Pathology of the Head and Neck
Pathology of the Head and Neck
Pathology of the Head and Neck
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XVIIIContents8.4.2.4 Presbyacusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2608.4.2.5 Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609 Cysts <strong>and</strong> Unknown Primary<strong>and</strong> Secondary Tumours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Neck</strong>,<strong>and</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . 262M. A Luna, K. Pineda-Daboin9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649.2. Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649.2.1 Triangles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649.2.2 Lymph Node Regions<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649.3 Cysts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649.3.1 Developmental Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . 2659.3.1.1 Branchial Cleft Cysts,Sinuses <strong>and</strong> Fistulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2659.3.2 Branchiogenic Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . 2679.3.3 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst<strong>and</strong> Ectopic Thyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2689.3.4 Cervical Thymic Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . 2699.3.5 Cervical Parathyroid Cyst . . . . . . . . . 2709.3.6 Cervical Bronchogenic Cyst . . . . . . . . 2709.3.7 Dermoid Cyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2719.3.8 Unclassified Cervical Cyst . . . . . . . . . 2719.3.9 Non-Developmental Cysts . . . . . . . . . 2719.3.9.1 Ranula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2719.3.9.2 Laryngocele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2719.4 Cystic Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729.4.1 Cystic Hygroma<strong>and</strong> Lymphangioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729.4.2 Haemangioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729.4.3 Teratoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729.4.4 Cervical SalivaryGl<strong>and</strong> Cystic Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . 2739.4.5 Miscellaneous Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . 2739.5 Paraganglioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2739.6 Unknown Primary<strong>and</strong> Secondary Tumours . . . . . . . . . . 2749.6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2749.6.2 Clinical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2759.6.3 Search for <strong>the</strong> Primary Tumour . . . . . . 2759.6.4 Common Location<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Primary Tumour . . . . . . . . . . . 2769.6.5 Histologic Type <strong>of</strong> Metastases<strong>and</strong> Immunohistochemical Features . . . 2769.6.6 Differential Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769.6.7 Treatment <strong>and</strong> Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 2789.7 <strong>Neck</strong> Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2789.7.1 Classification <strong>of</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> Dissections . . . . . 2789.7.2 Gross Examination<strong>of</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> Dissection Surgical Specimens . . 2799.7.3 Histologic Evaluation<strong>of</strong> <strong>Neck</strong> Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28010 Eye <strong>and</strong> Ocular Adnexa . . . . . . . . . 282M.R. Canninga-Van Dijk10.1 Summary <strong>of</strong> Anatomy<strong>and</strong> Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.1 Conjunctiva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.2 Cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.3 Intraocular Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.4 Optic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.5 Lacrimal Gl<strong>and</strong>s<strong>and</strong> Lacrimal Passages . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.6 Eyelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.1.7 Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28510.2 Conjunctiva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28510.2.1 Developmental Anomalies . . . . . . . . . 28510.2.1.1 Dermoid, Dermolipoma<strong>and</strong> Complex Choristoma . . . . . . . . . 28510.2.2 Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28510.2.2.1 Inclusion cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28510.2.3 Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28610.2.3.1 Pinguecula <strong>and</strong> Pterygium . . . . . . . . . 28610.2.4 Inflammatory Processes . . . . . . . . . . 28610.2.4.1 Acute Conjunctivitis . . . . . . . . . . . . 28610.2.4.2 Chronic Non-GranulomatousConjunctivitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28710.2.4.3 Granulomatous Conjunctivitis . . . . . . 28710.2.4.4 Ligneous Conjunctivitis . . . . . . . . . . 28710.2.4.5 Chlamydia Trachomatis (TRIC Agent)Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28710.2.5 Dermatologic<strong>and</strong> Systemic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 28810.2.5.1 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca . . . . . . . . . 28810.2.5.2 Dermatologic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 28810.2.5.3 Metabolic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28810.2.6 Tumours<strong>and</strong> Tumour-Like Conditions . . . . . . . 28810.2.6.1 Epi<strong>the</strong>lial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28810.2.6.2 Melanocytic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29010.2.6.3 O<strong>the</strong>r Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29110.3 Cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29210.3.1 Keratitis <strong>and</strong> Corneal Ulcers . . . . . . . . 29210.3.1.1 Herpes Simplex Keratitis . . . . . . . . . . 29210.3.1.2 Corneal UlcerationDue to Systemic Disease . . . . . . . . . . 29210.3.2 Keratoconus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29210.3.3 Hereditary Corneal Dystrophies . . . . . 29310.3.3.1 Epi<strong>the</strong>lial Dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . 29310.3.3.2 Stromal Dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . 29310.3.3.3 Endo<strong>the</strong>lial Dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . 29310.3.4 Failed Previous Grafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
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