heavy metals
Hydrocarbon and heavy metal risks were all assessed as low. Hydrocarbon risks to raw water supplies
were due to accidental spillage from recreational craft, petrol station spillage and leakage, ferry runoff
and tank spillage, and a stormwater discharge. Heavy metal risks to raw water supplies came from ferry
runoff and the urban stormwater discharge in Waikerie.
Salinity
Several horticultural areas in this study’s raw water supply zones (Waikerie, Cadell, Metello’s) were rated
as moderate salinity risks. As noted above, several salt interception programs have been implemented in
the RW LAP area to reduce potential future salt impacts on the raw water supplies. Salt is expensive and
difficult to remove in water treatment operations (eg desalination methods).
102

Table 4.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, RW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
CHEMICAL STORE
RW104C Filtration plant, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RW053L Irrigation/groundwater discharge through cliffs LEAKAGE low low 2 low 2 low 1 low 2
FERRY
RW047B Ferry, Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW047C Ferry, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW086B Ferry, Cadell EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3
RW086C Ferry, Cadell ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
RW071L Horticulture, Metollo's LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW089L Horticulture, Cadell LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW105L Horticulture, d/s Cadell LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
RW181L Horticulture, Waikerie area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
INDUSTRY
RW177B Winery, EPA Lic #1911 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
RW103G Informal camping, Morgan Conservation Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
RW049C Petrol station, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW049L Petrol station, Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
RW054C Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW054L Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW052B Stormwater discharge, McCutcheon St catchment Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RW057L Septic tanks, Waikerie ski club LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW100L Septic tanks, Cadell shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW101D Public toilet holding tank, Cadell INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
104
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
RW144L Septic tanks, Blanchetown caravan park (u/s bridge) LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW175L Septic tanks, Waikerie adj pumping shed LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW185L Septic tanks, Blanchetown township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
RW045S Recreation area, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW056S Recreation area, Holder Landing, Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW070S Boat ramp, adj to Woolpunda pump station VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2
RW098S Recreation area, Cadell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW147S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RW046C Permanent restaurant & hotel, River Murray Queen ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW143R Houseboats, Blanchetown VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
RW145C River vessel waste disposal station, Blanchetown ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 1
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW093D Wastewater lagoons, Morgan filtration plant INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
WETLAND/LAGOON
RW048A Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW048B Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW087B Wetlands, Cadell Training Centre EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
RW099B Wetland, Cadell Basin EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 2 low 3 low 3
RW173A Wetland, Arlunga DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 2 low 3 low 3

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational use
Figure 4.5 is the key map for risks to recreational environmental value in the RW LAP area. The attached
CD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Frequencies of identified risks to recreational use for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 4.5. The highest frequency of risks was for nutrients, followed by pathogens,
turbidity and hydrocarbons. All risks were assessed as low (162) or moderate (62).
Table 4.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, RW LAP area
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 25 58 41 38 162
Mod 43 14 4 1 62
High 0 0 0 0 0
V.high 0 0 0 0 0
Total 68 72 45 39 224
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; HY—hydrocarbons
The recreational risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 4.6 and discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Pathogens
Morgan and Blanchetown townships were assigned a moderate pathogen risk level due to a large number
of septic tanks in relatively close proximity to the river. There was some uncertainty to this assessment,
as no site-specific monitoring data was available. Septic tank systems in several other floodplain
locations were also assessed as a moderate pathogen risk (eg Blanchetown caravan park, Cadell shacks).
Several major shack areas such as Scott’s Creek, Brenda Park and Beaumont’s subdivision are connected
to STEDS and many septic tanks in other areas are in the process of being connected to STEDS.
Moderate pathogen risk levels were also assigned to river vessel waste disposal stations at Morgan and
Waikerie, accidental spillage from a permanent houseboat/restaurant, discharge from several vessel
mooring areas (eg Blanchetown, Morgan) and marinas (Griffen’s Marina and Koala Houseboats). The
incidence of deliberate blackwater discharge should be low in this LAP area given that there are three
river vessel waste disposal stations. The community had concerns for some permanently moored vessels.
Several informal camping areas with no sanitation facilities were assessed as a moderate risk but there
was some uncertainty associated with this ranking. It was difficult to precisely assess the scale of this
impact on water quality although the community has noted decreases in aesthetic value, particularly during
peak holiday periods (eg defecation along river bank at Ramco Point). There is also a higher likelihood of
primary contact recreation during these periods.
105

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
106
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risks to recreational use
Figure 4.6 Key map for recreation zones, RW LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The Sustainable Recreation Project (2005) is currently prioritising recreation sites along the River Murray
and Lower Lakes that require rehabilitation and/or additional recreation facilities. This project has
highlighted Ramco Point and Holder Bend as rehabilitation sites with recommendations including
installation of toilets. Hart lagoon has also been recommended for rehabilitation with revegetation and
interpretive signage.
Discharges from creeks (Big Toolunka and Scott) were assessed as a moderate risk, as was Waikerie urban
stormwater discharge. The actual risk from these sources would likely be lower as people would tend not
to swim or ski during or immediately following rainfall events.
Nutrients
Moderate nutrient risks included horticultural areas, creeks, Jaeschke lagoon, two marinas, the Waikerie
STEDS lagoons, the Morgan and Blanchetown townships, Morgan river vessel waste disposal station, and
Blanchetown caravan park. Low nutrient risks to recreational values included sources such as the
numerous informal camping areas without sanitation facilities, vessel mooring areas, stormwater
discharges and possible effluent discharge from wastewater/STEDS pump failure in regional townships
and shack areas.
Hydrocarbons
One hydrocarbon risk was assessed as moderate, namely for accidental fuel spillage at the Morgan ferry.
The remaining hydrocarbon risks were all assessed as low and included accidental spillage from vessel
mooring areas and boat ramps. The actual risk would likely to be only to aesthetic values, as people
would tend not to swim or ski in areas that have oil slicks.
Turbidity
The highly turbid nature of the river already poses a risk to recreation, as there is generally no visibility
at a depth of 1.2 m (ANZECC 2000). In the current report, most identified sources of increased turbidity
were assessed as low level, apart from a few moderate rankings for creek and urban stormwater
discharges. Wake-induced erosion, in particular, was highlighted as a common community concern but its
actual impact on recreation was difficult to quantify.
107

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 4.6 Summary of significant risks to recreational environmental values, RW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk,
108
the risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
CHEMICAL STORE
RW104C Filtration plant, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE
CREEK/RIVER
RW021A Big Toolunka Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW021B Big Toolunka Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
RW068A Scott Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
RW168B Scott Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
RW053L Irrigation/groundwater discharge through cliffs LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW063B Evaporation basin, Maize Island EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
FERRY
RW047B Ferry, Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
RW047C Ferry, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW086B Ferry, Cadell EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
RW086C Ferry, Cadell ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW159B Ferry, Morgan EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 3
RW159C Ferry, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
HORTICULTURE
RW004L Horticulture, Thompson's LEAKAGE mod 2
RW082L Horticulture, d/s of Hogwash Bend LEAKAGE mod 2
RW089L Horticulture, Cadell LEAKAGE mod 2
RW119L Horticulture, near Pine Village LEAKAGE mod 2
RW133L Horticulture, below Sinclair Flat LEAKAGE mod 2
INDUSTRY
RW177B Winery, EPA Lic #1911 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
RW006G Informal camping, Bartels Landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 3
RW030G Informal camping, Ramco HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2
RW059G Informal camping, Round Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RW061G Informal camping, Maize Island Conservation Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RW079G Recreation, Hogwash Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
RW096G Informal camping, Wilson's Sandbar HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 3
RW103G Informal camping, Morgan Conservation Park HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 3
MARINA
RW142Q Marina, Griffen's Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
RW162Q Marina, Koala Houseboats MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 mod 3 low 3
PETROL STATION
RW024C Petrol station, Sunlands Caravan Park ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RW024L Petrol station, Sunlands Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2
RW049C Petrol station, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
RW049L Petrol station, Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
RW054C Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW054L Petrol station—Mobil, d/s of Waikerie LEAKAGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
RW174C Houseboat refuelling facility, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
RW161H Transport SA Dockyard, Morgan WASH DOWN low 2
low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW052B Stormwater discharge, McCutcheon St, Waikerie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2
low 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
RW025L Septic tanks, Sunlands Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
RW031L Septic tanks, dwellings adj Hart lagoon LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW057L Septic tanks, Waikerie ski club LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW088L Septic tanks, Cadell township LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW100L Septic tanks, Cadell shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW101D Public toilet holding tanks, Cadell INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW116L Septic tanks, 'Idyll Acres' shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW120L Septic tanks, Pine Village LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
RW122L Septic tanks, Wombats Rest shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW124L Septic tanks, Pelican Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW135L Septic tanks, McBeans Pound shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
109

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
110
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
RW137L Septic tanks, Roonka scout camp LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW138L Septic tanks, Roonka riverfront cottages LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW144L Septic tanks, Blanchetown caravan park (u/s bridge) LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW149L Septic tanks, Palms Caravan Park LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
RW166L River vessel waste disposal stationósoakage trench, Morgan LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW175L Septic tanks, Waikerie riverfront LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
RW184L Septic tanks, Morgan township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
RW185L Septic tanks, Blanchetown township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
RW146C Bridge, Blanchetown Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
RW161C Transport SA Dockyard, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
RW005S Recreation area, Bartels Landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW010S Recreation area, d/s of Lock 2 VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW026S Recreation area, adj Ramco lagoon VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW041S Recreation area, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW042S Recreation area, Apex boat ramp VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW045S Recreation area, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW056S Recreation area, Holder Landing, Waikerie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW098S Recreation area, Cadell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW123S Recreation area, Pelican Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW134S Recreation area, McBeans Pound VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
RW147S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
RW007R Permanent houseboat mooring, d/s Bartels Landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW043R Houseboats—permanent & hire, u/s of Waikerie VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
RW046C Permanent restaurant & hotel, River Murray Queen ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW060R Houseboats, u/s Holder lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 3 low 2
RW114R Houseboats, u/s of Brenda Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW136R Houseboats, McBeans Pound VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW143R Houseboats, Blanchetown VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
RW164R Houseboats—commercial, Morgan VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RW165R Houseboats, Morgan VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 low 3 low 2
RW167R Houseboats, d/s of Brenda Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
RW044C River vessel waste disposal station, Waikerie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW145C River vessel waste disposal station, Blanchetown ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
RW166C River vessel waste disposal station, Morgan ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RW050L STEDS lagoon, Waikerie INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 3 mod 3
RW093D Wastewater lagoons, Morgan filtration plant INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
RW113D STEDS infrastructure, Brenda Park shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW117D Effluent pump, EPA Lic #14164 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
RW121D STEDS infrastructure, Scotts Creek shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW157D STEDS infrastructure, Northwest Bend shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW158D STEDS infrastructure, Beaumont's subdivision shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW160D STEDS infrastructure, Morgan Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
RW163D STEDS infrastructure, Morphett Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
RW008B Wetland, Niagra wetland system EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW027B Lagoon, Ramco lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW048A Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2
RW048B Lagoon, Jaeschke lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW062B Lagoon, Holder lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW087B Wetlands, Cadell Training Centre EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW099B Wetland, Cadell Basin EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW169B Wetland, Wombat Rest backwater EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
RW173B Wetland, Arlunga EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
111

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
4.5 Options for management of risks, RW LAP area
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the RW LAP area are shown in
Table 4.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring, compliance,
policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities are being examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
112

Table 4.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, RW LAP area
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Compliance Policy planning
Monitoring
Capacity building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
HIGH RISKS
CIT, irrigators, LAP
groups, EPA,
DWLBC, SAMDB
NRMB
Model catchment
water quality,
incorporating
research into the
impact of diffuse
runoff
Liaison with
DWLBC re: water
extraction and
drainage
Water use and efficiency
auditing
Monitor
irrigation
discharge water
& groundwater
quality
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
Further salt
interception and
drainage diversion
schemes
ECO
RAW
REC
SA
NU
OR
Irrigation drainage
Qualco / Sunlands area
Cadell
Waikerie
Various other areas
(moderate risks)
*
Drainage from Qualco
Sunlands currently
taken to Stockyard
Plain; this drainage
infrastructure must be
maintained to prevent
further drainage into
the river
Loxton-Waikerie
Council, SAMDB
NRMB, EPA
Investigate funding
options
Audit and enforce
licence conditions
and/or Water Quality
EPP
Upgrade system to
reduce risks and/or
move off flood plain
ECO
REC
STEDS, Waikerie NU
OR
PA
Mid Murray
Council, SAMDB
NRMB
Investigate funding
options
Upgrade township to
STEDS
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
PA
OR
Septic tanks, Morgan
township
113

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
114
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Compliance Policy planning
Monitoring
Capacity building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
MODERATE RISKS
BIASA, EPA, Mid
Murray and Loxton
Waikerie councils,
DWLBC, DTEI
Development of
affordable and
effective greywater
treatment systems
Introduce
requirement for
all houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to
be slipped and
surveyed
Audit and enforce Code
of Practice for Vessel
and Facility
Management: Marine and
Inland Waters
Monitor
discharge
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
OR
PA
Vessel moorings
Survey/audit of
how often boats
move mooring
locations
Education and
awareness of river
vessel users on
blackwater disposal
stations and
greywater
management
u/s of Brenda Pk
adj Mallyons
Murbko Flat wetland
complex
McBeans Pound
Blanchetown
Morgan
permanent and hire u/s
of Waikerie
Yarra lagoon
*
*
*
BIASA, marina
owner/operator,
EPA, DWLBC,
Planning SA
Marina planning
policy
development
Audit, license and/or
enforce COP for Vessel
and Facility
Management: Marine and
Inland Waters
Monitor nutrient
levels in marina
Education of boat
owners and marina
operators on
appropriate waste
disposal
Bunding of fuel
storage tanks
ECO
REC
NU
OR
PA
Marinas
Griffen's Marina
Koala Houseboats
Audit frequency
of pump out
*
DWLBC, SA Water,
BIASA, Houseboat
Hirers Association,
Mid Murray and
Loxton Waikerie
councils
Surveys on station
use to determine if
the capacity is
appropriate
Education of vessel
users on the
operation of stations
Connect soakage
trenches to STEDS at
Blanchetown & Morgan
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
PA
River vessel waste disposal
stations
Emergency
procedures in place
in the event of
station failure
Blanchetown
Waikerie
Morgan
*
Loxton Waikerie
council, SA MDB
NRM Board, EPA
Investigate
treatment/reuse
alternatives
Require new
developments to
incorporate
stormwater
management
systems (eg
detention basins
and wetlands)
and use watersensitive
urban
design principles
Audit any industries in
the catchment
Monitor
stormwater
discharges at
the outlet
Community
education on
pollution of
stormwater
Alternative treatment
options, eg
detention basin
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
OR
HY
Stormwater
McCutcheon St
catchment, Waikerie
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Compliance Policy planning
Monitoring
Capacity building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Department of
Health, SA MDB
NRM Board, Mid
Murray and Loxton
Waikerie councils,
RW LAP, EPA
Consider the
density of septic
tank soakage
trenches in any
new
developments in
the Water
Protection Area
Audit and enforce Public
and Environmental
Health Act and/or Water
Quality EPP if required
to address risks
Monitoring on
the influence of
septic tank
disposal
trenches on
groundwater
contamination
Education on the
importance of
regular auditing and
management
practices
Upgrade to STEDS or
WWTP where
appropriate
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
OR
PA
Septic tank systems
Provide information
to dwelling owners
on using native
plantings along
soakage lines to
remove nutrients
Note: Idyll Acres
scheme is near
completion and
Pelican Pt is in
progress
Blanchetown
Idyll Acres
Cadell
Pelican Point
Freeman's Landing
Blanchetown &
Sunlands caravan parks
Morgan river vessel
waste disposal station
various others
*
*
*
Councils, Riverland
Tourism
Association,
MDA/Sustainable
Recreation
Project, campers,
EPA, Department
of Health, SA
Water
Designate
camping sites
that require
permits, allowing
greater control
over use
Audit and enforce Public
and Environmental
Health Act and/or Water
Quality EPP if required
to address risks
Survey of
campsites:
frequency of
use and density
of campers
Education on the
sustainable use of
campsites
Installation of
additional sanitation
facilities (Sustainable
Recreation Strategy
identified Ramco
point, Holder Bend
and Hart lagoon as
priority sites)
ECO
RAW
REC
PA
NU
OR
Limit access
around off-takes
Informal camping/
recreational sites
Bartels Landing
Ramco
Hart lagoon
Round Flat
Taylorville Rd
Maize Island Cons Park
Church campsite
Hogwash Bend
Wilson's Sandbar
Morgan Cons Park
*
RW LAP, SA MDB
NRM Board,
DWLBC, EPA
Research catchment
land uses and
catchment water
quality modelling
Develop wetland
management
plans
Monitor water
quality and
flows and
effects of any
artificial
flushing
practices
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
Revegetate
catchments
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
OR
PA
SA
Wetlands/lagoons
Fence to control
grazing
Divert all horticultural
drainage to land-based
disposal basins
Hart lagoon
Ramco lagoon
Cadell training centre
various other
lagoons/wetlands (see
RWLAP 2000)
*
Plant riparian buffers
where runoff risks
exist
115

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
116
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Compliance Policy planning
Monitoring
Capacity building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
LAP groups,
irrigators, CIT,
DWLBC, Councils,
EPA
Investigate land uses
and catchment
drainage network in
more detail
Liaison with
DWLBC re: water
extraction and
drainage
Audit water use and
efficiency
Monitor
discharges to
river
Education on
sustainable
irrigation practices
Rehabilitate
vegetation in the area
ECO
REC
NU
TU
Creek discharges
Divert all horticultural
drainage to land-based
disposal basins
Big Toolunka
Little Toolunka
Scott
Model catchment
water quality
*
Plant riparian buffers
where runoff risks
exist
Fence to control
grazing
LOW/CUMULATIVE RISKS
DTEI, EPA
Investigate the best
options for
treatment or
containment of wash
down water
Training in
emergency response
procedures
Treat/contain wash
down runoff water;
consultation is
currently in progress
HY ECO
RAW
REC
Ferries
Presence of spill kits
Waikerie
Morgan
Cadell
*
Local councils,
EPA, SAMDB NRMB
Ensure
applications for
development take
into account
current waste
disposal system
capacity
Monitoring of
quality of any
discharge
Education on
emergency response
procedures in the
event of pump
failure
Research whether
bunding/infrastructure
would be required to
prevent sewage
reaching the river in
event of pump/pipe
failure
ECO
REC
NU
OR
PA
STEDS infrastructure
Brenda Park shacks
Scotts Creek shacks
Northwest Bend shacks
Beaumont's subdivision
shacks
Morgan Caravan Park
Morphett Flat shacks
*
*
*
EPA, winery
operators
ECO Enforce licence
conditions
Winery: EPA Lic#1911 NU
OR
Ensure wastewater
irrigation practices are
sustainable and relevant
back-up systems are
present
Loxton Waikerie
and Mid Murray
council, local
community RW
LAP, SAMDB NRMB
Investigate the effect
of boat wakes on
bank erosion
Designate specific
zones for
recreational river
craft
Education on
preventing bank
erosion
Management of
vegetation cover on
riverbanks
Bank erosion TU ECO
REC
Use of geotextile bags

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Compliance Policy planning
Monitoring
Capacity building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
EPA
ECO Audit and enforce Water
Quality EPP (EPA 2003c)
if required
Truck wash facility near
Ramco lagoon
SA Water, EPA
Examine emergency
response procedures
and systems
Audit and enforce Water
Quality EPP (EPA 2003c)
if required
Filtration plant, Morgan ECO
RAW
Mid Murray and
Loxton Waikerie
councils, EPA
Recommend that
new applications
for boating
facilities are only
approved for
communal
facilities
Presence of spill kits Education and
awareness of river
vessel users on
blackwater disposal
stations and
greywater
management
Boat ramps HY ECO
REC
Local councils,
DTEI
Research location of
booms and other oil
spill response
equipment
Emergency response
procedures
Spill kits located
nearby
HY ECO
REC
Infrastructure
Blanchetown Bridge
*
Appropriate roadside
barriers/bridge cages
EPA, station
operators, local
councils
Audit fuel storage tanks Research into
seepage of fuel from
underground storage
tanks, e.g. is seepage
dependent on tank
age?
Education on
emergency response
procedures in the
event of a fuel spill
Petrol stations HY ECO
RAW
REC
Presence of spill kits
117

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
5 Mid Murray LAP area assessment
5.1 Description of the area
The Mid Murray Local Action Planning (MM LAP) area extends along from Lock 1 at Blanchetown to
Mannum (Figure 5.1). The area is characterised by limestone cliffs and floodplain wetlands and includes
the townships of Blanchetown, Swan Reach, Nildottie and Purnong. The area has a small permanent
resident population (approximately 4000 people) but this can increase significantly during holiday
periods, as up to 80% of all river shacks are located within this area (MM LAP 2000). Popular shack areas
such as Walker Flat and Bowhill are also associated with significant recreational river craft activity. The
MM LAP area encompasses approximately 1600 ha of irrigated horticultural areas (mostly vegetables,
vines, citrus and stone fruit). Other land uses within the area include sheep and cattle grazing, and
cropping.
The MM LAP committee has identified a number of key issues in the area that are of concern, including
natural habitat degradation, unsustainable agriculture, unsustainable recreational use and declining
water quality (MM LAP 2000). Current8 key implementation activities are focused around:
• revegetation and biodiversity plans
• improvement of wetland habitat through surveys, management plans and on-ground works
• education and awareness including irrigation efficiency training workshops.
Within the MM LAP area, water quality monitoring sites are located at the raw water off-takes for the
Swan Reach town supply and the Mannum–Adelaide pipeline respectively. Monitoring is carried out
regularly on a wide range of parameters.
Water quality within the region is fair compared to the rest of the river. Nutrient levels are generally
steady, with slight increases in soluble nitrogen, phosphorus and E coli levels towards Mannum. Total
heavy metals at the monitoring stations in this area were generally at a low level and pesticides were
generally at or below detection levels. Turbidity levels in the river are high from where the river enters
South Australia to the mouth, significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has
a high clay colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988).
‘Run of the river’ data collected by DWLBC indicates that saline groundwater inputs entering the river in
this area are lower than in the Riverland. The MM LAP committee commissioned an in-stream salinity
survey of the river from Wellington to Blanchetown in 2005, which will provide additional information
about salt accessions to the river.
8 See
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 5.1 Map of the Mid Murray LAP area
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
5.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the
river, a total of 41 zones in the MM LAP area.
Raw water supply zones
Two raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable
water off-take) were identified in the MM LAP area:
MMRAW001 Swan Reach Water Treatment Plant (Swan Reach to Stockwell pipeline)
MMRAW002 Swan Reach township (unfiltered).
Recreation zones
Eight recreation zones were identified in this LAP area:
MMREC001 Blanchetown and surrounds (3.6 km long)
MMREC002 Swan Reach to Big Bend (13.1 km long)
MMREC003 Nildottie and surrounds (10.2 km long)
MMREC004 Walker Flat and surrounds (10.9 km long)
MMREC005 Caurnamont to Purnong Ferry (4.2 km long)
MMREC006 Bowhill Wharf to Piggy Flat Landing (5.0 km long)
MMREC007 Teal Flat South to Truman’s Boat Ramp (8.0 km long)
MMREC008 Younghusband to Kia Marina (9.2 km long).
5.3 Hazard Identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Mid Murray LAP group;
Loxton/Waikerie and Mid Murray councils; Boating Industry Association of South Australia; Mannum
Marine; and landholders from Swan Reach, Nildottie and Purnong. The workshop identified the nature
and location of potential water quality hazards and recreation zones, and provided useful information for
the subsequent risk evaluation process.
5.4 Risks to water quality in the Mid Murray area
A total of 188 hazards were identified in the Mid Murray LAP area. The highest frequency hazards were
toilets/septic tanks, boat ramps, wastewater/STEDS infrastructure, systems, informal camping areas (no
sanitation facilities), vessel/ houseboat moorings, and wetlands/lagoons (Figure 5.2).
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Number of hazards
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Chemical Store
Landfill
Petrol Station
Refuelling Facilities
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Creek/River
Ferry
Horticulture
Figure 5.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, Mid Murray LAP area
Figure 5.3 Example of hazard in the MM LAP area: diesel pump
and fuel store near the river
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
Figure 5.4 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the MM LAP area.
The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Slipway
Marina
Stormwater Infrastructure
Grazing
Fuel Store
Wetland/Lagoon
Vessel Mooring(S)
Informal Camping
Wastewater Infrastructure
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Toilets/Septic Tanks
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122
Note: shaded maps only are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 5.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 5.1 summarises the frequencies of identified risks for the various water quality stressors. The
highest frequency of risks was for nutrients and organic matter, followed by turbidity, hydrocarbons,
salinity, heavy metals and pesticides. The majority of these risks (304) were rated as low level but a
significant number of moderate (242) and a few (3) high-level risks were recorded.
Table 5.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, MM LAP area
Stressor
Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 52 87 56 12 15 81 1 304
Mod 99 8 95 7 1 1 31 242
High
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
V high
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 152 96 152 19 16 82 32 549
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
Table 5.2 lists the aquatic ecosystem risks identified in this LAP area, which are discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Nutrients
The Marne River was identified as the sole high nutrient risk. This river has low flows during summer/dry
conditions but large (relatively infrequent) rainfall events send a significant pulse of nutrients, sediment
and other contaminants down the catchment (see EPA 1998a for a summary of water quality data and
DWLBC surface water archive for river flow data). Risk assessment of the entire Marne River catchment
was considered outside the scope of this phase of the study so the outlet to the river were assessed as
an individual hazard (sum of all catchment hazards). Land-use in the Marne catchment is mixed but
includes large areas of irrigated agriculture (mainly lucerne, vegetables, pasture, vines), piggeries and
poultry farms.
The large number of toilet/septic tank risks in the MM LAP area (eg Teal Flat, Jyllunka, Younghusband
Holdings shacks; Purnong, Swan Reach townships; Blanchetown Riverside and Grulunga caravan parks,
commercial houseboat near Greening’s landing) were mostly classed as a moderate risk. The potential
risk from septic tank systems arises through overflow of tanks and leakage of effluent from soakage
systems to groundwater and the river. High-seasonal use sites may boost the likelihood of overloading
and failure of systems. A number of sites within this LAP area are already on STEDS (eg Big Bend, Marks
Landing, Bowhill and Greenway Landing shack sites) and schemes for Jyllunka and Younghusband Holdings
shacks are in progress. It is understood a number of other areas have been identified for capital works to
upgrade from septic systems to STEDS. The Mid Murray Council levies individual shack owners (typically
$4000-7000) to pay for these schemes. The risk from infrastructure failure of STEDS pumps/pipes was
assessed as low for several locations.
Discharges from vessel mooring sites (eg Schuetze, Hermann and Preiss landings) and marinas (eg Kia,
Temptation houseboats, moorings north of Mannum, Mannum Marine) were identified as a moderate risk.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Greywater and blackwater discharges contain high levels of nutrients and some permanently moored
houseboats are of particular concern. The river vessel waste disposal station at Swan Reach was
identified as a moderate nutrient risk. The current Swan Reach station has experienced problems with
leaching of the soakage trench, and an upgrade of this system to STEDS is planned for the very near
future. The lack of a vessel pump-out station between Swan Reach and Mannum (96 km) has long been
identified as an issue; the area supports moderate to high frequency boating use (BIASA 2001). Recently,
a working group formed for installing a new station at Walker Flat, which would reduce the risk of illegal
blackwater discharge in this area.
Discharge and event discharge from wetlands and lagoons was assessed as a moderate nutrient risk (eg
Swan Reach complex, Kia and Devon Downs North wetlands, Lake Carlet, Maidment, Purnong and
Caurnamont). There is some uncertainty to this ranking due to limited monitoring data on nutrients.
Given that wetlands are a natural and intrinsically important part of the river ecosystem, they are not a
‘risk’ in the conventional sense. Therefore, management should be focused on reducing inputs of
contaminants from wetland catchments and ensuring that artificial flushing management strategies are
properly undertaken to minimise any effects on river water quality. Recent basic monitoring at a number
of wetlands in this area, as part of the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey, included Devon Downs
south, Kroehn’s Landing, Foster’s Lagoon and North Purnong, Lake Carlet, Younghusband and Sweeney’s
Lagoon (Moorundi complex). The survey collected data on site physical characteristics, water quality,
groundwater inputs, vegetation, fish, birds, frogs and macro-invertebrates. The Mid Murray LAP group
also coordinated wetland baseline surveys for Morgan’s Lagoon (Moorundi complex) and Sugar Shack
Lagoon (Swan Reach complex) and will be coordinating further baseline surveys at Devon Downs north,
Noonawirra Lagoon (Moorundi complex) and Saltbush Flat in 2006. The data will be used to identify
conservation values and management objectives for each wetland (eg salinity, dissolved oxygen,
turbidity).
Several stormwater discharges were classed as a moderate risk (eg Swan reach). The general lack of
comprehensive stormwater infrastructure in smaller townships and shacks areas in the Mid Murray LAP
area means stormwater eventually reaches the river as diffuse flow. Some ‘natural’ filtration of the
water takes place as it passes through vegetation and wetland areas. Long Gully Road (just north of
Mannum) stormwater discharge was noted to have problems with drain blockage and this area has
flooded in the past. Mid Murray Council is currently addressing this issue.
Grazing of the riparian margin was identified as a moderate nutrient risk in several areas (eg north of
Younghusband west wetland, Cowirra landing, upstream of Swan Reach, Blanchetown).
Horticultural areas (Swan Reach area, Greenways, Mondello’s) were identified as a moderate nutrient
risk. Irrigated horticulture is the primary agricultural production activity in the MM LAP area with over
1600 ha of crops (vegetables, stone fruit, citrus, vines, lawn) located mainly on the highland areas (MM
LAP 2000). There have been changes to more efficient water delivery systems and the LAP group, as part
of the ‘improving irrigation efficiency project’, has run irrigation management workshops. The water
allocation plan for the river has increased the awareness of all irrigators of the need to meet an 85%
water use efficiency benchmark each season under the plan. Further education and awareness will
continue to improve efficiency, decrease water use and minimise drainage. Other examples of MM LAP
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
group actions are organising plant monitoring trials to improve awareness of water use efficiency, and
promoting projects and activities through the ‘working together’ newsletter.
Informal camping areas, though numerous in the region, generally present a low nutrient risk. However,
the concentration of these areas, both privately run and through permit, contribute to a cumulative
nutrient risk along the river.
Organic matter
Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as the sole high organic matter risk (see EPA 1998a
and above).
Stormwater discharges, leakage from horticultural areas, vessels/marina discharges, creek and wetland
event discharges, and septic tank leakage were also assessed as moderate risks for the organic matter
stressor.
Salinity
Discharges from several wetlands and lagoons (eg Kia, Lake Carlet, South Portee and Devon Downs
wetlands) in the LAP area contribute to moderate salinity risks in the area. These risks were attributed
to discharges (permanently connected wetlands) or event discharges mobilising salt (currently trapped in
floodplains and non-flowing creeks) into the river proper. Discharge from wetlands is often a natural
occurrence but alterations to river and stream flows has changed the load and frequency of discharges in
recent times.
Turbidity
The current very high level of turbidity in the river coming into South Australia makes additional
turbidity impact less on the aquatic ecosystem than in many other waterbodies. Event discharge from
the Marne River was identified as the sole high turbidity risk (see EPA 1998a and above). Moderate
turbidity risks were assigned for several stormwater discharges, Saunders Creek and slipways where wash
off material is likely (north Mannum, houseboat concepts, Schuetze landing). A horticultural irrigation
pipe back-flush discharge downstream of Hermann landing also received a moderate risk ranking.
The majority of low turbidity risks came from possible wake-induced turbidity and erosion at popular
recreational river craft areas/boat ramps. Though it is difficult to determine the precise location of
wake-induced erosion, it is a common community concern. The extent of bank erosion would also relate
to the degree of riparian vegetation cover.
Hydrocarbons
Fuel stores and diesel motors on the river’s edge or in close proximity to permanent wetlands posed the
majority of low hydrocarbon risks in the region (but many diesel motors are being changed to electric).
Other risks included stormwater from Swan Reach township (moderate risk), accidental spillage from
vessels/marinas (low risk), and leakage from a landfill in Blanchetown. The large number of boat ramps
in the MM LAP area, both public and private, were assessed as a low risk. The extent of accidental diesel
and other hydrocarbon spillage on boat ramps was uncertain. Ferry operations on the river were
identified as a low to moderate risk to water quality. Three ferries operate in this LAP area, at Purnong,
Walker Flat and Swan Reach. Though individually assessed as low, the cumulative risk of low-level
discharges within a relatively small spatial area is worth considering.
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Heavy metals
Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as a moderate heavy metal risk. Previous monitoring
data that suggests heavy metal levels are not of major concern (see EPA 1998a).
The stormwater discharge point at Swan Reach was assessed as a moderate risk as were the various
slipways (wash-off of metal-based anti-fouling paints).
Pesticides
The significant amount of irrigated horticulture and dryland farming in the area suggests that pesticide
use is widespread. Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as a moderate risk although
there was some uncertainty due to a lack of monitoring data. Slipways and riverside horticulture areas
were assessed as a low pesticide risk. The river water quality data shows generally undetectable
pesticide levels at Mannum which somewhat supports this assessment. Pesticide use is regulated through
the National Registration Scheme for agricultural and veterinary chemicals (EPA 2003d).
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Table 5.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental value, MM LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
CHEMICAL STORE
MM126C Chemical Store, Trucking Company Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1 low 1
CREEK/RIVER
MM194A Marne River DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod mod 2 mod 2
MM194B Marne River EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 mod mod 2 mod 3
MM195A Saunders Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low low 2 mod 2
MM195B Saunders Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low low 2 low 2
FERRY
MM069B Ferry, Purnong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM069C Ferry, Purnong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM086B Ferry, Walker Flat EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM086C Ferry, Walker Flat ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
FUEL STORE
MM028C Pump fuel store, Younghusband West ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM043C Pump fuel store, Younghusband ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM095C Pump fuel store, Devon Downs North wetland ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM096C Pump fuel store, Devon Downs North ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM107C Pump fuel store, backwater adj Preiss landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM109C Pump fuel store, backwater adj Preiss landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM168C Pump fuel store, edge Devon Downs Nth Wetland ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM189C Petrol pump, Wongulla Lagoon ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GRAZING
MM003G Cattle grazing, Cowirra Landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
MM036G Cattle grazing, East Front Rd HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
MM124G Cattle grazing, adj Marks landing wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
MM146G Cattle/goat grazing, u/s Swan Reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
MM185G Sheep grazing, Blanchetown HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
MM192G Goat grazing, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
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128
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
HORTICULTURE
MM105L Horticulture, Greenways LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MM127L Horticulture, Swan Reach LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MM131L Horticulture (citrus), Swan Reach LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MM201L Lawn growing, Walker Flat LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
MM023G Informal camping, Rocky Point HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM027G Informal camping, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM044G Informal camping, Jyllunka HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM050G Informal camping, opp Teal Flat wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM055G Informal camping, Piggy Flat Landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM064G Informal camping, Craignook HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM065G Informal camping, Saltbush Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM076G Recreation area, Caurnamont landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM097G Informal camping, u/s Nildottie HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM098G Informal camping, bank of Devon Downs Nth HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM106G Informal camping, d/s Preiss landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM108G Informal camping, caravans, bank of backwater adj Preiss landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM116G Informal camping, Big Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM147G Informal camping, u/s Swan Reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM150G Informal camping, u/s Swan Reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM152G Informal camping, Cooinda HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM157G Informal camping, Castle landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM172G Informal camping, Devon Downs HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM173G Informal camping, occasional facilities HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM178G Informal camping, Rhine Flat landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MM188G Informal camping, Forster lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
LANDFILL
MM187L Landfill, Blanchetown LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
MM010Q Marina, Kia Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 3

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MM020Q Marina, Mannum Marine MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM021Q Temptation Houseboats, Mannum MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM074Q Marina, Caurnamont landing MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
MM137C Petrol station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM137L Petrol station, Swan Reach LEAKAGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
MM193C Fuel store, Punyelroo ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
MM007H Slipway, north of Mannum WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod 1 low 2
MM011H Slipway, adj Kia WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod 1 low 2
MM030H Slipway, Schuetze landing WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod 1 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MM001B Stormwater discharge, Long Gully Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 1 low 1 low 2
MM014B Stormwater discharge, Salisbury Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 1 low 1 low 2
MM102B Stormwater discharge, Greenway landing EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 1 low 1 low
MM136B Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MM002L Septic tanks, Mannum-Purnong Rd LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM004L Septic tanks, East Front Rd Cowirra landing LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM013L Septic tanks, Kia shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM025L Septic tanks, Rocky Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM031L Septic tanks, Lahnes landing LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM033L Septic tanks, Gowling Ct shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM034L Septic tanks, Grulunga Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM037L Septic tanks, Truman shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM041L Septic tanks, Lake Carlet shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM045L Septic tanks, Jyllunka shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM046L Septic tanks, Younghusband Holdings shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM047L Septic tanks, Teal Flat shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM057L Septic tanks, shacks d/s Bowhill LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM061L Septic tanks, adj Bowhill wetland LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
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130
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
MM067L Septic tanks, shacks & caravans u/s Bowhill LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM068L Septic tanks, Purnong township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM070L Public toilet, Purnong LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM091L Septic tanks, Hermann landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM094L Septic tanks, Nildottie LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM099L Septic tanks, shacks on Devon Downs Nth LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM121L Septic tanks, Punyelroo Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM129L Septic tanks, Langs landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM139C Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM142L Public toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM143L Septic tanks, lived on buses LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM145L Septic tanks, Swan Reach town LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM155L Septic tanks, shacks u/s Portee landing LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM158L Septic tanks, Castle Landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM165L Septic tanks, Blanchetown Riverside Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM170L Septic tanks, adj Devon Downs Nth wetland LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
MM174L Septic tanks, Kroehns landing shack site LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM180L Septic tanks, Wongulla landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM182D Public toilet holding tank, Wongulla landing INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM184L Septic tanks, Wongulla Housing Estate LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM186L Septic tanks, Sab-Aruma LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM190L Septic tanks, B&B opp Riverbanks Estate LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MM196L Septic tanks, Temptation houseboats LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MM016S Recreation area, Kia shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM017S Recreation area, Pellaring Flat VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM024S Recreation area, Rocky Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM035S Recreation area, Grulunga Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM038S Recreation area, Truman's VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM042S Recreation area, Lake Carlet shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM048S Recreation area, Teal Flat shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM054S Recreation area, Teal Flat south VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MM058S Recreation area, d/s Bowhill VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM063S Recreation area, Bowhill shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM072S Recreation area, Purnong landing shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM083S Recreation area, Walker Flat shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM085S Recreation area, Walker Flat north shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM092S Recreation area, Hermann landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM101S Recreation area, Greenway landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM114S Recreation area, Big Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM115S Recreation area, Big Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM118S Recreation area, Punyelroo landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM120S Recreation area, Punyelroo VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM130S Recreation area, Langs landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM133S Recreation area, Marks landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM134S Recreation area, River Reserve Rd shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM138S Recreation area, Len White Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM149S Boat ramp, u/s Swan Reach VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM156S Boat ramp, shacks u/s Portee landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM160S Recreation area, Riverbanks Estate shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM162S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM166S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM176S Recreation area, Kroehns landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM179S Boat ramp, Rhine Flat landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM181S Boat ramp, Wongulla landing ski area VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM191S Recreation area, Sab-Aruma VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MM005R Houseboats, nth Cowirra landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM006C Sunken Houseboats, B&B VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM019R Permanent houseboat, adj Mannum Marine VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM029R Houseboats, Schuetze landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM040R Houseboats, 'Stevens' VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM049R Houseboats, u/s Younghusband Holdings shacks VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM052R Houseboats, Teal Flat lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
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132
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
MM059R Houseboats, 'Generator Alley' VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM078R Houseboats, Bolts landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM079R Houseboats, Scrubby Flat VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM081R Houseboats, adj Walker Flat Sth lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM090R Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM093R Permanent houseboats, Hermann Landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM110R Houseboats, backwater adj Preiss landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM111R Permanently moored houseboat, Preiss landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MM112R Houseboats, Big Bend VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM123R Mini-marina, Punyelroo VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM125R Houseboats, Punyelroo VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MM148R Permanent riverboats, u/s Swan Reach VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MM141C River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MM119D Waste disposal, Punyelroo landing INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM012D STEDS infrastructure, Kia shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM015D STEDS infrastructure, Pellaring Flat INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM032D STEDS infrastructure, Seven Mile landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM039D STEDS infrastructure, 'The Rocks' shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM053D STEDS infrastructure, Teal Flat south shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM062D STEDS infrastructure, Bowhill shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM071D STEDS infrastructure, Purnong landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM073D STEDS infrastructure, Caurnamont shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM080D STEDS infrastructure, Scrubby Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM082D STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM084D STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat north shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM087D STEDS infrastructure, Seers landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM089A Pipe back flushing, d/s Hermann landing DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM100D STEDS infrastructure, Greenway landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM113D STEDS infrastructure, Big Bend shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM117D STEDS infrastructure, South Punyelroo Estate shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MM132D STEDS infrastructure, Marks landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM135D STEDS infrastructure, River Reserve Rd shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM161D STEDS infrastructure, Riverbanks Estate shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM163D STEDS infrastructure, Blanchetown shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM167D STEDS treatment plant, Blanchetown INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM175D STEDS infrastructure, Kroehns landing shack site INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM183D STEDS infrastructure, Wongulla shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
MM008B Wetland, Mannum swamps EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM009A Wetland, Kia DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM009B Wetland, Kia EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM018A Wetland, Younghusband west DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM018B Wetland, Younghusband west EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM026B Wetland, Lake Carlet EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM051B Wetland, Teal Flat lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM060B Wetland, opp Maidment lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM066B Wetland, Purnong lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM075B Wetland, Tapoo lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM077B Wetland, North Caurnamont lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM122A Wetland, Marks landing DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MM122B Wetland, Marks landing EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM154B Wetland, South Portee EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM171A Wetland, Devon Downs north DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM171B Wetland, Devon Downs north EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM177B Wetland, Devon Downs swamp EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM197A Wetland, Swan Reach ferry DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM197B Wetland, Swan Reach ferry EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM198A Swan Reach wetlands complex DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM198B Swan Reach wetlands complex EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM199A Wetland, Big Bend DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM199B Wetland, Big Bend EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM200A Forster lagoon DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM200B Forster lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 2
133

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to raw water supplies
Figure 5.4 is the key map for risks to raw water supply environmental value in the MM LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
134
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to raw water supplies
Figure 5.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, MM LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 5.3. Relatively few risks were identified to raw water supplies and most were rated
as low level. No high or very high risks were identified. The highest frequency of risks was for pathogens,
followed by nutrients, organic matter and hydrocarbon stressors.
Table 5.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, MM LAP area
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 5 5 3 4 1 0 8 0 26
Mod 6 5 1 6 1 0 0 1 20
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V.high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 11 10 4 10 2 0 8 1 46
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides;
HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
Table 5.4 lists the raw water supply risks identified in this LAP area which are discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Pathogens
Stormwater discharge in Swan Reach posed a moderate risk to the raw water supply as the off-take point
is only about 25 m upstream of the stormwater discharge. There was no monitoring data to support this
assessment but as Swan Reach township’s water supply is an unfiltered system, it warrants further
investigation.
Septic tanks in Swan Reach township also posed an aggregated moderate pathogen risk, as did riverside
public toilets (Tenbury–Hunter Reserve) opposite the off-take. There was some uncertainty as to this
assessment. Blanchetown, which is also on septic tanks, was assessed as part of the RW LAP area.
Sources of moderate pathogen risk to the Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline were popular recreation areas
with no sanitation facilities adjacent to the off-take and at Cooinda, and the South Portee wetland
upstream from the off-take. Swan Reach wetland complex was outside the formal raw water zone for
Swan Reach township, but risks (in particular riparian grazing) warrant further examination.
Low risk hazards included the river vessel waste disposal station in Swan Reach (on opposite side of river
from the off-take) and houseboat moorings about 500 m downstream of the Swan Reach–Stockwell
pipeline off-take.
Nutrients
Moderate nutrient hazards were similar to those described for pathogens above (septic tanks and
stormwater discharge in Swan Reach, South Portee wetland, informal camping areas). There was low
certainty for these assessments. Low risks included the Swan Reach river vessel wastewater disposal station.
135

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Organic matter
Organic matter risk sources and levels were similar to those described for nutrients above.
Hydrocarbons and heavy metals
A stormwater discharge from the Swan Reach township presented a moderate risk for hydrocarbons and
heavy metals. All other hydrocarbon and heavy metal risks were assessed as low.
The Swan Reach ferry poses a low risk because of the potential for accidental spillage and deck runoff.
Accidental spillage and leakage of fuel presents a low risk at the Swan Reach petrol station due to its
close proximity to the river, and fuel spillage is also a potential risk at boat ramps in the area.
Salinity
A moderate salinity risk is present for the South Portee wetland during rainfall or flood events but there
was a low certainty to this assessment. This wetland is located approximately 600 m upstream of the
Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline and on the same side of the bank.
Turbidity
A moderate turbidity risk was also assigned for the South Portee wetland during rainfall or flood events,
but as noted above there was some uncertainty associated with the assessment of risks for this wetland
due to limited monitoring data.
136

Table 5.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, MM LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk,
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
SA
HY
PE
HM
OR
TU
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU
FERRY
MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
MM150G Informal camping, adj Swan Reach WTP HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM152G Informal camping, Cooinda HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
PETROL STATION
MM137C Petrol station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM137L Petrol station, Swan Reach LEAKAGE low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MM136B Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MM139C Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM142L Public toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
MM143L Septic tanks, lived-on buses LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM145L Septic tanks, Swan Reach township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MM138S Recreation area, Len White Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM149S Boat ramp, u/s Swan Reach VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MM148R Permanent riverboats, d/s Swan Reach WTP VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MM141C River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
MM154B Wetland, South Portee EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod
137

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational use
Figure 5.5 is the key map for risks to recreational environmental value in the MM LAP area. The attached
DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
138
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risks to recreation
Figure 5.6 Key map for recreation zones, MM LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The frequencies of identified risks to recreational values for the various water quality stressors are
summarised in Table 5.5. The highest frequency of risks to recreation was for pathogens and nutrients,
followed by turbidity and hydrocarbons. Most risks were assessed as low, but a large number (72) of
moderate risks were identified.
Table 5.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, MM LAP area
Recreational risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 5.6 and discussed in more detail below
for each stressor.
Pathogens
Moderate pathogen risks were identified at marinas and vessel mooring areas. Of particular concern are
permanently moored vessels (Schuetze Landing, Big Bend, upstream of Younghusband Holdings shacks) as
it is unclear how they discharge their wastewater. The long distance between vessel waste disposal
stations (96 km between Swan Reach and Mannum) in this LAP area is concerning as it increases the
likelihood of blackwater discharge. The proposed new station at Walker Flat will help reduce these risks
somewhat.
Informal camping at various locations (eg Big Bend, Walker Flat, Jyllunka, upstream of Younghusband
Holdings shacks, Saltbush Flat, upstream of Nildottie and north of Younghusband West wetland) was
assigned a moderate risk ranking. It was difficult to precisely assess the scale of this impact on water
quality although the community has noted decreases in aesthetic value, particularly during peak holiday
periods. The informal camping site north of Younghusband wetland has some portable facilities but the
large number of campers at this site pose a risk. The Sustainable Recreation Project (2005) is currently
prioritising recreation sites along the River Murray and Lower Lakes that require rehabilitation and/or
additional recreation facilities. Big Bend and Walker Flat have been highlighted as priority sites for
rehabilitation, with toilet facilities, revegetation and interpretive signage all recommended.
Other moderate risk sources included several shack septic tank locations and stormwater discharges.
Event discharge from the Marks landing wetland which receives the majority of Swan Reach township’s
stormwater was assessed as a moderate pathogen risk. The community noted cattle grazing was an issue
around some of the wetlands but it was uncertain how large the impact was on recreational values.
Low risk hazards included STEDS infrastructure.
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 45 92 57 60 254
Mod 60 9 3 0 72
High 0 0 0 0 0
V.high 0 0 0 0 0
Total 105 101 60 60 326
139

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Nutrients
Moderate nutrient risks included a horticultural area and discharge from permanent wetlands in the
region (eg Marks landing, Devon Downs North, Swan Reach ferry, Forster lagoon). Devon Down’s wetland
was noted to have a high concentration of blue-green algae.
Low nutrient risks included sources such as the numerous informal camping areas lacking sanitation
facilities, stormwater discharges, septic tanks and effluent discharge from wastewater pump failure in
regional townships. The influence of high septic tank densities in some locations on potential nutrient (in
particular nitrate) outflow and impact requires further research.
Hydrocarbons
All hydrocarbon risks were assessed as low and included stormwater event discharges, petrol stations,
vessel mooring areas and marinas (accidental spillages). The actual risk would probably be only to
aesthetic values as people would tend not to swim or ski in areas, which have oil slicks.
Turbidity
The highly turbid nature of the river already poses a risk to recreation, as there is generally no visibility
at a depth of 1.2 m (ANZECC 2000). Event discharges from stormwater outlets posed a moderate
turbidity risk to recreational values. As people are likely to avoid swimming/skiing during rainfall
conditions, the risk may be mainly to aesthetic values. A horticultural irrigation pipe back-flushing
discharge downstream of Hermann landing also received a moderate risk ranking.
Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in high-use recreation areas (eg Walker Flat, Pellaring Flat, Big Bend,
Marks landing) was a common community concern. This was assessed as a low risk but its actual impact
on recreational values was difficult to quantify. Wash down from slipways was also assessed as a low risk
but further investigation is needed to confirm this assessment.
140

Table 5.6 Summary of significant risks to recreational environmental values, MM LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk.
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
FERRY
MM069B Ferry, Purnong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MM069C Ferry, Purnong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM086B Ferry, Walker Flat EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MM086C Ferry, Walker Flat ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GRAZING
MM124G Cattle grazing, adj Marks landing wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM185G Sheep grazing, Blanchetown HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM192G Goat grazing, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
HORTICULTURE
MM105L Horticulture, Greenways LEAKAGE mod 2
MM201L Lawn growing, Walker Flat LEAKAGE low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
MM023G Informal camping, Rocky Point HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM027G Informal camping, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM044G Informal camping, Jyllunka HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM050G Informal camping, opp Teal Flat wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM055G Informal camping, Piggy Flat landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM076G Recreation area, Caurnamont landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM097G Informal camping, u/s Nildottie HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM116G Informal camping, Big Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM172G Informal camping, Devon Downs HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM173G Informal camping, occasional facilities HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
MM188G Informal camping, Forster lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
LANDFILL
MM187L Landfill, Blanchetown LEAKAGE low 1 low 2
141

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
142
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
MARINA
MM010Q Marina, Kia Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 3
MM020Q Marina, Mannum Marine MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM021Q Commercial houseboats, adj Greeningís landing MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM074Q Marina, Caurnamont landing MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
MM137C Petrol station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MM137L Petrol station, Swan Reach LEAKAGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
MM193C Fuel store, Punyelroo ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
MM011H Slipway, adj Kia WASH DOWN low 2
low 2
MM030H Slipway, Schuetze landing WASH DOWN low 2
low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MM014B Stormwater discharge, Salisbury Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM102B Stormwater discharge, Greenway landing EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MM136B Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MM013L Septic tanks, Kia shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM025L Septic tanks, Rocky Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM031L Septic tanks, Lahnes landing LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM033L Septic tanks, Gowling Ct shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM034L Septic tanks, Grulunga Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM037L Septic tanks, Truman shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM041L Septic tanks, Lake Carlet shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM045L Septic tanks, Jyllunka shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM046L Septic tanks, Younghusband Holdings shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM047L Septic tanks, Teal Flat shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM057L Septic tanks, shacks d/s Bowhill LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM068L Septic tanks, Purnong township LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM070L Public toilet, Purnong LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM091L Septic tanks, Hermann landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM094L Septic tanks, Nildottie LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MM121L Septic tanks, Punyelroo Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM129L Septic tanks, Langs landing shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM139C Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM142L Public Toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM143L Septic tanks, lived on buses LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM145L Septic tanks, Swan Reach township LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM165L Septic tanks, Blanchetown Riverside Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM174L Septic tanks, Kroehns landing shack site LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM186L Septic tanks, Sab-Aruma LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM190L Septic tanks, B&B opp Riverbanks Estate LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MM196L Septic tanks—houseboats, adj Greeningís landing LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MM016S Recreation area, Kia shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM017S Recreation area, Pellaring Flat VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM024S Recreation area, Rocky Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM035S Recreation area, Grulunga Caravan Park VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM038S Recreation area, Truman's VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM042S Recreation area, Lake Carlet shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM048S Recreation area, Teal Flat shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM054S Recreation area, Teal Flat South VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM058S Recreation area, d/s Bowhill VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM063S Recreation area, Bowhill shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM072S Recreation area, Purnong landing shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM083S Recreation area, Walker Flat shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM085S Recreation area, Walker Flat north shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM092S Recreation area, Hermann landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM101S Recreation area, Greenway landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM114S Recreation area, Big Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM115S Recreation area, Big Bend VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM118S Recreation area, Punyelroo landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM120S Recreation area, Punyelroo VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM130S Recreation area, Langs landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
143

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
144
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
MM133S Recreation area, Marks landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM134S Recreation area, River Reserve Rd Shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM138S Recreation area, Len White Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM160S Recreation area, Riverbanks Estate shacks VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM162S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM166S Recreation area, Blanchetown VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MM176S Recreation area, Kroehns landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2
MM191S Recreation area, Sab-Aruma VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MM019R Permanent houseboat, adj Mannum Marine VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM029R Houseboats, Schuetze landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM040R Houseboats, 'Stevens' VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM049R Houseboats, u/s Younghusband Holdings shacks VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM052R Houseboats, Teal Flat Lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM059R Houseboats, 'Generator Alley' VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM079R Houseboats, Scrubby Flat VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM081R Houseboats, adj Walker Flat south lagoon VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM090R Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM093R Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM112R Houseboats, Big Bend VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM123R Mini-Marina, Punyelroo VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM125R Houseboats, Punyelroo VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MM141C River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MM119C Waste disposal storage tanks, Punyelroo landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2
MM012D STEDS infrastructure, Kia shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM015D STEDS infrastructure, Pellaring Flat INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM032D STEDS infrastructure, Seven Mile landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM039D STEDS infrastructure, 'The Rocks' shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM053D STEDS infrastructure, Teal Flat South shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM062D STEDS infrastructure, Bowhill shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MM071D STEDS infrastructure, Purnong landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM073D STEDS infrastructure, Caurnamont shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM080D STEDS infrastructure, Scrubby Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM082D STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM084D STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat north shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM087D STEDS infrastructure, Seers landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM089A Pipe back flushing, Oakville potatoes DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2
MM100D STEDS infrastructure, Greenway landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM113D STEDS infrastructure, Big Bend shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM117D STEDS infrastructure, South Punyelroo Estate shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM132D STEDS infrastructure, Marks landing shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM135D STEDS infrastructure, River Reserve Rd shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM161D STEDS infrastructure, Riverbanks Estate shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM163D STEDS infrastructure, Blanchetown shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM167D STEDS treatment plant, Blanchetown INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MM175D STEDS infrastructure, Kroehns landing shack site INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
MM018A Wetland, Younghusband west DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM018B Wetland, Younghusband west EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM026B Wetland, Lake Carlet EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM051B Wetland, Teal Flat lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM060B Wetland, opp Maidment lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM075B Wetland, Tapoo lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM122A Wetland, Marks landing DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM122B Wetland, Marks landing EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MM171A Wetland, Devon Downs north DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM171B Wetland, Devon Downs north EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM197A Wetland, Swan Reach ferry DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM197B Wetland, Swan Reach ferry EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MM200A Forster lagoon DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 mod 2
MM200B Forster lagoon EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
145

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
5.5 Options for management of risks, MM LAP area
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the MM LAP area are shown in
Table 5.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring, compliance,
policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities will be examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
146

Table 5.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, MM LAP area
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV;
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
HIGH RISKS
LAP groups,
irrigators, irrigation
trusts, DWLBC,
Councils, EPA
Investigate land uses
and catchment
drainage network in
more detail
Possible catchment
water quality
modelling
Liaison with DWLBC
re: water extraction
and drainage
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitor discharges to
river; monitor
continued flow and
water quality of Marne
discharge to Murray
ECO Education on
sustainable irrigation
practices
NU
TU
Creeks/rivers
Marne River
*
OR
MODERATE RISKS
Local irrigators,
councils, LAP groups,
SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC,
EPA
Research whether
drainage interception
schemes worthwhile
option
Liaison with DWLBC
re: water extraction
and drainage
Water use and
efficiency auditing
Monitor irrigation
discharge water and
groundwater quality
Education on
sustainable irrigation
practices
Possible drainage
interception schemes
ECO
REC
NU
SA
Horticulture irrigation drainage
Swan Reach
Greenways
*
BIASA, EPA, Mid
Murray council
Develop affordable
and effective
greywater treatment
systems
Audit and enforce
Code of Practice for
Vessel and Facility
Management: Marine
and Inland Waters
Survey/audit of how
often boats move
mooring locations
Education and
awareness of river
vessel users on
blackwater disposal
stations and greywater
management
Additional blackwater
disposal station at
Walker Flat
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Houseboat/vessel moorings
Introduce requirement
for all houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to be
slipped and surveyed
RAW
OR
Permanent vessels
(Schuetze Landing, Big
Bend, upstream of
Younghusband
Holdings shacks) are a
priority for audit
Schuetze landing
u/s of Younghusband
Holdings shacks
Big Bend
'Stevens'
Teal Flat lagoon
'Generator Alley'
Scrubby Flat
adj Walker Flat Sth lagoon
Punyelroo
north of Cowirra landing
Bolts landing
adj Greenings landing
Hermann landing
Punyelroo
Preiss landing
u/s of Swan Reach
*
*
*
147

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
148
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
SA Water, Mid Murray
council, SAMDB
NRMB, EPA
Investigate
treatment/reuse
alternatives
Contingency plan for
SA Water in case of a
large rain event or
spill in catchment
Auditing of any
industries in the
catchment
Monitoring of
stormwater discharges
at the outlet to better
define risk
SA Water to examine
options for reducing
risk to off-take (eg
can off-take be shutoff
during rainfall
events; turbidity
sensor)
Regular maintenance
of drains
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
TU
Stormwater
Swan Reach (near potable
off-take)
*
Alternative treatment
options, eg
detention basin,
diversion of
stormwater to the
creek adjacent to
Marks landing wetland
Mid Murray council,
SAMDB NRMB, EPA
Investigate
treatment/reuse
alternatives
Require new
developments to
incorporate
stormwater
management systems
(eg detention basins
and wetlands) and use
water-sensitive urban
design principles
Regular maintenance
of drains
Monitoring of
stormwater discharges
at the outlet
Community education
on pollution of
stormwater
Clean-out of drains
Installation of GPTs
Alternative treatment
options, eg
detention basin
ECO
REC
NU
TU
Stormwater
Audit any industries in
the catchment
Salisbury Road (Pellaring
Flat)
Long gully Road (Mannum)
*
*
BIASA, marina
owners/operators,
EPA, Planning SA,
DWLBC
Marina planning
guidelines for new
marinas
Audit, license and/or
enforce Code of
Practice for Vessel
and Facility
Management: Marine
and Inland Waters
(marinas and vessels
within them)
Monitoring of nutrient
levels
Education of boat
owners regarding
appropriate waste
disposal
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Marina
OR
Caurnamont landing
Kia Marina
Mannum Marine
*
Mid Murray council,
Riverland Tourism
Association,
Sustainable
Recreation Project,
campers, Mid Murray
LAP, EPA,
Department of
Health, SA Water
Designate camping
sites that require
permits, allowing for
greater control over
site use
Audit and enforce
Public and
Environmental Health
Act and/or Water
Quality EPP if required
Survey of campsites
looking at the
frequency of use and
the density of campers
Education on the
sustainable use of
campsites, including
distribution of
information to private
campsites
Installation of
sanitation facilities
Big Bend and Walker
Flat have been
highlighted as priority
sites in the
Sustainable
Recreation Project
ECO
RAW
REC
PA
NU
OR
Limit access around
off-takes
Informal camping areas
Big Bend
Walker Flat
Jyllunka
Devon Downs
North of Younghusband
West wetland
Piggy Flat landing
Caurnamont landing
*
*

Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC,
EPA, Mid Murray LAP,
SA Water
Research is required
to assess the potential
of wetlands/lagoons
to discharge a pulse of
contaminants
following significant
rain events.
Monitoring of current
artificial practices,
particularly given the
current low flow
conditions of the river
Development of
wetland management
plans
Fencing of riparian
grazing activities
ECO
RAW
TU
OR
Wetlands/lagoons
South Portee
REC
PA
SA
Priority could be South
Portee and Swan
reach complex to
better define risks to
SA Water's off-takes
NU
For South Portee
wetland, SA Water to
examine options for
reducing any risk to
off-take following
outcomes of above
research
Younghusband West
Lake Carlet
Teal Flat lagoon
opp Maidment lagoon
Tapoo lagoon
Marks landing
Devon Downs north
Swan Reach ferry
Forster lagoon
*
*
EPA, Department of
Health, SAMDB NRMB,
Mid Murray council
Auditing of systems Consider the density
of septic tank soakage
trenches in any new
developments in the
Water Protection Area
Monitoring on the
influence of septic
tank disposal trenches
on groundwater
contamination
Education on the
importance of regular
auditing and
management practices
NU Upgrade of systems to
STEDS or similar
Note 1: Jyllunka and
Younghusband
Holdings shacks have
signed contracts to go
to STEDS. Other areas
are also under
investigation and
negotiation.
Note 2: Mid Murray
Council currently in
negotiations at
Blanchetown Riverside
Caravan Park site
Toilets/septic tanks
East Front Rd
Kia shacks
Rocky Pt shacks
Lahnes landing
Gowling Ct shacks
Grulunga Caravan Park
Swan Reach
Truman shacks
Lake Carlet shacks
Jyllunka shacks
Younghusband Holdings
shacks
Teal Flat shacks
D/s & adj Bowhill wetland
Purnong
Hermann landing
Nildottie
Devon Downs Nth
Punyelroo
Langs landing
U/s Portee landing
Castle landing
Blanchetown riverside
caravan park
Sab-Aruma
*
*
Kroehns landing
*
*
*
Wongulla landing & housing
estate
B&B opp Riverbanks estate
houseboats adj Greenings
landing
*
*
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
150
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
DWLBC, SA Water,
BIASA, Houseboat
Hirers Association,
Mid Murray council,
EPA
Surveys on station use
to determine if the
capacity is
appropriate
Education of vessel
users on the operation
of stations
Emergency procedures
in place in the event
of station failure
Connect soakage
trenches to STEDS at
Blanchetown
ECO
RAW
REC
NU
PA
River vessel waste disposal
stations
Swan Reach
*
New station at Walker
Flat (subject to
confirming funding)
EPA
Audit, license and/or
enforce Code of
Practice for Vessel
and Facility
Management: Marine
and Inland Waters
Emergency response
procedures in the
event of a spillage
ECO
REC
HM
Slipways
HY
North of Mannum
adj Kia
Schuetz landing
*
Ensure adequate
containment of waste
EPA
TU ECO Audit and enforce
Water Quality EPP
(EPA 2003c) if
required
Pipe back flushing, d/s Hermann
landing
EPA
Audit and enforce
Water Quality EPP if
required
Education of
landowners
Possible fencing
depending on results
of audit
ECO
PA
Grazing
REC
NU
Cattle/goat grazing, u/s
Swan Reach
Sheep grazing,
Blanchetown
Goat grazing, north of
Younghusband west
wetland
*
*
*
LOW/CUMULATIVE RISKS
EPA, Mid Murray
council
New applications for
fuel stores are
required to be bunded
Spill kits present and
users educated in
their operation
HY ECO Bunding of all fuel
stores that pose a risk
to the river
Pump fuel stores
Devon Downs north
backwater adj Preiss
landing
edge Devon Downs north
Wongulla lagoon
*
*
*

Current and potential future options
Lead stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
EPA, station
operators, local
councils
Research seepage of
fuel from underground
storage tanks
Audit fuel storage
tanks
Education on
emergency response
procedures in the
event of a fuel spill
Petrol stations HY ECO
RAW
Presence of spill kits
DTEI, EPA
Investigate the best
options for treatment
or containment of
wash down water
Training in emergency
response procedures
Presence of spill kits
Treatment/
containment of wash
down runoff water
Consultation is
currently in progress
HY ECO
RAW
REC
Ferries
Purnong
Walker Flat
Swan Reach
*
Mid Murray council,
local community, Mid
Murray LAP
Investigate the impact
of boat wakes upon
bank erosion
Presence of spill kits Designate specific
zones for recreational
river craft
Recommendation that
new applications for
boating facilities are
only approved for
communal facilities
Management of
vegetation cover on
riverbanks
Use of geotextile bags
for stabilising
riverbanks
TU ECO
REC
RAW
Vessel launching/recreational
areas
151

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
6 Mannum to Wellington LAP area assessment
6.1 Description of the area
The Mannum to Wellington Local Action Planning (MW LAP) area covers approximately 84 km of the River
Murray from Mannum township to the point south of Wellington where the river enters Lake Alexandrina
(Figure 6.1). The area incorporates the boundaries of the Mid Murray, Rural City of Murray Bridge and
Coorong District councils with the major towns in the region being Mannum, Murray Bridge and Tailem
Bend.
The extensive recreational zones in the MW LAP area include several houseboat rental marinas and shack
areas, popular skiing and boating regions, and numerous informal (no facilities) and formal camping
grounds. The townships, in particular Murray Bridge, support extensive industrial and rural land uses (eg
abattoirs, piggeries and milk processing plants). Flood-irrigated dairy pastures are a prominent land use
on the river’s reclaimed floodplain. The area also has several small local and major metropolitan raw
water supply off-takes (eg Mannum–Adelaide pipeline, the Murray Bridge-Onkaparinga pipeline and the
Tailem Bend-Keith pipeline).
The MW LAP area plan (MW LAP 1999) details several strategies and actions aimed at:
• a local community committed to achieving sustainable local uses of the River Murray
• improved River Murray water quality
• sustainable irrigation
• improved ecological health of the local River Murray floodplain and wetland.
At the water quality monitoring sites at Mannum, Murray Bridge and Tailem Bend, testing is carried out
regularly on a wide range of water quality parameters. The monitoring results show that the region is an
area of declining water quality, particularly for indicator bacteria (E coli) and nutrient levels (EPA
2001a). The decline in water quality has been largely attributed to drainage water discharges from floodirrigated
dairy farms operating in the area (EPA 2001a). Significant rehabilitation programs are currently
being implemented on flood irrigation areas within the Lower Murray to address this issue.
Total heavy metals at the monitoring stations in this area were generally at a low level but there was a
significant increase in iron levels at Murray Bridge, the cause of which is uncertain. Pesticide levels were
generally at, or below, detection levels. ‘Run of the river’ salinity data collected by DWLBC indicates the
saline groundwater inputs entering the river in this area are lower than in the Riverland.
Turbidity levels in the river are elevated from where the river enters South Australia to the mouth,
significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has a high clay colloid level) and
flood events (MDBC 1988). The slight drop in turbidity from Murray Bridge to Tailem Bend may be
associated with low flow in this area and thus settling of particulate material (SA Water unpublished data).
152

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 6.1 Map of Mannum to Wellington LAP area
153

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
6.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the
river, a total of 28 zones between Mannum and Wellington.
Raw water supply zones
Seven raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable
water off-take) were identified between Mannum and Wellington:
MWRAW001 Mannum (Mannum township and Mannum-Adelaide pipeline) and Cowirra township
(unfiltered) water supply off-takes
MWRAW002 Wall Flat water supply off-take (unfiltered)
MWRAW003 Pompoota water supply off-take (unfiltered)
MWRAW004 Mypolonga water supply off-take (unfiltered)
MWRAW005 Murray Bridge water supply off-take (Murray Bridge township and Murray Bridge to
Onkaparinga pipeline)
MWRAW006 Tailem Bend (Tailem Bend township and Tailem Bend-Keith pipeline) and Jervois
township (unfiltered) water supply off-takes
Recreational zones
Ten recreational zones were identified between Mannum and Wellington:
MWREC001 Mannum and surrounds (3.5 km long)
MWREC002 Pompoota and surrounds (2.2 km long)
MWREC003 Sunnyside recreation area and surrounds (7 km long)
MWREC004 Toora shacks and surrounds (2 km long)
MWREC005 Riverglades (3.4 km long)
MWREC006 Murray Bridge–Long Island and surrounds (4.8 km long)
MWREC007 Swanport (4.8 km long)
MWREC008 Whitesands–Riverglen marina (2.4 km long)
MWREC009 Westbrook (1.5 km long)
MWREC010 Jervois–Tailem Bend (2.1 km long)
MWREC011 Placid Estate (1.9 km long)
MWREC012 Wellington marina (1.6 km long)
MWREC013 Wellington Spit (0.6 km long).
6.3 Hazard identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Mannum to Wellington LAP
office, Rural City of Murray Bridge Council, SAMDB NRMB, Lower Murray irrigators and representative
groups (eg Lower Murray Irrigation), EPA, SA Water, DWLBC, and local landowners. The workshop
identified the nature and location of potential water quality hazards and recreation zones, and provided
useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation process.
154

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
6.4 Risks to water quality in the Mannum to Wellington area
A total of 184 hazards were identified in the Mannum to Wellington LAP area. The hazards with the
highest frequencies were stormwater discharges, flood-irrigated area discharges (predominantly dairy
farm), wastewater infrastructure, toilets/septic tanks, wetland/lagoons, and fuel stores (Figure 6.2).
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
Number of hazards
25
20
15
10
5
0
Industry
Slipway
Creek/River
Informal Camping
Quarry
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Animal Husbandry
Dredging Site
Refuelling Facilities
Transport Infrastructure
Ferry
Figure 6.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, MW LAP area
Landfill
Marina
Horticulture
Petrol Station
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Vessel Mooring(S)
Fuel Store
Wetland/Lagoon
Toilets/Septic Tanks
Wastewater Infrastructure
Flood-Irrigated Area Discharge
Stormwater Infrastructure
155

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
156
Figure 6.3 Example of hazard in MW LAP area: dairy cows on flood irrigated pasture
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
Figure 6.4 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the MW LAP area.
The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Each hazard was assessed for relevant water quality stressors. The summary of identified risks to aquatic
ecosystem health for water quality stressors (Table 6.1) shows that nutrients and organic matter have
the highest frequency, followed by turbidity, hydrocarbons, pesticides, salinity and heavy metals. A
significant number of low (345), moderate (290), high (61), and very high (25) risks were recorded. The
very high risks were for the nutrients and organic matter stressors.
Aquatic ecosystem risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 6.2 and discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Table 6.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, MW LAP area
Stressor
Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 37 60 41 15 84 64 44 345
Moderate 89 46 89 25 1 29 11 290
High 24 1 19 0 0 0 17 61
Very high 12 0 13 0 0 0 0 25
Total 162 107 162 40 85 93 72 721
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Note: shaded maps are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 6.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, MW LAP area
157

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Nutrients
A significant number of very high-risk nutrient hazards were identified in flood-irrigation discharges from
the Lower Murray Reclaimed Irrigation Area (LMRIA). The irrigation areas given a very high risk ranking
were those with a high proportion of area still in dairy farming—Monteith, Woods Point, Jervois (Woods
Point and Wellington end9 ), Long Island, Long Flat, Pompoota, Cowirra, Mypolonga, Neeta and Wall Flat.
Areas with a smaller proportion in dairying (eg Toora, Baseby, Glen Lossie) or beef/pasture production
(Riverglen, Burdett, Thiele, Wellington south) were also given a high risk ranking.
The large volume discharges (several megalitres per day) in the LMRIA during the irrigation season
(October–April), contain high concentrations of bacteria, organic matter and nutrients from runoff of
animal faecal matter and fertilisers (Eco Management Services 2003). A major ($30 million) government
and irrigator funded rehabilitation project is underway in the LMRIA which should significantly reduce
these risks within the next few years. Improvements in water delivery infrastructure (metering and
channel improvement) and construction of runoff recycling systems are mandatory as part of this
project. The EPA has also implemented Environment Improvement and Management Programs (EIMPs) on
every farm with additional requirements (eg bridge bunding, laneway runoff diversion, record keeping).
Despite the reduced (compared to irrigation runoff) likelihood of rainfall events resulting in runoff from
the LMRIA, most of this area was given a high risk ranking for event discharges. Large rainfall events
typically see runoff of high volumes of pollutants from adjacent highland (including dairy yards, milking
sheds) areas (EPA current monitoring project unpublished data). The EPA audits dairy effluent milking
sheds to ensure sustainable disposal or reuse of effluent.
Event discharge from Rocky Gully creek/wetland outflow was rated as a high nutrient risk. This creek
receives urban and rural runoff, including potential runoff from an abattoir and associated wastewater
disposal areas on the highland (Dry Creek subcatchment). A number of moderate-risk nutrient hazards
were attributed to several urban stormwater discharges, predominantly from the townships of Murray
Bridge, Mannum and Tailem Bend. Most of the stormwater discharges direct into the river. Most of these
nutrients are in organic form (plant and detrital material) and not immediately bioavailable (likely to
result in algal blooms). The risk mitigation of some discharges by gross pollutants traps is limited
because they are designed to trap large organic debris only. The pond near the mill in Murray Bridge
receives stormwater from the mill surrounds (though not from the mill itself) and was considered a
moderate nutrient risk. This pond is built on a disused dumpsite; a clear consensus on other
contaminants within the pond water is yet to be reached.
The risk from the large sewage retention ponds for the Murray Bridge and Mannum Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) was rated as high. These ponds are located below the 1956 flood level and are
immediately adjacent to the river (

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Marinas (eg Long Island and Riverglen) and other vessel mooring areas (eg several moorings in Mannum)
were identified as a moderate nutrient risk due to the risk of greywater, and to a lesser extent
blackwater, discharges in a localised area. The river vessel waste disposal stations also received a
moderate risk ranking. Although this risk is unlikely to occur regularly, the potential consequences of a
sewage spill contributed to a moderate ranking. No public river vessel waste disposal stations are
present between Murray Bridge and Goolwa (only private pump-outs at some marinas) but there are not
many live-aboard vessels on the Lower Lakes.
The entire east side of Murray Bridge township is on septic tank systems and was considered a high
nutrient (nitrate) risk, although there was some uncertainty due to a lack of quantitative data. Septic
tanks in several shack, small township and recreation areas were considered a moderate risk to river
water quality due to the likelihood of nutrients (in particular nitrate) leaching into groundwater (SADHS
2004). The age of the septic tanks, irregular auditing and location of soakage trenches on the floodplain
contribute to this level of risk. Two of these locations were identified in 2002 (SAMDB NRMB unpublished
data) for implementation of STEDS but are yet to be upgraded. Riverglades wetland, where residences
on the floodplain surrounding the wetland are all on septic tank systems with soakage trenches for waste
disposal, was also classified as a moderate risk although there was some uncertainty about its impact on
river water quality.
Horticultural areas (eg Monteith, Woodlane, Pompoota) received a moderate nutrient risk ranking as they
are relatively small areas. Several permanent and ephemeral wetlands also received a moderate risk
ranking (although the certainty value for this was low, indicating the need for further research).
Organic matter
As noted above, the entire east side of Murray Bridge township is on septic tank systems and was
considered a high organic matter risk, although there is some uncertainty due to a lack of quantitative
data.
Flood irrigation dairy runoff discharges had high-very high risks for the reasons noted above for the
nutrient stressor. The impact and fate of the high levels of organic matter discharged to the river from
these sources is somewhat uncertain and worthy of further investigation.
The Murray Bridge and Mannum WWTP effluent ponds received a high risk ranking for the reasons noted
above.
Moderate organic matter risks included marinas and river vessel mooring locations (greywater contains
high organic levels from detergents), horticultural area leakage to groundwater, stormwater and septic
tank discharges, and the pipeline under the river from the Murray Bridge WWTP.
Salinity
A number of high salinity risks were identified, including discharges from the LMRIA and wetland areas. It
should be noted that the drainage channels in the LMRIA receive regional groundwater inputs that are
highly saline (eg DWLBC 2003a; Eco Management Services 2003). This is diluted during the irrigation
season and rainfall events but concentrations can be greater than 10,000 EC units during winter periods
(the river is typically less than 500 EC units in this area).
159

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Highland irrigation practices also increase saline groundwater flows to the river in some horticultural
areas (eg Mypolonga, DWLBC 2003a) posing a moderate risk.
Turbidity
Event discharges from the LMRIA were ranked as a moderate turbidity risk as in large rainfall events, the
significant runoff from highland agricultural areas contains high levels of suspended material. Regular
discharges were given a low risk ranking, as they are typically less turbid than the ambient river
concentrations (although they may contain high colour and the pump outflow itself may disturb sediment
in the river). Most other risks were classified as low but moderate risks with a potential cumulative
effect are Mannum, Murray Bridge (including Rocky Gully wetland) and Tailem Bend stormwater
discharges. Three of the five Tailem Bend stormwater discharge points have gross pollutant traps fitted.
Hydrocarbons
Several moderate hydrocarbon risks were identified including unbunded diesel irrigation pumps and fuel
stores on the edge of the river, urban stormwater discharges and transport infrastructure. The likelihood
of accidental spillage from fuel stores and bridges is low but the potential consequences resulted in a
moderate risk to aquatic ecosystem health.
The hydrocarbon risk from several Tailem Bend petrol stations located close to the River Murray was
classified as low. They pose a risk of accidental spillage into the stormwater system and underground
leakage from fuel storage tanks. Other low hydrocarbon risks identified were from potential accidental
spillage from recreational rivercraft and ferries.
Heavy metals
The number of risks attributed to heavy metals is few, primarily from urban stormwater discharges,
which contribute significant amounts of heavy metals (eg lead, copper, zinc) during rainfall events.
These metals are likely to be mostly in particulate form (therefore not immediately bioavailable or
toxic) and may be accumulating around stormwater outfalls. The effect of this potential accumulation on
benthic (bottom-dwelling) aquatic biota is unknown.
The current landfill at Mannum and the disused landfill pond at Sturt reserve (Murray Bridge) were also
considered to pose a moderate heavy metal risk, as were the slipways at Mannum, and Long Island and
Riverglen marinas (wash-off of metal materials, including metal-containing anti-fouling paints).
An arsenic plume under the old railway yards Tailem Bend was assessed as a moderate risk. Monitoring
data indicates the plume is currently not leaching to the river.
Pesticides
All pesticide risks were assessed as low with the exception of the slipways at Mannum, and Long Island
and Riverglen marinas. Wash-off from the slipway is likely to contain anti-fouling compounds although
there was high degree of uncertainty to this assessment. The river water quality data indicates that
pesticides levels were mostly below detection limits (SA Water unpublished data) which supports the
current assessment of no high and widespread pesticide risks.
160

Table 6.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem health environmental values, MW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk,
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
MW002B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12761—Murrawong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MW003B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12759—Glen Lossie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MW262B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12764—Mypolonga EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
CREEK/RIVER
MW080A Wetland discharge, Rocky Gully DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
MW080B Creeks/wetland discharge, Rocky Gully EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW246B Reedy Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
DREDGING SITE
MW132T Dredging, EPA Lic # 14458—adj Westbrook swamp SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 3
MW194T Dredging, EPA Lic # 12770—Mannum golf course SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 2
MW233T Dredging, EPA Lic # 14347—Ukee Boat Club SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 2
EVENT DISCHARGE FERRY
MW134B Ferry, Tailem Bend low 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW134C Ferry, Tailem Bend ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW145B Ferry, Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW145C Ferry, Wellington ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW241H Ferry, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW314H Ferry, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
FLOOD-IRRIGATED AREA DISCHARGE
MW054A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 high 2 low 2 high 3
MW054B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 3
MW059A Irrigation area—retired, feedlot on highland, Mobilong DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 2 mod 2
MW059B Irrigation area—retired, feedlot on highland, Mobilong EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
MW118A Irrigation area—dairying, Monteith DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW118B Irrigation area—dairying, Monteith EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW126A Irrigation area—dairying, Woods Point DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW126B Irrigation area—dairying, Woods Point EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW127B Kilsby swamp—retired land EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low low 2
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GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
MW128A Irrigation area—dairying, Woods Point end, Jervois DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW128B Irrigation area—dairying, Woods Point end, Jervois EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW130B Fisher's swamp—retired land EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low 3 low mod 2
MW138A Irrigation area—dairying, Wellington end Jervois DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW138B Irrigation area—dairying, Wellington end Jervois EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW174A Irrigation area—dairying, Long Island DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 3 high 3
MW174B Irrigation area—dairying, Long Island EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 3 low 3
MW179A Irrigation area—beef some urban stormwater input, Burdett DISCHARGE high 3 low 3 low 2 high 3
MW179B Irrigation area—beef some urban stormwater input, Burdett EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 low 2 low 2 low 3
MW181A Irrigation area—dairying, Long Flat DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW181B Irrigation area—dairying, Long Flat EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW182A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Nth end Yiddinga DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 low 2 high 3
MW182B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Nth end Yiddinga EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 low 3
MW183A Irrigation area—dairying, beef, River Glen DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 low 2 high 3
MW183B Irrigation area—dairying, beef, River Glen EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 low 3
MW212A Thiele swamp—beef/sheep DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 low 2 mod 3
MW212B Thiele swamp—beef/sheep EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 low 2 low 3
MW214A Irrigation area—beef/calves, Sth end Yiddinga DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 low 2 mod 3
MW214B Irrigation area—beef/calves, Sth end Yiddinga EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 low 2 low 3
MW218A Irrigation area—dairying, Pompoota DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW218B Irrigation area—dairying, Pompoota EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW224B Irrigation area—retired, East Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 3 low low low 2
MW230A Irrigation area—grazed, not irrigated regularly, Glen Lossie DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW230B Irrigation area—grazed, not irrigated regularly Glen Lossie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 low 3
MW236A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, 50% retired land, Baseby DISCHARGE high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW236B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, 50% retired land, Baseby EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW249A Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW249B Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW250A Irrigation area—dairying, Mypolonga DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW250B Irrigation area—dairying, Mypolonga EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MW251A Irrigation area—dairying, Neeta DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW251B Irrigation area—dairying, Neeta EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW253A Irrigation area—dairying, Wall Flat DISCHARGE v high 3 v high 3 low 2 high 3
MW253B Irrigation area—dairying, Wall Flat EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 high 3 low 2 low 3
MW316A Irrigation area—grazed, sheep, Wellington south DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW316B Irrigation area—grazed, sheep, Wellington south EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
FUEL STORE
MW052L Pump station—horticulture, Toora LEAKAGE mod 2
MW060C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Mobilong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW123C Pump fuel store, Nth of Wood's Point ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW175C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Swanport irrigation area ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW206C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Baseby ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW207C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Baseby ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW213C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Toora ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW215C Pump fuel store, south of Burdett Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW216C Pump fuel store, Burdett Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW219C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Bell Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW220C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Zadow's Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW221C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Jervois ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW222C Pump fuel store—irrigation, opposite Wellington Marina ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW227C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Cowirra ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW229C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Neeta ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
HORTICULTURE
MW053L Horticulture, Toora LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW119B Horticulture, Monteith EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW119L Horticulture, Monteith LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW258L Dryland drainage, Pompoota LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW259L Horticulture, irrigated olives LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW260L Horticulture, Mypolonga LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW261L Horticulture, Woodlane LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2
INDUSTRY
MW004B Abattoir, EPA Lic # 11649—Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3 low 3
MW315L Old railway yards, Tailem Bend LEAKAGE mod 2
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164
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
INFORMAL CAMPING
MW041G Informal camping, Mypolonga HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
MW210G Informal camping, Wall Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
LANDFILL
MW018B Solid waste transfer, EPA Lic # 2103—Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
MW091L Disused landfill, Sturt Reserve LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MW208L Solid waste disposal, Neeta LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW268B Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032—Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 1 low 1 low 2 low 2
MW268L Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032—Mannum LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
MW085Q Marina, Ukee, Murray Bridge MARINA DISCHARGES mod 1 low 2 mod 2 low 1 low 2
MW099Q Marina and slipway, Long Island MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 3
MW114Q Marina and slipway, Riverglen MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 3
MW139Q Marina, Wellington MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 1 low 3
PETROL STATION
MW028C Petrol station—BP, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW028L Petrol station—BP, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE low 2
MW033C Petrol station—Caltex, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW033L Petrol station—Caltex, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE low 2
MW090L Petrol station, disused site LEAKAGE low 2
MW143C Petrol station, Wellington ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW151C Petrol stations, Tailem Bend ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW245L Petrol stations, Mannum LEAKAGE low 2
QUARRY
MW154B Quarry, Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
MW263B Quarry, above Paiwalla Wetland EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
MW135C Refuelling facility, Tailem Bend Caravan Park ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW264C Refuelling facility, Unforgettable Houseboats ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW288C Refuelling—recreational vessels, Mannum Jetty ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
SLIPWAY
MW240H Slipway, Mannum WASH DOWN mod 1 mod 2 mod 1 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW061B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge catchment #8 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
MW062B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge east side EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 mod 1 mod 1 mod 1 low 1 mod 1
MW065B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge catchment #10 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
MW094B Stormwater discharge, d/s Sturt Reserve, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
MW105B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge freeway EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW160B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #1 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW163B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #2 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW164B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #3 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW165B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #4 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW171B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge catchment #10 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW172B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge wharf EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 1
MW173B Stormwater discharge, Long Island Reserve EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW178B Stormwater detention, near mill, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW203B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge wharf (catchment #16) EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 1 mod 3
MW238B Stormwater discharge, Cowirra houses/road EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 mod 2
MW247B Stormwater discharge, Caloote Landing EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 mod 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 mod 1
MW270B Stormwater discharge, Berryman Ave, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 mod 3 mod 3 mod 2 low 1 mod 3
MW275B Stormwater discharge, Wall Flat shacks EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 mod 1 mod 1 mod 1 low 1 mod 1
MW278B Stormwater discharge, unsealed road Mypolonga EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 mod 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 mod 1
MW300B Stormwater discharge, Nth Mannum catchments, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 3 mod 3
MW301B Stormwater discharge, Mclaren St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 3 mod 3
MW302B Stormwater discharge, Baseby St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 3 mod 3
MW303B Stormwater discharge, Diericks Rd, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 3 mod 3
MW304B Stormwater discharge, North Tce, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 3 mod 3
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MW044L Septic tanks, Jaensch's beach LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MW077L Septic tanks—public toilets, Avoca Dell LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MW089L Septic tanks, Murray Bridge cottages LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MW093L Septic tanks—shacks, d/s Sturt Reserve LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW107L Septic tanks, Aquatic Centre, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
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166
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
MW112L Septic tanks, Toora shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW124L Septic tanks, White Sands Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW125L Septic tanks, White Sands shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW142L Septic tanks, Wellington (opp side of Marina) LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW144L Septic tanks, Wellington Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW156L Septic tanks—public toilet, Bakerís Reserve LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW157L Septic tanks—Youth Camp, Wellington LEAKAGE low 3 low 3
MW158L Septic tanks, Sunnyside LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW177L Septic tanks—public toilet LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 3
MW237L Septic tanks, Cowirra LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 2
MW266L Septic tanks, Wall Flat LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 2
MW290L Septic tanks, Mypolonga LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
MW312L Septic tanks—houses, adj Riverglades Wetland
LEAKAGE
mod 2 mod 2
MW317L Septic tanks, Murray Bridge township, E side
LEAKAGE
high 2 high 2
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
MW007C Railway line, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 1
MW064C Bridge, Old Swanport Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
MW104C Bridge, Swanport Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 1
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MW040S Recreation area, Sunnyside VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW073S Boat ramp, Avoca Dell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW088S Boat ramp, Adelaide Ski Club, Murray Bridge VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW096S Boat ramp, Long Island Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW111S Recreation area, Toora VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW155S Boat ramp, Baker's Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW186S Boat ramp, d/s Mannum VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW190S Boat ramp, 'Terrigal' VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW191S Boat ramp, adj Woodlane pump station VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW192S Boat ramp, Bell Landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW217S Boat ramp, Neeta VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MW075R Houseboats, Avoca Dell VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW092R Houseboat/restaurant, Sturt Reserve VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MW122R Houseboats, Westbrook Caravan Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW248R Houseboats—Bolto Shacks, opposite Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW305R Mannum east Moorings, opp Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW306R Mannum township moorings VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW307R Murray Princess mooring, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW308R Riverlane Nth moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW309R Riverlane Sth houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW310R Galaxy houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW311R Cowirra township moorings VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW313R Unforgettable houseboats moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MW027C River vessel waste disposal station, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW289C River vessel waste disposal station, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW016D Murray Bridge WWTP effluent ponds, EPA Lic # 1770 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE high 2 high 2
MW035D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW036D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW037D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW038D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 3 mod 3
MW039D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW102D Treated effluent pipeline—under river from Murray Bridge WWTP INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 mod 2
MW110D STEDS infrastructure, Bell Landing INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MW117D STEDS infrastructure, Riverglen Marina INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
MW129D STEDS infrastructure, Westbrook Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
MW140D STEDS infrastructure, Wellington Marina INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
MW153D STEDS infrastructure, Placid Estate INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
MW176D STEDS infrastructure, Sunnyside INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 2
MW193D Mannum WWTP effluent ponds, EPA Lic # 1816 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE high 2 high 2
MW234D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MW235D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MW271D STEDS infrastructure, Woodlane INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 1 low 1
MW272D STEDS infrastructure, EPA Lic #13299—Caloote Landing INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 1 low 1
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
168
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
WETLAND/LAGOON
MW023A Wetland, Jury Swamp DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW024A Wetland, Riverglades DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 2
MW024B Wetland, Riverglades EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW026B Wetland, Swanport EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW113A Wetland, d/s Monteith DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW131B Wetland, adj to Westbrook Swamp EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW150B Wetland, Westbrook Swamp EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW239A Wetland, Baseby DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW244A Wetland, Cowirra Levee DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW279B Wetland, Paiwalla EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW280B Wetland, Mypolonga Levee EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2
MW281B Wetland, Neeta EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2
MW282B Wetland, Neeta Flats EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2
MW283B Wetland, Paiwalla Gully EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2
MW284B Wetland, Sunnyside EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2
MW285B Wetland, adj Wall Flat levee EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 2 low 1 low 2
MW286B Wetland, Wall Swamp EVENT DISCHARGE mod 1 low 2 mod 1 low 2

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to raw water supplies
Figure 6.4 is the key map for risks to the raw water supply environmental value in the MW LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to raw water supplies
Figure 6.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, MW LAP area
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are
summarised in Table 6.3. The highest frequencies of risks were for the parameters of nutrients and
pathogens, followed by organic matter and hydrocarbons. The majority (67) of these risks were rated as
low, but several moderate (74) or high (17), and one very high risk was recorded.
Table 6.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, MW LAP area
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides;
HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
Raw water supply risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 6.4 and discussed in more detail
below for each stressor.
Pathogens
A high pathogen risk was assigned to several discharges from the flood irrigated dairy farm areas
(Pompoota, Cowirra, Mypolonga, Wall Flat). The relatively close proximity of these discharge points to
their respective unfiltered small township water supply off-takes, creates a high risk from pathogens (eg
Cryptosporidium sp10 and Giardia). SA Water is currently addressing these risks by:
• increasing separation distances between discharges and off-takes with channel modifications (eg
Pompoota)
• undertaking capital works such as a proposed new pipeline under the river to connect Jervois
township to the Tailem Bend supply
• examining the feasibility of treatment plants for the small township supplies
• installing timers on discharge and off-take pumps to prevent simultaneous operation (eg Wall Flat).
Discharges from Toora irrigation area were considered to have a moderate risk level as only one dairy
farm remains operational. It potentially impacts the large Murray Bridge–Onkaparinga off-take but this
water is filtered so a lower risk would eventuate (once water enters treatment plant) than for the small
unfiltered township supplies. The significant rehabilitation project underway in all areas of the LMRIA
will significantly reduce the general level of raw water supply risks.
Mannum stormwater discharges and vessel/houseboat discharges present a moderate risk ranking for
pathogens due to their close proximity to the off-take. The discharge at Berryman Avenue, which is very
close to the Mannum off-take, is particularly concerning and received a high risk ranking.
170
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total
Low 37 45 16 37 14 18 34 25 226
Moderate 14 14 11 19 6 0 9 1 74
High 10 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 17
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total 61 61 29 60 20 18 43 26 318
10 Calves in particular are known to contain high levels of Cryptosporidium sp

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Informal camping areas at Mypolonga and Wall Flat were given a moderate risk ranking due to their
proximity to the respective township water supply off-takes, absence of sanitation facilities and high
occupancy by campers during holiday periods.
Low level risks included Tailem Bend stormwater discharges, ferry deck runoff, houseboat discharges
(other than those in Mannum mentioned above), wetlands and septic tank effluent discharges (eg
Sunnyside and Avoca Dell). The septic tank discharges had a high likelihood but relatively low
consequence but this ranking had some uncertainty associated with it.
In general, a low risk ranking to raw water supply environmental values reflected a lower likelihood of
stressors from a particular hazard reaching an off-take. For example, all stormwater discharge points at
Tailem Bend are more than one kilometre upstream of the off-take and significant mixing and dilution
would take place before water reaches the off-take.
Organic matter
A high-risk source of organic matter is the Wall Flat irrigation area discharge near the Wall Flat township
off-take. Other flood-irrigation area discharges from Cowirra, Toora, Mypolonga and Pompoota irrigation
areas were considered to pose a moderate risk. Risk management options (eg treatment plants) are
being explored by SA Water for all these supplies.
The stormwater discharge from the Berryman Avenue catchment, Mannum poses a high risk (during
rainfall events) to the Mannum supply off-take (see Kinhill 1999 for catchment maps). The other Mannum
stormwater discharges pose a moderate risk, as do the vessel mooring areas (Mannum foreshore/Murray
Princess, Riverlane, Unforgettable Houseboats) that are in close proximity.
Other lower risk sources include wetlands and several septic tank waste disposal systems located on the
floodplain of the river.
Nutrients
A high-risk nutrient hazard was attributed to rainfall event discharge from the Cowirra irrigation area
due to a substantial increase in the likelihood that stressors would reach the Cowirra and Mannum offtakes.
Rainfall event discharges from Wall Flat, Toora, Mypolonga and Pompoota irrigation areas were
considered to pose a moderate risk. It is unlikely that these higher level nutrient risks would
immediately cause an algal bloom that would affect a water supply off-take as other causes and
conditions (eg suitable light and temperature) need to be present. These links and process affecting
nutrients need to be explored in more detail for the areas surrounding the off-takes.
Informal camping areas (Wall Flat and Mypolonga) and Mannum vessel/houseboat mooring areas also
received a moderate risk ranking due to the reasons noted above.
Most other nutrient risks were assessed as low level, from sources such as wetlands, stormwater,
houseboat/vessel discharges, landfill and septic tank effluent discharges.
Turbidity
Event discharges from several of the flood-irrigated areas posed moderate turbidity risks. As discussed
earlier for the aquatic ecosystem environmental value, the surrounding highland and dairy yard areas
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
contribute substantial amounts of sediment to the flood-irrigated area drainage channels during large
rainfall events.
Stormwater discharge from the Berryman Avenue catchment, Mannum, was a high turbidity risk (during
rainfall events) to the Mannum supply off-take. The turbidity entering the treatment plant has spiked to
above 200 NTU (normal river turbidity is about 60 NTU) during large and intense rainfall events in
Mannum. The other Mannum stormwater discharges, which are further from the off-take, posed a
moderate risk. Stormwater discharges in Tailem bend posed a low risk as did launching of vessels at
recreational areas (eg Sunnyside and Avoca Dell).
Hydrocarbons
Moderate hydrocarbon risks came from stormwater discharge points and vessel refuelling facilities in
Mannum.
The remainder of hydrocarbon risks were classified as low level. These included the risks from petrol
stations located at Tailem Bend and Mannum, accidental fuel or oil spillage from ferries and storm event
discharges.
Salinity
Low-moderate salinity risks are present in discharges from the flood-irrigated (regional groundwater
enters these areas) and horticultural (increased groundwater discharge due to mounding under irrigation
systems) areas.
Heavy metals
Moderate heavy metal risks were assessed for the stormwater discharge points at Mannum. Low risk
sources included other stormwater discharges, ferry deck runoff and Riverglades wetland outflow
(receives urban stormwater inputs).
An arsenic plume under the old railway yards Tailem Bend was assessed as a moderate risk. River
monitoring data indicates the plume is currently not leaching to the river or posing a risk to the water
supply.
Pesticides
Pesticides risks were few in number, low-level and mostly were discharges from the LMRIA drainage
channels. The low risk ranking resulted from the assessment that pesticides are not used routinely on
dairy farms, apart from for periodic spraying of channels to remove weeds.
172

Table 6.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, MW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
MW003B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12759—Glen Lossie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
DREDGING SITE
MW194T Dredging, EPA Lic # 12770—Mannum golf course SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 2
FERRY
MW134B Ferry, Tailem Bend EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2
MW134C Ferry, Tailem Bend ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW241H Ferry, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW314H Ferry, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
FLOOD-IRRIGATED AREA DISCHARGE
MW054A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 3 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MW054B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 3 mod 2 low 2 low 2
MW218A Irrigation area—dairying, Pompoota DISCHARGE high 3 mod 3 3 mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW218B Irrigation area—dairying, Pompoota EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW249A Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra DISCHARGE low 3 low 3 low 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
MW249B Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW250A Irrigation area—dairying, Mypolonga DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2 2 mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW250B Irrigation area—dairying, Mypolonga EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2 mod 2 mod 3 low 2 low 2
MW251A Irrigation area—dairying, Neeta DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
MW251B Irrigation area—dairying, Neeta EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW253A Irrigation area—dairying, Wall Flat DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2 mod 3 mod 3 low 2 mod 2
MW253B Irrigation area—dairying, Wall Flat EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2 high 3 high 3 low 2 low 2
FUEL STORE
MW220C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Zadow's Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
HORTICULTURE
MW258L Dryland drainage, Pompoota LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW259L Horticulture—irrigated olives LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
INDUSTRY
MW315L Old railway yards, Tailem Bend LEAKAGE mod 2
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174
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
INFORMAL CAMPING
MW041G Informal camping, Mypolonga HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 mod 2 mod 2
MW210G Informal camping, Wall Flat HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 mod 3 mod 2
LANDFILL
MW208L Solid waste disposal, Neeta LEAKAGE low 2 low low 2 low 2 low low 2
MW268B Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032óMannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 1 low 1 1 1 low 1 low 1
MW268L Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032óMannum LEAKAGE low 2 low low 2 low 2 low low 2
PETROL STATION
MW151C Petrol stations, Tailem Bend ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW245L Petrol stations, Mannum LEAKAGE low 2
QUARRY
MW263B Quarry, above Paiwalla Wetland EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
MW135C Refuelling facility, Tailem Bend Caravan Park ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW264C Refuelling facility, Unforgettable Houseboats ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
MW288C Refuelling recreational vessels, Mannum Jetty ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
SLIPWAY
MW240H Slipway, Mannum WASH DOWN low 2 low 2 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW160B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #1 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW163B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #2 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW164B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #3 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW165B Stormwater discharge, Tailem Bend #4 EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW238B Stormwater discharge, Cowirra houses/road EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1
MW270B Stormwater discharge, Berryman Ave, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 3 high 3 high 3 mod 3 mod 3
MW275B Stormwater discharge, Wall Flat shacks EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1
MW278B Stormwater discharge, unsealed road, Mypolonga EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1 low 1
MW300B Stormwater discharge, Nth Mannum catchments, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
MW301B Stormwater discharge, Mclaren St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
MW302B Stormwater discharge, Baseby St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
MW303B Stormwater discharge, Diericks Rd, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3
MW304B Stormwater discharge, North Tce, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 mod 3

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MW077L Septic tanks—public toilets, Avoca Dell LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW158L Septic tanks, Sunnyside LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW237L Septic tanks, Cowirra LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW266L Septic tanks, Wall Flat LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW290L Septic tanks, Mypolonga LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MW040S Recreation area, Sunnyside VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW073S Boat ramp, Avoca Dell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW191S Boat ramp, adj Woodlane pump station VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2
MW217S Boat ramp, Neeta VESSEL LAUNCHING mod 3
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MW075R Houseboats, Avoca Dell VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
MW248R Houseboats, Bolto Shacks, opposite Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1
MW305R Mannum east moorings, opposite Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW306R Township moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW307R Murray princess mooring, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW308R Moorings, Riverlane Nth, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW309R Riverlane Sth houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW310R Galaxy houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW311R Township moorings, Cowirra VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW313R Unforgettable houseboats moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MW289C River vessel waste disposal station, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 3 low 3 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW271D STEDS infrastructure, Woodlane INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
WETLAND/LAGOON
MW024A Wetland, Riverglades DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW024B Wetland, Riverglades EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 3 low 2 low 2 low 3
MW244A Wetland, Cowirra Levee DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW279B Wetland, Paiwalla EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW280B Wetland, Mypolonga Levee EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW282B Wetland, Neeta Flats EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW283B Wetland, Paiwalla Gully EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW284B Wetland, Sunnyside EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW285B Wetland, adj Wall Flat levee EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW286B Wetland, Wall Swamp EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
175

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational use
Figure 6.5 is the key map for risks to the recreational environmental value in the MW LAP area. The
attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
176
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to recreational values
Figure 6.6 Key map for recreation zones, MW LAP area

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Frequencies of identified risks to recreational values for the various water quality stressors are
summarised in Table 6.5. The highest frequency of risks was for pathogens, followed by nutrients,
hydrocarbons and turbidity. The majority of these risks (207) were assessed as low level, although a
significant number (91) of moderate, high (9), and very high (5) risks were identified (for pathogen
stressor).
Table 6.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, MW LAP
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 24 77 44 62 207
Moderate 63 9 17 2 91
High 9 0 0 0 9
Very high 5 0 0 0 5
Total 101 86 61 64 312
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; HY—hydrocarbons
Table 6.6 lists the recreational risks identified in this LAP area, which are discussed in more detail below
for each stressor.
Pathogens
Very high pathogen risks were identified for discharges from flood irrigated dairy farms at Monteith
(Whitesands-Riverglen marina recreational zone), the Wellington end of Jervois (Placid Estates
recreational zone), Long Island and Long Flat (Murray Bridge and surrounds recreational zone) and
Cowirra (Mannum and surrounds). The high ranking resulted from a frequent likelihood (daily-weekly
during irrigation season) and high consequence (risk over a widespread area). The practice of flood
irrigation of dairy farms often generates runoff of large amounts of water polluted with cow faecal
material. The overall result of several discharges from the LMRIA (ca. 5000 ha area) to the river is that
indicator (of risk to human health) bacteria levels in the river increase significantly below Mannum to
levels that often exceed recreational water guidelines (EPA 2001a; Eco Management Services 2003).
Discharge from Yiddinga irrigation area posed a high pathogen risk to a recreation zone at Swanport
aquatic camp and some other areas were considered to pose a moderate risk (eg Glen Lossie, not
intensively grazed or irrigated). Event discharges from the LMRIA had a slightly lower risk ranking in
general as rainfall events resulting in runoff are much less frequent than ‘normal’ discharges due to
irrigation. There was some uncertainty to this assessment as rainfall event discharges may contain higher
levels of pathogens from wash-off of dairy milking shed and calf rearing yards on highland areas. The
significant rehabilitation project underway in all areas of the LMRIA will significantly reduce the risks to
the river.
Other sources of moderate pathogen risk included several marinas (Ukee, Long Island, Riverglen,
Wellington), vessel/houseboat mooring areas (eg Mannum, Westbrook caravan park, Avoca Dell).
However, there was some uncertainty about the extent of greywater and blackwater discharges from
permanently moored vessels in these areas.
177

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Urban stormwater discharges (predominantly from Mannum and Murray Bridge townships) posed a
moderate pathogen risk. The actual risk could be lower as people would tend not to swim or ski during
or immediately following rainfall events.
Septic tank waste disposal systems (eg in the shack area downstream of Murray Bridge, Sunnyside,
Wellington, Avoca Dell) were also considered to pose a moderate risk. Of similar concern are the effluent
pump stations located close to the river (eg Murray Bridge WWTP pumps, STEDS pumps at various shack
locations). In the event of system failure at the Murray Bridge pump stations, it is estimated that only 30
minutes would be needed for operators to install a back-up generator or a waste contractor to prevent
sewage entering the river.
An informal camping area at Mypolonga posed a moderate risk to recreational values. Wetlands posed a
low risk, mainly due to possible outflow of bird faecal material and surrounding septic tank systems in
the case of Riverglades wetland.
The Murray Bridge and Mannum WWTP effluent ponds were not in a defined recreation zone (so were not
assessed for this value) but pond bank failure or overtopping there could have a major impact on
recreational values for a large distance downstream (see aquatic ecosystem value section for more
detail).
Nutrients
The risk of nutrient discharges from a hazard affecting recreation was assessed as the likelihood of an
algal bloom (eg blue-green algae). Blooms create a risk to recreation as certain algae can cause skin
irritation and are toxic if ingested. This was considered an unlikely occurrence from a single hazard as
other factors, such as elevated temperatures and low flow, are also necessary. The only risks to receive
moderate rankings were from the LMRIA drainage discharges/event discharges, discharge of greywater or
blackwater in marinas (Long Island, Ukee, Riverglen, Wellington), discharge from Rocky Gully
creek/wetland, and leakage from horticultural areas (Toora and Woodlane).
Low risk hazards included retired/non-irrigated area discharges from the LMRIA, urban stormwater,
landfills, river vessel waste disposal stations and toilets/septic tanks in several locations. The possibility
of nutrients (predominantly nitrate) from leakage of shack septic tank soakage trenches resulting in
localised algal growth requires further research.
Hydrocarbons
Diesel motors and fuel tanks that are unbunded and located on the river’s edge posed a low risk to
recreational environmental values (potential oil and fuel spills). Possible leakage from petrol station
storage tanks and accidental spillages from marinas/vessel mooring and refuelling locations was also
considered a low risk, as were urban stormwater discharges. These risks are predominantly to aesthetic
values, as people would be likely to avoid bathing in an area with visible oil slicks.
Turbidity
Moderate turbidity risks to recreational values existed for urban stormwater discharges and event
discharge from Rocky Gully creek/wetland. As people are likely to avoid swimming/skiing during rainfall
conditions, the risk may be mainly to aesthetic values. Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in high-use
recreation areas was a common community concern. This was assessed as a low risk but its actual impact
on recreational values was difficult to quantify.
178

Table 6.6 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, MW LAP area
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
MW002B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12761—Murrawong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MW003B Piggery, EPA Lic # 12759—Glen Lossie EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
CREEK/RIVER
MW080A Wetland discharge, Rocky Gully DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
MW080B Creeks/wetland discharge, Rocky Gully EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
DREDGING SITE
MW194T Dredging, EPA Lic # 12770—Mannum golf course SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 2
MW233T Dredging, EPA Lic # 14347—Ukee Boat Club SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE low 2
FERRY
MW241H Ferry, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW314H Ferry, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
FLOOD-IRRIGATED AREA DISCHARGE
MW054A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora DISCHARGE high 2 mod 2
MW054B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Toora EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW059A Irrigation area—retired, feedlot on highland, Mobilong DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
MW059B Irrigation area—retired, feedlot on highland, Mobilong EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2
MW118A Irrigation area—dairying, Monteith DISCHARGE v high 3 mod 2
MW118B Irrigation area—dairying, Monteith EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 mod 2
MW127B Retired land, Kilsby swamp EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 low 2
MW138A Irrigation area—dairying, Wellington end, Jervois DISCHARGE v high 3 mod 2
MW138B Irrigation area—dairying, Wellington end, Jervois EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 mod 2
MW174A Irrigation area—dairying, Long Island DISCHARGE v high 3 mod 2
MW174B Irrigation area—dairying, Long Island EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 mod 2
MW179A Irrigation area—beef, urban stormwater input, Burdett DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2
MW179B Irrigation area—beef, urban stormwater input, Burdett EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 2 mod 2
MW181A Irrigation area—dairying, Long Flat DISCHARGE v .high 3 mod 2
MW181B Irrigation area—dairying, Long Flat EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 mod 2
MW182A Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Nth end Yiddinga DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
180
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
MW182B Irrigation area—one dairy farm, Nth end, Yiddinga EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 2 mod 2
MW214A Irrigation area—beef/calves, Sth end, Yiddinga DISCHARGE high 3 mod 2
MW214B Irrigation area—beef/calves, Sth end, Yiddinga EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 low 2 mod 2
MW224B Irrigation area—retired, East Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW230A Irrigation area—grazed, not irrigated regularly, Glen Lossie DISCHARGE mod 3 low 2
MW230B Irrigation area—grazed, not irrigated regularly, Glen Lossie EVENT DISCHARGE low 3 low 2 mod 2
MW249A Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra DISCHARGE v high 3 mod 2
MW249B Irrigation area—dairying, Cowirra EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 low 2 mod 2
FUEL STORE
MW052L Pump station—horticulture, Toora, LEAKAGE mod 2
MW060C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Mobilong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW175C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Swanport irrigation area ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW213C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Toora ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW215C Pump fuel store, south of Burdett Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW216C Pump fuel store, Burdett Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW219C Pump fuel store—irrigation, Bell Landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
HORTICULTURE
MW053L Horticulture, Toora LEAKAGE mod 2
MW261L Horticulture, Woodlane LEAKAGE mod 2
INDUSTRY
MW004B Abattoir, EPA Lic # 11649—Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 3
INFORMAL CAMPING
MW041G Informal camping, Mypolonga HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
LANDFILL
MW018B Solid waste transfer, EPA Lic # 2103—Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 2 low 2
MW091L Disused landfill, Sturt Reserve LEAKAGE low 1 low 2
MW268B Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032—Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE low 1 low 1 low 2
MW268L Waste depot & landfill, EPA Lic #2032—Mannum LEAKAGE low 1 low 2
MARINA
MW085Q Marina, Ukee, Murray Bridge MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW099Q Marina, Long Island MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 mod 3 low 3
MW114Q Marina, Riverglen MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 mod 3 low 3
MW139Q Marina, Wellington MARINA DISCHARGES mod 3 mod 3 low 3

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
PETROL STATION
MW028C Petrol station—BP, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW028L Petrol station—BP, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE low 2
MW033C Petrol station—Caltex, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 3
MW033L Petrol station—Caltex, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE low 2
MW090L Petrol station, disused site LEAKAGE low 2
MW143C Petrol station, Wellington ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW245L Petrol stations, Mannum LEAKAGE low 2
QUARRY
MW154B Quarry, Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 2
REFUELLING FACILITY
MW264C Refuelling facility—Commercial houseboats, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
MW288C Refuelling—recreational vessels, Mannum jetty ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
MW240H Slipway, Mannum WASH DOWN low 2
low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW061B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
MW062B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 1 low 3
MW065B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 1 low 3
MW094B Stormwater discharge, d/s Sturt Reserve, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 3
MW105B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
MW171B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge catchment #10 EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
MW172B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge wharf EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 2
MW173B Stormwater discharge, Long Island Reserve EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
MW178B Stormwater detention, near mill, Murray Bridge EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
MW203B Stormwater discharge, Murray Bridge wharf EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 3 low 3
MW270B Stormwater discharge, Berryman Ave Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 3
MW300B Stormwater discharge, Nth Mannum catchments, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 3
MW301B Stormwater discharge, Mclaren St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 3
MW302B Stormwater discharge, Baseby St catchment, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 3
MW303B Stormwater discharge, Diericks Rd, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 3
MW304B Stormwater discharge, North Tce, Mannum EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 2 low 3
181

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
182
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
MW044L Septic tanks, Jaensch's beach LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MW077L Septic tanks—public toilets, Avoca Dell LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MW089L Septic tanks, Murray Bridge cottages LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
MW093L Septic tanks—shacks, d/s Sturt Reserve LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW107L Septic tanks—Aquatic Centre, Murray Bridge LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
MW112L Septic tanks, Toora shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW124L Septic tanks, White Sands Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW125L Septic tanks, White Sands shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW142L Septic tanks, Wellington (opp. side of Marina) LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW144L Septic tanks, Wellington Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW156L Septic tanks—public toilet, Bakerís Reserve LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW157L Septic tanks—Youth Camp, Wellington LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW158L Septic tanks, Sunnyside LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
MW177L Septic tanks—public toilet LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
MW007C Railway line, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1
MW064C Bridge, Old Swanport Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2
MW104C Bridge, Swanport Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
MW040S Recreation area, Sunnyside VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW073S Boat ramp, Avoca Dell VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW088S Boat ramp—Adelaide Ski Club, Murray Bridge VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW096S Boat ramp, Long Island Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW111S Recreation area, Toora VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW155S Boat ramp, Baker's Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
MW192S Boat ramp, Bell Landing VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
MW075R Houseboats, Avoca Dell VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 3 low 2 low 2
MW092R Houseboat/restaurant, Sturt Reserve VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW122R Houseboats, Westbrook Caravan Park VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW248R Houseboats, Bolto Shacks, opposite Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MW305R Mannum east moorings, opposite Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW306R Mannum township moorings VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
MW307R Murray Princess mooring, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW308R Riverlane Nth, moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW309R Riverlane Sth houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW310R Galaxy houseboat moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW311R Cowirra township moorings VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
MW313R Unforgettable houseboats moorings, Mannum VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 3 low 2 low 3 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
MW027C River vessel waste disposal station, Murray Bridge ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
MW289C River vessel waste disposal station, Mannum ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MW016D Effluent ponds, EPA Lic # 1770—Murray Bridge WWTP INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW035D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW036D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW037D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW038D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 3 mod 3
MW039D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
MW110D STEDS infrastructure, Bell Landing INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW117D STEDS infrastructure, Riverglen Marina INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW129D STEDS infrastructure, Westbrook Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW140D STEDS infrastructure, Wellington Marina INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW153D STEDS infrastructure, Placid Estate INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW176D STEDS infrastructure, Sunnyside INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
MW234D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MW235D Effluent pump station, Murray Bridge INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
MW271D STEDS infrastructure, Woodlane INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE
WETLAND/LAGOON
MW024A Wetland, Riverglades DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2
MW024B Wetland, Riverglades EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW026B Wetland, Swanport EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2
MW244A Wetland, Cowirra Levee DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
6.5 Options for management of risks, MW LAP area
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the MW LAP area are shown in
Table 6.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring, compliance,
policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities are being examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
184

Table 6.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, MW LAP area
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV;
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
VERY HIGH RISKS
DWLBC, EPA,
flood-irrigators
EPA compliance
regime in place
Current monitoring
program underway
EIMPs have been
implemented on
every farm
$30 million government
and irrigated funded
rehabilitation program
currently being
implemented, with
targets of metering
water use by June
2007, no discharge of
irrigation runoff by
June 2008
ECO
REC
RAW
NU
PA
OR
SA
Flood irrigated dairy farm
areas
Possible signage
at discharge
points in
recreational
areas warning
people not to
swim in the
vicinity
General (areas being
rehabilitated)
*
HIGH RISKS
SA Water, EPA,
DWLBC
Investigate possible
treatment plants
EPA compliance
regime in place
Monitor pathogen
and other pollutant
levels at off-takes
PA
OR
NU
Flood irrigated dairy farm
areas with township raw
Research whether it
is possible to shut
off off-takes during
rainfall events
RAW Further separate where
possible discharge
points from off-takes or
ensure routing of
pollutants to off-take is
not likely
water supplies
Wall Flat
Cowirra
LMRIA: current
rehabilitation
program to be
completed as
planned by 2008.
Will result in
limited discharge
Current pipeline
construction to direct
Tailem Bend water to
Jervois township thus
separating water supply
inlets further from
drainage discharge
points
Mypolonga
Pompoota
Jervois
*
*
*
*
*
185

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
186
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
DWLBC, EPA,
flood-irrigators
EPA compliance
regime in place
Current monitoring
program underway
EIMPs have been
implemented on
every farm
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Other flood irrigation
areas
RAW
Woods Pt
Investigate
possibility of use
of signage at
discharge points
in recreational
areas warning
people not to
swim in the
vicinity
$30 million government
and irrigated funded
rehabilitation program
currently being
implemented with
targets of metering
water use by June
2007, no discharge of
irrigation runoff by
June 2008
OR
SA
Toora
Long Flat
Yiddinga
River Glen
Monteith
Long Island
Long Flat
Baseby
Neeta
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SA Water, EPA,
SAMDB NRMB, Mid
Murray Council
Research whether it
is possible to shut
off Mannum-
Adelaide pipeline
off-take during
rainfall events
Audit industries
within the
catchment
Monitor impact of
stormwater on offtake
(monitoring
report in
preparation)
Public education
on pollution of
the stormwater
system
PA RAW Construct pollutant
removal system if
possible or divert runoff
further from off-take
Stormwater
Berryman Ave
catchment, Mannum
(risk to raw water
supply)
*
SA Water, EPA,
Department of
Health, Councils
Investigate possible
monitoring data to
ascertain whether
there is any leakage
to river from these
ponds
Enforce licence
conditions where
applicable
Monitor treated
effluent quality,
land application
rate, and possible
groundwater
leakage
Appropriate
emergency
response
procedures in
place
Possible new WWTP to
cope with increasing
demand and
development in the
area
NU ECO
REC
Wastewater ponds:
Murray Bridge and
Mannum WWTP lagoons
(on floodplain)
Contingency
measures in an
event of a flood
Fully assess risk of
existing lagoons and
whether risk reduction
measures required

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
EPA, Rural City of
Murray Bridge,
DWLBC, SAMDB
NRMB
Enforce Water
Quality EPP (EPA
2003c) where
necessary
Monitor discharge
to river from
wetland outlet
Gross pollutant traps
for urban catchment
inputs
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Creeks/wetland, Rocky
Gully
Investigate whether
wetland can be made
ephemeral (original
design)
RAW
MODERATE RISKS
Marinas
BIASA, Marina
owners/operators,
EPA, Planning SA,
DWLBC
Marina
planning
guidelines for
new marinas
Audit, licence
and/or enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters
Monitor nutrient
and other pollutant
levels in marinas
Education of
boat owners and
marina operators
on appropriate
waste disposal
(workshops,
brochures,
media)
Extend marina capacity
where applicable (eg
Riverglen) to hold
berths inside marina
only and restrict
number of vessel
moorings
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Long Island Marina
OR
Riverglen
Wellington
Ukee
*
*
*
*
BIASA, Houseboat
hirers association,
EPA, local
councils, DWLBC
Support
development of
affordable and
effective greywater
treatment systems
Introduce
requirement
for all
houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to
be slipped and
surveyed
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters
Monitor greywater
discharge
concentrations
Education of
emergency
response
procedures on
fuel or oil spills
Additional river vessel
waste disposal stations
ECO
REC
HY
NU
Vessel/houseboat
moorings (other than
listed above)
RAW
Survey/audit how
often boats move
mooring locations
OR
PA
various locations
(e.g. Riverlane,
Mannum)
*
Ensure spill kits
on board
Education and
awareness of
vessel users
permanently moored
boats/restaurants
(e.g. at Sturt
reserve)
*
EPA, slipway
operator
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management:
Marine and Inland
Waters. Licence if
required.
Emergency
response
procedures in the
event of a
spillage
ECO
REC
HM
HY
Slipway, Mannum and at
some marinas
RAW
187

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
188
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
Councils, EPA,
SAMDB NRMB,
Murray Bridge
Mill, SA Water
DWLBC, SA Water,
BIASA, Houseboat
hirers association,
Mid Murray
council, Rural City
of Murray Bridge
Require new Installation of traps
developments and other pollution
to incorporate prevention
stormwater mechanisms, eg
management wetland retention
systems (eg systems
retention
basins and
wetlands) and
use watersensitive
urban
design
principles
Surveys on the
usage level of
stations to
determine if holding
tank capacity is
appropriate
Audit industries
within the
stormwater
catchments
Monitor quality of
discharge water
(monitoring report
in preparation)
Community
education on
pollution of
stormwater
Install pollutant
traps/treatment
systems/devices on
remaining discharges
ECO
REC
NU
OR
Stormwater—urban
catchments
RAW
Mannum
HM
Murray Bridge HY
Tailem Bend PA
*
*
*
Auditing system to
record boats using
the stations
Auditing systems to
record numbers of
boats using the
stations
Education of
river vessel users
on the operation
of stations
Instal an additional
public blackwater
waste disposal station
between Murray Bridge
and Goolwa
ECO
REC
NU
OR
RAW
PA
River vessel waste
disposal station
Murray Bridge
Emergency
procedures in
place in event of
station failure
Mannum
*
*
Local councils,
EPA, SAMDB
NRMB, SA Water
Examine possibility
of bunding high-risk
infrastructure
Ensure
development
applications
take into
account
current waste
disposal
system
capacity
Audit and assess
whether bunding
or other
infrastructure may
be required to
prevent pollutants
reaching the river
due to
infrastructure
failure
Monitor quality of
discharge
Education on
emergency
response
procedures in the
event of pump
failure
PA ECO
REC
Wastewater
infrastructure/STEDS
Bell Landing
Caloote, Lic # 13299
Placid Estate
Sunnyside
Wellington Marina
Westbrook Cvan Pk
Murray Bridge
effluent pumps
*
*
*
*
*
*
EPA, SA Water,
SAMDB NRMB,
Councils
Examine literature
on outputs from
wetlands during
rainfall events
Monitor pollutant
and water outputs
from wetlands
during dry and wet
weather conditions
Upgrade to
STEDS/WWTP for
houses on Eastern side
of Murray Bridge which
line Riverglade
wetland, possible
treatment of
stormwater
NU ECO
REC
RAW
Wetland
Riverglades
Paiwalla
Water quality
modelling of
wetland flows and
pollutant fluxes
Sunnyside
Neeta
*
*
*
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
EPA, Department
of Health, SAMDB
NRMB, local
councils, Planning
SA
Check progress of
the implementation
of STEDS schemes
Consider
density of
septic tank
soakage
trenches in
planning
Audit and enforce
the Public and
Environmental
Health Act or
Water Quality EPP
if necessary
Monitor the
influence of septic
tank disposal
trenches on
groundwater
contamination in
localised areas
Education on the
importance of
regular auditing
and management
practices
Upgrade to STEDS,
compost toilets and
holding tanks, or
connect to WWTP
where appropriate
Sunnyside and Toora
identified for upgrade
to STEDS
ECO
REC
NU
PA
Toilets/septic tank
systems
Research whether
any localised algal
growth is occurring
in these areas
Shacks d/s Sturt
Reserve
Sunnyside
Toora shacks
*
*
*
Various others
*
Murray Bridge
* township, E side
SA Water,
Councils, LAP
groups, MDA, EPA
Limit access
around offtakes
Enforcing Water
Quality EPP if
required for any
unsuitable toilets
Continual
education and
signage for
campers is
recommended to
encourage
appropriate
waste disposal
PA RAW Construction of
sanitation facilities
Informal camping areas
Mypolonga
Wall Flat
*
*
Irrigation trusts,
LAP groups, EPA,
DWLBC, SAMDB
NRMB
Catchment water
quality modelling,
incorporating
research into the
impact of diffuse
Liaison with
DWLBC re:
water
extraction and
drainage
Monitor irrigation
discharge water and
groundwater quality
Education on
sustainable
irrigation
practices
ECO Construct riparian
buffers present to
reduce runoff impacts
where applicable
Horticultural areas NU
OR
SA
runoff
DTEI
Examine if booms or
other spill control
devices are readily
available and able
to control large spill
Emergency
procedures in
place in the
event of major
oil/chemical
spillage of bridge
ECO Bridge cages could be
installed
Transport
infrastructure/bridges
189

Current and potential future options
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Policy
planning
Monitoring Compliance
Capacity
building
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
190
LOW/POSSIBLE
CUMULATIVE RISKS
EPA, fuel store
owners
Spill kits present
and users
educated in their
operation
Bunding of all fuel
stores that pose a risk
to the river
ECO
REC
Vessel refueling facilities
HY
RAW
Unforgettable
Houseboats
Mannum wharf
*
*
EPA, DWLBC, fuel
store owners
New
applications
for fuel stores
required to be
bunded
Spill kits present
and users
educated in their
operation
Pump fuel stores HY ECO Bunding of all fuel
stores that pose a risk
to the River
EPA, petrol
station operators
Research into
seepage of fuel
from underground
storage tanks, e.g.
is seepage
dependent on tank
age?
Audit fuel company
records and
monitoring data to
assess possible
leakage
Education on
emergency
response procedures
in event of a
fuel spill.
Petrol stations HY ECO
RAW
REC
Ensure presence
of spill kits
Local councils,
EPA, BIASA,
DWLBC
Recommended
that new
applications
for boating
facilities only
approved for
communal
facilities
Boat ramps HY ECO Education and
awareness on
appropriate refuelling
procedures
Presence of spill
kits
Local councils,
local community
Investigate the use
of geo-textile bags
on the river bank
Monitor turbidity
around recreational
areas to see if
boating activity
significantly
increases it
Bank erosion TU ECO Designate
specific zones for
recreational river
craft,
particularly wake
boats
DTEI, EPA
DTEI investigating
runoff retention/
treatment systems
Monitoring of ferry
deck runoff
Training in
emergency
response
procedures
ECO Treatment/containment
systems on new ferries
Ferries TU
PA
HM
HY
Presence of spill
kits
EPA, Mid Murray
Council
Examine risks in
more detail, in
particular runoff
and leakage risks
Check licence
information
ECO
REC
Landfill, Mannum NU
HM
PE
OR

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
7 Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas assessment
7.1 Description of the area
This chapter combines the two Local Action Planning (LAP) areas: Goolwa to Wellington (GW) and the
Coorong District (CD).
The key water resources within this region are the large (85,000 ha) and shallow (2–3 m deep)
freshwater Lakes Alexandrina and Albert, and the saline Coorong (140 km long, 2–3 km wide)( Figure
7.1). The River Murray enters Lake Alexandrina near Wellington and Lake Albert is connected to Lake
Alexandrina by a narrow passage near Narrung. The Lower Lakes and Coorong are highly ecologically
significant (see eg Phillips et al. 2005) and have been identified as one of six significant ecological assets
across the entire Murray–Darling Basin. The region was selected because of its unique ecological qualities
and hydrological significance and social, cultural and economic values for local and state communities
including the Ngarrindjeri, the traditional owners of the region, for whom the lands and waters (or
Ruwe), are a living body (MDBC 2005).
Goolwa to Wellington LAP
The GW LAP area, in the southernmost section of the Murray–Darling Basin, covers an area of about
265,000 ha 11 and includes the townships Goolwa, Clayton and Milang (Alexandrina Council jurisdiction).
The Goolwa population of about 2400 swells during holiday periods and residential development is
currently increasing in the area. The LAP area includes a large area of Lake Alexandrina and
encompasses all the plains and catchments that drain into the lake, from Goolwa to Wellington. This
includes Currency Creek, Tookayerta, Finniss, Angus and Bremer-Barker catchments, and adjoining
plains. Hindmarsh and Mundoo Islands at the mouth of the River Murray are also included.
The main agricultural land use on the plains is cropping but there are also dairy farms, vineyards and
vegetable production. Grazing is the main land use on Hindmarsh and Mundoo islands. Water
management in the catchment area has undergone a number of significant changes in the last 150 years
with diversion of surface drainage, construction of dams, groundwater extraction and establishment of
an irrigation industry (CSIRO 2004). Land and water salinisation is currently a major problem, and salt
and stream salinity levels are predicted to rise in the future (Dooley & Henschke 1999). Salinisation,
wetland and watercourse degradation, lakeshore erosion, overuse of water resources and irrigation
management are key issues being targeted by the GW LAP group 12 and other agencies.
Coorong District LAP
The CD LAP area extends from just above Tailem Bend and Peake in the north, to just above Keith in the
Upper South East (USE). Coorong National Park, Lake Albert and Lake Alexandrina form its western
boundary (Figure 7.1). The land area covers 883,500 ha, the lakes 46,800 ha 13 . Townships include
Meningie and Raukkan (Coorong District Council jurisdiction).
Land use in this LAP area is predominantly a mixture of cropping and grazing with 0.6% of the area
irrigated for dairies, fodder and lucerne seed (CD LAP 2000). Significant areas of wetlands and national
parks lie within the CD LAP area, as does the mouth of the River Murray.
11,13 This report only considers the portion of the LAP area that is part of the water protection areas defined under
the Environment Protection Act 1993 and River Murray Act 2003.
12 See website for more information
191

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The highest priority issues identified in the local action plan for the area (CD LAP 2000) are dryland
salinity control and remnant native vegetation, wetlands, and habitat protection and enhancement. An
estimated 250,000 hectares or 40% of the land in the USE district part of the CD LAP (productive
farmland, native vegetation and wetlands) have been degraded by salinisation caused by high
groundwater levels and flooding. A further 200,000 ha including approximately 40,000 ha of high value
wetlands are at risk. This is by far South Australia’s largest and most severe case of dryland salinity. The
USE Dryland Salinity and Flood Management Program, with a total funding commitment of $49.3 million,
is undertaking 410 km of drainage works, wetlands management and restoration, and improved
management of remnant vegetation and wetland habitat. As at 30 September 2005, approximately 200
kilometres of open cut drains have been completed. Morella Basin is used to retain drainage water prior
to periodic releases (4000–10,000 ML per annum) into Salt Creek and the Coorong.
Flow and circulation in the Lower Lakes and Coorong
Not only have water flows in the GW & CD LAP area catchments been modified extensively, in the last
100 years human intervention has also greatly modified the flow and water circulation in the Lower
Lakes and Coorong. Historically, this estuarine environment had wide fluctuations in salinity and water
levels (Walker 2002, Gell & Haynes 2005). Since the 1940s, several barrages have been constructed to
maintain more freshwater conditions in the lakes and lower reaches of the river. The Murray mouth
closed over in 1981 and was reopened by dredging, a condition that was maintained for some time by
river flows. The subsequent decline in peak (spring) flow levels has seen the mouth has become greatly
restricted in recent years (Walker 2002). Only regular dredging of the Murray Mouth now maintains a
channel through the sand bars to the open ocean.
The Coorong is also now a much more ‘closed system’ than in the past with the southern lagoon being
hyper-saline for much more extended periods of time (DWLBC 2005) than in pre-European settlement
times (Gell & Haynes 2005). Human interventions have reduced tidal flushing rates (through the Murray
mouth, see above) and regular freshwater inputs from the South East region into the southern lagoon of
the Coorong (Gell & Haynes 2005). Sedimentation rates have also markedly increased in the Coorong
(Gell & Haynes 2005).
It is clear that improved flow regimes are essential for improving water quality and ecosystem health in
the Lower Lakes and Coorong. A Lower Lakes, Coorong and Murray Mouth Asset Environmental
Management Plan (MDBC 2005) has been drafted which looks at how flows could be managed better in
the area. As it is already addressed by these other initiatives, this current report does not specifically
look at flow management.
Water quality
Various agencies and volunteer groups (eg DWLBC, DEH, EPA, Waterwatch) carry out a large amount of
monitoring in the Lower Lakes and Coorong. DWLBC is preparing a summary of the monitoring in this
area which will provide a valuable resource to ensure monitoring programs are coordinated, and promote
collaborations and information sharing.
192

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Figure 7.1 Goolwa to Wellington and Coorong District LAP areas
193

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The water quality of Lakes Alexandrina and Albert has been noted in the past as being poor (EPA 1998a,
b) as a result of:
• high turbidity in Lake Alexandrina (influenced by wind action readily suspending sediment in the
shallow water depth)
• moderate nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations
• concentrations of heavy metals exceeding national guidelines for the protection of aquatic
ecosystems at some sites
• salinity exceeding the guidelines for good quality drinking water at some sites
• pollutant inputs from rivers (eg Angas, Bremer, Murray).
Although detailed load information was not obtained, it was assumed that pollutant loads from the River
Murray itself were the biggest influence on water quality in the Lower Lakes. The River Murray was not
specifically assessed as a hazard in this chapter; its risks have been assessed separately in previous
chapters of this report. Other creeks and rivers were assessed as point source hazards as a detailed
catchment risk assessment was outside the scope of this stage of the study.
The first recorded incidence in Australia of animal poisoning from a blue-green algal bloom was in Lake
Alexandrina, in the late 1800s. Cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and dogs died after drinking water covered by
a scum of the blue-green alga Nodularia spumigena. Algal blooms in the lake since then(Codd et al 1994)
include a recent Nodularia sp outbreak.
Salinity reduces the Coorong’s water quality: reduced tidal flushing and freshwater inputs (Gell & Haynes
2005) lead to prolonged hyper-saline conditions in the southern lagoon (DWLBC 2005) where salinity
levels are often elevated above the tolerance of many aquatic species. The southern lagoon is now almost
devoid of macrofauna (Dittman et al 2006). The USE Dryland Salinity and Flood Management Program
releases are having a freshening effect on salinity of the Coorong near the mouth of Salt Creek (DWLBC
2005).
7.2 Environmental value zones
Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for
risk in manageable amounts.
Aquatic ecosystem zones
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed for the entire Lower Lakes and Coorong area.
Raw water supply zones
There are no large public raw water supply off-takes in the Lower Lakes and Coorong area so risks to this
environmental value were not assessed in this report. Municipal water supplies for this area are sourced
from the Myponga, Summit Storage and Tailem Bend water supply systems. Assessment of the private and
other small supplies on the Lower Lakes was considered outside the scope of this stage of the study.
Recreational zones
Nine recreational zones were identified in the GW & CD LAP areas:
RWREC001 Goolwa and surrounds (8 km long)
RWREC002 Number 19 beacon to Murray mouth (5.36 km long)
RWREC003 Mundoo channel (& Holmes Creek) to Coorong channel (8.5 km long)
194

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
RWREC004 Clayton and surrounds (2.5 km long)
RWREC005 Milang and surrounds (3.2 km long)
RWREC006 Boggy Lake (5.5 km long)
RWREC007 Meningie and surrounds (3.7 km long)
RWREC008 Milang and surrounds (6.4 km long)
RWREC009 Mark Point to Long Point (11.6 km long).
7.3 Hazard identification process
A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Goolwa to Wellington and
Coorong District LAP groups, Alexandrina and Coorong District councils, community groups (eg Signal
Point riverine, Waterwatch), DWLBC, SAMDB NRMB, local marinas, Ngarrindjeri, EPA and private industry.
The workshop identified the nature and location of potential water quality hazards and recreation zones,
and provided useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation process.
7.4 Risks to water quality in the Goolwa Wellington and Coorong District
LAP areas
A total of 168 hazards were identified within the GW & CD LAP areas. The hazards with the highest
frequencies were stormwater discharge points, toilets/septic tank systems, dairy farms, vessel
launching/boat ramps, grazing (of riparian area) and wastewater infrastructure (Figure 7.3).
Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low
risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation
strategy development.
Figure 7.2 Example of hazard to water quality in GW & CD LAP areas: Finniss River
195

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to aquatic ecosystem health
Figure 7.4 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the GW & CD LAP
areas. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Each hazard was assessed for relevant water quality stressors. A summary of the frequencies of the
identified risks to aquatic ecosystem health for the various water quality stressors (Table 7.1) shows that
the highest frequency of risks was for nutrients and organic matter, followed by turbidity, pesticides,
hydrocarbons, salinity and heavy metals. The majority of these risks were rated as low (337) or
moderate (358) level, but a number (18) of high risks were recorded (Table 7.1).
Table 7.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, GW & CD LAP areas
NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity
196
Number of hazards
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Dredging Site
Ferry
Fuel Store
Slipway
Vessel Waste Disposal Station
Wastewater Disposal Area
Drainage Disposal Site
Informal Camping
Landfill
Petrol Station
Figure 7.3 Frequency of hazards to water quality, GW & CD LAP areas
Risk NU TU OR
Stressor
HM PE HY SA Total
Low 45 72 64 9 81 37 29 337
Moderate 120 36 103 39 0 34 26 358
High 5 5 3 4 0 0 1 18
Very high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 170 113 170 52 81 71 56 713
Horticulture
Vessel Mooring(s)
Wetland/Lagoon
Creek/River
Marina
Wastewater Infrastructure
Grazing
Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp
Dairy Farm
Toilet/Septic Tanks
Stormwater Infrastructure

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Note: shaded maps are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them
Figure 7.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, GW & CD LAP areas
197

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 7.2 lists the aquatic ecosystem risks identified in the GW & CD LAP areas which are discussed in
more detail below for each stressor.
Nutrients
It is generally true that excessive levels of nutrients pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems because of the
tendency to encourage dominance of algal species that are less desirable (and less representative of the
natural conditions), and to promote excessive weed and algal growth. Algal blooms in the Lower Lakes
are also closely linked to environmental conditions (eg turbidity, temperature, water residence times) as
well as nutrient inputs (eg Geddes 1988).
Several (6) high nutrient risks were identified, mostly event discharges from the Angas, Bremer and
Finniss rivers, and Currency and Tookayerta creeks into Lake Alexandrina. Many of these creeks/rivers
have low flows during summer/dry conditions but rainfall events are likely to send a significant pulse of
nutrients down the catchments to the lake (see EPA 1998a for a summary of water quality data and the
DWLBC surface water archive for river flow data). The catchments for several of these are in the Mount
Lofty ranges and experience higher rainfall rates (higher likelihood values) than other creeks entering
the River Murray. At this stage of the study the outlets of the creeks/rivers to the lakes were assessed as
individual hazards (sum of all catchment hazards). Land-use in these catchments is mixed but includes
large areas of irrigated horticulture (eg 7869 ha in Angas-Bremer in 2005) including large vineyard areas
(eg on Finniss, Currency, Bremer), townships (Mount Barker, Bremer catchment; Strathalbyn, Angas
catchment), dairy farms (eg on Tookayerta), and mines (eg on Dawsley Creek, Bremer). Stage III of the
project will examine catchment risks in more detail.
Salt Creek discharge was assessed as a moderate nutrient risk although there was a large degree of
uncertainty as to its overall impact, if any, on the Coorong water quality. DWLBC is currently undertaking
detailed monitoring and risk assessment work on Salt Creek.
Horticultural areas immediately adjacent to the lakes and Coorong received a moderate risk ranking
(although the certainty value for this was noted as low, indicating the need for further research).
Horticultural land uses dominate the river and creek catchments. Both LAP groups have identified
sustainable agriculture as being a priority in the region. Land use must be matched to land capability
and water usage and application rate is also needed in this area to reduce drainage volumes. The GW
LAP irrigation management program aims to support community initiatives for managing irrigation to
achieve efficient water use within the area. The program includes targeted irrigator training and
awareness raising, and land and water management planning for sustainable use of land and water
resources14 . Other agencies such as DWLBC, EPA and the SAMDB NRMB (formerly catchment) boards are
actively involved in catchment-scale land management issues in this region, and monitor ground and
surface water quality and quantity.
Stormwater discharges from the urban catchments in Goolwa, Meningie and Clayton were categorised as
a moderate risk. Most nutrients from stormwater are likely to be in organic form (plant and detrital
material) and not immediately bio-available (not likely to cause wide-scale algal blooms). A higher
cumulative risk may exist in the Goolwa area where several (15) outlets enter into a reasonably narrow
14 See GW LAP website for more details,
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
channel with flow restricted by the Goolwa barrage. Some of these discharges are directed into reed
systems when they enter the lake, others have gross pollutant traps (GPTs), and some discharge directly
into the lake with no prior treatment. At Clayton, nine discharges were assessed, with stormwater
filtering through grass swales before entering the lake. At Meningie, seven discharges were assessed. A
significant amount of Meningie’s stormwater is diverted through a GPT and into the Falkner Street
retention basin. At the community workshop locals commented that this basin periodically overflows and
discharges directly into Lake Albert. The majority of Milang stormwater is also discharged, through a GPT
and filtered by a grass bank, into a wetland. Management strategies have also been developed to help
address stormwater risks (Alexandrina Council 2003; Coorong District Council 2004).
Several marinas15 and vessel mooring areas in the Goolwa-Hindmarsh Island area were categorised as a
moderate risk. Many of the marinas have no pump out facilities and are not licensed by the EPA. The
exception to this, The Marina, Hindmarsh Island, is part of the global ‘Clean Marinas‘ program, has an
accredited EPA licence and has very good environmental management systems. It was given a low risk
rating on this basis. Some live-aboard accommodation (eg paddle steamers Goolwa and Federal) was
given a moderate risk as it was unclear how their waste is disposed of (the vessels do not move
according to community informants). Accidental vessel blackwater spillage at the Goolwa river vessel
waste disposal station was classed as a moderate risk. The station is quite exposed making operations
during windy conditions difficult.
Toilets/septic tank systems in several locations received a moderate risk ranking. Septic tanks pose most
risk when they have a high density of soakage trenches in a particular area, for example on the north
side of Hindmarsh Island the high density is of particular concern given the flow restrictions in this area
(imposed by the Goolwa barrage). Several other shack (eg Murray Mouth, Mundoo channel),
accommodation/caravan parks (eg Hindmarsh Island and Goolwa caravan parks), and a township
(Clayton) received moderate risk rankings. Goolwa, Milang and Meningie townships have STEDS. The
Milang south shores shacks are being connected to STEDS but this was not fully operational so a
moderate risk was also assigned. Goolwa STEDS was overflowing and leaking to groundwater at the time
of inspection but this received a low risk ranking due to its distance from the lake. The Alexandrina
Council (with funding support from SAMDB NRMB) will shortly upgrade the lagoon system to a treatment
plant with storage and reuse of effluent for the irrigation of lucerne on recently acquired council land.
Dairy farms also produced a moderate risk rating, predominantly through leakage to groundwater. There
are a number of farms in the Coorong and Lower Lakes area where the groundwater table is quite close
to the surface and nutrients (in particular nitrate) can readily enter the groundwater and subsequently
reach the Coorong or Lower Lakes. The high number of farms may also present a cumulative risk in some
locations (eg south-western area of Lake Albert). Unrestricted access by beef and/or dairy cattle to the
lakes for drinking water and grazing riparian vegetation, posed a nutrient risk in several locations. These
were assessed as low-moderate risks depending on an assessment of grazing pressure and location.
Low risk sources included informal camping areas, some grazing locations, livestock grazing, wetlands
and wastewater infrastructure failure.
15 A marina is defined as a formalised mooring location (more than five boats), often with additional facilities (eg
slipway, wastewater pumpout, refueling station, office).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Salinity
The estuarine flow circulation in the Coorong and Lower Lakes before the arrival of Europeans (Walker
2002; Gell & Haynes 2005) has since been greatly modified by human intervention (eg by construction of
the barrages) but current salinity impacts must be considered with the historical context in mind.
Discharges from the other creeks/rivers (Angas, Bremer and Finniss rivers, and Currency and Tookayerta
creeks) were classified as a moderate risk, reduced to low during rainfall events on the assumption of
dilution by runoff of low salinity rainwater. This assessment was somewhat uncertain as salt may also be
flushed out of areas where it has accumulated in between rainfall events. Leakage from irrigated
horticultural and dairy farm areas was also given a moderate salinity risk ranking although there was a
high degree of uncertainty to this assessment. Drainage water enters the Finniss River from irrigation
areas so this may be one of the most impacted systems.
Salt Creek was characterised as a low salinity risk from regular contributions of saline drainage water
from Morella basin/USE Dryland Salinity and Flood Management Program to the Coorong via Salt Creek.
This discharge reduces salinity in the immediate vicinity of the mouth of Salt Creek but does not appear
to influence salinity of the Coorong as a whole (DWLBC 2005). Due to the current hyper-saline
environment in the Coorong and associated loss of species, this discharge of freshwater was not
considered significantly detrimental.
Low risk sources included wetlands. Given that wetlands are a natural and intrinsically important part of
the river ecosystem, they are not a ‘risk’ in the conventional sense—management should be focused on
reducing inputs of contaminants from wetland catchments and improving wetland health and habitat.
Recent basic monitoring in this area as part of the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey looked at
wetlands at Tolderol, Milang Shores/Clayton, Clayton, Hindmarsh/Mundoo Island, Teringue, Narrung and
Waltowa. Current surveys are examining another set of wetlands including Poltalloch, Hindmarsh Island
estuary and Point Sturt. This survey collects data on site physical characteristics, water quality,
groundwater inputs, vegetation, fish, birds, frogs and macro-invertebrates. The data will be used to
identify conservation values and management objectives for each wetland (eg salinity, dissolved oxygen,
turbidity). A Ramsar (wetlands of international importance) Management Plan has been developed for
the Coorong and Lower Lakes. The Coorong District LAP has already implemented a number of on-ground
works identified in the plan and this process will continue (CD LAP 2000 & 2006). Many USE wetlands are
also impacted negatively by salinity. The USE Dryland Salinity and Flood Management Program is
proposing to undertake remediation works including diverting water (from drain M and Hacks lagoon) into
wetlands. Recent coring work has highlighted the massive historical changes to the Coorong’s salinity as
a result of reduced tidal flushing and freshwater inputs from the South East region (Gell & Haynes 2005).
Organic matter
Generally the organic matter risks aligned with nutrient risks as nutrients and organic matter typically
co-exist in waste/sewage discharges.
High level organic matter risks were attributed to discharges from the major creeks and rivers noted
above although there was some uncertainty about their ecological impact.
Several moderate organic matter risks were noted including marinas and river vessel mooring locations
(greywater contains high organic levels from detergents), horticultural area leakage to groundwater,
some grazing locations, and stormwater and septic tank discharges.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Low risks included leakage from dairy farms and possible failure of wastewater infrastructure which
would need to be inspected in more detail, and locations checked, to confirm this low risk assessment
for this area.
Turbidity
High turbidity risks were assessed for event discharges from the Angas, Bremer and Finniss rivers, and
Currency and Tookayerta creeks. It is likely that a large amount of sediment would be discharged into
Lake Alexandrina during rainfall events (EPA 1998a). Wind action regularly stirs up the bottom sediments
in the shallow Lower Lakes, which may be the most important factor influencing the distribution and
levels of turbidity and other particulate-associated contaminants (eg heavy metals) between the bottom
sediments and the water column. Turbidity also affects phytoplankton growth/algal blooms and also
appears to be closely related to the amount and concentration of turbidity received from the River
Murray (Geddes 1988).
Moderate turbidity risks were identified for event discharges from township stormwater catchments.
Goolwa’s high density of discharges in a confined area may present a higher cumulative risk.
Dredging operations at the Murray Mouth were noted as a moderate turbidity risk. The potential benefits
of keeping the mouth open probably outweigh any negative impacts of the dredging operations itself.
Sources of low turbidity risk included vessel launching and mooring areas, river and creek discharges
(during dry weather), dairy farms and wetlands. Wind-driven waves were noted to also cause bank
erosion in the Lower Lakes, particularly in areas where reeds have been cleared and/or the water’s edge
is grazed. Grazing of riparian margins been highlighted as an issue of concern by the community in this
area and current trials by the LAP network are aiming to find the best methods to address erosion of
banks, including fencing and revegetation works.
Heavy metals
High heavy metal risks were assessed for event discharges from the Angas, Bremer, and Finniss rivers,
and Currency and Tookayerta creeks. This assessment was based on monitoring data indicating that water
quality of these systems is generally poor for heavy metals (EPA 1998a). Urban stormwater enters some
of the rivers (eg from Strathalbyn into the Angas) and heavy metal mines are present in some
catchments (eg Brukunga, Kanmantoo, Callingtons mines in Bremer catchment).
Moderate turbidity risks were identified for event discharges from the township stormwater catchments.
Goolwa, in particular has a high density of discharges in a confined area. Stormwater typically contains a
significant amount of heavy metals (eg lead, copper, zinc) in the ‘first flush’ of a rainfall event but the
metals are likely to be mostly in particulate form (therefore not immediately bioavailable or toxic).
However, metals may be accumulating in the immediate vicinity of stormwater outfalls and having an
effect on benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms. Two stormwater discharges of particular interest for
mitigation were identified at North Terrace, Meningie and Goolwa wharf. The discharge point at Meningie
is associated with a catchment that encompasses a fair portion of the Princes Highway. The Goolwa
wharf catchment is predominantly commercial and includes a railway line. Alexandrina Council (2003)
has a stormwater management plan for their area and Strathalbyn’s catchments have been noted as
priorities for management.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
The old landfill at Narrung was given a moderate risk ranking due to its proximity to the lake but it was
uncertainty whether any metals are leaching there.
Low risk sources included the Narrung ferry (event discharge), and the slipway and boat building yard in
Goolwa (wash-off of metal anti-fouling paints).
Pesticides
Moderate pesticide risks were assessed for event discharges from the Angas, Bremer, and Finniss rivers,
and Currency and Tookayerta creeks. There was some uncertainty to this assessment due to a lack of
monitoring data but the risk was assigned on the basis of large-scale agricultural activities in the
catchments.
Hydrocarbons
Urban stormwater discharges presented a moderate hydrocarbon risk to water quality. As mentioned
previously, the cumulative impact of stormwater discharges is worth noting, particularly around
townships such as Goolwa. The Goolwa wharf catchment is of particular concern due to the high
percentage of commercial activity and presence of the railway line.
Low hydrocarbon risk sources included fuel stores on the edge of the lake, ferries, petrol stations,
disused landfills, vessel launching areas and marinas.
Car tyres are commonly used to stabilise lake banks and for boat jetty protection in the Lower Lakes.
While not an immediate water quality risk, these are a poor method of bank stabilisation as they are
frequently undermined and dislodged from their original location. Suitable alternatives such as geotextile
bags now exist which are being successfully used in several locations on the Lower Lakes.
202

Table 7.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental values, GW & CD LAP areas
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
certainty value in italics follows each risk ranking
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
CREEK/RIVER
GC058B Creek, Tea Tree Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 low 2 low 2
GC112A Angas River DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 3 low 2 mod 3
GC112B Angas River EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 high 3 mod 2 low 3
GC115A Bremer River DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 3 low 2 mod 3
GC115B Bremer River EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 high 3 mod 2 low 3
GC173A Currency Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 3 low 2 mod 3
GC173B Currency Creek EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 high 3 mod 2 low 3
GC174A Finniss River DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod 3 low 2 mod 3
GC174B Finniss River EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 high 3 mod 2 low 3
GC175B Salt Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 3
GC178A Tookayerta Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 3 low 2 mod 3
GC178B Tookayerta Creek EVENT DISCHARGE high 2 high 2 mod 2 low 3 mod 2 low 2
DAIRY FARM
GC032B Dairy discharge, Tauwitchere EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
GC150L Dairy, Lake Alexandrina station LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC151L Dairy, Lake Alexandrina, Potalloch LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC152L Dairy, Lake Albert, Nindthara LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC153L Dairy, Lake Albert, Reedy point LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC155L Dairy, Lake Albert eastern shore LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC156L Dairy, Lake Albert, Punbundamong LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC157L Dairy, Lake Albert west (inland) LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC158L Dairy, Lake Albert, Narrung narrows LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC159L Dairy, Lake Albert, Rumply Point LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC160L Dairy, inland between lakes LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC161L Dairy, Lake Albert, West Kilbride LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC162L Dairy, Lake Albert, west of Belcanoe LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC164L Dairy, Lake Albert, Naldene LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC165L Dairy, Lake Albert, Springhill LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
204
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE
GC104L Irrigation drainage into Finniss River LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
GC116L Irrigation drainage ponds, adj Tolderol LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 1 low 1 mod 2
DREDGING SITE
GC169T Murray Mouth dredging operations SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE mod 3
FERRY
GC037B Ferry, Narrung EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC037C Ferry, Narrung ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
FUEL STORE
GC011C Pump fuel store, Meningie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GRAZING
GC007B Cattle grazing, Lake Albert station EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
GC031G Cattle grazing, Tauwitchere HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC036G Cattle grazing, Narrung HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC050G Cattle grazing, Poltalloch Bluff HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC056B Cattle grazing, Mundoo Island EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
GC060G Cattle grazing, Goat Island HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC097G Cattle grazing, station on peninsula near Milang HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC098G Cattle grazing, Milang shores HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC102G Cattle grazing, Finniss River HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC113G Cattle grazing, adj Windermere HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC118B Cattle grazing, game reserve EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
GC119G Cattle grazing, Wellington peninsula HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
GC120B Horse stud, Wellington EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
GC121G Intensive cattle grazing, Pelican Lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2
HORTICULTURE
GC030L Horticulture, Nindethara centre pivots LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC101L Horticulture, adj Finniss River LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC114L Horticulture, Windermere LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
GC117L Horticulture, Tolderol LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2 mod 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
GC028G Informal camping, Duthalamung HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2
GC122G Informal camping, Boggy Lake HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION low 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
LANDFILL
GC044L Disused landfill, Narrung LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
GC108L Disused solid waste landfill LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
MARINA
GC076Q Marina, Goolwa, Birk's Harbour MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC077Q Marina, Goolwa, Chippy's MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC078Q Marina, Goolwa, Fiore MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC081Q Marina—boatbuilding, Goolwa MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2 low 2
GC088Q Goolwa regatta yacht club MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC090Q Marina, Goolwa, Alongshore MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC093Q Marina, Hindmarsh Island, The Marina MARINA DISCHARGES low 4 low 2 low 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
GC014C Petrol station, Meningie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GC014L Petrol station, Meningie LEAKAGE low 2
GC043L Petrol station, Narrung (disused) LEAKAGE low 3
GC085C Petrol station—Mobil ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GC085L Petrol station—Mobil LEAKAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
GC087H Slipway—wooden boats WASH DOWN low 1 low 2 low 1 low 2
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
GC013B Stormwater discharge, Bonney St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC016B Stormwater retention basin, Falkner St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC080B Stormwater discharge, Liverpool Rd, Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC083B Stormwater pond, Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC092B Stormwater discharge, Barrage Road EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC105B Stormwater discharge, Milang EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC111B Milang stormwater detention basin EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC123B Stormwater discharge, Allen St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC124B Stormwater discharge, Feibig St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC125B Stormwater discharge, Pettet Rd, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC126B Stormwater discharge, Forbes St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC127B Stormwater discharge, North Tce, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
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206
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
GC128B Stormwater discharge, Billabong Dr, (C20) Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC129B Stormwater discharge, C19 Goolwa, adj Riverside Dr EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC130B Stormwater discharge, Goolwa wharf (C16-18) EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC131B Stormwater discharge, C15 Goolwa, adj Dowland St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC132B Stormwater discharge, C13 Goolwa, adj Mark Lane EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC133B Stormwater discharge, C12 Goolwa, adj Osborne St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC134B Stormwater discharge, C11 Goolwa, adj Graham St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC135B Stormwater discharge, C9 Goolwa, adj Johnston St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC136B Stormwater discharge, C7/8 Goolwa, adj Currency Creek Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC137B Stormwater discharge, C6 Goolwa, adj Quebec St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC138B Stormwater discharge, C3/4 Goolwa, adj Bricknell Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC139B Stormwater discharge, C2 Goolwa, adj Noble Ave EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC140B Stormwater discharge, C1 Goolwa, adj Sampson St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC141B Stormwater discharge, C1 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC142B Stormwater discharge, C2/3 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC143B Stormwater discharge, C4 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC144B Stormwater discharge, C5 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC145B Stormwater discharge, C6/7 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC146B Stormwater discharge, C6 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC147B Stormwater discharge, C9/10 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC148B Stormwater discharge, C11 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
GC149B Stormwater discharge, C12 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 1 mod 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
GC002L Septic tanks, Noonameena shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC003L Septic tanks, Camp Noonameena LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC004L Septic tanks, Gullirunda Sanctuary LEAKAGE low 3 low 2
GC015D Public toilet—STEDS INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC025L Septic tanks, Long Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC026L Compost toilet & holding tank, Marks Point INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
GC027L Septic tanks, Marks Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC029L Septic tanks, Nindethara cottages LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC034L Septic tanks, Pelican Point LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
GC035L Septic tanks, Gilpin Hill houses LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
GC040L Septic—public toilet, Narrung LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC042L Septic tanks, Narrung township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC047L Septic tanks, Poltalloch plains LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC049L Septic tanks, Poltalloch homestead LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC051L Septic tanks, Murray Mouth shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 2
GC052L Septic tanks, Mundoo shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC054L Septic tanks, shacks opp Murray Mouth LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC057L Septic tanks—shacks, Hindmarsh Is, east point LEAKAGE mod 3 mod 2
GC059L Septic tanks, shacks adj to Rushy Island LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC064L Septic tanks, Clayton West LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC066L Septic tanks, Clayton township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC067L Septic tanks, Clayton Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC068L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Is, north LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC069L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Is, Narnu Dr LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC070L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC071L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Is, Capt Sturt Pde LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC073L Septic tanks, Caravan Park, Goolwa LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC086L Septic tanks, Goolwa beach LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC100L Septic tanks—outdoor education centre LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC103L Public toilet, Finniss River LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC176L Coorong Wilderness Lodge LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
GC177L Coowinda shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
GC019S Recreation area, Meningie Sailing Club VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC020S Recreation area, Allen St, Meningie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC021S Recreation area, West Tce, Meningie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC022S Recreation area, Meningie South VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC024S Recreation area, Long Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC046S Boat Ramp, Raukkan VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC053S Recreation area, Mundoo Channel VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC055S Recreation area, Goolwa Channel VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
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208
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
GC062S Recreation area, Clayton Bay VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC063S Recreation area, Clayton Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC065S Recreation area, Clayton West VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC074S Recreation area, Laffin Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC089S Recreation area, Goolwa Aquatic Club VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC095S Recreation Area, Number 19 Beacon VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC107S Recreation area, Milang VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
GC072R Mooring, Laffin Point VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC091R Paddle steamer, Goolwa VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC167R Goolwa public mooring area VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
GC168R Paddle steamer, Federal VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
GC084C River vessel waste disposal station, Goolwa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
GC094L The Marina, Hindmarsh Island wastewater irrigation area LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2
GC096B Effluent-spreading STEDS from Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
GC006D Effluent ponds—piggery, Lake Albert INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC008D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie Waterfront Motel INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC009D STEDS ponds, Meningie INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC010D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC017D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie Sailing Club INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC018D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC045D STEDS infrastructure, Raukkan INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC075D STEDS infrastructure, Goolwa, north east, Liverpool Rd INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC082D Effluent ponds, Goolwa INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC094D The Marina, Hindmarsh Island WWTP INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC106D STEDS infrastructure, Milang South shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC109D STEDS infrastructure, Milang Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC110D STEDS ponds, Milang INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
WETLAND/LAGOON
GC005B Wetland, Waltowa EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC023B Wetland, Lallawa EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC033B Wetland, Yalkuri EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC038B Wetland, Teringe EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC041B Wetland, Narrung EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC048B Wetland, Poltalloch EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
209

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risks to recreational use
Figure 7.5 is the key map for risks to the raw water supply environmental value in the GW & CD LAP
areas. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.
Frequencies of identified risks to recreational values for the various water quality stressors are
summarised in Table 7.3. The highest frequency of risks was for pathogens followed by hydrocarbons,
turbidity and nutrients. The majority of these risks (149) were assessed as low level although a large
number (103) of moderate-level risks were identified. No high or very high risks were identified.
Table 7.3 Frequency of risks to recreational use, GW & CD LAP areas
PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; HY—hydrocarbons
Table 7.4 lists the recreational risks identified in this LAP area which are discussed in more detail below
in relation to each stressor.
Pathogens
Septic tanks (eg north side of Hindmarsh Island, Mundoo channel, Clayton West, Meningie shacks)
presented a moderate risk through leakage (exacerbated by overloading or other system failures). The
north side of Hindmarsh Island could be a priority for mitigation given that there is high-use recreation in
this area and flow/flushing restrictions imposed by the Goolwa barrage. The Milang south shores shacks
are being connected to STEDS but this was not fully operational (still some septic tank soakage trench
risks) so a moderate risk was assigned.
Vessel mooring areas and marinas were in general assigned a moderate risk ranking due to the likelihood
of greywater and blackwater discharges. A cumulative risk may be present from vessels and marinas in
and near Goolwa. The Marina, Hindmarsh Island was given a low risk ranking due to presence of a vessel
waste disposal station and no vessels with live-aboard accommodation that discharge waste (there are
only a few live-aboard vessels and the waste from these is pumped to the marina treatment plant).
There are much fewer live-aboard vessels/houseboats in the Coorong and Lower Lakes area than on the
river but there is a large amount of boating activity (over 1400 boats mainly fishing, sailing and ski,
Helicon Consulting 2003). Many of these types of vessels have only portable toilet systems (higher
potential for illegal discharge) and there are currently insufficient land-based facilities for people to
empty these toilets. Potential accidental spillage at the Goolwa river vessel waste disposal station
(connected to the Goolwa STEDS) was also given a moderate risk and community concern was raised
about its exposed location.
210
Stressor
Risk PA NU TU HY Total
Low 21 41 22 65 149
Moderate 61 7 35 0 103
High 0 0 0 0 0
Very high 0 0 0 0 0
Total 82 48 57 65 252

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to recreational values
Figure 7.5 Key map of recreation zones, GW & CD LAP areas
211

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Other moderate risk sources included stormwater discharges at the townships (with potential cumulative
effects around Goolwa of highest concern), and informal camping (no sanitation facilities) areas at Boggy
Lake and Duthalamung.
Turbidity
Stormwater discharges presented a moderate risk, particularly around Goolwa. The Angas River also
posed a moderate risk during event discharges. People are likely to avoid swimming/skiing during rainfall
conditions so these risks may be mainly to aesthetic values.
Vessel launching areas presented a low risk. Turbidity and bank erosion due to recreational boating
activities has been highlighted as a community concern but its actual impact on recreation values was
difficult to quantify. This issue is probably much less relevant in the Lower Lakes area than in the river
due to the increased influence of wind action on turbidity in the Lower Lakes. However, the importance
of managing and maintaining vegetation cover on the lake edges and controlling grazing in the riparian
area cannot be underestimated. Both LAP groups in this area have identified erosion as an issue (as a
result of wind, water and animals) and offer assistance to landholders with revegetation and fencing
efforts.
Nutrients
A moderate nutrient risk level was assigned to discharge from the Angas River and marinas (with the
exception of the Hindmarsh Island marina which was given a low level risk for the reasons noted above).
Low risk sources included informal camping areas (eg Boggy Lake and Duthalamung), wetlands,
toilets/septic tanks (eg Meningie Caravan Park, Marks Point shacks), and wastewater infrastructure (eg
STEDS pumps at Meningie, vessel waste disposal station at Goolwa).
The risk posed by nutrients to primary contact recreation is assessed for the possible production of algal
blooms. It is unlikely that one low-moderate nutrient risk will result in an algal bloom of a scale that
would affect recreational values. However, cumulative inputs from many nutrient risks in a confined area
may contribute to blooms when environmental conditions (eg temperature, turbidity, light) are suitable
(Geddes 1988).
Hydrocarbons
Low hydrocarbon risks were assessed for urban stormwater discharges (eg Goolwa). There was some
uncertainty to this assessment and some of the larger/commercial catchments in Goolwa may present a
moderate risk. However, people are not likely to swim or ski during rainfall conditions so the risk is
mainly to aesthetic values.
Other low-level hydrocarbon risks included vessel launching and mooring areas (eg Clayton West and
Goolwa Aquatic Club, various marinas), petrol stations and pump fuel stores, and the Narrung ferry.
212

Table 7.4 Summary of risks to recreational environmental values, GW & CD LAP areas
low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk
certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
CREEK/RIVER
GC112A Angas River DISCHARGE low 2 mod 2
GC112B Angas River EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
FERRY
GC037B Ferry, Narrung EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2
GC037C Ferry, Narrung ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
FUEL STORE
GC011C Pump fuel store, Meningie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
INFORMAL CAMPING
GC028G Informal camping, Duthalamung HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 3 low 3
GC122G Informal camping, Boggy Lake HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2
LANDFILL
GC044L Disused landfill, Narrung LEAKAGE low 1 low 2
GC108L Disused solid waste landfill LEAKAGE low 1 low 2
MARINA
GC076Q Marina, Birk's Harbour MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC077Q Marina, Chippy's MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC078Q Marina, Fiore MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC081Q Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC088Q Goolwa regatta yacht club MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC090Q Marina, Alongshore Marina MARINA DISCHARGES mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC093Q The Marina, Hindmarsh Island MARINA DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2
PETROL STATION
GC014C Petrol station, Meningie ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GC014L Petrol station, Meningie LEAKAGE low 2
GC085C Petrol station—Mobil ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2
GC085L Petrol station—Mobil LEAKAGE low 2
SLIPWAY
GC087H Slipway, wooden boats WASH DOWN low 1 low 2
213

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
214
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
GC013B Stormwater discharge, Bonney St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC016B Stormwater retention basin, Falkner St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC080B Stormwater discharge, Liverpool Rd, Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC083B Stormwater pond, Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC092B Stormwater discharge, Barrage Road EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC105B Stormwater discharge, Milang EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC111B Milang stormwater detention basin EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC123B Stormwater discharge, Allen St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC124B Stormwater discharge, Feibig St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC125B Stormwater discharge, Pettet Rd, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC126B Stormwater discharge, Forbes St, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC127B Stormwater discharge, North Tce, Meningie EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC128B Stormwater discharge, Billabong Dr, (C20) Goolwa EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC129B Stormwater discharge, C19 Goolwa, adj Riverside Dr EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC130B Stormwater discharge, Goolwa wharf (C16-18) EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod low 2
GC131B Stormwater discharge, C15 Goolwa, adj Dowland St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC132B Stormwater discharge, C13 Goolwa, adj Mark Lane EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC133B Stormwater discharge, C12 Goolwa, adj Osborne St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC134B Stormwater discharge, C11 Goolwa, adj Graham St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC135B Stormwater discharge, C9 Goolwa, adj Johnston St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC136B Stormwater discharge, C7/8 Goolwa, adj Currency Creek Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC137B Stormwater discharge, C6 Goolwa, adj Quebec St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC138B Stormwater discharge, C3/4 Goolwa, adj Bricknell Rd EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC139B Stormwater discharge, C2 Goolwa, adj Noble Ave EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC140B Stormwater discharge, C1 Goolwa, adj Sampson St EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC141B Stormwater discharge, C1 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC142B Stormwater discharge, C2/3 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC143B Stormwater discharge, C4 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC144B Stormwater discharge, C5 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC145B Stormwater discharge, C6/7 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC146B Stormwater discharge, C6 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC147B Stormwater discharge, C9/10 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
GC148B Stormwater discharge, C11 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
GC149B Stormwater discharge, C12 Clayton EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 low 2
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS
GC015D Public toilet holding tank, Meningie waterfront INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC025L Septic tanks, Long Point shacks LEAKAGE low 2 low 3
GC026L Compost toilet & holding tank, Marks Point INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
GC027L Septic tanks, Marks Point shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 3
GC039L Septic, Point Malcolm lighthouse LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
GC051L Septic tanks, Murray Mouth shacks LEAKAGE mod 3 low 3
GC052L Septic tanks, Mundoo shacks LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC054L Septic tanks, shacks opp Murray Mouth LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC059L Septic tanks, shacks adj to Rushy Island LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC064L Septic tanks, Clayton West LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC066L Septic tanks, Clayton township LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC067L Septic tanks, Clayton Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC068L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Island north LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC069L Septic tanks, Narnu Dr, Hindmarsh Is LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC070L Septic tanks, Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC071L Septic tanks, Capt Sturt Pde, Hindmarsh Is LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC073L Septic tanks, Caravan Park LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
GC086L Septic tanks, Goolwa beach LEAKAGE mod 2 low 2
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP
GC019S Recreation area, Meningie Sailing Club VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC020S Recreation area, Allen St, Meningie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC021S Recreation area, West Tce, Meningie VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC022S Recreation area, Meningie south VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC024S Recreation area, Long Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC046S Boat Ramp, Raukkan VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC053S Recreation area, Mundoo channel VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC055S Recreation area, Goolwa channel VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC062S Recreation area, Clayton Bay VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC063S Recreation area, Clayton Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
215

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
216
GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY
GC065S Recreation area, Clayton west VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC074S Recreation area, Laffin Point VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC089S Recreation area, Goolwa aquatic club VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC095S Recreation area, Number 19 Beacon VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
GC107S Recreation area, Milang VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2
VESSEL MOORING(S)
GC072R Mooring, Laffin Point VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
GC091R P/S Goolwa VESSEL DISCHARGES mod 2 low 2 low 2 low 2
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION
GC084C River vessel waste disposal station, Goolwa ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE mod 2 low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA
GC094L The Marina, Hindmarsh Island wastewater irrigation area LEAKAGE low 2 low 2
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
GC008D STEDS infrastructure, Waterfront Motel Meningie INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 3
GC009D STEDS ponds, Meningie INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
GC010D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC017D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie Sailing Club INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC018D STEDS infrastructure, Meningie shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC045D STEDS infrastructure, Raukkan INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC075D STEDS infrastructure, Goolwa, north east, Liverpool Rd INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC082D Effluent ponds, Goolwa INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC094D The Marina, Hindmarsh Island WWTP INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC106D STEDS infrastructure, Milang south shacks INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE mod 2 low 2
GC109D STEDS infrastructure, Milang Caravan Park INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2
GC110D STEDS ponds, Milang INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 3 low 3
WETLAND/LAGOON
GC041B Wetland, Narrung EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
7.5 Options for management of risks, GW & CD LAP areas
Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the GW & CD LAP areas are
shown in Table 7.5 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring,
compliance, policy planning, and research and development.
The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do
not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder
responsibilities are being examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further
consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.
Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined.
Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions
can be made.
Of particular importance to improving water quality of the Coorong and Lower Lakes are the outcomes of
current programs on improving flows and water quality down the River Murray (eg MDBC 2005). Recent
research has highlighted the major ecological changes in the Coorong as a result of reduced tidal flushing
and freshwater inputs (Gell & Haynes 2005, Dittman et al 2006).
217

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 7.5 Current and potential future options for management of risks, GW & CD LAP areas
EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV;
risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics
218
Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
HIGH RISKS
Land owners, LAP
groups. DWLBC,
SAMDB NRMB,
EPA, Planning SA
Examine catchment
risks in more detail
to prioritise
catchments/specific
locations
Planning and
development
policies that ensure
protection of water
quality
Water allocation and
efficiency
compliance work
Continued ground
and surface water
quality and quantity
monitoring
Education and
awareness raising on
irrigation efficiency
and sustainable land
use
ECO Maintenance in
catchment eg
fencing from
livestock,
revegetation of
riparian zones
Divert drainage
water entering into
rivers (e.g. Finniss)
to evaporation
lagoons
NU
TU
Enforce Water
Quality EPP to
regulate activities in
catchments if
necessary
OR
SA
Possible catchment
water quality
modeling
Rivers/creek event
discharges
Bremer, Angas, FInniss
* rivers
Currency &
* Tookayerta creeks
(note: risk assessed as a
sum of risks from their
respective catchments)
MODERATE RISKS
Department of
Health, SAMDB
NRMB,
Alexandrina and
Coorong councils,
DWLBC, EPA
Consider density of
septic tank soakage
trenches and
develop policies for
use of catchment
area to ensure
ongoing protection
of receiving water
quality
Auditing and enforce
the Public and
Environmental
Health Act or Water
Quality EPP if
necessary
Education of users
on best management
practices and the
importance of
regular maintenance
Upgrade to STEDS or
WWTP where
appropriate
ECO
REC
NU
PA
OR
Toilets/septic tank systems
Complete Milang
south shore shacks
connection to STEDS
Hindmarsh Island
north
Clayton
various shack sites
(eg Mundoo channel,
Murray Mouth)
*
*
Councils, SAMDB
NRMB, EPA
Investigate
treatment/re-use
alternatives
require new
developments to
incorporate stormwater
management
systems (eg
retention basins and
wetlands) and use
water-sensitive
Audit industries
within the urban
catchments
Monitor discharge
water quality
Community
education on
pollution of
stormwater
Treatment systems/
devices for water,
before entering lake
ECO
REC
HM
HY
Stormwater discharges
Goolwa wharf
Catchment 19 Goolwa
Catchment 15 Goolwa
Bonney St Meningie
Catchment 13 Goolwa
North Tce Meningie
urban design (WSUD)
principles
Various others
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Marina operators,
vessel owners,
BIASA, EPA,
Alexandrina
Council
Adopt 'Clean Marina'
policies
Audit and enforce
Code of Practice for
Vessel and Facility
Management: Marine
and Inland Waters
and/or license
Monitor marina
water quality
Education of marina
& vessel owners
regarding
appropriate
environmental
practices
Construction of
wastewater
collection and
disposal systems
where needed
ECO
REC
NU
OR
PA
Marinas/vessel facilities/
vessel moorings
Birks Harbour
Chippy's
Fiore
Goolwa regatta yacht
club
alongshore
*
*
Develop affordable
and effective
greywater treatment
systems
Introduce
requirement for all
houseboats
(including noncommercial)
to be
slipped and surveyed
Audit and enforce
COP for Vessel and
Facility
Management: Marine
and Inland Waters
Priority: vessels that
appear to be
permanently moored
Education of vessel
owners on
appropriate
environmental
practices
ECO
REC
NU
OR
PA
Houseboat/vessel mooring
P/S Goolwa & Federal
Goolwa public
moorings
Laffin Point
*
*
Land owner, EPA,
LAP groups,
SAMDB NRMB
Research into
grazing impacts and
alternatives
Enforce Water
Quality EPP if
necessary
Monitor grazing
activities
Education and
awareness raising on
sustainable land use
practices
ECO Ensure stock are
prevented from
entering water by
fencing and
providing alternative
watering points
PA
NU
Grazing
OR
TU
Lake Albert station
Tauwitchere
Goat and Mundoo
islands
Narrung
Poltalloch Bluff
Milang shores
Adj Windermere
Pelican lagoon
Wellington peninsula
station on peninsular
near Milang
*
*
219

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
220
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
DWLBC, BIASA,
Alexandrina
council, EPA,
marina owners
Additional waste
disposal station
investigation
Audit record boats
using the stations
Education of river
vessel users on the
operation of stations
Emergency
procedures in place
in the event of
Additional portable
toilet emptying
facilities required
ECO
REC
NU
PA
River vessel waste disposal
station, Goolwa
station failure
Councils, EPA,
SAMDB NRMB
Effluent application
rate needs to be
assessed to ascertain
sustainability
Ensure applications
for development
take into account
effluent disposal
system capacity
Audit systems and
enforce licence
conditions and/or
Water Quality EPP if
required
Emergency response
procedures in the
event of
pump/storage
failure
Complete planned
upgrade to Goolwa
STEDS
PA
ECO
REC
STEDS/ wastewater
infrastructure:
Goolwa STEDS * Milang
* Meningie * piggery effluent ponds
* near Lake Albert
EPA, Dairy
Industry
Audits to ensure
compliance with
Education of dairy
farm operators on
ECO Fencing, alternative
watering points
where required
NU
PA
Dairy farms, various
locations around Lake
Alexandrina and Albert
COP for Milking Shed
Effluent and other
environmental
duties
appropriate
environmental
management
practices
Councils,
Sustainable
Recreation
Project/MDA,
campers, EPA,
Department of
Health
Research whether
permit systems can
be introduced
Designate camping
sites that require
permits, allowing
greater control over
use
Enforce Public
Environmental
Health Act or Water
Quality EPP if
required
Survey campsites for
frequency of use and
density of campers
Continual education
and signage for
campers is
recommended to
encourage
appropriate waste
disposal
Construction of
sanitation facilities
PA ECO
Informal camping areas:
REC
Boggy Lake
Duthalamung
*

Current and potential future options
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Coorong District
council, EPA,
SAMDB NRMB
Investigate
treatment/re-use
alternatives
Require new
developments to
incorporate stormwater
management
systems (eg
retention basins and
wetlands) and use
WSUD principles
Audit any industries
in the catchment
Monitor stormwater
discharges at the
outlet
Community
education on
pollution of
stormwater
Expand capacity of
basin
SA ECO
REC
Stormwater retention basin,
Falkner St, Meningie
DWLBC, MDBC,
SAMDB NRMB,
DEH, drainage
board, EPA
Continued research
on risks to Coorong
and mitigation
measures if
necessary
Improve Coorong
water circulation
through improved
planning and
increased
environmental flows
Continued
monitoring of
drainage water
quality and risk
assessment of
impact on Coorong
water quality and
ecology
Education and
awareness raising on
sustainable land use
practices
ECO Upper South East
Dryland Salinity and
Flood Management
Program drainage
works
NU
OR
Salt Creek (Coorong)
(note: risk assessed as a
sum of risks from
catchment)
SAMDB NRMB,
DWLBC, LAP
groups, EPA
Research on any
catchment pollutant
inputs to wetlands
Enforce Water
Quality EPP to
regulate activities in
Monitoring of water
quality
Development and
implementation of
wetland
Protection from
grazing impacts
through fencing and
Wetlands/lagoons, eg
Narrung, Lallawa, Yalkuri,
Teringe
alternative watering management
catchments if
points objectives necessary
TU
OR
PA
SA
NU
LOW/CUMULATIVE RISKS
Alexandrina and
Coorong District
councils, BIASA,
EPA
Approve new
applications for
boating facilities
only for communal
facilities
Boat ramps HY Presence of spill kits Education and
awareness on
appropriate
refuelling
procedures
221

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Current and potential future options
222
Lead
stakeholder(s)
Research and
development
Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning
Activity Stressor EV Capital on-ground
works
EPA, Coorong
Council
Examine risks in
more detail, in
particular runoff and
leakage risks
Monitor for leakage
if further research
supports this
Landfill, disused Narrung None recommended
until risk
investigated in more
detail
Alexandrina and
Coorong councils,
LAP groups, local
community
Education and
awareness raising of
owners of riparian
land on best
practices for bank
stabilisation
Bank erosion TU Management of
vegetation cover on
banks, use of geotextile
bags
EPA, fuel store
owners
Enforce Water
Quality EPP if
required
Spill kits present and
users educated in
their operation
Bunding of all fuel
stores that pose a
risk
Fuel stores/refueling
facilities
DTEI, EPA
Investigate best
options for treating
or containing
washdown water
Training in
emergency response
procedures
Presence of spill kits
Ferry, Narrung HY Treatment/
containment of
washdown runoff
water. Consultation
is currently in
progress

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
8 Summary of risk assessment results
The risk assessment results for all the LAP areas along the River Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong are
summarised in this chapter for the different environmental values and levels of risk for various types of
hazards.
8.1 Summary of results by environmental value
Aquatic ecosystem environmental value
A small proportion of total risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value were of a high to very
high level (Figure 8.1) and related to:
• Lower Murray flood irrigated (dairy farm) area discharges (eg Jervois, Woods Point, Monteith, Cowirra,
Wall Flat, Neeta, Pompoota) for nutrient, organic matter and salinity stressors
• leakage from large horticultural areas (eg Waikerie, Cadell, Pike, Qualco/Sunlands) for salinity,
nutrient and organic matter stressors
• large tributary river discharges (eg Marne, Angas, Bremer, Finniss, Pike) for nutrient, organic matter
and heavy metal stressors (and salinity for Pike)
• Mannum and Murray Bridge WWTP effluent ponds, and the Waikerie STEDS lagoons for nutrient and
organic matter stressors.
A large proportion of the total risks were of a moderate level (Figure 8.1), and generally related to:
• urban stormwater discharges (eg from Mannum, Murray Bridge, Berri, Renmark, Waikerie, Tailem
Bend, Goolwa townships) for the nutrient, organic matter, turbidity, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals
stressors
• septic tank leakage from dwellings/shacks, small townships, caravan parks and riverside public toilets
for the nutrient and organic matter stressors
• vessel discharges at mooring areas and marinas for nutrient and organic matter stressors
• horticultural areas for leakage of heavy metal and pesticide stressors (and nutrients, organic matter
and salinity stressors for smaller irrigation areas)
• creek discharge for turbidity, nutrient, organic matter and heavy metal stressors
• wetland discharges for the nutrient, salinity and organic matter stressors
• some STEDS/wastewater lagoons (eg Renmark, Paringa)
• slipways for turbidity, heavy metal and pesticide stressors.
A large proportion of total risks were also of a low level (Figure 8.1) including:
• petrol station leakage (hydrocarbons)
• boat ramps (turbidity, hydrocarbons)
• ferries (turbidity, hydrocarbons)
• unbunded pump fuel stores (hydrocarbons)
• informal camping areas (nutrients)
• wastewater infrastructure (eg STEDS pumps at shack areas).
223

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Raw water supply environmental value
A small proportion of total risks to raw water supply environmental values were of a high to very high
level (Figure 8.2), and related to:
• discharges from flood irrigated dairy farms in the Lower Murray (Jervois, Pompoota, Mannum/Cowirra,
Mypolonga and Wall Flat irrigation township water supplies) for the pathogen, nutrients, and organic
matter stressors
• discharge from a major stormwater catchment in Mannum (Berryman Ave, adjacent to Mannum-
Adelaide pipeline) for the pathogen, turbidity, and heavy metal stressors.
224
Nutrients Turbidity Organic Matter
Heavy Metals Pesticides Hydrocarbons
Salinity
Low
Mod
High
V high
Figure 8.1 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risks for
stressors of the aquatic ecosystem environmental value

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Pathogens Nutrients Organic Matter
Heavy Metals Pesticides Hydrocarbons
Turbidity
Salinity
A significant proportion of the total risks were of a moderate level (Figure 8.2) and related to:
• creeks/rivers (eg Ral Ral Creek–Renmark off-take)
• urban stormwater discharges (eg Renmark, Swan Reach, Mannum, Berri (Crawford Tce))
• STEDS (eg Cadell, Waikerie)
• informal camping (eg Wall Flat, near Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline off-take)
• vessel wastewater discharges
• Blanchetown river vessel waste disposal station (pathogens)
• wetlands/lagoons (Cobdogla and Loveday basins, South Portee wetland, Yatco and Jaeschke lagoons)
• nutrient and salinity leakage from horticultural areas (eg near Waikerie, Cadell, Gerard)
• grazing (on banks of river and lakes).
Low-level risks made up a large proportion of total risks (Figure 8.2) and related to a variety of hazards.
Low
Mod
High
V high
Figure 8.2 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risks for
stressors of the raw water supply environmental value
225

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Recreational environmental value
A small proportion of total risks to recreational environmental values were of a high to very high level
(Figure 8.3), and related to Lower Murray flood irrigated (dairy farm) area discharges (pathogen risks to
recreational zones between Mannum and Wellington)
A significant proportion of the total risks were of a moderate level and related to:
• septic tank leakage from shacks and townships for the pathogen stressor
• informal camping areas (eg Overland Corner, Rilli Island, Moorook, Big Bend, Walker Flat, Boggy Lake,
Duthalong) for the pathogen stressor
• greywater and blackwater discharges from multiple vessel moorings and marinas for the pathogen
stressor
• risk of spillage of pathogens at river vessel waste disposal stations (eg Mannum, Murray Bridge,
Goolwa)
• urban stormwater discharges (eg Berri, Mannum, Murray Bridge) for pathogen and turbidity stressors
• leakage from large horticultural areas (mostly in Riverland) for nutrient stressor
• discharges of nutrients from the Lower Murray flood irrigated areas
• creeks/rivers (eg Angas river)
• wetland/lagoon (eg Yatco, Banrock, Watchels, Mark’s landing, Devon Downs, Rocky Gully)
nutrient/algal discharges and in some cases potentially pathogens (where associated grazing and/or
urban stormwater hazards are present)
• grazing (on banks of river and lakes).
A large proportion of total risks were of a low level and related to:
• vessel launching and mooring areas (nutrient, turbidity, hydrocarbon stressors)
• vessel launching areas (turbidity and hydrocarbon stressors)
• ferry operations
• STEDS infrastructure
• irrigation pump fuel stores (hydrocarbon stressor)
• wash down from slipways (turbidity stressor).
It is also noted that the ambient turbidity level in the river greatly increases the risk of injuries and
drowning because there is not sufficient visibility of submerged hazards(ANZECC (2000) recommends
visibility of >1.2 m). The Darling River contributes most turbidity (MDBC 1988).
226

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Pathogens
Hydrocarbons
8.2 Summary of results by hazard type
Nutrients Turbidity
A total of 935 different hazards were identified in the study. Their frequency and ‘average’ level of risk
to water quality are shown in Table 8.1 by LAP area. More hazards were identified in the mid-lower
Murray (MM & MW LAPs) and Lakes/Coorong (GW & CD LAPs) areas than in the Riverland LAP areas (RB,
BB & LB, RW LAP areas). The high risk hazards were concentrated in the Riverland LAP areas for
horticulture, flood-irrigation drainage discharges in the Mannum to Wellington LAP area, and in various
LAP areas for creek/river inputs. Septic tank hazards were highest in frequency in the MM LAP area.
Wastewater infrastructure (eg STEDS schemes) generally posed a low average level of risk although some
sites (eg Renmark, Paringa, Waikerie, Mannum, Murray Bridge) were of moderate to high risk.
Stormwater risks were relatively few in the RW and MM LAP areas due to the smaller townships (without
formal stormwater infrastructure). Marinas and other vessel mooring areas posed a moderate level of risk
along the river and lakes corridor but the highest numbers were present in the MM, MW, and GC LAP
areas. Informal camping areas posed a moderate level of risk and were concentrated in the BBLB, RW,
and MM LAP areas.
Low
Mod
High
V high
Figure 8.3 The level of risk (low, moderate, high, very high) versus proportion of total risks for
stressors of the recreational environmental value
227

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Table 8.1 The number and ‘average’ level of risk of different types of hazards in LAP areas
228
Hazard type RB BBLB RW MM MW GC Total
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 3 2
3 8
CHEMICAL STORE 1 1 1
3
CREEK/RIVER 9 6 6 2 2 7 32
DAIRY FARMS (LOWER LAKES) 15 15
DRAINAGE DISPOSAL SITE 2 9 3
2 16
DREDGING SITE 3 11 4
FERRY 1 3 3 4 1 12
FLOOD-IRRIGATED AREA DISCHARGE 25 25
FUEL STORE 13 1 2 8 15 1 40
GRAZING (UNRESTRICTED) 4 6 14 24
HORTICULTURE 10 19 16 4 6 4 59
INDUSTRY 2 3 2
2 9
INFORMAL CAMPING 9 24 10 21 2 2 68
LANDFILL 1 3 1 1 4 2 12
MARINA 1 2 2 4 4 7 20
PETROL STATION 3 3 4 1 6 3 20
QUARRY 2 1
REFUELLING FACILITY 1 1 1
SLIPWAY 1 1 3 1
STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE 14 6 1 4 24 34 83
TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS 5 12 23 38 18 32 128
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 1 4 2
3 10
VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP 8 14 14 32 11 15 94
VESSEL MOORING(S) 10 9 13 19 12 4 67
VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION 3 3 3 1 2 1
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AREA 1 1
1 3
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE 6 14 10 24 18 13 85
WETLAND/LAGOON 3 5 20 17 16 6 67
TOTAL 105 143 145 190 186 166 935
( high or very high, moderate, low)
2
5
3 6
RB—Renmark–border; BBLB—Berri–Barmera, Loxton–Bookpurnong; RW—Riverland West; MM—Mid
Murray; MW—Mannum to Wellington; GC—Goolwa to Wellington, Coorong District
1 7

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
9. Risk management options
The River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality project partners—the
EPA, SA Water and the SAMDB NRMB—plan to use the results to develop and implement management
strategies in coordination with other relevant agencies and organisations (eg DWLBC, community, LAP
groups, councils, Department of Health).
Risk management involves identifying and assessing potential mitigation options, and preparing and
implementing mitigation strategies. The individual LAP area chapters in this report provide suggestions
on potential risk management options (Tables 2.7, 3.7, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.5) and this section describes risk
management options and recommendations to be considered for adoption during Stage III of the project.
Proposed management options and stakeholder responsibilities are being examined in more detail
following further consultation and in-depth examination of priority risks. Uncertainties in the risk
assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before some management decisions can be made.
Some management strategies would need funding and the sources of these funds are yet to be
determined.
The National Water Quality Management Strategy implementation guidelines (ARMCANZ and ANZECC
1998) provide guidance on methods of risk management, such as:
• examining in more detail the different options for mitigating priority risks, and the potential costs
and benefits (eg environmental, economic) of these options
• identifying any priority areas for focusing of management efforts
• consulting with the community to set environmental values and water quality targets
• formulating and implementing management strategies and plans to mitigate risks.
Management option 1 The general framework of the National Water Quality
Management Strategy implementation guidelines (ARMCANZ and
ANZECC 1998) be adopted and used by the project and other
stakeholders to guide Stage III of the risk assessment project.
Areas of uncertainty for priority risks identified in Stage II of the
project should be examined to confirm that risk management
should be undertaken.
Status of implementation: In planning, funding secured for
project officer position
9.1 Specific management options by hazard type
Potential management options for each hazard type in a ‘whole-of-river’ strategic context are set out
below in general order of risk level (high->low) and discussed. Many risk management strategies are
already being implemented.
Flood-irrigated areas (Lower Murray)
Typical risk level: high–very high
Possible options: capital works, monitoring, capacity building, enforcement, planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, DWLBC, irrigators representative bodies and SA Water
229

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Excess surface irrigation discharges from flood-irrigated dairy farm areas were identified as a high risk to
river water quality in the region between Mannum and Wellington. A current substantial government and
farming community rehabilitation program in the Lower Murray is aiming to reduce the return of
pollutant loads to the river. New irrigation and drainage infrastructure is being constructed, runoff reuse
systems installed and farm management practices improved. DWLBC has set the objective of metering all
water off-takes by July 2006. The EPA has set the objective of no discharge of surface irrigation runoff to
the river after July 2008, and retention of a portion (50,000 L per ha) of stormwater runoff.
Environment Improvement and Management Programs (EIMPs) have also been implemented for every
farm and audits are ensuring compliance with the EPA’s Code of Practice for Milking Shed Effluent
Management. A water quality monitoring program is ascertaining the outcomes of the rehabilitation
process in reducing pollutant loads returned to the river.
A number of dairy farms in the LMRIA are also being retired from dairy farming, especially in areas with
visible evidence of soil salinisation. Future land management of these areas should be designed to
protect water quality. Revegetating the floodplain may be possible in some areas and may bring positive
outcomes for the environment and the community (improved amenity values).
Management option 2 The EPA and DWLBC continue to work with irrigators to achieve
the key objectives (water metering and runoff reuse) of the
Lower Murray flood-irrigated area rehabilitation program and
other environmental improvements (eg dairy milking shed audits).
230
SA Water is to closely monitor implementation of this program,
acting as a collaborative partner where appropriate.
Status of implementation: Under full implementation,
completion target mid 2008.
Several risks to raw water supplies were posed by discharges from the Lower Murray flood-irrigated
areas. The very high risk from the Jervois irrigation discharge to the Jervois unfiltered supply is currently
being addressed by SA Water. Capital works are underway to divert the Tailem Bend water supply to
Jervois via an under-river pipeline. The drainage discharge point has been moved to the back channel of
the Jervois irrigation area which discharges several kilometres downstream of the off-take. This
significantly reduces the level of risk until the pipeline has been constructed. Improvements and
investigations also underway in other locations include examining treatment options for small township
supplies and relocating other high risk discharge sources.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 3 SA Water is to complete capital and any other necessary works to
reduce risks to Jervois and other small township supplies.
Status of implementation: Under full implementation, capital
works underway at Jervois and planning underway for other
supplies.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: No data was obtained on the concentration of pesticides in
discharge water from the Lower Murray flood-irrigated areas. There is also relatively little information
on pathogen levels in LMRIA drainage channels and the survival rate of these pathogens in the river is
unknown.
Management option 4 Selected monitoring of pesticides and pathogens could be
undertaken in some drainage channels by SA Water/EPA to assess
if more detailed monitoring and risk assessments are required.
Horticulture
Status of implementation: Not started
Typical risk level: moderate–high
Possible options: capital works, monitoring, capacity building, enforcement, planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC, irrigation trusts, SA Water, EPA
Large amounts of water are extracted from the river to support large irrigated areas (>23,000 ha in the
Riverland region). Drainage from these areas was identified as a moderate–high risk to water quality for
salinity, nutrient and organic matter stressors. Efficient irrigation practices are crucial to reducing
drainage volumes. Crops predominantly irrigated in the Riverland region include vines (~9700 ha), citrus
(~3000 ha) and vegetables (~2500 ha) and these are irrigated by drip (32%), overhead (18%), undercanopy
(16%), pivot (13%), micro-sprinkler (5%) and flood (0.6%) systems (Croucher 2005).
DWLBC manages the water allocations and checks water efficiency targets in the River Murray Irrigation
Management Zone. Irrigation efficiency improvements are being made in many areas; computerised and
piped systems mean allow water to be ordered on demand. Moisture sensors at different depth levels in
the soil, which have also been installed on some areas, enable irrigation to be stopped once applied
water has passed the root zone (little excess drainage water generated). This can halve the water use of
traditional water delivery and irrigation methods but there is higher potential for a salt accumulation
layer to establish at the base of the root zone. The higher value of water and opening up of the trade
market give more incentive for growers to be efficient (excess water can be temporarily traded).
231

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 5 SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC, LAP groups, and irrigation trusts are to
continue to work to improve water efficiency and reduce
drainage from horticultural areas including compliance and
enforcement of water efficiency targets, education of irrigators
and upgrading of systems (eg conversion to dripper irrigation)
232
Status of implementation: Ongoing, existing programs being
undertaken
Several major strategies are in place to reduce the effects of horticultural drainage on the river (eg
Noora disposal basin, Waikerie and Bookpurnong salt interception schemes). Further salt interception
schemes (eg Loxton) are under construction. These schemes help mitigate and significantly delay the
effects of drainage discharges on the river.
Management option 6 Continued implementation of salt interception and other drainage
schemes in priority areas (eg Pike/Murtho) to reduce
groundwater/drainage inputs to the river.
Status of implementation: Feasibility study underway for
Pike/Murtho areas
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Recent information on the relative influence of groundwater
transport of pollutants from horticulture land uses on the water quality of the River Murray was lacking
for parameters except salinity. Monitoring in other areas of the state has identified high nutrient,
organic matter and heavy metal levels.
Management option 7 Monitoring of selected salt interception scheme drainage and/or
selected groundwater boreholes for nutrients, organic matter,
heavy metals and pesticides. Input of these constituents to the
river may be able to be estimated using existing salinity input
models.
Creeks/rivers
Status of implementation: Not started
Typical risk level: moderate–high
Possible options: monitoring, policy/planning, compliance, research and development
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, DWLBC, SAMDB NRMB, LAP groups
The larger tributary rivers and creeks (eg Marne, Angas, Bremer, Finniss, Pike, Ral Ral, Salt) were
identified as a high risk to water quality for various stressors, and smaller creeks typically recorded a

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
moderate rating. Many creeks and rivers received horticultural drainage (particularly those in the
Riverland) and other inputs (eg stormwater, waste water, mining discharges). River and creek discharges
were risk assessed as a point sources but assessment of activities in their entire catchments was
considered outside the scope of this stage of the study. The moderate-high risk levels suggest that
further investigation of hazards in their catchments is required before detailed management strategies
can be developed.
Management option 8 Further investigation of land uses and hazards to water quality in
creek and river catchments, possibly extending the risk
assessment to these areas (SAMDB NRMB, EPA, DWLBC, SA Water).
Status of implementation: Not started but ongoing individual
agency work in some areas
Reducing horticulture drainage impacts on creeks and rivers (eg through more efficient irrigation
practices) is also important. Work is underway on the water allocation planning/ prescription process for
the Eastern Mount Lofty Ranges which will provide better understanding of the flows from Marne, Angas,
Bremer and Finniss rivers. It includes upgrading of instrumentation and performing flow ratings.
Management option 9 DWLBC should complete water allocation and prescription process
and water use and efficiency targets should be strictly enforced
for all areas.
Status of implementation: Underway and ongoing
Salt Creek was identified as a moderate nutrient and organic matter risk although there was some
uncertainty as to the ecological impact on the Coorong. Current DWLBC monitoring and ecological risk
assessment work will enable this assessment to be refined. Increased tidal flushing is seen as critical for
improving the water quality of the Coorong, and plans are currently being implemented (MDBC 2005).
Management option 10 DWLBC to continue to monitor Salt Creek discharge and perform
ecological risk assessment research. DWLBC, DEH, EPA to continue
to monitor Coorong water quality.
Status of implementation: Monitoring program fully
implemented by DWLBC, risk assessment framework to be
finalised
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Large rainfall events in creek and river catchments are likely to
result in the input of large loads of contaminants to the river and/or lakes but the relative influence of
these events on water quality or environmental values was uncertain.
233

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Toilets/septic tanks
Typical risk level: moderate
Possible options: capital works, policy/planning, research, review of standard operating procedures (SOPs)
Suggested lead stakeholders: Department of Health, SAMDB NRMB, local councils, EPA
Septic tank leakage from several shack areas, townships, public toilets and caravan parks was identified
as a moderate risk to river water quality. For new systems, the South Australian Health Commission Code
for Wastewater Disposal Systems (SAHC 1995) states that septic tank effluent must be disposed of at
least 100 m from the pool level for the River Murray and Lower Lakes, and above the 1956 flood level.
This separation distance is primarily designated to reduce pathogen risks and the large number of
historical but currently used systems that do not fit this criteria is concerning.
The pathogen risk from the locations on the river floodplain may be mitigated somewhat by pathogen
attenuation due to its typical heavy clay soils, relatively low rainfall rates and low groundwater pressure
heads/flows (Allen 1998a, b). Nitrate and ammonia export may be of greater concern (Allen 1998a)
although field evidence is lacking. Many ageing septic tank systems have been identified by local council
bodies and are in the process of being upgraded to STEDS. However, several systems, many of which are
located on the floodplain of the river, have yet to pass the planning and approval stages.
Management option 11 Auditing of all septic tank systems/locations identified as
moderate or a greater level of risk in this study. The audit would
be led by councils and/or Department of Health, with
collaborative partners including the EPA, SA Water and SAMDB
NRMB. It is recommended that the SAMDB NRMB produces an
update on the status of implementation of conversion to STEDS of
riverfront areas remaining on septic tanks. Compliance by
councils/Department of Health using the Public and
Environmental Health Act 1987 or the EPA using the Water Quality
EPP where necessary.
234
Status of implementation: Not started
In the River Murray Water Protection Area, consideration should also be given to the density (ie number
per unit area) of septic tank soakage trenches that may cause a risk to river water quality by
contaminating groundwater that is generally moving towards and discharging into the river. Reports
suggest that groundwater may be contaminated at septic tank densities exceeding 1–1.5 per hectare
(MDBC 1993; SADHS 2004) which is greater than many land allotment sizes in the River Murray region. If
soakage trench density is significantly greater than this in the River Murray Water Protection Area, it is
recommended the location be serviced by a STEDS or an alternative advanced treatment system installed.
‘Consideration of ongoing growth and use of the catchment area should be included to ensure ongoing
protection of receiving water quality’ (SADHS 2004). It is also important that the capacity of current
systems is taken into account when assessing new applications for development to avoid overloading.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: The degree to which pathogens or nutrients are reaching the
river and/or lakes (following passage through soil/groundwater) was uncertain.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Vessels/vessel moorings
Risk level: moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, compliance, policy/planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, DTEI, BIASA, Houseboat Hirers Association, marina and vessel
owners, DWLBC, Planning SA
Vessel mooring areas (including marinas) were identified as a moderate risk to water quality through
greywater and blackwater discharges from moored vessels. There are approximately 800 houseboats on
the river in South Australia and over 1000 vessels on the Lower Lakes (BIASA 2001; MDA 2001). Vessels
discharge greywater directly to the river and large houseboats may input high volumes of potential
pollutants (contained in sink, shower, washing machine, dishwasher wastewater). It is currently an
offence to dispose of blackwater into the River Murray and this is considered to occur much less
frequently. The EPA is finalising the Code of Practice for Vessel and Facility Management: Marine and
Inland Waters, which will be used to ensure sound environmental management of vessels and facilities on
inland waters. All vessels, depending upon their sources of greywater, will be required to implement
management strategies to minimise environmental harm. These strategies will range from on-board
containment or treatment to behavioural practices for those small craft with limited structural
capabilities.
Management option 12 The Code of Practice for Vessel and Facility Management: Marine
and Inland Waters is implemented and enforced on the River
Murray and Lower Lakes.
Status of implementation: Not started, awaiting finalisation
Currently, commercial houseboats are required to be slipped and surveyed by DTEI. A working party has
been established to examine the possibility of private slipways conducting wastewater system audits for
all vessels, including those privately operated. It is anticipated that compliance certificates may be
issued to coincide with vessel registration. These initiatives will take some years for development before
they can be implemented.
Management option 13 A methodology be devised for ensuring compliance of all inland
waters vessels with the requirements of the Code of Practice for
the Management of Black and Greywater.
Status of implementation: Preliminary discussions being held
between stakeholders
Vessels that are moored and occupied as permanent dwellings were also a common community and
boating industry concern. Although some may be managing their wastes adequately, such as using waste
contractors to remove their wastewater, there is still no active compliance checking or controls on where
vessels may be moored. The possible cumulative risk of multiple vessel moorings per riverfront allotment
is also of concern in many locations (eg Mannum). A number of illegal moorings have been noted along
the river, including some on Crown Lands.
235

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 14 Establish a planning strategy and guideline for marinas and
houseboats on the River Murray in South Australia that addresses
the issue of vessel moorings and sets a framework for
development assessment. Illegal moorings should be assessed and
removed if necessary.
236
Status of implementation: Planning SA coordinating consultation
and developing draft strategy
Non-commercial houseboat construction is also unregulated in South Australia. Most other forms of
development in the River Murray corridor are regulated in some way. Standards and/or control over
houseboat/residential vessel construction could help address potential risks before vessels are launched.
Management option 15 Relevant agencies (eg Planning SA, councils, EPA, DWLBC, DTEI)
and groups (eg BIASA, Houseboat Hirers Association) to
investigate the concept of an approval process and standards for
houseboat construction.
Status of implementation: Not started
Vessel wastewater discharges were also identified as a moderate pathogen risk to raw water supply
environmental values in some locations. The risk is considered to be greatest for unfiltered supplies.
There was some uncertainty as to the magnitude of this problem.
Management option 16 The DTEI, SA Water, councils and EPA discuss the issue of
houseboat mooring areas identified in the risk assessment as
being in close proximity to raw water off-takes. Possible zoning
regulations should be considered.
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Some water quality and quantity data for greywater discharges
from vessels was available but this was not comprehensive.
Marinas
Risk level: moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, compliance, and policy/planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, DTEI, BIASA, Houseboat Hirers Association, marina and vessel owners
Marinas were identified as a moderate risk to water quality due to potential wastewater discharges, fuel
spills and in some cases slipway wash off. Few marinas identified in the study (eg Hindmarsh Island) were

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
EPA licensed but several were noted to be over the 50-vessel threshold for licensing. Resources have
been allocated within the EPA to address the licensing of such operators.
Management option 17 The Code of Practice for Vessel and Facility Management: Marine
and Inland Waters is implemented and enforced on the River
Murray and Lower Lakes, including auditing (and licensing where
applicable) of marinas and other multiple vessel moorings
Status of implementation: Not started, awaiting finalisation
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Water quality data from most marinas was not obtained.
River vessel waste disposal stations
Risk level: moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, compliance, policy/planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: DWLBC, EPA, DTEI, BIASA, Houseboat Hirers Association
Vessel wastewater disposal stations were assessed as a moderate risk to water quality (through
accidental spillage of blackwater). The number of vessel wastewater disposal stations on the river is
clearly inadequate and large distances separate some stations (eg 96 km between Mannum and Swan
Reach). It is unreasonable to expect boat owners to travel such large distances and this, coupled with
the current inadequate enforcement checks, leads to an increased risk of wastewater discharge into the
river or onto its banks in some locations.
Management option 18 Further river vessel wastewater disposal stations should be
installed, in particular the proposed Walker Flat station, a station
at Wellington and additional shore-based (portable toilet)
facilities on the Lower Lakes.
Status of implementation: Planning started for Walker Flat
station (subject to funding availability) with DWLBC coordinating
Wastewater infrastructure (STEDS pumps and wastewater lagoons)
Typical risk level: typically low–moderate, high for Mannum and Murray Bridge WWTP lagoons and
Waikerie STEDS lagoons
Possible options: capital works, policy/planning, research, review of SOPs
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, Department of Health, SAMDB NRMB, local councils
Several wastewater lagoons (eg at Waikerie and Paringa) and STEDS pumps are located in close proximity
to the river and posed a risk through leakage to groundwater (lagoons with no lining or leaking lining)
and/or failure of infrastructure (pumps, pipework failure, lagoon overflow).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 19 The EPA to audit STEDS/wastewater lagoons and infrastructure
identified as a risk in this assessment and enforce licence
conditions and Water Quality EPP if necessary.
238
Status of implementation: Not started
The Mannum and Murray Bridge WWTP effluent ponds located on the floodplain immediately adjacent to
the river were noted to pose a high risk. Some concerns were also noted with associated effluent pumps
leading to the Murray Bridge plant.
Management option 20 SA Water to assess the risk of the Mannum and Murray Bridge
WWTP lagoons (and associated effluent pumps) on the River
Murray floodplain and consider whether risk reduction measures
are required.
Status of implementation: Not started but sites have
Environmental Management Systems in place
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: The site-specific risk of flooding and/or failure of lagoons on the
floodplain was somewhat uncertain.
Stormwater infrastructure
Risk level: moderate–high
Possible options: monitoring, capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: SAMDB NRMB, local councils, SA Water, EPA
Most stormwater discharges were typically assigned a moderate risk level but some in close proximity to
water off-takes were rated as a high risk (eg Mannum, Renmark, Swan Reach). Several townships (eg
Renmark, Mannum and Murray Bridge) have a large number of discharge points within a small area, and
the cumulative effect of these is of potential concern. Some areas have gross pollutant traps (GPTs) or
other stormwater management systems (eg diversion to wetland areas) for their stormwater discharges.
GPTs only trap sediments and large debris, and some pollutants will still reach the river. A number of
stormwater management plans have been created for river and lake councils (see Rural City of Murray
Bridge 1998; Kinhill 1999 & 2000; Alexandrina Council 2003; Coorong District Council 2004) but the
degree of implementation planned and funded is uncertain. It may be difficult to retro-fit treatment
systems to existing outlets, and for sedimentation basins or wetlands to be economic. Reasonably large
areas of land are required near current discharge points. In many cases councils are constrained by the
historical design of the systems. Stormwater management must also be focused on reducing inputs of
contaminants to the stormwater system, through education of industry and the community. The EPA
produces a number of stormwater guidelines and codes of practice for various industries.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 21 SAMDB NRMB to review progress of implementation of stormwater
management plans.
Status of implementation: Not started
Funding options should be explored to assist councils to undertake
necessary capital works for priority locations.
Status of implementation: Underway and ongoing
SA Water should further assess stormwater risks to water offtakes
and consider supporting mitigation options to reduce risks
where necessary.
Status of implementation: Not started
Management option 22 Agencies (eg SAMDB NRMB, EPA and LAP groups) collaborate to
put an increased focus on community education and industry
auditing to achieve behaviour change to minimise inputs of
pollutants to the stormwater systems in river and lake townships.
Status of implementation: Not started
Incorporating water sensitive urban design (WSUD), including best practice stormwater management, into
new developments would be beneficial to reduce stormwater inputs of pollutants to the river and lakes.
Management option 23 New developments should incorporate WSUD eg grass swales
instead of gutters, rainwater storage tanks, retention basins and
wetlands. Council development plans should be amended to
reflect the importance of a more rigorous approach to dealing
with stormwater.
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Certainty was low for some stormwater discharge points of
concern near raw water off-takes due to a lack of water quality and flow data; some limited water
quality data exists for Murray Bridge (Jaensch Rd), Mannum and Berri outfalls.
Management option 24 Further monitoring of stormwater quality for discharges near raw
water off-takes in Mannum, Renmark, Berri and Swan Reach
Status of implementation: Some current monitoring underway
and a report in production (by SAMDB NRMB) for Berri and
Mannum discharges
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Informal camping areas
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, policy planning
Suggested lead stakeholders: Murray Darling Association, local councils, SAMDB NRMB, EPA,
Department of Health, SA Tourism Commission
Capacity building and construction of sanitation facilities is recommended for several informal camping
zones along the river (subject to necessary development and other approvals). Site closures may be
required in some other locations. The Sustainable Recreation Strategy (2005) is currently prioritising
recreation sites along the River Murray and Lower Lakes that require rehabilitation and/or additional
recreation facilities. Permit systems may be one way to raise revenue to provide sanitation and other
facilities at informal camping areas.
Management option 25 Stakeholders to investigate issues and risk in more detail,
including feasibility of providing sanitation facilities or closing
some sites on Crown Land. The camping permit system concept
should be further explored. Audits could be conducted of private
campgrounds and the Public and Environmental Health Act 1987
applied if necessary.
240
Status of implementation: Some facilities being constructed as
part of Sustainable Recreation Project activities
Pathogen risks arising from informal camping sites near some of SA Water’s raw water supply off-takes
were identified.
Management option 26 SA Water, councils, Department of Health and EPA to ascertain
whether zones prohibiting informal camping around SA Water offtakes
could be established.
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Water quality and sanitary conditions near high-use recreational
areas has not been monitored leaving some question as to actual risk levels.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Dairy farms (Lower Lakes)
Risk level: moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, compliance
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, EPA, DWLBC
Dairy farms in the Lower Lakes were considered a moderate risk to water quality through risk of leakage
to groundwater (in particular nitrate). These relatively common farms in this area irrigate using centre
pivots (note: flood-irrigated dairy farms in the Lower Murray are treated separately. Riparian grazing
risks also existed for some farms.
Management option 27 The EPA should undertake audits of dairy farms in the Lower
Lakes to ensure compliance with the Code of Practice for Milking
Shed Effluent 2003 and other general environmental duties
required under the legislation.
Status of implementation: A few dairy audits have been
completed, more are planned
Grazing (unrestricted access to river, lakes, wetlands, backwaters)
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, monitoring
Suggested lead stakeholders: SAMDB NRMB, EPA, LAP groups
Stock had open access to the river, lakes and wetlands in several locations (for feed, weed control and
drinking water). This grazing was assessed as a significant pathogen risk to raw water supplies and
recreational values in some locations, and was noted as being culturally inappropriate to the
Ngarrindjeri. Current Australian-based research indicates that high levels of pathogens are found in
livestock, in particular juvenile cattle (EPA 2002; CRC Water Quality and Treatment 2004). Allowing
animals or their faeces to enter water may also be in breach of the recently enacted Environment
Protection (Water Quality) Policy (EPA 2003c) legislation (requirement to ‘take all reasonable and
practicable measures’ to avoid waste entering water or land where it is likely to enter water). Fencing
off riparian zones and/or supplying alternate water sources are recommended best practices to reduce
this risk (CRC Water Quality and Treatment 2004).
Management option 28 The SAMDB NRMB and EPA should engage and consult with farmers
who graze riparian margins on methods of managing water quality
risks. LAP and other locally based groups could be funded in order
to continue to provide incentives for fencing and alternative
watering points.
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Water quality before and after grazing has not been monitored
leaving some question as to the actual risk level. Research suggests that there is a risk (EPA 2002; CRC
Water Quality and Treatment 2004).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Slipways
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, compliance
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, EPA, BIASA, boating industry
Slipways were rated a moderate risk from wash-off of sediment, heavy metals and pesticides (found in
some antifouling paints). Slipways are currently not inspected nor audited on a regular basis. It is likely
that the majority of slipways along the river are required to be licensed by the EPA but this has not been
undertaken to date.
Management option 29 The EPA to audit slipways (and license those captured by the
Environment Protection Act 1993 Schedule 1 definition) to ensure
compliance with the new Code of Practice for Vessel and
Facility Management: Marine and Inland Waters.
242
Status of implementation: In planning
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: No monitoring data on slipway runoff or its effects was obtained
leaving some uncertainty as to the risk level.
Wetlands/lagoons
Typical risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: monitoring, research and development
Suggested lead stakeholders: SAMDB NRMB, EPA, DWLBC, DEH, SA Water
Wetlands were identified as a low to moderate risk to water quality. Given that wetlands are a natural
and intrinsically important part of the river ecosystem, they are not a ‘risk’ in the conventional sense.
Many different types of wetlands exist along the river (see the River Murray wetland baseline survey and
Thompson 1986 for more detail on individual wetland characteristics). In general the wetlands present
today are typically not the type or form of wetlands along the River Murray channel before the ‘locking
of the river’ and other activities like irrigation drainage discharges. A number of ephemeral floodplain/
wetland areas (eg Chowilla) have been affected by salt and other pollutants which build up over time
without natural flushing. These types of wetlands may release salt and contaminants during artificial
flushing practices or following large localised rainfall events. However, when the river floods, nutrient
and other contaminant concentrations in wetlands are generally diluted (AWQC 1993). Wetland
management should be focused on reducing inputs of contaminants from wetland catchments and
ensuring artificial flushing strategies are properly managed to minimise any effects on river water quality
or raw water off-takes. Grazing is also an issue around some wetlands.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: No data was obtained for water quality exiting wetlands as a
result of localised storm events or artificial flushing. Some ambient water quality data has recently
been collected during the River Murray baseline wetland survey.

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 30 Stakeholders to review baseline wetland study water quality data
and undertake literature research on wetland dynamics. Consider
whether a detailed outflow and water quality monitoring program
may be beneficial in some priority locations (eg Swan Reach
complex, South Portee wetlands near water off-takes)
Wastewater/drainage disposal areas
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, facility owners/operators
Status of implementation: Baseline study data being collated
Disposal of drainage (predominantly in the Riverland, eg Lyrup, Chaffey irrigation areas) and wastewater
was identified as a low-moderate risk to water quality. Some sources of wastewater (eg wastewater
treatment plants) were EPA licensed and existing management controls are in place. The other nonlicensed
sites are a high priority for further examination.
Management option 31 EPA to audit drainage/wastewater disposal sites to ensure the
disposal is not contaminating ground or surface water
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Individual sites were often not inspected leaving some
uncertainty as to the risk level.
Industry (eg wineries, abattoirs, fruit processors)
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, industry owners/operators
Several industries (eg wineries, abattoirs, fruit processors) were identified that were a potential risk to
water quality. However, most were EPA licensed and existing management controls were in place.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Individual sites were often not inspected leaving some
uncertainty as to the risk level. Licence coordinators provided information in some cases.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Animal husbandry (piggeries, feedlots)
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, research
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, facility owners/operators
Animal husbandry activities were identified as a potential risk to water quality. However, most were EPA
licensed and existing management controls were in place.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Individual sites were not inspected leaving some uncertainty as
to the risk level. Licence coordinators provided information in some cases.
Ferry operations
Typical risk level: low
Possible options: capital works, policy/planning, compliance, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: DTEI, EPA, SAMDB NRMB
Ferry operations on the river were identified as a low risk to water quality. DTEI is currently monitoring
deck runoff and consulting with the EPA on the outcomes of this research. New ferries will be
constructed with pollutant retainment/treatment systems incorporated on-board. Sweeping and
collection of material from ferry decks is the current preferred method for cleaning although some ferry
decks are still washed down.
Management option 32 DTEI to continue the implementation of ferry pollutant
management systems on new ferries. Standard operating and
training procedures for existing ferries and their personnel need
reviewing, including the use of hydrocarbon spill kits and cleaning
procedures following transport of stock.
Landfills
244
Status of implementation: Underway
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, research
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, councils/landfill operators
There were no currently operating landfills identified on the floodplain of the river although some closed
landfills (eg Narrung, Sturt reserve) in these locations may be leaking contaminants.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Potential pollutant leakage from closed landfills was uncertain.

Dredging
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risk level: low–moderate
Possible options: capital works, capacity building, monitoring
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, SAMDB NRMB, EPA, boating industry
Habitat destruction and suspended sediment impacts may result from dredging activities. Dredging
generally came out as a low-moderate risk to river water quality on the basis of reasonably infrequent
occurrence, the turbid nature of the river, and the fact it is regulated by the EPA (Schedule 1 of the
Environment Protection Act 1993). Most dredging operations on the river are removing willows, or
clearing irrigation channels, vessel moorings and marinas. As dredging locations change constantly, the
sites identified in this risk assessment should not be considered as the only areas of regular activities.
Dredging impacts vary depending on the extent of sediment disturbance and sensitivity of the
environment being dredged. The use of sediment curtains and other pollution prevention measures are
often imposed as licence conditions in an attempt to minimise environmental harm.
Under the current Schedule 1 definition, dredging is licensable for the following applications (unless they
involve the establishment of a visual aid to navigation or any lawful fishing or recreational activity): the
dredging/cleaning of inlet channels and sluices to irrigation areas, marina applications, slipway and boat
ramp applications, and riparian edge management (eg willow removal). The exclusions to the definition
limit the EPA’s ability to ensure compliance with the Act and provide a consistent approach to managing
dredging. There is also currently no threshold below which a licence is not required (eg disturbing any
bottom sediment is considered dredging) and dredging contractors also have concerns with the large
amount of administration required to obtain licences.
Management option 33 Education of dredging operators on best management practices
would be beneficial. The EPA is to investigate options to minimise
administration burden and consider a review of Schedule 1 of the
Environment Protection Act to ensure consistent and appropriate
regulation of Schedule 1 activities. Reasonable and practicable
measures to reduce environmental impacts should be made
mandatory for all dredging operations.
Status of implementation: In planning
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Dredging impacts have not been studied in detail on the river
and lakes so the risk assessment had some uncertainty.
Vessel launching/boat ramps
Risk level: low
Possible options: policy planning, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, DTEI, DWLBC, boating industry
Although vessel launching areas/boat ramps were rated as a low individual risk, the possible cumulative
impact of boat ramps (and other structures) is of concern despite no detailed environmental impact
assessment having been undertaken on this issue.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 34 It is recommended that relevant agencies (eg EPA, DWLBC,
Crown Lands) examine the impacts of boat ramps in more detail.
It may be beneficial to only approve new applications for
boat/ramps facilities if they are for public communal facilities,
due to the potential cumulative risk from individual facilities.
246
Status of implementation: Not started
Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in high-use recreation areas was a common community concern. This
was assessed as a low risk but its actual impact on recreational values was difficult to quantify and the
large numbers may have cumulative impacts. Increasing the number of restricted speed (4 knot) zones
on the river and creating defined wake-boarding areas are suggestions that may help to limit the damage
from boat wakes. Re-establishment of reeds, trees and native vegetation to minimise bank erosion is the
best management practice to prevent erosion. The use of geotextile bags for stabilising banks is also
recommended. Sand dumping to create beaches in townships, recreational sites and shack areas is in
breach of the Water Quality EPP (EPA 2003c), and creates an impact on the aquatic ecosystem (smothers
existing habitat) and other environmental values (eg sand can migrate to block adjoining water supply
channels).
Management option 35 Councils and DTEI study the erosion and turbidity impacts around
high-use recreational sites in more detail and consider whether
zoning would be a beneficial option.
Status of implementation: Not started
Management option 36 EPA and DWLBC to undertake education, then possible
enforcement action (using the Water Quality EPP and River
Murray Act) on members of the community and contractors who
dump sand into the river
Status of implementation: Not started
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Whether boat and watercraft wakes increase turbidity or erosion
rates is uncertain. The extent of accidental diesel and other hydrocarbon spillage on boat ramps is also
uncertain. The precise ecological impact of creation of sand beaches and general landscaping/modifying
of riverbank edges is uncertain but substantial habitat destruction is likely to result.

Fuel stores
River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risk level: low
Possible options: capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, EPA, DWLBC
Fuel stores and diesel motors on the edge of the river were generally rated as low risk due to the low
likelihood of fuel spill; however, a large spill entering the river could have a major impact.
Management option 37 Audit to be undertaken by EPA/DWLBC on all riverside fuel stores
identified as a risk in this study. Following this audit, EPA to
consider whether fuel stores should be bunded or converted to
electric pumping systems to minimise the risk of hydrocarbon spills.
Refuelling facilities (for vessels)
Risk level: low
Possible options: capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, facility operators
Status of implementation: Not started
Vessel refuelling facilities were generally rated as low risk due to the low likelihood of an accident
releasing a large volume spill.
Management option 38 Auditing of vessel refuelling facilities to ensure appropriate
measures in place to prevent and/or manage risks (eg bunding,
spill kits)
Petrol stations
Status of implementation: Not started
Risk level: low
Possible options: monitoring
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, petrol station owners, fuel companies
Leakage of hydrocarbons from underground storage tanks at petrol stations was given a low risk. Stations
of most concern are those in close proximity to the river. Concerns about old underground tanks were
also raised but detailed information was lacking on specific risks.
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: It has been suggested that tanks over five years in age are
probably leaking to some degree; however, no monitoring data was available to confirm this assessment.
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Management option 39 EPA to consider auditing petrol station (in close proximity to the
river) records and monitoring data to assess risk of fuel leakage.
Transport infrastructure (bridges and causeways)
248
Status of implementation: Not started
Risk level: low
Possible options: capital works, research and development
Suggested lead stakeholders: local councils, DTEI
Bridges over the river or backwaters were generally rated as low risk due to the low likelihood of an
accident that would release a fuel spill; however, a large spill entering the river may have major effects
on the ecosystem or water supplies.
Management option 40 Preventative measures such as bridge cages (to prevent trucks
transporting diesel and other contaminants from entering the
river as result of accidents) and barriers warrant investigation, as
does investigation of spill response capability.
Quarries
Status of implementation: Not started
Risk level: low
Possible options: capital works, capacity building
Suggested lead stakeholders: EPA, facility owners/operators
Few quarries were identified and the majority of these were identified as a low potential risk to water
quality (through runoff of sediment to the river).
Uncertainties in the risk assessment: Individual sites were not inspected leaving some uncertainty as
to the risk level.
9.2 General recommendations
Several general recommendations that arose out of the risk assessment consultation and research (but
were not specifically related to a particular hazard) are discussed below.
Cumulative water quality impacts
Cumulative impacts must also be considered, particularly in the current context of increasing
development along the river. An example might be septic tanks on the floodplain of the river: while one
septic tank may have a low overall risk, several septic tanks in a defined area could have a very
detrimental impact. Alternatively, one pathogen source could have a low risk on the upper reaches of
the river but further downstream pathogen risks could accumulate to create a higher overall level of
risk. The end point of allowing risks to accumulate to adverse levels is ‘death by a thousand cuts’. In the

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
current study, the GIS-based maps allow assessment of the density of risks and hazards. In the next stage
of the study, the cumulative impact will be analysed in more detail and compared to water quality trends.
General recommendation 1 The relative cumulative impact of water quality risks is examined
for each environmental value during Stage III of the project.
Water quality information
Status of implementation: Underway
Studies on water quality were last undertaken for the river in the period 1990–1999 (EPA 2001a), the
lakes in the period 1995–1997 (EPA 1998b), and Salt Creek and Coorong up to 2005 (DWLBC 2005). Basic
information on pollutant concentrations and loads from various sources (eg rivers, houseboats,
stormwater, Lower Murray irrigation areas) is lacking in most cases. It would be beneficial to re-examine
monitoring data, particularly exceedences for different environmental values and hazards identified in
this report. This may enable a refinement of action and area priorities.
General recommendation 2 The EPA and SA Water research existing data and produce an
updated water quality report for the River Murray, Lower Lakes
and Coorong. Where possible this report should include basic load
calculations from various inputs (eg rivers/creeks, Lower Murray
flood irrigated areas, houseboats, groundwater, stormwater).
Links to the risk assessment project outcomes should be explored
in the data analysis.
Status of implementation: Not started but ongoing monitoring
data collected for a number of sites and activities
Processes affecting water quality
The fate and transformation of nutrients in the river, Lower Lakes and Coorong was largely unknown,
making assessment of nutrient consequences difficult. In particular the influence of bottom sediments as
a nutrient source or sink, influence of wetlands and riverbank vegetation in removing nutrients, relative
importance of denitrification for removing nitrogen from the system, and cross-sectional and depth
distribution of nutrient levels.
General recommendation 3 The EPA, SA Water and DWLBC to investigate uncertainties in
information and options for developing a water quality model for
the river. A funding submission should be prepared to federal
bodies to fund more detailed water quality monitoring and
construction of the model.
Status of implementation: A scoping-level monitoring study on
horizontal and depth distribution of nutrients is underway at
selected locations (SAMDB NRMB).
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Diffuse runoff from agricultural land
The impact on river water quality of diffuse runoff of pollutants (eg turbidity, pesticides, nutrients—total
P) during rainfall events was generally not assessed as part of this study (unless specific information on a
particular site/land use was obtained). This impact requires further research as it may make a significant
contribution to total contaminant loads entering the river (although it is noted that rainfall and runoff is
relatively low in many areas along the river, approximately 250–400 mm rainfall per annum on average).
The methods of controlling diffuse source pollution typically relate to ensuring sustainable land
management practices and creation or maintenance of existing vegetation buffers between agricultural
land and waterways.
General recommendation 4 Catchment water quality modelling could be undertaken to assess
influence of diffuse runoff (possibly combined with the proposed
river water quality model).
250
Status of implementation: Not started
General recommendation 5 LAP and/or other local groups could be funded to provide
incentives for revegetation and creation of buffer strips for
mitigation of diffuse runoff in priority areas.
Status of implementation: Not started
Cause and effect relationships on aquatic ecosystem health
There was a lack of accessible and detailed information summarising the impacts of water quality
hazards on aquatic ecosystem health for the River Murray in South Australia. However, macroinvertebrate
data is regularly collected and the EPA has produced a summary of this information for the
river and eastern Mount Lofty ranges.
General recommendation 6 A review and update of current macro-invertebrate and other
monitoring data should be carried out. Links to the risk
assessment project’s results and water quality data should be
explored.
Development and planning issues
Status of implementation: Not started
Several development and planning issues arose out of both the risk assessment consultation and the EPA
and DWLBC’s experience in assessing referred development applications in the area. Not only are river
councils inconsistent in policy and its application, so are prescribed bodies that are referred
development proposals for advice or direction. The increasing development pressure in these areas make

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
this situation very concerning. It is also confusing for developers seeking to determine agency positions
and requirements before lodging development applications. Planning SA’s Better Development Plan
initiative seeks to align development plan policy across the State. The EPA is developing position papers
for river developments. DWLBC is currently developing River Murray Referral Assessment Policy and
Neutral or Beneficial Effect Guidelines to establish a consistent policy framework for assessing referrals
under the River Murray Act 2003, and to assist proponents when preparing an application. In addition, a
working group chaired by Planning SA and comprising representatives from other agencies (eg EPA,
DWLBC, DEH, DTEI), is developing a River Murray Marina Strategy (see Management Option 14 above).
General recommendation 7 Integrated and consistent planning policies and guidelines should
continue to be developed by councils and agencies (eg Planning
SA, EPA, DWLBC) for the River Murray and Lower Lakes region. A
whole of river Plan Amendment Report may be required in the
future.
Status of implementation: Started
The River Murray Water Protection Area (proclaimed under the Environment Protection Act) does not
include a significant area of the Coorong (southern half) and Lower Lakes (eg Goolwa, Milang area),
which is thus outside EPA direction over development.
General recommendation 8 The EPA should consult relevant councils and agencies (eg
DWLBC, SAMDB NRMB) and pursue a regulation change to revise
the boundary of the River Murray Water Protection Area
(proclaimed under the Environment Protection Act) to include the
entire Lower Lakes and Coorong area.
Compliance and education on water quality issues
Status of implementation: Preliminary planning underway by EPA
Community consultation in the various LAP areas raised concerns about ‘no agency presence on the
river’. A recent BIASA survey also reported concerns about apparent inappropriate or illegal activities
along the river (Glen Jones, BIASA president, pers comm 2006). While enforcement is often seen by
agencies as a last resort (unless for serious breaches of legislation) the lack of a presence is a risk to
efforts to improve water quality.
General recommendation 9 Inter- and intra-agency investigation of whether more resources
are required to enhance the current capabilities of agencies (eg
EPA, DWLBC) dealing with River Murray compliance issues.
Possible inter-agency integration of compliance capabilities
should be also considered.
Status of implementation: Not started
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Education and awareness raising on environmental issues concerning the river may be an important first
step for changing public behaviours. Comprehensive public environmental awareness strategies
(specifically targeting river issues) were noted to be lacking although some groups (eg Waterwatch) are
active on this issue.
General recommendation 10 EPA, DWLBC, councils and SAMDB NRMB to consider funding and
coordinating a program to educate river community about their
obligations for environmental management.
Cultural environmental values
252
Status of implementation: Not started
Protection of River Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong water quality is very important to local indigenous
peoples such as the Ngarrindjeri for whom the land and waters are considered a living body (Ruwe).
Indigenous groups were consulted as part of the project but risks to cultural water quality values was not
directly assessed. This is one area requiring further consultation and engagement in the next stage of the
study.
General recommendation 11 Indigenous groups are consulted on cultural environmental values
of the River Murray, Lower Lakes, and Coorong.
River flow
Status of implementation: Not started
This current report did not specifically look at river flow and its potential effect on water quality.
However, improved flow regimes are viewed as essential for improving water quality and ecosystem
health in the Lower Lakes and Coorong. The Lower Murray region of the river has been noted to have
very low flows and similarly reduced tidal flushing currently impacts on the Coorong. Flows and/or tidal
flushing must be sufficient to ensure flushing of sediment and other pollutants out of the river, lakes,
Coorong system, at least on a periodic basis. The key environmental requirements for the main channel
of the River Murray have been noted to be 40 GL/day for up to eight consecutive weeks on average
every second year, with high flow events occurring in late spring (SAMDB NRM 2002).
General recommendation 12 Efforts continued to improve flows and flushing down the river,
Coorong, Lakes and Murray Mouth. Monitoring of the outcomes of
these initiatives and effect of changing flows on water quality.
Status of implementation: Not started

River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
Risk assessment project database management
A detailed database of water quality risk has been constructed as part of this project. It is imperative
that this is maintained and updated as new information comes to hand. The South Australian Murray
Resource Information Centre is currently being established in the Riverland to manage natural resource
and other data for the region.
General recommendation 13 The risk assessment project database be regularly updated and
information made readily available to stakeholders. Investigation
should be made into potentially housing the database at the
South Australian Murray Resource Information Centre, and on
mechanisms for stakeholders and the community to input and/or
update risk information.
Status of implementation: Not started
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River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options
References and data sources
Alexandrina Council 2003, Environmental management plan for urban stormwater catchments within the
River Murray catchment area, South Australia.
Allen, M 1998a, Effluent disposal options for small riparian settlements (River Murray settlements,
South Australia). Document 1: Assessment of current public and environmental risk, Report
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