2012 AGU Chapman Conference on Remote Sensing of the ...

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constellation radiometers within a unified framework, and(3) physical-based precipitation retrievals from allconstellation radiometers using a common observationconstrainedglobal hydrometeor database consistent withGPM Core sensor measurements, instead of a limited set ofmodel-generated hydrometeor database. As a science missionwith integrated applications goals, GPM will provide a keymeasurement for improving understanding of global watercycle variability and freshwater availability. GPM Coresensors will offer insights into 3-dimensional structures ofstorms, microphysical properties of precipitating particles,and latent heat associated with precipitation processes. GPMwill also provide data in near realtime for societalapplications ranging from position fixes of storm centers forcyclone track prediction, assimilation of precipitationinformation in operational weather forecasts, monitoringand predictions for floods and landslides, to management offreshwater resources. An overview of the GPM missiondesign and U.S. science activities will be presented.Ahmed, Mohamed E.Use of GRACE Data to Monitor Climate Change(El Niño / La Niña)-induced Variations in WaterAvailability Across the African ContinentAhmed, Mohamed E. 1 ; Sultan, Mohamed 1 ; Wahr, John 2 ; Yan,Eugene 3 ; Milewski, Adam 5 ; Chouinard, Kyle 4 ; Mohsen, Fadi 41. Department of Geosciences, Western MichiganUniversity, Kalamazoo, MI, USA2. Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,USA3. Environmental Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL, USA4. Computer Science, Western Michigan University,Kalamazoo, MI, USA5. Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USAThe deviation of the sea surface temperature (SST) fromthe normal in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is usuallyexpressed by the El Niño/ La Niña cycles where El Niño ischaracterized by unusually warm temperatures and La Niñaby unusually cool temperatures in the equatorial Pacific.These two cycles not only change the precipitation patternsin the equatorial Pacific area but also introduce climatechange in remote areas around the World. Becauseprecipitation anomalies could induce a signature on themass distribution on land, we explore the utility of GravityRecovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data toinvestigate the spatial and temporal distribution of the areasaffected by El Niño / La Niña cycle. During the period fromApril 2002 to November 2010 four El Niño (5/2002-3/2003,6/2004/2/2005, 8/2006/1/2007, and 6/2009-4/2010) and twoLa Niña (9/2007-5/2008, and 7/2010- 4/2011) cycles wereidentified from Oceanic Nino Index (ONI). Monthly GRACEgravity field solutions (Center of Space Research [CSR]RL04) in form of Spherical Harmonic Coefficients (SHC’s)that span the period from April 2002 through November2010 were processed (temporal mean was removed, destriped,smoothed [250 km; Gaussian], and converted to 0.5x 0.5 deg. equivalent water thicknesses). A GIS platform wasused to examine the spatial and temporal variations inGRACE monthly solutions and to compare these variationsto observations extracted from other relevant temporalremote sensing data sets (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture),and geologic (e.g., geologic maps), hydrologic data(distribution of lakes, streams, etc), and topographic data(landscape type and distribution). Preliminary findingsindicate: (1) areas impacted by the El Niño cycle are thoseshowing consistent monthly GRACE mass solution patternsthroughout each of identified four El Niño cycles and thoseaffected by the La Niña cycles show consistent patternsthroughout the two recorded La Niña cycles; and (2) climateinduced mass variations could be observed on sub-basinscales (e.g., source areas) in areas of high signal to noiseratios. Implications for using GRACE data to evaluateimpacts of climate change on water availability over largedomains are clear.Alabi, Omowumi O.Validation of TRMM Satellite Data in theFarmington/Du River Basin of LiberiaAlabi, Omowumi O. 1 ; Gar-Glahn, Eugene 21. Department of Satellite Meteorology, African RegionalCentre for Space Science & Technology Education(ARCSSTE-E), Ile Ife, Nigeria2. Division of Meteorology, Ministry of Transport,Monrovia, LiberiaThis research was focused on the Farmington/Du RiverBasin (latitude 6.4° North and longitude 10.4° West) locatedin Margibi county, one of the 15 counties in Liberia. Thestudy compared the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Satellite derived monthly precipitation(TRMM3B42V6) with rain gauge data recorded at onemeteorological station in the Farmington/Du River Basin,and the possibility of using satellite estimated rainfall tocomplement ground-measured values. The monthly rainfallcomparisons showed that the TRMM rainfall trends werevery similar to the observed data trends. The correlationbetween the monthly datasets ranged from 0.75 to 0.98. Thetwo sets of data captured the phenomenon known as the‘little dry season’, characterized by an abnormal decrease inprecipitation which occurred during the month of July atthe peak of the rainy season. Although the overall catchmentrainfall was well represented by TRMM data, it was observedthat the annual ground measured values were eitheroverestimated or underestimated. TRMM’s persistentunderestimations which occurred from 1998 to 2004 weregenerally below 18% while the overestimations which wererecurrent between 2005 and 2009 were below 9%. This studyconcluded that even though the TRMM precipitation didnot perfectly match with the rain gauge data, it can still beused to supplement ground measurements and forestimating rainfalls in un-gauged basins. This is especiallyimportant in Liberia, a country where political instabilityresulted in the extinction of almost all the fewmeteorological stations in the region.30
Alfieri, Joseph G.The Factors Influencing Seasonal Variations inEvaporative Fluxes from Spatially Distributed Agro-EcosystemsAlfieri, Joseph G. 1 ; Kustas, William P. 1 ; Gao, Feng 1 ; Prueger,John H. 2 ; Baker, John 3 ; Hatfield, Jerry 21. HRSL, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA2. NLAE, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, USA3. SWMU, USDA, ARS, St. Paul, MN, USAThe exchange of moisture between the land surface andthe atmosphere is the result of complex network ofinteracting processes, most of which are regulated, at least inpart, by spatially variable atmospheric and surfaceconditions. Because these processes are often stronglynonlinear, scaling measurements collected at one scale toanother remains a nontrivial task. Since field measurementsare commonly used to develop, calibrate, and validate bothnumerical models and remotely sensed products, errors inthe upscaling of point measurements can propagate intoand adversely impact the accuracy and utility of thesemodels and products. In an effort to identify the keyenvironmental drivers controlling the latent heat flux (E)from agro-ecosystems and their potential impacts onupscaling in-situ flux measurements, eddy covariance andmicrometeorological data collected over maize and soy atthree distinct sites located in Maryland, Iowa, andMinnesota, respectively were evaluated. The magnitudes ofthe evaporative fluxes were comparable for measurementscollected during clear-sky days with similar environmentalconditions; on average, the measurements of E agreed towithin 50 W m-2, or 10%. When considered in terms ofevaporative fraction (f e), however, there were markeddifferences among the sites. For example, while themagnitude and diurnal pattern of f efor mature maize at theMinnesota site was nearly constant (f e= 0.66) during the day,(f e) at both the Maryland and Iowa site increased steadilyduring the day from a minimum value near 0.68 at midmorningto peak value of 0.87 in the afternoon. Thesedifferences appear to be primarily linked to differences insoil moisture and vegetation density at the various sites. Theutility of remote sensing data to provide the necessaryvegetation metrics to identify the underlying cause of thedifference in f ewill also be discussed.Allen, Richard G.Conditioning of NLDAS, NARR and arid weatherstation data for estimating evapotranspirationunder well-watered conditionsAllen, Richard G. 1 ; Huntington, Justin 2 ; Irmak, Ayse 3 ;deBruin, Henk 4 ; Kjaersgaard, Jeppe 51. Civil Engineering, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID, USA2. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA3. School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska,Lincoln, NE, USA4. Retired, Wageningen University, Wageningen,Netherlands5. Biological Engineering, South Dakota State University,Brookings, SD, USAMany satellites like MODIS and Landsat have returntimes of multiple days. Therefore, calculation ofevapotranspiration (ET) over extended time periods requiresweather data in between overpasses. NLDAS and NARRgridded weather data systems are produced by the WRFmodel or similar. These gridded sets represent ‘ambient’weather and surface energy balance under rainfallconditions. The water balance is generally not informed onirrigation and associated ET so that weather data generatedby these models represent that occurring under rainfedconditions. Local dryness tends to elevate near surfacetemperature (T) measurements by as much as 5 C, andreduces vapor pressure by up to one-half, when compared tomeasurements made over an evaporating surface. When thedata are entered into standardized reference ET equationsfor estimating crop water requirements in irrigatedagriculture, the higher air temperatures and lower vaporpressures associated with the ambient conditions tend tooverestimate ET anticipated in an irrigated environment byup to 20%. A procedure is described for “conditioning”ambient weather data from ‘arid’ environments having lowvapor fluxes and high sensible heat fluxes so that datarepresent near surface air properties for the same climate,but over an evaporating, “reference” surface. Theseadjustments are necessary before applying ‘referenceevapotranspiration’ methods such as the ASCE-EWRIPenman-Monteith equation that assume equilibriumbetween the reference, evaporating surface and near surfaceair. Following conditioning, the “equilibrium reference ET”can be scaled using crop coefficients or other parameters toestimate actual ET for a variety of vegetation. Theconditioning completes the feedback processes betweensurface evaporation and near surface air properties. Theprocedure extrapolates T, vapor and wind speed profiles toand from a blended height of 50 m using ambient andreference vapor fluxes and sensible heat fluxes. T, humidity,solar radiation and wind speed are utilized and theprocedure can be applied to hourly or daily data. Theprocedure can be applied to measured weather data and togridded weather data from WRF-Noah and other landsimulation models. The approach uses standard M-Osimilarity theory. In applications in southern Idaho, theprocedure estimated a 4 C decrease in 2 m T, doubling of 2m31
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Page 9 and 10: GM-7GM-8GM-9GM-10GM-11GM-12GM-13160
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Page 29: esilience to hydrological hazards a
Page 33 and 34: Montana and Oregon. Other applicati
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Page 40 and 41: a single mission, the phrase “nea
Page 42 and 43: climate and land surface unaccounte
Page 44 and 45: esolution lidar-derived DEM was com
Page 46 and 47: further verified that even for conv
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Page 50 and 51: Courault, DominiqueAssessment of mo
Page 52 and 53: used three Landsat-5 TM images (05/
Page 55: storage change solutions in the for
Page 59 and 60: Famiglietti, James S.Getting Real A
Page 61 and 62: can be thought of as operating in t
Page 63 and 64: mission and will address the follow
Page 65 and 66: Gan, Thian Y.Soil Moisture Retrieva
Page 67 and 68: match the two sets of estimates. Th
Page 69 and 70: producing CGF snow cover products.
Page 71 and 72: performance of the AWRA-L model for
Page 73 and 74: oth local and regional hydrology. T
Page 75 and 76: Euphorbia heterandena, and Echinops
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long period time (1976-2010) was co
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has more improved resolution ( ) to
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in the flow over the floodplain ari
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fraction of the fresh water resourc
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to determine the source of the wate
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hydrologists, was initially assigne
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Sturm et al. (1995) introduced a se
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calendar day are then truncated and
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climate associated with hydrologica
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California Institute of Technology
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egion in Northern California that i
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Moller, DelwynTopographic Mapping o
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obtained from the Fifth Microwave W
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a constraint that is observed spati
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groundwater degradation, seawater i
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approach to estimate soil water con
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Norouzi, HamidrezaLand Surface Char
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Painter, Thomas H.The JPL Airborne
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Pavelsky, Tamlin M.Continuous River
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interferometric synthetic aperture
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elevant satellite missions, such as
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support decision-making related to
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oth the quantification of human wat
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parameter inversion of the time inv
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ground-based observational forcing
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Selkowitz, DavidExploring Landsat-d
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Shahroudi, NargesMicrowave Emissivi
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well as subsurface hydrological con
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Sturm, MatthewRemote Sensing and Gr
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Sutanudjaja, Edwin H.Using space-bo
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which can be monitored as an indica
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tools and methods to address one of
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Vanderjagt, Benjamin J.How sub-pixe
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Vila, Daniel A.Satellite Rainfall R
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and landuse sustainability. In this
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e very significant as seepage occur
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Wood, Eric F.Challenges in Developi
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Xie, PingpingGauge - Satellite Merg
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Yebra, MartaRemote sensing canopy c
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used. PIHM has ability to simulate
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2012 AGU Chapman Conference on Remote Sensing of the ...

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