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Case StudyVol. 1 No. 1 October 2009Keeping the Essentials Flowing:Promoting Food Security andSustainable Livelihood throughIntegrated CoastalManagementGlobal EnvironmentFacilityUnited NationsDevelopment ProgrammeUnited Nations Office forProject ServicesPartnerships inEnvironmental Managementfor the Seas of East Asia“I do not have parcels of land for my children to inherit. I pass on to them the knowledge andlessons that I have learned in a lifetime of fishing…lessons about conserving and protecting themarine and coastal resources. Experience has taught me there is a greater wealth from the sea ifits resources are sustainably managed.”These are the heartfelt sentiments ofDoroteo Cruzat (Mang Jury), a fisher whowas taught his craft in the waters of Mabini, inthe Province of Batangas, Philippines, when hewas 10 years old. For Mang Jury, together withhis father and seven brothers, fishing is the solemeans of livelihood, security and income forthe family. Mang Jury recalled that, in the mid-1970s, they were able to catch 10 kg of fish perday – enough for his family’s consumption, withthe rest being sold to cover other expenses. TheCruzat family was truly living off the naturalbounties of the sea.The situation changed, however, whencommercial fishers started encroaching themunicipal waters of Batangas in the early1980s. Illegal and destructive fishing becamea common sight. Mang Jury recalled that localfishers were fortunate if they were able tocatch half of their catch from previous years.To compensate, they often followed the blastfishers to gather any remaining fish, which theillegal fishers would leave behind, after a blastincident.Initially, local fishing communities weren’tconcerned about the impact of blast fishing aslong as there was enough fish on the table. Butas time went by, even that became a problem.Commercial fishers were harvesting all the fishin their municipal waters, using illegal gears,such as basnig (bag net) and pukot (ring net). Inaddition, the coral reefs that were the principalfishing grounds of the local fishers were beingdestroyed and degraded as a result of blastfishing and anchorage of commercial fishingboats. The future of fishing in Mabini, andthat of the Cruzat family in particular, becamebleak.Seeds of hopeIn the late 1980s, Haribon Foundation, anongovernmental <strong>org</strong>anization (NGO), came toMabini and introduced the concept of marineprotected areas (MPAs). MPAs, as explainedto the locals, were designated areas where allforms of fishing would not be allowed. Thiswas necessary in order for the fishing stocksto recover and grow. Eventually, the outcomewould be more fish to catch. Fishing would onlybe allowed outside the designated perimeter ofthe MPA.At first, there were apprehensions andresistance from the fishing community. Theperception was that this restriction wouldlimit their fishing area and they would haveless access to fishing sites. After a long processof awareness building and consultation, thecommunity’s perception changed and TwinRocks in Mabini, the first marine sanctuary inBatangas Province, was established in 1991.1


Total populationMang Jury and the rest ofthe fishing community wereencouraged to help maintain theMPA as members of Bantay Dagat(Sea Watch) 1 . A series of capacitybuildingactivities were conductedin the community to provide themembers with information on theenvironment and fishery laws, aswell as the values of and threatsto the marine coastal resources.For Mang Jury, the transition wasnot an easy decision. It took fouryears before he became convincedto join the Bantay Dagat. He thenrealized that even if he did not getpaid for the extra work he woulddevote to Bantay Dagat, he neededto protect the resources, not onlyfor his family’s benefit but for thebenefit of all fisher-families andtheir children’s children.Securing the futureMang Jury has been serving asa member of Bantay Dagat for10 years now. Again, he catchesabout 10 kg, sometimes 50 kg, of fish a day. These fishes arebigger and economically important, such as gulyasan (skipjack), tulingan (frigate tuna) and tambakol (yellow fin tuna),instead of tamban (Indian sardines), galunggong (roundscad), dilis (anchovies) and pusit (squid) that he caughtduring the time of blast and commercial fishing. The resultsof a five-month (December 2006 to April 2007) fish catchmonitoring program conducted by the World Wide Fund forNature (WWF) Coastal Resources and Fisheries ConservationProject supported Mang Jury’s observation. The studyrevealed that gulyasan registered the most frequentlycaught fish, totaling 22,265 kg in Tingloy and 2,776 kg inMabini (WWF-Philippines, 2007).Mang Jury proudly attested that there is no more blastPercent1009080706050403020100199519961997Poverty, malnutrition, education and population1998Poverty incidence19992000Elementary school participation rateTotal populationNumber of fishing families in Batangas 9,107 (2003) 15,935 (2007)Fisheries production 20,133 MT (2005) 26,257 MT (2007)From 1995 to 2007, the population of Batangas Province increased by almost 600,000 people.Despite this large increase, economic and social conditions in Batangas Province improved asevidenced by the decrease in poverty incidence, decrease in the proportion of undernourishedchildren below five years old, and higher elementary and secondary school participation rate(Provincial Government of Batangas, Philippines and <strong>PEMSEA</strong>, 2008).2001Year20022003fishing in Mabini, and any commercial fishers who dareenter the municipal waters are immediately apprehended.The local fishing communities in Mabini realize theresponsibility and implications of being stewards of the sea,and are quick to report and take action against violations.The once-degraded coral reefs have recovered. Thishas resulted in an additional source of income for thecommunity by boosting ecotourism in the area, particularlythrough dive sites. Local fishers earn extra incomeby ferrying divers to the coral reefs. As Bantay Dagatmembers, these fishers also police the actions of the divers,ensuring that they abide by the regulations established forsustainably managing the reefs, as well as pay dive fees,which are used to support the operations of Bantay Dagatand other environmental management programs of themunicipalities of Mabini and Tingloy.200420052006Malnutrition rate (children below 5 years old)Secondary school participation rate20072,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,0000Sightings of charismatic species like dolphins, manta rays,sea turtles and whale sharks have also increased in thewaters of Batangas. This indicates a better state of theirnatural habitat and less stress from illegal activities in thearea.200019942005Mang Jury said, “I will continue to fish the waters ofBatangas and would not mind being a fisher my entire life.As long as I remain industrious and continue to preservethe marine environment, my family will not go hungry. Thesea is the main source of our livelihood and sustains theeducation of my children.” Unable to go to school himself,he sees to it that the wealth of the sea continues to providefor the education of his two daughters, one a collegesophomore and the other a high school senior.1The Bantay Dagat is a civilian fisheries patrol force made up of volunteers who try to keep a 24-hour watch on municipal waters up to 15 km from the shore.2


SEMP and ICM Plans in Batangas ProvinceYear Description Coverage Status1996 SEMP(1996-2020)2004 ICM Plan(2004-2023)2005 SEMP(2005-2020)2006 Verde PassageManagementBatangas BayRegion (BBR)Balayan Bayand AdjacentBays Region(BABR)BatangasProvinceFrameworkPlan (SEMPis a majorcomponent)Mang Jury further noted, “But, no matter how much weprotect the resources of our community, these could nothave paid off if our neighbors would not protect theirresources as well. For as long as the different municipalitieshave the same principles and objectives, these conservationefforts will work.”A Tale of Two Bays: ParallelCoastal Management InitiativesConservation efforts in the Provinceof Batangas, particularly in BalayanBay, to address the declining fishresources and fast-degrading habitatsdate back in the late 1980s. SeveralNGOs (e.g., Haribon Foundation, Centerfor Empowerment and ResourceDevelopment) came to the aid ofMabini and Tingloy, lobbying for theestablishment of the first MPA inthe province in 1991. The NGOs alsostarted <strong>org</strong>anizing different people’s orfishers’ <strong>org</strong>anizations (e.g., SamahangPangkaunlaran ng San Teodoro, Inc.and Samahan ng Mangingisda para saKaunlarang Pangkapaligiran), as well asmobilization of the Bantay Dagat.At around the same time, in theadjacent Batangas Bay, integratedcoastal management (ICM) was beingintroduced (1994) as part of theGlobal Environment Facility/UnitedNations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization(GEF/UNDP/IMO) Regional ProgrammeAdopted by the 12municipalities and 2 citiesin the BBRAdopted by the 12municipalities in theBABR and by theProvincial DevelopmentCouncil (PDC) in 2005Adopted by the ProvincialLegislative Body in March2007Formulated and adoptedby the TWG (EO 578) in2006The following case study presents the evolution of theimplementation of integrated coastal management (ICM)in Batangas Province and how this holistic managementframework has put together the various efforts towardsconserving coastal resources and achieving sustainablelivelihood for Mang Jury and the fishing communities.14.314.214.11413.913.813.713.613.513.4CalataganMang Jury further noted, “But, no matterhow much we protect the resources of ourcommunity, these could not have paid off if ourneighbors would not protect their resources aswell. For as long as the different municipalitieshave the same principles and objectives, theseconservation efforts will work.”Nasugbufor the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution inthe East Asian Seas (now the Partnerships in EnvironmentalManagement for the Seas of East Asia or <strong>PEMSEA</strong>). Thiseffort was focused on the development and demonstrationof ICM as a management framework for pollutionprevention and management of the Batangas Bay region.At that time, Batangas Bay was being developed as aninternational deepwater port and industrial area. Thefocus of the ICM project was to facilitate environmentalprotection and management of the bay area using ICM asa management process for strengthening interagency andmultisectoral coordination and cooperation in the planningand development of the Batangas Bay region.One of the major outputs of the Batangas Bay project wasthe Strategic Environmental Management Plan (SEMP 1996-2020), which served as the road map for the developmentof the bay without compromising the marine and coastalenvironment and natural resources. The SEMP provided theplatform by which the various sectors came together with acommon vision for the development of their coastal areas.Putting in place the legal and institutional mechanism fortranslating the SEMP into action was also one of the majorachievements of the project. The Batangas Bay RegionEnvironmental Protection Council (BBREPC) was establishedthrough Provincial Ordinance 001 (1996). The Councilserves as the governing and policymaking body for theimplementation of the SEMP. This multisectoral body alsoprovides the forum for coordination, conflict resolution,BalayanMabiniLemeryBauanTingloyMPAs of BatangasNew sites (8)Reestablished/expanded sites (11)For re-delineation (11)Managed by Batangas City (3)Verde IslandLoboSan Juan13.3120.4 120.5 120.6 120.7 120.8 120.9 121 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 121.5 121.63


information exchange and cross-sectoral relations amonggovernment and nongovernment stakeholders in the bay,including fishers.At the operations level, the Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO) wascreated through Provincial Ordinance No.03-95 (December1995). The PG-ENRO serves as the lead coordinating agencyfor SEMP implementation, the focal point for monitoring andevaluating progress among stakeholders with regard to theobjectives and targets identified in the SEMP, as well as thetechnical arm of the Council.A united frontBy 1998, the problem of commercial fishers encroachingthe municipal waters of Mabini and Tingloy was becomingcritical. Fishing pressures were having spillover effects in theestablished MPAs with commercial fishing boats comingfrom the neighboring coastal municipalities (e.g., BatangasCity, Bauan, Balayan and Lemery). In addition, the growingindustrialization and shipping activities in the coastal areaposed increasing risks of land- and sea-based pollution to theconservation areas. On top of this, the tourism industry wasbeginning to show interest, which added further conflictsamong the traditional and commercial fishers (Tongson, 2003).Similarly, other coastal municipalities were beginning toset up MPAs in their areas together with partner people’s<strong>org</strong>anizations and NGOs. These MPAs, like those in Mabiniand Tingloy, were individually and sectorally managed.There was no mechanism to coordinate and integrate theefforts of the different local government units (LGUs) toaddress the growing threats to their respective protectedareas from external sources.The WWF-Philippines recognized that the conservationefforts in Mabini and Tingloy would not be effective orsustainable without an integrated baywide approachin Balayan Bay. It was at this time that the effectiveimplementation of ICM in Batangas Bay came to theforefront. The benefits of the multisectoral process, thelong-term strategic road map (SEMP), and the institutionalmechanism providing policy direction, coordination andoperationalization of the SEMP provided the necessarygovernance structure that was lacking in the existing MPAarrangements.Concurrently, the Provincial Government recognized thatrapid growth and development were potential threats tothe marine and coastal resources of the area, and to thecoastal communities that depended on these resources.The Provincial Government decided to expand the ICM4


program to the other bays, thereby providing broadermanagement coverage.A partnership was f<strong>org</strong>ed between WWF-Philippines andthe Provincial Government to support the replication ofthe ICM model developed in Batangas Bay to Balayan Bayand adjacent bays. The resulting ICM plan was adoptedby the 12 coastal municipalities and the ProvincialDevelopment Council in 2005.The scaled up ICM program now covers the entire coastlineof Batangas. The SEMP was updated incorporatingthe management of the three bay regions (BatangasBay, Balayan Bay and adjacent bays, and Tayabas Bay)and was adopted by 34 local governments on 22March 2007 through Resolution No. 129. Similarly, theinstitutional mechanism for its implementation has beenstrengthened to address the broader geographical scopeand management issues. In September 2008, throughProvincial Ordinance No. 5, the three-tiered BatangasEnvironmental Protection Council was adopted, whichnow serves as the multisectoral body to guide theimplementation of ICM. The new Council integrates thethree baywide ICM Boards and Municipal ICM Councils. ThePG-ENRO still serves as the secretariat and technical armof the Batangas Environmental Protection Council in theimplementation of the SEMP.As MPAs were already under the broader implementationof the provincewide SEMP, through the PG-ENRO,coordination among LGUs was facilitated. The coastal LGUsnow share the same guiding principles and objectives inmanaging their resources.ICM in the Global Center of MarineBiodiversityIn 2005, the Conservation International (CI)-Philippines 2initiated a marine biodiversity program in the Verde IslandPassage Marine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor aspart of the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Project. The Corridoris bordered by the provinces of Batangas, Orientaland Occidental Mindoro, Marinduque and Romblon.Fortunately, the mechanism for the implementation ofbiodiversity conservation in Batangas had been in place aspart of the implementation of the Batangas Province SEMPled by the Provincial Government. The SEMP then becamethe platform for CI-Philippines to implement its programin the Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor. The BatangasProvince SEMP is now a major component of the VerdePassage Management Framework Plan.The existing MPAs in Batangas are within the bounds ofthe Verde Island Passage, thus creating a network of MPAspromotes the ecological integrity of the area. The networkaims to enhance the effectiveness and functionality of theMPAs in promoting sustainable livelihood for fishers andprotection of coastal resources.The CI-Philippines and the WWF-Philippines thenbecame partners of the province in the establishmentof the network of MPAs. This network facilitates thesharing of information, experiences and resources;the resolution of conflict; the assistance to otherLGUs in the establishment of their own MPAs; and theconsolidation of law enforcement efforts. As part of theSEMP implementation, the PG-ENRO, also takes theNetwork of MPAs in Batangas (August 2009).MunicipalityArea of MPA(hectares)Number ofMPAsBalayan 6 2Batangas City 6 3Bauan 136 1Calatagan 165 3*Lemery 3 1Lobo 40 3Mabini 79 4Nasugbu 113 4San Juan 704 11*Tingloy 4 1Total 1,256 33*Includes one mangrove protected areaSource: PG-ENRO, 2009.2When WWF-Philippines finished its project implementation in Batangas in June 2008, the CI-Philippines took over as the partner of the Provincial Government in the continuousimplementation of the MPA and Bantay Dagat initiatives.5


lead in <strong>org</strong>anizing coordinationmeetings and capacity-buildinginitiatives, between and amongthe network. The network wasestablished in November 2007through a Memorandum ofAgreement between the ProvincialGovernment, Batangas City, and themunicipalities of Balayan, Bauan,Calatagan, Mabini, Lobo, San Juan,Nasugbu and Tingloy.Community volunteerismThe implementation of MPAsconsequently needs the creation ofa team to guard these from illegaldestructive fishing practices andcommercial fishers. Bantay Dagatis now the key partner of the localgovernment in enforcing fisheryrelatedlegislation. Some BantayDagat members use their own boatsfor patrolling while operationalexpenses (e.g., fuel) are supportedby regular budget allocation fromthe local government. Governmentagencies (e.g., the Bureau ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources)and NGOs (WWF-Philippines andCI-Philippines) also support theiroperations by providing patrolboats and hand-held radios forcommunication.The Bantay Dagat was relativelysuccessful in Batangas. Ithelped lessen illegal fishingand heightened the people’sconsciousness on environmentalissues. This experience highlightsthe importance of mobilizing thecommunity in enforcement andconsequently making it a coownerof and a partner in coastalmanagement projects.Similar to the concept of forminga network of MPAs, a networkof Bantay Dagat in the coastalmunicipalities was also establishedto consolidate the coastalenforcement efforts in the province.Recently, 13 of the 15 coastalmunicipalities (Balayan, San Juan,Calatagan, Lobo, Mabini, Nasugbu,San Luis, Tingloy, Batangas City,Bauan, Lian, Calaca and Lemery) arealready part of the Bantay DagatNetwork. Over 300 volunteers arenow patrolling the coastal watersof Batangas. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding with the PhilippineNational Police was also signed toNumber of Apprehensions for Fishery Related Violations in Batangas:2000-2003 (Gutierrez, 2007); 2006-2007 (Trono and Gutierrez, 2007);and 2009 (PG-ENRO).Year Municipalities Number of Apprehensions Average per yearBantay DagatmembersIllegalFishersCasesFiledIllegalFishersCasesFiled2000-2003 Mabini, Tingloy,San Luis,Calatagan,Nasugbu,Balayan174 625 70 130 182006-2007 Mabini, Tingloy,Calatagan,Nasugbu, Lobo,Balayan, SanLuis, San Juan,Batangas City2009 Balayan,San Juan,Calatagan,Lobo, Mabini,Nasugbu, SanLuis, Tingloy,Batangas City,Lian, Calaca,Bauan, Lemery200 79; 9 divers 14 88 14300Forming a Bantay Dagat NetworkMr. Rodrigo A. de Jesus (Mang Rod), Bantay Dagat Network chair, started taking on thenetwork’s leadership in 2003 and has seen how the network developed. Starting withthe six coastal towns of Calatagan, Nasugbu, Mabini, Balayan, Tingloy and San Luis, thenetwork today has 13 member municipalities.In 1977, Mang Rod resigned from his farm managerial job and returned to his barangayonly to be disappointed to see the rampant dynamite fishing activities. This alarmingsituation prompted him to form a people’s <strong>org</strong>anization aimed at combating illegalactivities at sea. Together with other volunteers, they started patrolling the seas,unaware that they were implementing activities of Bantay Dagat. In 2003, theyunderwent training and were deputized as Bantay Dagat volunteers. At that time,fisherfolks in their barangay left their nets hanging as there was a substantial decreasein fish catch. Today, years after the establishment of two MPAs in Calatagan, he proudlyuses those fish nets again.With a perspective extending beyond his community, Mang Rod sees the Bantay DagatNetwork as an instrument not only for law enforcement but also for service duringsearch and rescue operations at sea. While volunteers receive a small incentive fromthe LGUs, Mang Rod is hopeful that the network be institutionalized so that volunteerscould receive more incentives such as life insurance, medical benefits and scholarshipsfor their children. As volunteers, they no longer have fear in their hearts but instead,carry with them the will and commitment to continue guarding the seas for the futuregenerations.6


facilitate the deployment of policeduring operations.Through the coordinative effortsof the PG-ENRO and the supportof the local government andnongovernmental <strong>org</strong>anizations,continuous capacity building is beingdone to strengthen the operationsof Bantay Dagat. This includesdeputization of more members andconducting Advanced Fishery LawEnforcement and paralegal trainings.Mechanisms are also being exploredto institutionalize and sustainBantay Dagat operations as well asto provide incentives to members(e.g., life insurance, medical benefits,scholarships to children of members).The long-term protection of coastaland marine resources requiresbroader support beyond the MPAboundaries and the Bantay Dagatinitiatives. Being nested within thebroader ICM program, effectivecoordination and facilitationhappen, and a platform to engagethe stakeholders at varying scalesis available. Local and nationalgovernments, NGOs, private entities,academe and other sectors canwork together to integrate andcomplement each other’s efforts.Lessons Learned• It is important to develop a strategic long-term road map (SEMP)for the sustainable development of an area. The SEMP providesthe platform upon which the various stakeholders channel theircontributions towards achievement of a common vision for thesustainable development of the marine and coastal areas ofBatangas.• The ICM program promotes multisectoral cooperation andpartnerships with key players (e.g., NGOs) to create synergy and tostrengthen various management efforts.• The recognition of the achievements of a demonstration project(e.g., Batangas Bay Demonstration Project) in meeting its desiredobjectives provides a good foundation for replication. Likewise,a replicable program needs an identifiable and coherent set ofprogram elements. It is also crucial that there is an operatingmechanism (e.g., PG-ENRO) coordinating and guiding theexpansion.• As MPAs are threatened by various external factors, they functionmore effectively if they are managed within a wider geographicalarea and management scope. The governance mechanismestablished under the broader ICM framework provides thenecessary governance structure for promoting the MPAs’ objectivefor sustainable livelihood and biodiversity conservation.• Resistance and apprehensions on management interventionscan be resolved through enhanced public awareness. Thisincludes awareness of the consequences of the people’s actions,understanding of the need for management action, and promotingownership and shared responsibility for the planned managementinterventions.Further readingsThe following <strong>PEMSEA</strong> publicationsdocument the ICM good practices and•It is important to educate and build awareness in order to mobilizethe community for environmental stewardship (e.g., Bantay Dagat)and consequently make the community a co-owner and a partnerin sustainable coastal development.MPAs in Coping with Climate ChangeOn ecosystem resilienceDealing about the MPAs and climate change is a two-pronged discussion. Climate change poses considerable threats to protectedmarine seascapes but effective management of these MPAs in turn can help in building the resistance and resiliency of the ecosystem.They can ensure healthier ecosystems that may also withstand climate change and other stresses longer than highly disturbed ordegraded ecosystems (IUCN-WCPA, 2008).In the face of worsening climate impacts, protecting biodiversity makes perfect sense. Declared Mr. Jose Ma. Lorenzo Tan (of WWF-Philippines), “MPAs focus on much more than just the conservation of biodiversity: should we succeed in halting climate change, thesepockets of marine resilience will provide the building blocks needed to restore natural mechanisms which provide food and livelihoodfor millions of people. It’s a natural investment.”As natural physical barrierBatangas Province is seeing the effects of climate change. Although, a scientific study is yet to confirm this, representatives fromCalatagan and San Juan, during one of the meetings of the MPA and Bantay Dagat Networks, claimed that there seems to be a rise inthe sea level in their areas. They reported that present water levels along the shore seem to be higher as compared to past levels. Mr.Jesse de los Santos of Calatagan, during the State of the Coasts survey in May 2008 also identified saltwater intrusion and instant seasurges as emerging issues in the area.Protected areas play an important role in disaster mitigation in marine and coastal areas. Sea level rise and increased storm damageput coastal communities and small islands at risk. Building physical barriers against the rising sea is technically difficult and expensive.Conserving the natural protective barriers such as coral reefs and mangroves can therefore be regarded as the most cost-effectiveoption for maintaining coastal integrity (Moberg and Roonback, 2003).7


the impacts of ICM implementation in Batangas:1. Provincial Government of Batangas, Philippines and<strong>PEMSEA</strong>. 2008. State of the coasts of Batangas Province.<strong>PEMSEA</strong>, Quezon City, Philippines. 119 p.2. <strong>PEMSEA</strong>. 2006. Securing the future through ICM: thecase of the Batangas Bay region. <strong>PEMSEA</strong> TechnicalReport No. 19, 84 p. GEF/UNDP/IMO <strong>PEMSEA</strong>, QuezonCity, Philippines.Prepared by Daisy Padayao, <strong>PEMSEA</strong>, and Loreta Sollestre,Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office(PG-ENRO) of Batangas Province, PhilippinesSources:Awitan, L. (Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Officehead). Personal communication. May 2009.Batangas ProvinceThe province lies along the southwestern edge of Luzon Island andis part of the Southern Tagalog region. Batangas is bordered by theprovinces of Cavite to the north, Laguna to the northeast and Quezonto the east. Its waters include three major bays: Batangas Bay, BalayanBay and adjacent bays, and Tayabas Bay. The Verde Island PassageMarine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor, considered as the “centerof global marine biodiversity,” separates Batangas from MindoroProvince.Key Facts about Batangas ProvinceLand area (km 2 ) 3,165.81Area covered by ICM (km 2 ) 1,663.51 (53%) (2007)Coastline length (km) 492Municipal waters (km 2 )7,000 (excluding Taal Lake)Cruzat, D. (Bantay Dagat, vice-chair for Tactical Operations). Personalcommunication. May and September 2009.Custodio, M.E. (Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office,Calatagan). Personal communication. Survey for the state of the coasts,May 2008.De Jesus, R. (Bantay Dagat Network chair). Personal communication. May2009.Gutierrez, J.S. n.d. Verde Passage marine biodiversity conservation corridorenforcement strategy. Conservation International-Philippines. QuezonCity, Philippines.IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN-WCPA). 2008. Establishingmarine protected area networks – Making it happen. Washington D.C.IUCN-WCPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration andThe Nature Conservancy. 188p.Moberg, F. and P Rönnbäck. 2003. Ecosystem services of the tropicalseascape: interactions, substitutions and restorations. Ocean andCoastal Management 46(1-2): 27-46.Provincial Government-Batangas. 2007. Socioeconomic profile of Batangas.Total number of cities/municipalities34 (including 3 cities)Provincial Government-Batangas, Philippines, and <strong>PEMSEA</strong>. 2008. State of thecoasts of Batangas Province. <strong>PEMSEA</strong>, Quezon City, Philippines. 119 p.Coastal cities/municipalitiesMajor baysMajor rivers15 (including 1 coastal city)Batangas BayBalayan Bay and Adjacent BaysTayabas Bay and Adjacent BaysCalumpang RiverPansipit RiverBenangbang RiverTotal population (2007) 2,245,869Population growth rate (%)(1995-2000)3.02Employment rate (%) (2003) 87.73Sectoral employment (% of totalemployment) (2003)Agriculture 28.71Industry 23.24Services 47.32Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office. 2009.Scaling up MPA networks: the Verde Passage experience. Datapresented during the Meeting of the MPA and Bantay Dagat Networks,May 2009. San Juan, Batangas, Philippines.Sollestre, L. (Provincial Government-Environment and Natural ResourcesOffice head of Planning Department). Personal communication. Mayand September 2009.Tongson, E. 2003. ICM as a strategy to enable MPA management: the case ofBalayan Bay. Case study presented during the Second InternationalTropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium, 24-27 March2003, Manila, Philippines.Trono, R. and Gutierrez, J. 2007. Verde Passage enforcement strategy. Paperpresented during the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Congress 2007, 20-22June 2000, Manila, Philippines. Conservation International-Philippines.Tropical Coasts. 2008. Conserving the Sulu and Sulawesi Seas. Vol. 15 No. 1(July).World Wide Fund for Nature-Philippines. 2007. Fish catch monitoring inMabini-Tingloy completed. Batayan. March-Apri.World Wide Fund for Nature-Philippines. 2007. “Marine protected areas inBatangas.” Data presented during the Joint Batangas Bay RegionEnvironmental Protection Council-Provincial Solid Waste ManagementBoard Meeting, November 2007, Batangas City, Philippines.For comments and suggestions, please contact:Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (<strong>PEMSEA</strong>)P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165 PhilippinesTel.: (+63 2) 929 2992Fax: (+63 2) 926 9721Email: info@pemsea.<strong>org</strong>www.pemsea.<strong>org</strong>8

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