Pathology of the Head and Neck

98 J.W. Eveson3semble simple lesions like denture-induced hyperplasiaor denture-related ulceration. The underlying bone maybe eroded or invaded in 50% of patients and regionalmetastases are seen in over half the patients at presentation.3.8.2.5 Hard PalateThis is a relatively uncommon site of involvement exceptin areas where reverse smoking is common [148].Tumours at this site can be exophytic or ulcerative, buttend to spread superficially rather than deeply.3.8.2.6 Retromolar TrigoneTumours from this site spread to the buccal mucosa laterallyand distally involve the tonsillar area. They canpenetrate into the parapharyngeal area and may showextensive spread along the lingual and inferior alveolarnerves. In addition, tumours frequently erode or invadethe adjacent mandible.3.8.3 StagingStaging of oral squamous cell carcinomas is undertakenusing the current TNM Classification [67, 167].References1. Abdollahi M, Radfar MA (2003) A review of drug-inducedoral reactions. J Contemp Dent Pract 4:10–312. Amagai M, Karpati S, Prussick R, Klaus-Kovtun V, StanleyJR (1992) Autoantibodies against the amino-terminal cadherin-likebinding domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigenare pathogenic. J Clin Investig 90:919–9263. Amerigo J, Matilla A, Gonzalez-Campora R, Galera-DavidsonH (1979) Vegetant intravascular hemangioendotheliomaof the skin. Report of 3 cases with a critical pathogeneticstudy. Dermatologica 159:476–4814. Andreasen JO (1968) Oral lichen planus. II. A histologic evaluationof 97 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 25:158–1665. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ et al. (1990) Paraneoplasticpemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous diseaseassociated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med 320:1729–17356. Assimakopoulos D, Patrikakos G, Fotika C, Elisaf M (2002)Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmaticoral lesion. Am J Med 113:751–7557. Aurelian L, Ono F, Burnett J (2003) Herpes simplex virus(HSV)-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): a viraldisease with an autoimmune component. Dermatol OnlineJ 9:18. Ayangco L, Rogers RS III (2003) Oral manifestations of erythemamultiforme. Dermatol Clin 21:195–2059. Barker BF, Carpenter WM, Daniels et al. (1997) Oral mucosalmelanomas: the WESTOP Banff workshop proceedings.Western Society of Teachers of Oral Pathology. Oral SurgOral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:672–67910. Barrett AW, Bennett JH, Speight PM (1995) A clinicopathologicaland immunohistochemical analysis of primary oralmucosal melanoma. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 31B:100–10511. Barrett AW, Porter SR, Scully C, Eveson JW, Griffiths MJ(1994) Oral melanotic macules that develop after radiationtherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 77:431–43412. Bastiaens MT, Zwan NV, Verschueren GL, Stoof TJ, NieboerC (1994) Three cases of pemphigus vegetans: induction byenalapril – association with internal malignancy. Int J Dermatol33:168–17113. Batsakis JG, El-Naggar AK, Luna MA (1996) Thyroid glandectopias. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105:996–100014. Batsakis JG, Suarez P (2000) Mucosal melanomas: a review.Adv Anat Pathol 7:167–18015. Becker BA, Gaspari AA (1993) Pemphigus vulgaris and vegetans.Dermatol Clin 11:429–45216. Benateau H, Rigau V, Comoz F, Benchemam Y, Galateau F,Compere JF (2003) Tumour of the juxtaoral organ. Int J OralMaxillofac Surg 32:101–10317. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM et al. (1988) Smokingand drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. CancerRes 48:3282–328718. Bonen DK, Cho JH (2003) The genetics of inflammatorybowel disease. Gastroenterology 124:521–53619. Bozkurt T, Langer M, Fendel K, Lux G (1992) Granulomatoustonsillitis. A rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn’sdisease. Dig Dis Sci 37:1127–113020. Bozzo L, Machado MA, de Almeida OP, Lopes MA, ColettaRD (2000) Hereditary gingival fibromatosis: report of threecases. J Clin Pediatr Dent 25:41–4621. Brooke AE, Eveson JW, Luker J, Oakhill A (1999) Oral presentationof a novel variant of herpes simplex infection in agroup of bone marrow transplant patients: a report of fivecases. Br J Dermatol 141:381–36322. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1979) Melanotic macule of the oralmucosa. A clinicopathologic study of 105 cases. Oral SurgOral Med Oral Pathol 48:244–24923. Buchner A, Hansen LS (1980) Amalgam pigmentation (amalgamtattoo) of the oral mucosa. A clinicopathologic study of268 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49:139–14724. Buchner A, Leider AS, Merrell PW, Carpenter WM (1990)Melanocytic nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologicstudy of 130 cases from northern California. J Oral PatholMed 19:197–20125. Buchner A, Lozada F, Silverman S Jr (1980) Histopathologicspectrum of oral erythema multiforme. Oral Surg Oral MedOral Pathol 49:221–22826. Budtz-Jorgensen E (1990) Histopathology, immunology, andserology of oral yeast infections. Diagnosis of oral candidosis.Acta Odontol Scand 8:37–4327. Burrows NP, Lockwood CM (1995) Antineutrophil cytoplasmicantibodies and their relevance to the dermatologist. Br JDermatol 132:173–18128. Byrne J, Blanc WA, Warburton D, Wigger J (1984) The significanceof cystic hygroma in fetuses. Hum Pathol 15:61–6729. Card T, Logan RF, Rodrigues LC, Wheeler JG (2004) Antibioticuse and the development of Crohn’s disease. Gut 53:246–25030. Cawson RA, Lehner T (1968) Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis– candidal leukoplakia. Br J Dermatol 80:9–1631. Cawson RA, Rajasingham KC (1972) Ultrastructural featuresof the invasive phase of Candida albicans. Br J Dermatol87:435–44332. Chan LS (2001) Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Clin Dermatol19:703–71133. Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ et al. (2002) The first internationalconsensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid:definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medicaltreatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol 2002138:370–37934. Chao SC, Tsai YM, Yang MH, Lee JY (2003) A novel mutationin the keratin 4 gene causing white sponge naevus. Br JDermatol 148:1125–1128