Booklet 7 - Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels

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4.4. Area/velocity method............................................................................. . 1985. Comparison of the precision and accuracy of volumetric, dilution and flow metermethods ......................................................................................................... 2045.1. Precision and accuracy ............................................................................ 2045.2. Volumetric method................................................................................ . 2055.3. Dilution method.................................................................................... . 2055.4. Flow meter method................................................................................ . 206REFERENC ES ........................................................................................................... 208BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... . 213Page 6 of 223Booklet 7 - Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels
LIST OF TABLESTable 1 - Dimensions for Palmer-Bowlus Flume Chamber............................................................... . 25Table 2 - Dimensions for Parshall Flume Chamber......................................................................... . 26Table 3 - Chart for comparing the measurement capabilities of primary devices ................................... 31Table 4 - Dimensions for stilling wells .......................................................................................... 33Table 5 - Parshall flume – Standard dimensions............................................................................. . 39Table 6 - Parshall flume - Recommended minimum and maximum flows in free flow conditions............ . 41Table 7 - Parshall Flume - Discharge equations in free flow conditions.............................................. . 42Table 8 - Coefficients and exponents - Parshall flume in submerged flow conditions ............................. 52Table 9 - Palmer-Bowlus flume - Standard dimensions according to Ludwig ....................................... 58Table 10 - Palmer-Bowlus Flume - Standard dimensions according to Plasti-Fab Inc............................ . 61Table 11 - Palmer-Bowlus flume - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in free flow conditions.............................................................................................................................. 62Table 12 - Leopold-Lagco flume - Standard dimensions according to F.B. Leopold Company Inc........... . 70Table 13 - Leopold-Lagco flume - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in free flow conditions.............................................................................................................................. 72Table 14 - Cutthroat flume – Standard dimensions .......................................................................... 79Table 15 - Cutthroat flume - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates free flow conditions ....... 81Table 16 - Cutthroat flume - Values of coefficients C and K in free flow conditions .............................. 83Table 17 - Cutthroat flume - Discharge equations in free flow conditions (imperial system)................... . 84Table 18 - Cutthroat flume - Discharge equations in free flow conditions (metric system) ...................... 85Table 19 - Cutthroat flume - Values of coefficients C and K in submerged flow conditions.................... . 90Table 20 - HS flume – Standard dimensions.................................................................................. . 98Table 21 - H flume – Standard dimensions.................................................................................... . 99Table 22 - HL flume – Standard dimensions................................................................................ . 100Table 23 - H flume - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in free flow conditions ............ 101Table 24 - H flume - Coefficient and exponent values................................................................... . 103Table 25 - Weir calibration - Volumetric method - Limited dimensions............................................ . 113Table 26 - Rectangular weir without contraction - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in freeflow conditions...................................................................................................... . 117Table 27 - Rectangular weir with contractions - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in freeflow conditions...................................................................................................... . 124Table 28 - Rectangular weir with contractions - Coefficients “a”, “C” and “k” ................................... 127Table 29 - Trapezoidal weir (Cipolletti) - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in free flowconditions............................................................................................................. . 131Table 30 - Triangular weir - Recommended minimum and maximum flowrates in free flow conditions .. 136Table 31 - Triangular Weir - Value of coefficient “C 1 ”................................................................... 138Table 32 - Compound weir - Measurement capacity ......................................................................147Booklet 7 - Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels Page 7 of 223
Page 1: Centre d’expertise en analyse env
Page 5: FOREWORDThis Sampling Guide for Env
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure 1 - Wei
Page 13 and 14: 1. GENERAL1.1. Definition of flowra
Page 15 and 16: Note: If effluents have different d
Page 17 and 18: This equation shows that water dept
Page 19 and 20: Sizes vary according to the type an
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 1 - WEIR COMPONENTSFlow is d
Page 23 and 24: 1.10. Reference measurementIf a mea
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 2 - PALMER-BOWLUS - FLUME CH
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1 - DIMENSIONS FOR PALMER-BOW
Page 29 and 30: 1.12. Choosing a measurement method
Page 31 and 32: FIGURE 4 - FLUME - FLUME AND FLOW C
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 3 - CHART FOR COMPARING THE M
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 4 - DIMENSIONS FOR STILLING W
Page 37 and 38: 2. DESCRIPTION OF FLUMESThe section
Page 39 and 40: 2.1.2. Operating principleA Parshal
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 5 - PARSHALL FLUME - STANDARD
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 6 - PARSHALL FLUME - RECOMMEN
Page 45 and 46: 2.1.7. PrecisionThe margin for erro
Page 47 and 48: channel at maximum flow (H c ), bef
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 8 - PARSHALL FLUME - JUNCTIO
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 9 - PARSHALL FLUME - EFFECTS
Page 53 and 54: 2.1.12. Discharge equation in a sub
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 11 - LOSS OF HEAD - PARSHALL
Page 57 and 58: To monitor the total rise, follow t
Page 59 and 60:
A Palmer-Bowlus flume, as experimen
Page 61 and 62:
FIGURE 13 - SHAPE OF A PALMER-BOWLU
Page 63 and 64:
TABLE 10 - PALMER-BOWLUS FLUME - ST
Page 65 and 66:
Because some manufacturers do not a
Page 67 and 68:
−use of the depth/flow table2.2.1
Page 69 and 70:
For temporary systems, a simple ver
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Q is the flowrate in liters or US g
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FIGURE 15 - SHAPE OF LEOPOLD-LAGCO
Page 75 and 76:
2.3.7. Measurement capacity of a fl
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2.3.11. Installation specifications
Page 79 and 80:
2.4.2. Operating principleCutthroat
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TABLE 14 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - STANDA
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TABLE 15 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - RECOMM
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TABLE 16 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - VALUES
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 18 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - DISCHA
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Since a number of other cutthroat f
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where:Q is the flowrate in cubic me
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Example: To measure a 0.6 m 3 (21 C
Page 95 and 96:
It consists of two sections: approa
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FIGURE 18 - H FLUME - PHYSICAL CHAR
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Although this type of flume can be
Page 101 and 102:
TABLE 21 - H FLUME - STANDARD DIMEN
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TABLE 23 - H FLUME - RECOMMENDED MI
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CoefficientsandexponentsTABLE 24 -
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−erosion at the outlet of the flu
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2.5.13. Flume modificationTo obtain
Page 111 and 112:
Example:For a rectangular weir wher
Page 113 and 114:
−−−−−−−the presence o
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TABLE 25 - WEIR CALIBRATION - VOLUM
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FIGURE 20 - RECTANGULAR WEIR WITHOU
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TABLE 26 - RECTANGULAR WEIR WITHOUT
Page 121 and 122:
Inadequate approach velocityThe app
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FIGURE 21 - RECTANGULAR WEIR WITH C
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The Kindsvater-Carter equation take
Page 127 and 128:
3.3.5. PrecisionIn free flow condit
Page 129 and 130:
TABLE 28 - RECTANGULAR WEIR WITH CO
Page 131 and 132:
FIGURE 22 - TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR (CIPOL
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE 29 - TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR (CIPOLL
Page 135 and 136:
Length of contractionsIf side contr
Page 137 and 138:
In addition to the information prov
Page 139 and 140:
The discharge equation resulting fr
Page 141 and 142:
3.6. Combined weirTo obtain a preci
Page 143 and 144:
In addition to the information prov
Page 145 and 146:
3.6.5. PrecisionIn free flow condit
Page 147 and 148:
FIGURE 25 -COMPOUND WEIR - PHYSICAL
Page 149 and 150:
TABLE 32 - COMPOUND WEIR - MEASUREM
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4.1.1.2 Characteristics of tracersT
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S gis the specific weight of the tr
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4.1.2.1.4 Disadvantages of the meth
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When selecting a sampling point, it
Page 159 and 160:
4.1.2.2.8 Detection and measurement
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Dyes are well suited to flow measur
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4.1.2.3.8 Detection and measurement
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4.1.2.4.3 Preparation of radioactiv
Page 167 and 168:
4.1.2.4.9 Preliminary testsBefore c
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4.1.3.1.3 Advantages of the method
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Testing procedures are as follows:T
Page 173 and 174:
Use the following formula to determ
Page 175 and 176:
The discharge equation is therefore
Page 177 and 178:
• Choosing a tracerExamine the di
Page 179 and 180:
Sampling must be carried out during
Page 181 and 182:
−−contamination of sampling con
Page 183 and 184:
Instantaneous injections1 2 3 4 5nP
Page 185 and 186:
tracer is lost due to splashing, by
Page 187 and 188:
The concentration of tracers is usu
Page 189 and 190:
4.1.3.3.7 Causes of errorThe princi
Page 191 and 192:
4.2.4. DisadvantagesThe principal d
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−If the dimensions cannot be meas
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4.3.7. DisadvantagesFlow measuremen
Page 197 and 198:
4.3.8.2 Calculation of pumping time
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4.3.8.4 Number of testsWhen a pumpi
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−−−−−requires a number of
Page 203 and 204:
4.4.9. Flow areaMeasurement of the
Page 205 and 206:
Velocity measurements should be tak
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considering only the source of erro
Page 209 and 210:
There are also other causes of bias
Page 211 and 212:
12. GRANT, D. M., ISCO Open Channel
Page 213:
36. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANISA
Page 216 and 217:
CHANDRA, U., Aoki, P. E., Ramos e S
Page 218 and 219:
HAMMER, Mark J., Water and Waste-Wa
Page 220 and 221:
Resources Instrumentation, June 4-6
Page 222 and 223:
REPLOGLE, John A., Meyers, Lloyd E.
Page 224 and 225:
TRIESTE, Douglas J., Evaluation of
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Booklet 7 - Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels

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