AP-2009-07 - Asia-Pacific Business and Technology Report

ASIA-PACIFICBUSINESS & TECHNOLOGYREPORTUnited We StandCELEBRATING ASEAN-KOREA PARTNERSHIP (1989-2009) - JEJU ISLANDWomen Power in IndiaDealingAsia itsFair Shareof IPAddresseswith IPV6Training Your BrainAP-2.indd 17/12/09 11:54:51 PM

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Contents July2009 / Vol. 1, No. 2 | www.biztechreport.comPublisher: Groove KoreaChief Consultant:Dr. Lakhvinder SinghIndo-Korean Business andPolicy ForumChief Policy Advisor:NK GoyalPresident CMAIwww.cmai.asiaTo contact Asia Pacific Business andTechnology Report for advertising,submissions, subscriptions orgeneral comments please email tocontact@biztechreport.comThe views and opinions expressed in the articles are thoseof the author and do not in any way reflect the editorialpolicy of Asia Pacific Business and Technology ReportIssue date: July 15, 2009asia-pacificbusiness & technologyreportPolitics6 Korea and aseanSummit on Jeju Island10 Peninsulaon the BrinkWar of words13 life of a PresidentRoh Moo-hyunBusiness15 Going GreenMajor focus for companiesiT20 dealing asia its Fairshare of iP addresseswith iPv6IP addresses in Asia24 Corporate socialResponsibilityIndian IT firms26 3 Faces ofConvergenceGreater communicationstechnologiesCulture28 Rising Power ofWomen in indiaSphere of influenceThink Tank32 asia instituteEnvironment and technologyTraining34 Train Your BrainBrian Thwaitsinterview38 india-Korea solarenergy CooperationRamchandra PodeGuest Column40 Patents in indiaProf. Rajiv KhannaTravel42 shaxi Valley, ChinaBai cultureThe last Word46 i Want My iPhoneProtectionismAP-2.indd 57/12/09 11:55:18 PM

economies, tighter links with Korea has made perfect sensefor ASEAN over the years as its economies have changedfrom the former to the latter. A big step for ASEAN and itsbusiness relationship with Northeast Asian countries camein 1999, with the ASEAN+3 (South Korea, Japan and China)meeting where the nations agreed to move toward a commonmarket. Seeing the disadvantages the economies werestarting to face from such things as the North AmericanFree Trade Agreement and the ever-expanding EuropeanUnion, ASEAN saw it as necessary to do its utmost to lessenthe disadvantage. The turn of the millennium saw the commencementof the Chiang Mai Initiative, which involvedregional currency swapping for support and aid. Trade andsecurity accords were signed with the +3 nations in 2003and work was started on a free trade area in 2005. Twoyears ago, a bilateral trade agreement on goods exportswas signed between Korea and ASEAN, and in that timetrade increased by 34 percent. The increases have madeASEAN Korea’s third-largest trading partner and it aspiresto climb ahead of the European Union for the number twoposition.The Jeju summit was started on a cultural note with theASEAN-Korea Traditional Orchestra performing for the firsttime. Musically, the orchestra is as diverse as the nations ofthe summit, including traditional instruments such as Indonesia’sbamboo “dumdum,” the Myanmar’s harp “saung”and Brunei’s “serunai,” to name just a few. Given the contrastingsounds of instruments which are rarely, if ever,heard performing in one orchestra, the orchestra seemsmuch like the rest of the summit; perhaps odd looking inthe beginning, but able to make some beautiful music ifgiven the proper direction. Orchestra co-chairman ParkBum-ho stated that the concert “is about becoming unitedthrough sound, through music.” Cultural exchanges arealso set to continue for the foreseeable future given thatan Asian Culture Complex is being constructed in Gwangjuwith the intention of supporting and facilitating culturalexchanges with ASEAN nations. The complex is scheduledto be completed by 2012. In addition to the complex, Koreais also pledging $5 million of annual funding for culturalexchanges between groups. As a bonus to the pledge, Koreais also doubling its government scholarships for studentsfrom ASEAN countries.After the cultural opening to the summit, discussionsand planning centered on the “New Asia Initiative” began.Lee Myung-bak was quoted saying, “A global crisis needscountermeasures,” and, “A joint effort between Korea andASEAN, nations full of potential, is vital.” Thai Prime MinisterAbhisit Vejjajiva added, “Regional cooperation and integrationare no longer luxuries, but are necessities.” Addthose opinions with President Lee’s former life as a hyundaiCEO where he spent years working on constructionprojects throughout Southeast Asia. (In fact, the Pattani-Narathiwat highway in Thailand was Korea’s first overseasconstruction project and was completed with his help.) Itis no wonder that both groups are so keen to forge aheadwith the previously announced plans.The plan itself involves Korea spending more moneyon aiding in the development of ASEAN members, whilealso sharing Korean know-how when it comes to constructionand development technology. The current plan hasKorea tripling its developmental assistance by 2015. Infrastructureaid will be combined with programs to battle theproblem of poverty throughout Southeast Asia and narrowthe income gap from country to country, in order to ensurethat all ASEAN members benefit from the initiative.There will also be extra donations made to the “Initiativefor ASEAN integration.”AP-2.indd 87/12/09 11:55:20 PM

ling and lee, it seemed, had come to symbolize to north Korean strategists the u.s.-led response to north Korea’s emergence as a nuclear power, recognized or not.anything so tough. No way, said Obama, could North Koreago on in “a pattern” of behaving “in a belligerent manner”and then waiting to be rewarded. “We are going to breakthat pattern,” said Obama. More menacingly, he said that“belligerent provocative behavior that threatens neighborswill be met with enforcement of the sanctions in place” – areference to the UN Security Council sanctions calling onnations to search ships and planes suspected of carrying materielfor weapons of mass destruction or the missiles fordelivering them to distant targets.Such language was a far cry from the talk that hadmarked the later years of the Bush administration, not tomention that of his Democratic predecessor, Bill Clinton.This president did not have to refer to the failed Genevaagreement of 1994, which Clinton and his top aides like tosay had headed off the danger of war. Nor did he allude tothe two agreements of 2007 that promised the North untoldbillions in return for disablement and dismantlement of everythingto do with its nuclear program.Presidents Obama and Lee did pay ritual obeisance tothe concept of the six-nation talks, hosted by China, that resultedin the 2007 agreements. With North Korea declaringit will “never” return to the six-party process, such palaverhas receded into the tortuous history of diplomacy on theKorean peninsula. Now all sides appear to be waiting for an“incident” – the actual search of a North Korean vessel, the“act of war” to which North Korea has promised to respondwith equal force. In the meantime, just hours before thesummit, North Korea played another card, that of the twowomen arrested on March 17 as they were reporting for CurrentTV, the internet cable network, along the Tumen Riverborder between North Korean and China.It did not seem coincidental that North Korea shouldhave chosen this moment to come out with an explanation,via Pyongyang’s Korean Central News Agency, of whythe women, Laura Ling and Euna Lee, were arrested. Theyhad crossed the frozen Tumen River and shot video insidea courtyard on the North Korean side, all in a campaign to“smear” North Korea, said the KCNA. Just where Ling andLee, each sentenced to 12 years in prison, fit into the big picturewas not clear. The KCNA said the reason it was reportingon what they had done was so the world would know“the American crimes were committed at a time when anunprecedented confrontational phase is building up on theKorean peninsula against the United States.”The KCNA said the producer cameraman, Mitch Koss,and a Korean-Chinese guide had escaped, but neither is talking.The incident did not appear to have come up in talksbetween Obama and Lee or parallel conversations betweentheir aides. There was, of course, no way to corroborate thatversion. No one doubted, however, the veracity of the KC-NA’s claim that “we are following with a high degree of vigilancethe attitude of the U.S., which spawned the criminalact against the DPRK” – the Democratic People’s Republicof Korea. Ling and Lee, it seemed, had come to symbolizeto North Korean strategists the U.S.-led response to NorthKorea’s emergence as a nuclear power, recognized or not.As symbols, they may be considerably more valuable than asmere pawns. Amid rhetorical flurries, they will have to waitbefore tensions ease – and it’s possible to negotiate theirrelease. In the meantime, we may only hope that the “hardlabor” to which they were sentenced turns out to be editingNorth Korean propaganda – including, perhaps, the verbalblasts against the U.S.AP-2.indd 127/12/09 11:55:27 PM

politics13The life of a PresidentBy ADAM WALShSouth Korea has the highest suiciderate of any member countryof the Organization for EconomicDevelopment and Cooperation.The rate today is even higher thanit was during the economic crashof 1997 that led to scores of financial problemsand job losses. South Korea is also a developednation with a strong democracy andis considered a big player within Asia andthe world. It is within the paradigm of thelatter that former President Roh Moo-hyunwas viewed. he was a determined, intelligentleader who fought for greater democracy forhis country and was the face of South Koreaduring his tenure. Looking at his life andaccomplishments, it was nothing less thanshocking when Roh Moo-hyun took his ownlife on May 23. his life, and perhaps evenmore so his death, has caused a divide thathas sunk deep within Korean society.Roh Moo-hyun was born in 1946 in the village of Gimhae,which is located in Korea’s Southeast. Raised in whatwould be labeled a low-income household, hisparents were hard-working peach and poultryfarmers. Roh was an apt student at school,but while in high school he also enjoyedskipping class and drinking alcohol. Inhis youth he earned, what he would laterbe well known for, a reputation for standingup to authority. One example camefrom his middle school years when Roh’sclass was told to write essays as part of anannual tribute to President Rhee Syngman.Not a fan of the assignment, Roh convincedhis whole class to hand in blank sheets ofpaper. Due to his parents’ lack of funds,Roh was only able to finish high school.Although smart enough, he did nothave the cash for a post secondaryeducation. Instead, he optedto serve his mandatory militarytime and once completed heworked making fish nets.Realizing that he was capableof so much more in life, RohMoo-hyun studied law bookson his own while working asan unskilled laborer. Achieving what would be nearly impossibletoday, Roh passed the bar exam in 1975 on his thirdattempt. After being appointed to the bench at the DaejonRegional Court, he went on to work as a tax lawyer.Becoming a lawyer without any post secondary educationwas a huge victory in Roh’s life. Another defining momentcame when a mentor of his talked him into taking arisky human rights case in 1981. Being a tax lawyer, Rohmay not have seemed like the best choice to represent thegroup of Busan students charged with violating the NationalSecurity Law. Tenacity does not, however, necessarily showitself on paper. The youths were arrested and subsequentlytortured for being in possession of banned literature underDictator Chun Do-hwan’s 5th Republic. The ordeal was laterdubbed the “Boolim Incident” and when asked to commenton it years later Roh was quoted as saying “When I saw theirhorrified eyes and their missing toenails, my comfortablelife as a lawyer came to an end.” It was after the “Boolim Incident”that Roh changed his direction and started to workas a human rights lawyer. he fought against the many injusticesduring President Chun’s reign and also for democracy.While supporting striking union workers during thisperiod, he even served three weeks in prison.Once democracy came to Korea, Roh Moo-hyun heardpolitics knocking at the door and ran for a seat in the NationalAssembly. he was elected in 1988 and served on acommittee that was tasked with investigating allegationsof corruption within the previous regime. The investigationearned Roh the title of “star lawmaker” because of the wayhe unrelentingly questioned former top government officialsand conglomerate (chaebol) heads.The path that Roh Moo-hyun chose for his public lifemay have been with others and his country in mind, buthis personal life choices were if anything antitheses ofthose good decisions. his 1994 autobiography was titled,“honey, Please help Me” and laid out his problemswith alcohol and the abuse of his wife, Kwonyang-sook, whom he married in 1973. At the timeof the book’s release, Roh had reportedly changedhis behavior and distanced himself from that partof his life. he credited reading women’s rightsliterature with aiding his shift in behavior andthinking.Roh would lose his Assembly seat in 1992and fail in a bid to become mayor of Busan. hisreturn to elected office would have to wait until1998 when he would serve as fisheries ministerunder President Kim Dae-jung. Roh would lose hisseat yet again in 2000 but would be a come-fromnowherecandidate in the 2002 presidential election.Roh won the contest against conservativeLee hoi-chang by a very narrow margin. Called“the first internet president” for the mannerwith which his campaign was able to harnesstech savvy youth and their ability to use theuntapped resources of the Internet for campaigning.A definite outsider without bigbusiness connections, Roh’s victory was aAP-2.indd 137/12/09 11:55:28 PM

Roh’s policies during his term wereunable to satisfy his critics and evenmany of his supporters. He continuedwith his predecessor’s “sunshinePolicy” of giving aid to the north regardlessof what they did; bent to u.s.pressure and sent troops to iraq; attemptedto carve a legacy for himselfby pushing for the moving of the capitalaway from seoul; and took a hard lineagainst the Japanese on many issuesthat arose between both nations.surprise to many. he was also immensely popular amongstthe “386 Generation” (those who took part in the democracyprotests of the 80s) thanks to his reputation earnedduring his time as a human rights lawyer. Also factoring inRoh’s win was his ardent anti-American stance. Stemmingfrom the deaths of two middle school girls who were accidentallykilled by a U.S. military vehicle, Roh’s spouting ofanti-American rhetoric made him even more popular. Duringhis campaign, he was asked about South Korea’s stanceif a war broke out between the United States and the North.he responded that there was a possibility that the Southwould remain neutral. Other election promises includedputting an end to bribery and other forms of governmentcorruption, while also uniting the different factions withinthe government.Roh’s tenure would prove to be anything but one thatunited those of differing opinions. In a move that was consideredby some to be petty, Roh was forced in his secondyear, to take a two-month break from his responsibilitiesas president for violating a minor election law. Thousandsof protestors would take to the streets in support of theirpresident. Once the impeachment charges reached Korea’sConstitutional Court, they were thrown out and Roh wasable to resume his presidential duties. In the ruling, it wassaid that there had been a violation of election law, but thatit was in no way grave enough to warrant removing a presidentfrom office.Roh’s policies during his term were unable to satisfyhis critics and even many of his supporters. he continuedwith his predecessor’s “Sunshine Policy” of giving aid to theNorth regardless of what they did; bent to U.S. pressure andsent troops to Iraq; attempted to carve a legacy for himselfby pushing for the moving of the capital away from Seoul;and took a hard line against the Japanese on many issuesthat arose between both nations. On his list of achievementscan be noted the leaders’ summit between himselfand his Northern counterpart Kim Jong-il in 2007, positivechanges to Korea’s elections system and a free trade agreementwith the United States. Looking back, President Rohwas criticized for his low popularity ratings towards the endof his term, yet they pale in comparison to the depths whichLee Myung-bak’s popularity fell in his first year at the helm.Dubbed a “leftist,” Roh had to battle tooth and nail againstthe country’s right-of-center media. he was also accused ofnot knowing enough about foreign policy and the economy.During his tenure, however, the KOSPI tripled, the won wasstrong and the nation was experiencing around 4 percenteconomic growth per year.Looking for a quiet retirement that would allow himtime to “watch the news again” and be a somewhat regularcitizen, Roh was unable to realize his wishes. A year afterhis retirement, Roh was summoned by prosecutors toSeoul for questioning over alleged corruption. his family,and possibly even Roh himself, was suspected of acceptingbribes totaling $6 million dollars. Roh was subjected to 10hours of questioning and reportedly went into a depressionafter the ordeal. he ate little and suffered from insomnia.In the early morning hours of May 23, Roh Moo-hyun leaptfrom a cliff near his home in the village of Bonghwa. hewas pronounced dead at Busan National University hospitalat around 9 a.m. that morning. A suicide note left on hiscomputer stated that he didn’t want anyone to be blamedfor his death. It added that “Many have suffered too muchbecause of me.”In the wake of Roh’s death, people once again took to thestreets in his name, but this time it was in order to mourn.The police presence was deemed by many to be overwhelmingand prohibitive of the citizens’ freedom of assembly. Inthe government’s eyes, the police were deployed to keep orderand civility. Makeshift alters were removed by authoritiesand as time went by there were even scuffles betweenmourners and right wing civic groups bent on seeking thecessation of public grieving. Throughout Korea’s blogospherequestions arose around unanswered questions about Roh’sdeath that have pushed his supporters further away fromtrusting the current government. Questions surrounding hisdeath include: the bodyguard’s presence or lack thereof asRoh jumped off the cliff, the subsequent suicide of the firstdoctor to examine Roh and the fact that the note on his computerwas saved after he left for his early morning hike.Regardless of political view, the death of a democraticallyelected former president should be mourned by all insteadof adding fire to divisions. Roh Moo-hyun was seen asan everyman for many Koreans. honest, hardworking, fieryand sincere are but a few traits he was reputed to have. Forall he accomplished in his life, it is unfortunate that noteven with his death was he able to realize his goal of unitinghis country. It is even more unfortunate that for all thathis name has been associated with in the past, a new linkhas been forged with a terrible statistic. Perhaps one thingthat his death will achieve is a self reflection by Koreans onwhy the suicide rate is so high and how it can be lowered.AP-2.indd 147/12/09 11:55:29 PM

hCL, being a responsible corporate citizen, is launchingthis campaign by extending its environment protection initiativesthrough ‘hCL Touch,’ to enable one and all to comeforward and dispose of their e-waste responsibly,” said JVRamamurthy, chief operating officer at hCL Infosystems.For Infosys Technologies, green means the creation ofawareness among its employees. It created an awarenesscampaign organized by the Infosys Voice of youth team andthe Infy eco-club. As part of this campaign, Infosys started‘Polythene bag-free Commitment’ across all Infosys campusesglobally. As part of this initiative, Infosys employeeswill not use polythene bags. This is aimed at reducing theconsumption of non-biodegradable plastics. NGOs like Sandhiand others were invited to set up stalls in the Bangalore,hyderabad, Mysore and Pune Infosys campuses, to introduce,build awareness and make available eco-friendlycloth bags as alternatives to polythene bags.Infosys conducted instant dipstick quizzes across campuses,with questions on Infoscions’ roles in ensuring energyefficiency and environment conservation. Movie screeningsaimed at enhancing the environmental consciousnessof employees were also organized at some campuses. Besidesthis, Infy TV, the internal television network of Infosys,aired messages from senior management and employees,sharing the need to become energy efficient and thetools to achieve this task.Abhay Gupte, CEO of Logica India, a leading IT and businessservices company, says, “Driving sustainability has alwaysbeen Logica’s priority and we have responded to thechallenges and opportunities around climate change andthe environment. With our focus on lowering carbon emissions,Logica in India has achieved a remarkable reductionof our carbon footprint by 11.3 percent over the last 18months. We have set another achievable target for the nextone year to reduce our carbon footprint across all our facilitiesby 10 percent.”Power Consumption and GreenSome of the telecom infrastructure equipment makersare also utilizing green opportunities. Alcatel-Lucentstarted its first alternative energy laboratory and pilot sitein the world. Located at its Bell Labs research site in Villarceaux,France, this station forms part of an alternativeenergy strategic program launched by Alcatel-Lucent. Theprogram is aimed at responding to the demand from wirelessoperators for energy-autonomous and green wirelessnetworking equipment. Green wireless networking equipmentcan provide advanced communications capabilitieseven in remote areas with no access to commercial powergrids.Alcatel-Lucent’s Alternative Energy program will assistoperators in extending the reach of their wireless servicesto access potential new subscribers. Currently, more thanone billion people are living in areas, which are not servedby an electrical grid. Unfortunately, these people do nothave access to phone or broadband services, vital tools foreconomic and social development.This program builds on Alcatel-Lucent’s recent innovationsto create more energy efficient wireless networks andleverage its experience, deploying more than 300 radio sitespowered by alternative energy sources. The goal is to developa mass-produced alternative energy solution capable ofbeing deployed to more than 100,000 wireless base stationsites through 2012. The Villarceaux pilot site consists of awireless base station powered by a hybrid system of solarpanels and wind turbines, but not dependent on the electricalgrid. At the same time, the laboratory section is researchingother energy sources, such as fuel cells and bio-fuels.AP-2.indd 167/12/09 11:55:31 PM

iCT industries are vital instruments in monitoring the spread of global warmingand in promoting carbon displacement technologies. Though iCTs contribute onlyan estimated 2.5 percent of total greenhouse gases, the cause of global warming,this is set to increase as iCT usage expands globally. it makes good businesssense to go green, especially during the current global energy crunch.“The site offers Alcatel-Lucent and its customers and itsindustrial, institutional and academic partners, the abilityto analyze, test and validate the solutions proposed by thedynamic, but fragmented, alternative energy sector. It isalso a center for people within the company and outside todiscuss and try out new ideas to bring the worlds of telecomand alternative energy closer together,” said Rich Garafola,director of Sustainable Power Solutions at Alcatel-Lucent.The team of scientists and researchers staffing this labalso will research technologies that will enable operatorsserving developed areas to retrofit existing base stationswith alternative energy solutions, consequently cuttingdown on their carbon emissions and helping them reducetheir network operating costs while protecting the environment.For Sony Ericsson, with their smart and green phone,Naite, its customers can stay on top of their lives and makea greener choice with quick access to the tools that helpthem manage things more smoothly along with a host ofgreen innovations.“Naite is a phone that not only helps you to organizeyour life and work, it allows consumers to make an economicalchoice with the low-power charger and reducetheir impact on the environment,” said Quentin Cordier,marketing business manager at Sony Ericsson. “Goinggreen shouldn’t mean consumers have to sacrifice featuresor style so we’ve created a phone that is packed with impressivefeatures such as high-speed 3G and Active desktopto help consumers manage their busy lives.”One of the first Greenheart pioneer phones to belaunched by Sony Ericsson, Naite includes an electronic, inphonemanual replacing the standard paper version, savingover 90 percent in paper and giving convenient access toa product support guide wherever the customer is. The e-manual reduces the impact of transporting the final productthrough more compact packaging. Made from a minimumof 50 percent recycled plastics, Naite includes a low-powercharger, one of the most energy efficient to be introducedonto the market. Due to these innovations, the overall CO2footprint of Naite is reduced by 15 percent. Naite also includesan Ecomate application to help users make greenerchoices in their everyday lives as well as a carbon footprintcalculator to show users just how much CO2 they are savingwhen they walk instead of taking the car.Moving On to GreeneryAs part of observing World Environment Day, NokiaIndia has partnered with Rotary Bangalore Midtown andAhimsa, Chennai, to plant saplings as a part of its Take-Back recycling program. Both parties will plant 10,000saplings each in Bangalore and Chennai over the next 12months. The Rotary Bangalore Midtown will plant saplingsin colleges affiliated to Bangalore University and other educationalinstitutions, while Ahimsa, Chennai will plant saplingsthere and in the villages of Kalakattur, Kooram, Maruthuvanpadiand Sankarapuram, all in the Kancheepuramdistrict of Tamil Nadu. To date, 1,000 saplings have alreadybeen planted.According to Ambrish Bakaya, director of CorporateAffairs at Nokia India, “Global warming has brought ecologicalconcerns to the forefront. As a responsible leader,we have taken a holistic approach to the environment andwork with different stakeholders to drive environmentallysustainable initiatives. We believe recycling old productsis a key part of this approach and we are fully committedto educating consumers on the need for responsible mobilephone waste management. Over the next few months,Nokia will extend the Take-Back program to other citiesacross the country and our partnership with Rotary andAhimsa will further help us in supporting this cause.”Nokia has also launched a unique SMS campaignwherein customers can get to know about the nearestNokia mobile waste collection point by simply sending anSMS with the word ‘Green’ to 55555 from their handsets.The company believes better mobile waste managementwill contribute to a greener tomorrow for people aroundthe world. According to a study by Nokia, if every Nokiauser across the world recycled just one unused phone atthe end of its life, together it would save nearly 80,000tonnes of raw materials.Retailers are yet another community that is going green.Dayalu Arasappa, head of Support & Facilities and chief securityofficer at Tesco, said, “We at Tesco have undertakenconscious initiatives to go green. Simple steps like usingsolar-water heating for our kitchens and gyms, switchingto LED lighting systems, maintaining infrastructure softwareto hibernate our desktop systems have considerablyreduced our carbon emissions. Further, as a retailer, wewill print the carbon footprint on each of our products, tohelp consumers make an informed choice when making apurchase.”Many enterprises recognize the essential role the IT andcommunications sectors must play in the global effort toaddress environmental issues such as climate change. Morecompanies in India must play an active role beyond theusual campaigns, involving their suppliers and other partnersin a socially responsible approach that respects thediverse local communities.AP-2.indd 177/12/09 11:55:32 PM

18 technologyHydrogen Fuel Cell Cars“This is our dream.”This simple remark createdexcitement among investorswhen South Korean PresidentLee Myung-bak introduced ecofriendlyhydrogen fuel cell carsto the leaders of the ASEANcountries at the ASEAN-Korea CEO summitin June.South Korea placed booths at the Intercontinental hotel,the venue for the ASEAN-Korea CEO summit, to introduceKorean green-energy products. The president told the leaders“this is our dream” while visiting a section that showcasedhydrogen fuel-cell cars.hydrogen related stocks rose that day by the allowable15 percent daily limit and kept soaring for another four consecutivedays on the hope that hydrogen energy would beused for commercial services.The tech-heavy Kosdaq-listed hS holdings, which ownsa hydrogen fuel cell developing subsidiary company, gained15 percent per day for five days in a row, rising from 700won per share to 1,500 won per share.however, patience is needed if we are to see and makethis dream come true. Korea, which imports more than95 percent of its annual energy consumption, set a goal todevelop alternative energy – one of President Lee’s greengrowth strategies.In August of last year, the Lee administration announcedits alternative energy development plan designed to generaterenewable energy.Under the plan, the government will spend a total of 111trillion won (US$87.5 billion) to increase the portionof non-fossil fuel energy sources from the current4.6 percent to 11 percent by 2030.The Ministry of Knowledge Economy unveiledthis year’s renewable energy plan budgetat 659 billion won ($535 million) and aplan creating a 100 billion won ($78 million)renewable energy fund to encourage privatecompanies to invest.Also, the government said it will allocate150 billion won ($120 million) over thenext five years to improve the fuel efficiency ofcars.The size of the hydrogen-related technologymarket is expected to reach $23 billionin the United States andEurope by the year of 2020.In this regard, the Koreangovernment’s recentmove to developalternative energyis considereda stepin the right direction, but there is still long way to go.As one of the most promising sources of alternative energy,hydrogen fuel cells have been studied and developedby global car manufacturers. Since hydrogen fuel cell vehiclesare clean, nontoxic as an energy carrier, and theironly byproducts are heat and water, which don’t harm theenvironment, most countries encourage their car makers todevelop and produce these kind of cars.With the strong support of their governments, globalautomakers have been competing for environmentallyfriendly technologies in order to swiftly move into the hydrogenfuel cell vehicle market.At the moment, most hydrogen vehicles are currentlyonly available in demonstration models or on a trial run inlimited numbers and are not yet ready for general and commercialpublic use.The leading car company in Korea, hyundai Motor Co.,established an Environmental Technology Research Centerin September 2005 and has developed hydrogen fuel cell vehicles,which are currently being tested and are expected toreach the market in 2012. hyundai Motor Co. aims to localize98 percent of hydrogen fuel cell auto parts by 2010 andproduce 1,000 cars in 2012.Also in recent news, hyundai-Kia Automotive Group announcedthat its hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles, theTucson and Mohave, completed the 2,655 km course in thehydrogen Road Tour 2009.The two hydrogen fuel cell sport utility vehicles droveat an average speed of more than 100 kilometers per hourover an average distance of 400 to 500 kilometers a day tocomplete the road trip. The company is currently testing66 hydrogen fuel cell cars in projects organized by the U.S.Department of Energy and Korea’s Ministry of KnowledgeEconomy.In April of this year, hyundai Motor Co. showcased itssecond hydrogen fuel cell bus at the Seoul Motor Show.hyundai’s first fuel cell bus was introduced in 2006at the World Cup in Germany where it served as aVIP shuttle bus around Munich. hyundai MotorCo. plans to put these second-generationhydrogen fuel cell buses into daily service incities around Korea in late 2010.Major global automobile makers suchas hyundai, Toyota and honda have announcedthat they will produce fuel cell carsbetween 2010 and 2015, estimating that fuelcell vehicles will comprise 90 percent of thecar market by 2040.however, there are still many obstaclesfor the commercialization of hydrogen fuelcell vehicles. In May 2009, the U.S. Secretaryof Energy said that hydrogenvehicles “will not bepractical over the next10 to 20 years.”Mr. Kong Jung-ho,an analyst at EugeneSecurities, said, “Thecommercial mass pro-AP-2.indd 187/12/09 11:55:37 PM

20 itdealing asia its Fair shareof iP addresses with iPv6By ZACh BARDONMany people are predictingthat the Internet willrun out of IPv4 addressessometime between nowand 2050, when the upperlimit of about 4 billionIP addresses is reached. It is difficult totell who is more accurate in their predictions,but everyone agrees that the Internetwill run out of IPv4 addresses soon. In contrast,IPv6 will provide 340 undecillion (3.4x 10^38), or 3.4 trillion trillion trillion addresses.This might be enough to give everyatomic nucleus on the Earth its own address.This is a good thing, and most important forthe Asian Internet scene, because currentlythe largest segment of the world’s population,in Asia, is only using about 1 billion, or25 percent, of the IP addresses.Features of iPv6IPv6 has auto configuration, and two methods to useit. The first will be to offer a stateful auto configuration,almost exactly like current DhCP functions. That is, whena device is connected to a network, it requests and receivesa unique IP address from a list known by the nearest router.The second is called “stateless” auto configuration, wherea device creates its own unique IP address by combiningits LAN MAC address with a prefix provided by the nearestnetwork router.IPv6 provides security encryption, authentication anddata integrity safeguards. The IPv6 authentication headerextension guarantees that the recipient receives a packetthat is truly from its source address and also provides endto-endencryption at the network layer. With IPv6, IPSecsupport is mandatory. For possible security problems, referto the “Possible Security Problems” section at the end ofthis report.There are three technologies that will increase thespeed of an IPv6 Internet. Multicasting is an integratedpart of IPv6 architecture. While Multicasting is availablein IPv4, it is an optional component and not widely used.This technology lets a device contact a group of addressesat once, instead of simply one address, allowing for fasterinformation spread from server to client when there aremultiple clients involved. A second technology used in IPv6is called Flow Labels, which identifies all of the packets ofa stream of information as being part of a stream together.This would enable intelligent routers to manage congestionbetter, routing packets in the order in which they are receiveddespite heavy traffic. The third technology would bePriority, where server machines can specify a higher priorityto some packets, such as VoIP packets, and route themfirst in the case of heavy traffic.IPv6 seems to be more important to some countries thanothers. The countries that are leading the way in adoptingIPv6 architectures are the countries that have the least IPaddresses currently available to them.In December 2004, China unveiled its first Core Routerdesign that used IPv6. It took two years of development tocomplete. It is capable of transferring 320 billion bits persecond. China has aggressively pursued IPv6 compatibilitybecause it has 80 million Internet users and only a smallnumber of IP addresses. And, of course, the number of Internetusers in China is expected to grow very fast. Currently,U.S. companies and organizations control 3 billionof the IPv4 Internet addresses, leaving only 25 percent, or1 billion for the rest of the world. Of these 1 billion, Chinacontrols approximately 28 million.The same week that China unveiled their new IPv6 router,they also announced a new IPv6 backbone connecting25 universities all across China. This backbone has beentested to a speed of 40 gigabits per second, which is the fastestdata transmission rate outside of biological processes.Japan is also fully IPv6 compatible, and has been since2005. Japan is able to give IPv6 connections to any end userin their home or office. Japan is also using IPv6 for a newearthquake early warning system. In partnership with theJapanese telecom company NTT East, the new warning systemuses multicasting in IPv6 to quickly alert all of its clientcomputers of an incoming earthquake in a fraction ofa second. Anyone can get the earthquake warning client,which causes their computer terminal to flash and emit asound in the event of an impending earthquake.The U.S. government required all federal agencies toAP-2.indd 207/12/09 11:55:43 PM

use IPv6 by June 2008. It is expected to have cost between$25 billion and $75 billion to finish the transition.however, as late as May 2005, most U.S. IT decision-makersdidn’t see any reason to switch to IPv6. Some journalistsare worried that the U.S. will lose its technology leadership,as it is already lagging behind Japan and China. Few otherlarge technology companies or Internet Service Providersseem to be interested in making the switch. The few IPv6service companies in the country report most of their businessis outside the U.S., while inside the U.S. their onlycustomers are U.S. Department of Defense contractors. Themost likely reasons are the high cost of upgrading and thelarge number of IPv4 addresses still available to U.S. companies.In Europe, most of the IT companies seem to share thesame sentiment as U.S. companies, and have been slow inimplementing IPv6 compatibility due to costs. A few ISPs inFrance and Spain are currently offering some initial commercialservices. More encouraging is the educational andresearch institutions of Europe, which were all connectedusing IPv6 by 2004. There is a tentative plan in Europe toroll out IPv6 sometime before 2010. No mention has yetbeen made on who will bear the cost.Also in Europe, BMW, Audi, Daimler, Volkswagen, Renaultand Fiat car makers are working together to developa car-based network with 802.11 wireless technology andIPv6. This network will be designed to let cars warn eachother about accidents, bad traffic, poor weather conditionsand other road problems. The network is called ContinuousCommunications Air Interface for Long and Medium Range(CALM). One drawback, however, is that it makes cars easilytraceable, allowing people the capability to find out whereyou are driving at all times.South Korea plans to fully support IPv6 technology before2011. In 2003 the country made an initial investmentof 83.6 billion won to begin planning to integrate IPv6 intothe existing networking infrastructure of South Korea.South Korea is currently participating in the experimentalmultinational IPv6 network called 6bone, with 14 differentlocations tied in for IPv6 research and development projects.In contrast, India only has two sites working with the6bone experimental network. While there are some organizationsin India who support IPv6 compatibility, India asa country has made no practical steps to use IPv6 yet. Indiamay have to work hard to catch up to the rest of Asia.new security issuesA new network architecture brings new security issues.The first security issue in IPv6 is firewall protection. Out ofAP-2.indd 217/12/09 11:55:45 PM

all the current networking companies, onlyLinksys has an IPv6-capable gateway, theirWRT54G model, and it only becomes IPv6capable with a downloadable firmware upgrade.No other current routers or firewallsfilter IPv6 information. A cheaper solutionis to use a software firewall on every singleIPv6-enabled computer. however, softwarefirewalls such as Symantec Personal Firewalland Norton Internet Security do notcurrently support IPv6, and let all IPv6packets through indiscriminately. The onlysoftware firewalls that currently filter IPv6packets are OS firewalls, such as the onesincluded in Windows XP and most Linuxdistributions.The second new security issue in IPv6is actually good news. Every single computeron the IPv6 has a global Internetaddress, which makes it much easier toidentify computers. Zombie computers infectedwith a virus that are participating ina DoS or DDoS attack can be immediatelyand precisely blocked. There is no longer aneed to block, say, the entire nation of Russiaor Brazil from your network.Viruses and worms are another securityissue, also with good news. Completemigration to IPv6 will make most networkworms and viruses completely ineffective.All IPv4-based worms would simply becomenonfunctional, as they would search for IPaddresses that would no longer exist.Privacy extensions are another securitymeasure with mixed news. Every IPv6 addresshas two parts, a 64-bit address thatis a computer’s MAC address, and a 64-bitprefix that is from a computer’s currentISP. That means that if a mobile devicesuch as a laptop were to be activated athome in Korea, they would have an address that was itsMAC+Korean ISP. Then if this mobile device was to be takento the United States and activated, it would have a new IPaddress, which would be its MAC+U.S. ISP. This means thatyour approximate location in the world could be tracked bylogging the changes in your ISP prefix section of the IP address.A privacy extension is simply a randomly generatedMAC address, which means that when you change your locationyou can change your entire address instead of justthe prefix. This means both that you can go to Starbucksand hide from the hacker who is trying to gain access toyour laptop, and that the hacker can go to Starbucks tohide from you.Another security issue that is a good thing to hearis simply the new limit of IP addresses in a subnet. Ifa hacker wants to scan the IPv6 subnet of a company tocheck for computers with open ports, he has to scan 2^64(18,446,744,073,709,551,616) different addresses. Thiswould be very difficult. however, it would be extremelyeasy for a hacker to know the IP addresses of every computeron your network if he were to gain physical access toyour network. One ping to the linklocal multicast addresswill return a ping from every computer connected to thenetwork, giving their addresses immediately. So physicalsecurity of the network becomes more important, whilevirtual security becomes easier.The final and most important security issue has to dowith IPSec. Every single IPv6 network-capable node, whetherit is a computer, PDA or phone, must support IPSec. Andthey all support it. however, if a network wants to use it,they have to set up what is called a Public Key Infrastructure.This infrastructure is similar to security certificatesthat are currently implemented in web browsers, but theyare lower in the TCP/IP stack. This means that if a networkimplements IPSec, every single node on the network needsa security certificate, and every single node on the networkneeds a list of every other trusted node’s security certificates.If your network only has five computers, this is not aproblem. If your network has 1,000 computers, with 1,000cell phones and 1,000 PDAs all linked together, managingthese security certificates can become a very difficult job.Adding one new laptop to this network means that the laptopmust download certificates for all 3,000 devices alreadyon the network, and all 3,000 devices must also downloadthe security certificate of the new laptop. Currently, softwarethat manages all of this is expensive. In order for theIPv6 Internet to work well with IPSec enabled, there mustbe an existing network of free IPSec security certificateservers similar to the existing free DNS servers to constantlymanage these certificates. however, there are not anyyet, and that is one of the major reasons for the slow adoptionof IPv6 among corporations.IPv6 is a good evolution of the Internet Protocol, withmany useful features to increase speed, increase the size ofthe Internet, and provide more security. The nations thatare first in implementing IPv6 are those industrialized nationsthat currently have the most trouble with IPv4. Thereare some costly issues involved with upgrading to IPv6, andsome good benefits. The new security issues seem to bepositive, on the whole, although IPv6 security is definitelystill in its infancy. A free centralized database of trustednetwork addresses similar to DNS servers would go a longway to speed the process of IPv6 adoption.AP-2.indd 227/12/09 11:55:48 PM

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24 itThe new emerging trendhowever, some strong trends are emerging in the IndianCSR front in the past few years. The stakeholders are becomingCSR savvy. They expect more from the corporations beyondjust their profits and now demand accountability of acompany’s social and environmental performance. Further,there is an increasing awareness amongst consumers, managementand students who now appreciate the CSR fundamentalsmore and are ready to participate. Thus, one of themotivations for some IT firms still remain as an effort tochange the stakeholders’ perceptions on the organizationswithout changing their actual economic performance.Quite a few IT firms undertake health service initiativessuch as building hospitals, treating cancer patients, blooddonation camps and food programs (such as midday mealsfor school children or providing food for people affected byflood, famine, earthquakes and other natural disasters) andeven green technology movements.The geographical and climatic changes are also emerganew dimension in Corporate socialResponsibility for indian iT FirmsBy ARPAN BANERJEEThe basic philosophy that thecorporate world follows is thatevery company, like every individual,has a duty to society. Justas individuals harm the environment,so does every companyin its own way. Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) thus focuses on reducingthe negative effects to eradicatethe harmful effects caused by afirm’s processes and product-usageand takes steps towards increasingits positive contributions. Positivecontributions can be brought about bytaking proactive steps by using its resources,core competence, people andfunds for the benefit of society and theenvironment.Society has its share of multiple issues and problems.And as much as we look to good Samaritans in the governmentand NGOs to resolve them, the magnitude of the issuesis such that it needs much greater participation. Thisparticipation must come from individuals and a body ofindividuals. The think tanks of corporations bring togetherthe individuals and its resource pool within a strategicboundary, to create a holistic approach and plan to counterthe problems. Corporations are important stakeholders ofsociety, with the strengths of capable people, technology,access to funds and the reach to find meaningful solutionsto the problems facing India today.early days of CsR in iT industryNotwithstanding its contributions to the GDP growth ofthe country and the employment opportunities it has created,the IT industry is also obliged to meet its responsibilitiestowards curbing some of the social problems prevalentin India.CSR is not a new phrase for Indian IT firms. Many IT firmshave already incorporated corporate social responsibilityconcepts in their core values. however, it also appears thatthere is no real consensus about what it really means. Accordingto a survey conducted by Nasscom a few years backon IT firms’ understanding of corporate social responsibilityand its importance to their firms, the key barriers to CSRused to be a lack of knowledge of the concept, insufficientresources and lack of commitment. Moreover, though manyinternational standards were available to support, measureand assist companies implementing CSR, most of the Indianfirms did not follow those guidelines in the past.CSR, until early this decade, was basically understoodin terms of philanthropy or charity. Welfare programs orinitiatives were introduced not as a responsibility but as aform of charity that was supposed to indicate the virtues ofa company. Many industrial groups like the Tatas or Birlashad set up charitable trusts that provided financial grantsfor various worthy causes. But due to the fundamental basebeing just charity, this model had its share of problemswhen applied by a lot of other firms:Commitment was lacking and often the activitieswere just one-off cases or periodic financialgrants rather than sustained effortstowards a problem’s resolution.Community participation was lacking inmanaging such programs due to lack of ownershipand strong involvement of employees.Corporate involvement was lacking andled to low levels of accountability and transparencyat the implementation level.Many companies made token gestures towardsCSR in ways such as donations to charitable trustsor NGOs and sponsorship of events, without takingany ownership and accountability. Most companiesbelieved that charity and philanthropy equals CSR,while very few companies used their core competenceto benefit the community.Some companies even used CSR as a marketing tool tofurther spread the word about their businesses. Very fewcompanies actually communicated openly about their CSRpolicies, damage caused by their processes and products,the steps they had taken to minimize the damages and upliftthe society and how much they were spending on CSRactivities (which remained a small fraction of their regularcorporate spending).AP-2.indd 247/12/09 11:55:50 PM

ing as mainstream issues, with natural disasters such asthe 2004 tsunami, hurricane Katrina, Aila and others receivinggreater attention and participation in terms of reliefefforts. Quite a number of firms engage in communitydevelopment to meet such natural disaster situations witha planned approach. Such engagements are initiated moreoften by employee groups rather than upper management.The firms contribute to community development programsby topping up the monetary contribution made by its employeestowards community development programs. A focuson global energy issues has also intensified as crude oilprices topped $135 per barrel last year, driving consumerawareness to conservation efforts, alternative fuel developmentand green technology investment.Today, the corporate world has just started seeing theopportunity to help solve the problems CSR addresses. It isrelatively easy to claim good intentions, but it is much morechallenging to deliver on them. The trick is to measure theimpact. A number of national and international organizationspromote CSR reporting guidelines and actively monitorcorporate performance. Today, we see these as the norm andthere is a willingness to adhere to such guidance by the corporations.The emerging trend is a move towards clear andcomprehensive public disclosure of CSR data with an emphasison measurable performance versus marketing spin.The Global Reporting Initiative is one such example.The initiative’s vision is to have reporting on economic,environmental and social performance by all organizationsas routine and comparable as financial reporting. Officialshave developed a sustainability reporting framework, ofwhich the sustainability reporting guidelines are the basisfor organizations to use for disclosure about sustainabilityperformance. These guidelines also provide stakeholderswith a universally applicable, comparable framework inwhich to understand the disclosed information.There are other important factors providing the foundationfor the business’s financial success or failure as well.These other areas are: learning and growth, internal businessprocess and customer satisfaction. Each perspectivecan include metrics that effectively measure CSR initiativesand help the organization realize benefits. Given these dependencies,there is a strong indication that CSR is movingfrom a tangential public-relations-driven initiative to abusiness imperative. Companies with strong corporate socialvalues have embraced this transparency by publishingannual reports addressing these metrics.CsR of tomorrow in the indian iT spaceWith the shifting of the CSR paradigm to a stakeholdercentricapproach, practices at the ground level have alsoundergone a radical transformation. In every aspect of CSRmeasures we are seeing corporations innovating to increaseefficiency, effectiveness and accountability. The focus is ondeveloping initiatives that are people-centric with activecommunity participation at all levels. Further, the corporationsthemselves are moving away from the charitable initiativeslike giving financial grants or sponsorships to providingproducts and services in a manner that would makea real difference in the target communities.Let’s have a quick look at some examples of Indian ITcorporations’ CSR activities.*TCS has always recognized the responsibility corporationsshould have towards the wider communities in whichthey operate. TCS’ community initiatives have been in areasaddressing environmental and civic problems: Settingup and maintaining infrastructure for urban beautification,pollution reduction, healthcare, waste management in theoffice environment, tree plantation and water treatment.Wipro Cares is an initiative by the Wiproites, their familymembers and friends to contribute in the areas of education,community and social development. Wipro Carescontributes through a two-pronged strategy: Providing rehabilitationto survivors of natural calamities and enhancingthe learning abilities of children from the underprivilegedsectors of society.The Infosys Foundation has worked to support the underprivilegedin society and enrich their lives. Promoted byInfosys Technologies Limited, the Foundation began its workin Karnataka, India, gradually extending its activities to thestates of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissaand Punjab. It has successfully implemented projects in fourkey focus areas of healthcare, social rehabilitation and ruralupliftment, learning and education, and arts and culture.I-flex Solutions has special programs for disaster relief;a disabled children’s program (where they sponsor disabledchildren to compete in the International Special Olympics);and the Association with Freedom Trust pool, Chennai, toprovide support in the form of coaching, kits, and other assistanceto underprivileged children. I-flex Solutions is alsodeveloping a comprehensive Decision Support System (DSS)at its own expense, to help the Education Department inKarnataka monitor the quality of elementary education inschools across the state.The changing face of CSR in SME IT firms is also visiblein baby steps that are taken in the direction of involvingthe employees to the cause. For example, InnomindsSoftware of hyderabad has devised special programs for athree-way CSR drive: Natural disaster relief support, GreenEnvironment promotions and uplifting of small scale industriesin the State of Andhra Pradesh. The innovationInnominds brought in is the way of attracting employeesthrough its in-house club “Impressions,” which along withthe hR team creates an environment to generate employeeparticipation in a sustained basis throughout the year forthe CSR initiatives. Finally, it’s the hands-on involvementof the employees and the backing of the management thatmakes the programs successful rather than simply fundingcharity programs.It ushers in a new era of CSR in the Indian IT space, aswe see the introduction of a host of innovative programsand schemes in areas like education, healthcare, rural development,environmental protection, protection of artisticand cultural heritage and disaster management. These programsare customized to meet the specific needs of targetgroups. Corporations devote not only financial resources,but expertise, manpower, products and services for the successfulimplementation of these schemes. As a part of theIndian IT community, we seem to be finally catching upwith the fundamental definition of CSR.* Source www.karmayog.orgAP-2.indd 257/12/09 11:55:51 PM

26 itThe 3 Faces of ConvergenceBy ZACh BARDONConvergence is hitting theIT industry, there’s no doubtabout that. More accurately,it should be said that convergenceis involving the ITindustry in its process. Thewhole idea of convergence is that industrieswhich used to be separate are becomingcompetitors, as the differences betweentheir respective fields fade with the adventof greater communications technologies likethe Internet.There are three major players in the convergence of ITwith other industries. These are content producers, broadcastersand Internet service providers (ISPs). These threesectors are both trying to jealously guard their traditionalmoney-making roles in the global economy while attemptingto sneak into the roles of the others. Broadcasters arebecoming ISPs, ISPs are creating content, and content producersare broadcasting. Each one has a different reasonto do what they do, and each has a different perspective.Unfortunately, if any of their individual perspectives winout, the consumer loses. The only way for the consumer towin is for traditional business roles to lose.In order to understand the situation, it is important toexamine each industry’s perspective in order to know whythey are acting in such a way. First, we can examine thecontent producers, and find out why they are still jealouslyguarding their products. Then, we can take a look at broadcastersand find out why they are trying to maintain theirtraditional distribution channels. And finally, we can lookat ISPs and find out why they are trying to take over theother business models.Content producersContent producers seem to be in the most difficult position.These are companies such as movie and music studiosrepresented respectively by the Motion Picture Associationof America (MPAA) and the Recording Industry Associationof America (RIAA). Because of the high demand for theirgoods and the exclusive contracts they have obtained overthe years, they have created a multi-billion dollar industryin selling their products for extremely low prices to a worldwideaudience. The cost in creating these products, however,is extremely large. Movies routinely cost over US$100million to make, and a single music album can cost from$100,000 to $1 million to produce as well. This involves anextremely large commitment for the respective industriesto a new work. however, when stores sell an album it is invariably$15, and when theaters sell movie tickets the costis between $6 and $10 per person. The disparity betweenthe investment by the companies and the investment bythe consumers has created a culture of unequal valuation.Movie producers consider movies to be somewhat on parwith constructing a skyscraper, while consumers considermovies to be the price of a good meal, with dessert.This valuation disparity didn’t used to be a problem,because the content producers had all the distributionchannels locked down. There was almost no way that a consumercould get a copy of the content without paying forit. however, the Internet has become a distribution channelover which content providers have no control. A distributed,non-centralized network of peers is extremely difficultto control indeed, and the content has escaped fromits traditional channels and is now running wild on the decentralizednetwork we call the Internet. Content providerssee their cash cow getting away, outside of the fences theyhave set up for it, and want to catch it again. They want tocontrol the Internet and are therefore trying to figure outways to become a part of the Internet and offer Internetservices like an ISP in order to control this new distributionchannel.BroadcastersFor a long time broadcasters had a pretty sweet gig too.They got paid at least once, sometimes twice, for doingtheir job. First, they got paid by advertisers who wantedto reach their vast and captive audiences, and if they wereespecially good they got paid by those audiences as well forthe privilege of watching what the broadcasters gave them.They just had to provide a totally secure and reliable chan-specialized news services has been one content area in which broadcasters have excelledAP-2.indd 267/12/09 11:55:53 PM

these little things have changed the face of the world around us in only ten short yearsnel for content providers and they were golden. Movie theaters,television channels, video stores – they all did well.however, the rise of the Internet hit broadcasters twice.First, they got hit once in the advertising business – as theInternet’s ability to track and determine the effectiveness ofeach and every ad revealed the shocking truth that advertisingis surprisingly ineffective. Banner ads on the Internet,while they can be displayed millions of times per month,only attract the attention of 1 percent or 2 percent of viewers.This was a big shock to many advertisers, who stoppedspending millions of dollars on online and offline advertisingalike.Broadcasters also got hit in the monopoly department– the Internet has become a distribution channel whichthey are not a part of. Broadcasters have been slow to realizethis, but some of them have begun experimentingwith distributing content in multiple formats. At the KoreaCommunications Conference for instance, Carlson Chu ofPCCW in hong Kong spoke about his company’s experimentswith content distribution. he announced that twoweeks ago his company launched a handheld TV devicethat could receive 170 TV channels, and they were expectingit to be a great success. This is a step somewhat in theright direction, however the Internet has gotten people tostop wanting to have channels at all. A net-savvy personcan find and download their favorite TV shows and watchthem whenever they like – it is even a popular pastimefor some consumers to save up a number of episodes of aTV show they like and to sit down and watch them all atonce in a marathon session. These consumers who used towatch tightly controlled and regulated channel televisionnow want to watch what they like, at their choice of time,and in a quantity of their desire.So broadcasters have also seen their customers slippingaway. In order to appeal to them again, they have been tryingto create content of their own – getting in on the contentproducers’ game. They poll their customers and begin toprovide specialized content to them based on unique niches.high-quality live news has been one niche that broadcasterscan fill, providing something that no one else can. Also,subtitled and/or dubbed content that appeals to specificlanguage audiences has been a success story for broadcastersas well. They realize that in order to succeed, they mustalso become content producers to appeal to their customerbase.Broadcasters have also been trying to get into the ISPbusiness, most importantly because they have content distributionnetworks already set up. This has been best illustratedwith the advent of cable Internet. Cable TV providershave large, extensive high-bandwidth networks already setup, and in order to exploit these to appeal to their customersthe most, they have been using them to provide Internetconnections. Also, some broadcasters have become mobilephone operators in order to offer their services to people onthe move.internet service ProvidersISPs did not have any sort of business model before theInternet – instead they simply are the Internet. Their businessstrategy is the one most in alignment with Internet usersof today – they want their customers to have the mostcontent available to them in the easiest manner possible,because the more content someone can access from the Internet,the more customers will be interested in it. It is inan ISP’s best interests to have complete movies and albumsavailable for download, because more people will want tosign up for their service. Also, most ISPs offer tiered levels ofspeeds, so users who are interested in higher speeds to getmore content end up paying more money to the ISP.But a good ISP knows that simply providing a connectionis not good enough. Everybody in the industry does that. AnISP needs an edge in order to compete, which means it is interestedin either providing unique content to its users – actinglike a content provider – or providing high-quality contentfor its users – acting like a broadcaster. Smart ISPs havetried to start doing both, and have broken into the businessof broadcasting and content. Because the ISP also offers freeaccess, theoretically, to the content of other broadcastersand content providers, this has some content providers andbroadcasters a little miffed.How to WinIf content providers had their way, a consumer wouldpay each time they saw or heard something. They wouldpay a higher fee for each different media format they sawor heard the content on, and they would like it. If broadcastershad their way, they would charge a small fee andplay quite a few advertisements for exclusive access to highqualitycontent doled out in tiny increments at momentsof their own choosing. If ISPs had their way, all contentwould be freely available on its network and its users wouldshare everything. however, each of these scenarios is a lossfor the consumer. The first is too expensive, the second istoo restrictive, and the third means that the only contentavailable would be guys recording themselves wiping out ontheir skateboards on youTube. In order for the consumer towin, there has to be some sort of compromise. There has tobe some sort of true, innovative convergence. hopefully wewill see that happen in the next five years.AP-2.indd 277/12/09 11:55:56 PM

28 cultureThe Rising Powerof Women in indiaBy NADEEM AKhTARCan you guess what the mostpositive aspect of India todaymight be? The answer is a wordcalled hOPE. hope for a bettertomorrow, hope for success,hope for greater possibilitiesand hope for a country that is indiscriminatingof cast, creed and gender. In the dark agesas well as the stone ages, physical might waswhat dominated existence, wherein it wasacceptable to place women in a lower position.yet with the passage of time, might wasgradually replaced with intellect, art, scienceand inventions, culture, and so on. With thisevolutionary progression has come the inevitablechange in the status of women in essentiallyevery sphere of influence. The followingessay has been written in tribute to sixprominent female icons, in support of furtheracceptance of the intrinsic and fundamentalmight of women in all domains.Pratibha devi singh PatilAs the first femaleconstitutional head of ademocratic nation, this esteemedleader was responsiblefor aptly redefiningthe title of ‘First Man’ to‘First Woman.’ The post ofpresident of a titular signatoryhad a lot of sheen to itback during the tenure of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the father ofIndia’s nuclear energy program, but over time the positionhad gradually become tarnished. however, I am confidentto the extent of being boisterous that it will now regain itswell-deserved dignity and rightful say under Mrs. PratibhaDevi Singh Patil. Mrs. Patil is a veteran in the field of socialcauses and polity. She represented the Edlabad constituencyin Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, as a member of the MaharashtraLegislative Assembly (1962-1985), and was deputychairwoman of the Rajya Sabha (1986-1988), a Member ofParliament from Amravati in the Lok Sabha (1991-1996),and the first female and 24th overall Governor of Rajasthan(2004-2007). She married the educator Devisingh RamsinghShekhawat on July 7, 1965, had a son and daughter, and togetherwith her husband, she set up an educational institute,Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, which now runs achain of schools and colleges in Jalgaon and Mumbai. Shehas also set up the Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostelsfor working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune, aswell as an engineering college in Jalgaon. She founded andwas the chairwoman of a cooperative sugar factory knownas Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana, and a cooperativebank named after herself as the Pratibha Mahila SahakariBank. She was also involved in setting up an industrialtraining school for the visually challenged in Jalgaon, andthe running of a school for poor children of Vimukta Jatisand nomadic tribes.Pratibha Patil began her political career in 1962 at theage of just 27. She became a deputy minister for educationafter re-election in 1967 in the Vasantrao Naik ministry. Inher next terms (1972-78), she acted as full cabinet ministerfor the state. She handled the portfolios of tourism, socialwelfare and housing for successive congress governmentsunder several chief ministers. She was continually re-electedto the assembly, either from the Jalgaon or the nearby Edlabadconstituencies, until 1985, when she was elected to theRajya Sabha as a Congress candidate. It is noteworthy thatshe has never lost an election that she has contested.Few people know that Mrs. Pratibha also managed IndiraGandhi’s kitchen when Sanjay Gandhi died. She protested thearrest of Indira Gandhi in December 1977 and subsequentlyspent 10 days in prison. In November 2004, eight years aftershe had completed her term in the 10th Lok Sabha, PratibhaPatil was recalled from political hibernation to become thefirst woman Governor of Rajasthan. She was only the secondpolitician from Maharashtra to hold this post, the first beingVasantdada Patil. With Pratibha Patil as Governor, Rajasthanthen had women in three significant positions of powerin the state, including Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje andAssembly Speaker Sumitra Singh. UPA Chairwoman SoniaGandhi described her nomination as an “historic occasion”in India’s 60th year of independence. She had faced BhaironSingh Shekhawat, an NDA-supported candidate, in a straightcontest, and visited state capitals to garner support and finallywon by over 300,000 votes. This also resulted in thepotential that she would become the first female Presidentof India.sonia GandhiThe personality we areabout to discuss is quitein contrast to Mrs. PratibhaPatil. Referred to indiscussion as ‘The Madam’(a term used both affectionatelyand derisively),Gandhi has roots in polityby virtue of her marriageinto the first family of Indianpolitics. Born as SoniaMaino in Ovassanjo (a modestItalian village), she laterAP-2.indd 287/12/09 11:55:59 PM

married Rajiv Gandhi and was then content to live a lifeaway from political and public glare. But destiny weaved amuch different plot by first getting Rajiv Gandhi into publicoffice following the death of Indira Gandhi. With her husband’sdeath, the neglected and sorry state of affairs of theIndian National Congress was something she could not ignore.Rather than waiting for a political miracle to happen,she took the onus upon herself and thrust herself with anacumen and might which could be paralleled by notably fewpersons. The result of the tussle amongst the phraseology of‘India Shining’ and ‘Aam Aadmi’ (Ordinary man) is knownto one and all. She displayed acute diplomacy, farsightedvision, mature decision making, fearless leadership and totop it all off, she showed the nation firsthand what sacrificemeans when she rejected the offer of becoming the PrimeMinister, whereby her detractors were then found stayingaway from TV ‘bites and quips.’On May 28, 2005 Sonia Gandhi was elected as Presidentof the Indian National Congress by overwhelming supportacross the country from all states. In a short span since, shehas plunged into active politics before the February midtermLok Sabha elections. Since Rajiv’s death, Sonia had leda nearly reclusive life for six years, save for her appearancesat a few official functions. In fact, the top job of the Congressorganization was offered to her on a platter immediatelyafter the death of her husband on May 21, 1991. Thegrieving and reluctant widow declined the offer, however.Sonia, whose Italian origin gave her opponents ‘propagandagrist,’ became a full-fledged Indian citizen in 1984 followingthe death of Indira Gandhi. Sonia never let herself succumbto the sometimes-intense propaganda of the opposition.Choosing instead to fight bravely with the situation, shemanaged to come up with a roadmap for the success of herparty. Nowadays, Sonia is not only in the thick of politics,but her children, Rahul and Priyanka, are both dedicatedworkers of the Congress party.A question arises of why Sonia has become so popularin such a short span of time. The answer can be found inthe way by which she launched a nationwide campaign inthe 2004 general elections, crisscrossing the country on the‘Ordinary Man’ slogan, which stood in contrast to the ‘IndiaShining’ slogan of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance(NDA). She countered the BJP by asking, “Who is IndiaShining for?” her policy was to stick with the questions of acommon man that made her popular in each and every partof the world’s largest democracy. her refusal of the primeminister’s post after the successful drive in 2004 gave heran angel-like personality in the eyes of many of her countrymen.Through taking charge of the PM’s post instead, shethen recommended noted economist Dr. Manmohan Singhfor the Prime Minister’s post, whose innocent behavior andsober personality went on to win the hearts of more than abillion citizens.Meira Kumarhere we take a look atthe life of yet another inspiringlady, Meira Kumar,the newly elected speaker.The daughter of formerDeputy Prime Minister JagjeevanRam and a lawyerby training, she has beenelected to Parliament fivetimes and has also served as social justice minister. She gaveup her job as a career diplomat to enter politics. As speaker,Kumar presides over India’s powerful lower house of Parliament,or Lok Sabha. One can aptly say that this move wasindicative of a greater national acceptance of women’s leadership.With an endearing smile on her face Meira alwaysportrays an air of calm. She has served as an IFS to manycountries as representative of India. India’s Parliamentelected her as its first-ever female speaker after the formationof the 15th Lok Sabha. her appointment is also importantbecause she belongs to India’s lowest caste.At 64, Meira Kumar was elected unopposed and immediatelyassumed her post, replacing Somnath Chaterjee.Lawmakers thumped their desks in cheering Kumar as shewas congratulated by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singhand L.K. Advani, the leader of the opposition. Meira Kumarhas long been actively participating in various movementspertaining to social reforms, human rights and democracy.During the last century’s worst drought in 1967, acting asthe chairperson of the National Drought Committee of thecongress party, she launched a ‘Family Adoption Scheme,’under which affluent families adopted those draught-affectedfamilies. Meira Kumar is very much committed to humanrights and the abolition of India’s caste system, and towardsthis she has visited many places where atrocities were committedagainst lower castes and targeted tribes during thelast 20 years. She has not only staged and led demonstrations,but she has also filed a number of public interestlitigation cases in the Supreme Court to ensure justice forthose who cannot defend themselves.Kumari MayawatiLike Meira, Kumara Mayawatiis a female politician oflower caste origin who hasbeen chosen by the Indianmasses to a high-ranking position,namely as chief ministerof UP, India’s most populousstate. Mayawati has been theChief Minister during threeother short tenures, but her party holds the absolute majorityin the state at this time. She is the highest income-taxpayer amongst all politicians in India, paying Rs. 26 crorefor the year 2007-08. From her beginnings as a teacher toher ascension to politician, Mayawati always proved herselfas a sentinel of the Dalits (a lower caste). In 1977, KanshiRam became very influential in her life, resulting in herjoining his core team when he founded the BSP in 1984. Shehas struggled throughout her life towards making a placefor herself in Indian politics. In 2001, Kanshi Ram namedher as his successor, after her electoral experience and considerablegroundwork over the previous 10 years.Mayawati first won in the Lok Sabha elections in 1989from Bijnor. In 1995, while a member of the Rajya Sabha,she became a Chief Minister in a short-lived coalition government,and validated her position by winning from twoconstituencies in 1996. She was again Chief Minister for ashort period in 1997, and then for a somewhat longer termin coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party from 2002 to2003. In her tenures as Chief Minister, Mayawati had a numberof monuments erected to honor Buddhist and Dalitheroes such as Bhimrao Ambedkar, Chhatrapati ShahujiMaharaj, Gautama Buddha and others. Through her tirelesscampaign efforts, Mayawati managed to attract supportfrom Brahmins, Thakurs, Muslims and OBCs, resulting inthe first election of a Dalit party, partly because it (the BSP)had offered seats to people from these communities andpartly because of her invincible social engineering formula.her work had led to a full majority for her party, the firstsuch majority since 1991.sheila dixitThere is one more political name whose discussion isimportant in order to know the larger picture of effectivefemale leadership of India. She is Delhi’s Chief ministerSheila Dixit. Born on March 31, 1938, she has held this po-AP-2.indd 297/12/09 11:56:02 PM

sition since 1998, as amember of the IndianNational Congress. Dr.Dixit was sworn in asthe Chief Minister for athird consecutive termof the Government ofthe state of Delhi inJanuary 2009 after pullingoff a surprise victoryin November 2008.She is only the secondfemale Chief Minister of Delhi in history. During the periodbetween 1984 and 1989, she represented the Kannauj ParliamentaryConstituency of Uttar Pradesh. As a Member ofParliament, she served on the Estimates Committee of theLok Sabha. Dr. Dixit also chaired the Implementation Committeefor Commemoration of Forty years of India’s Independenceand Jawaharlal Nehru’s centenary. She representedIndia at the United Nations Commission on the Status ofWomen for five years (1984-1989). As President of the DelhiPradesh Congress Committee, she led her party to victoryin the Assembly elections in 1998. She had also served as aUnion Minister from 1986-1989, first as the Minister of Statefor Parliamentary Affairs and later as a Minister of State inthe Prime Minister’s Office. In 2008, she was short-listed forthe World Mayor award. As Chief Minister of Delhi, Dixitwas awarded the Best Chief Minister of India by the JournalistAssociation of India. her political career hasn’t been allroses, as she has received an equal amount of thorns alongthe way. Along with her 82 colleagues, she was jailed in August1990 for 23 days by the state government when she leda movement against the atrocities being committed againstwomen.indra Krishnamurthy nooyiFrom the political arena,we now conclude withfemale leaders from twodifferent fields; first fromthe business sector, thenconcluding with a sportspersonality. PepsiCo, theworld’s fourth-largest foodand beverage company’s CEO is none other than an Indianwoman named Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi. Born on October28, 1955 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Nooyi was namedthe successor to Steven Reinemund as chief executive officerof the company. She was effectively appointed as CEO by PepsiCo’sboard of directors on October 1, 2006. Nooyi ranks asthe world’s third Most Powerful Women, according to a pollof Forbes magazine conducted in 2008. In 2006 and 2007,Nooyi was named the Most Powerful Business Woman in theworld by Fortune magazine. In 2008, Nooyi was named oneof America’s Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report.After graduating from IIM-C in 1976, she worked in CottonFields. She was admitted to the yale School of Managementin 1978 for her master’s degree. Following her graduationin 1980, Nooyi started at The Boston Consulting Group(BCG), from which she moved on to strategy positions atMotorola and ABB. At present, Nooyi is also a fellow at theho Corporation and serves on the board of several organizations,including Motorola, the Federal Reserve Bank ofNew york, the International Rescue Committee, EisenhowerFellowships and the Lincoln Center for the PerformingArts. Among her friends are former Secretary of State henryKissinger, who describes her as a “wild New york yankeesfan.” In 2007, she was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Governmentof India. In 2008, she was elected to the fellowshipof the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She joinedPepsiCo in 1994, and was named president and CFO in 2001.On August 14, 2006, she took over as CEO, only the fifth inPepsiCo’s 42-year history.Indra Nooyi had recommended the spinning off of TacoBell, KFC and Pizza hut, arguing PepsiCo couldn’t bringenough value to the fast food industry. Nooyi also took thelead in the acquisition of Tropicana in 1998, and the mergerwith Quaker Oats Co. Business officials rave at her abilityto drive deep and hard while maintaining a sense of fun.According to some prestigious business reports, since shestarted as CFO in 2001, the company’s annual revenues haverisen 72 percent, while net profit more than doubled to $5.6billion in 2006. Nooyi has also played a vital role in startingTricon, which is currently known as yum! Brands Inc. InMarch 2008, Nooyi was elected Chairman of the U.S.-IndiaBusiness Council (USIBC), a non-profit business advocacy organizationrepresenting nearly 300 of the largest U.S. companiesdoing business in India and two dozen of India’s globalcompanies investing in America. Nooyi leads the USIBC’sBoard of Directors, an assembly of 25 senior executives representinga cross-section of American industry.sania MirzaLast but not least,there is one more pearlin India’s pocket. She isIndian tennis star SaniaMirza. Born on Nov.15, 1986, Mirza is thehighest-ranked femaletennis player ever fromIndia, with a careerhighranking of 27thin singles and 18th indoubles. She holds thedistinction of being thefirst Indian woman tobe seeded in a Grand Slam tennis tournament. Earlier in2005, she had become the first Indian woman to reach thefourth round of a Grand Slam tournament at the U.S. Open.She started her professional tennis career in 2003, and in2004 she was awarded the Arjuna award by the Indian government.Mirza was born to Imran Mirza, a sports journalist,and her mother Nasima in Mumbai. She was brought up inhyderabad in a devout Muslim family. In April 2003, Mirzamade her debut in the India Fed Cup team, winning all threesingles matches. Mirza won the 2003 Wimbledon ChampionshipsGirls Doubles title, teaming up with Alisa Kleybanovaof Russia. In winning the Mixed Doubles event with MaheshBhupathi at the 2009 Australian Open, she became the firstIndian woman to win any grand slam event. In 2006, Mirzawas awarded a Padma Shri, India’s fourth highest civilianhonor for her contribution to tennis.These six examples of stupendous achievement by Indianwomen provide an inspiring reference to a wider, nationalfemale collective, and hence it has been decided upon by‘people who matter’ to endeavor to provide an equal footing,or at least a congenial environment, wherein the aspirationsof Indian women are able to be met. The UPA government isunequivocal and thoroughly committed to the passing of awomen’s reservation bill within its first 100 days in office.The ‘First Woman’ has also been emphatic in proposing theformation of a national mission for female literacy and a nationalmission for the empowerment of women.The elevation of women’s status and the positions beingoffered to them should not be viewed solely throughthe eyes of gender issues, but we will know in our hearts ofhearts it is only a small homage to endless dedication anda small token against countless wrongdoings, innumerablemisgivings and neglect that our mothers, sisters and daughtershave been subjected to.The work for building a new India must continue.AP-2.indd 307/12/09 11:56:03 PM

With BestComplimentsFromSolBridge International School of BusinessWoosung Universitywww.SolBridge.ac.krAP-2.indd 317/12/09 11:56:05 PM

32think tankThe asia instituteMakes its Presence FeltAs Others Focus on North Korea, One Think Tank is Concentratingon the Environment and Technology in AsiaBy PAMARThy LIKIThAND SRINIVASA ChAITANyAThere is a remarkable new thinktank in Korea that is slowly makingits presence felt througha focused approach to engagementin business, technologyand policy: The Asia Institute.To start with, the Asia Institute is not locatedin Seoul, but rather in Daejeon, Korea’scenter for science and technology. Thereason for this decision is clear. TheAsia Institute has thrown itself ataddressing the pressing issuesof our time: global warming,food sustainability, diseaseand nuclear nonproliferation.Science and technologywill be at the heart ofthe solution to these problems,so it makes sense thata think tank grappling withthose issues should be locatedin such a technologycluster. The Asia Institutehas close working relationswith research institutes, includingthe Korea ResearchInstitute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), the Korea Institutefor Nuclear Safety, the KoreaInstitute for Non-proliferationand Control, the NationalNano Fabrication Centerand Korea’s leadingtechnical university,KAIST.The Asia Institute brings to researchers and techniciansa global perspective that can help to integrate their effortsinto larger projects. Asia Institute experts in business andpolicy learn more about the detailed workings of technologies.When the Asia Institute’s experts in business and internationalrelations talk with researchers working on genetictreatments for liver cancer at KRIBB, they get a first-handperspective on contemporary biotechnology that most thinktanks do not have. When the Asia Institute holds a seminarwith engineers at the Korea Institute for Nuclear Safety, itoffers a behind-the-scenes view of the technical aspects ofthe challenges of nuclear power. SolBridge’s Alp Malazgirt,a Silicon Valley entrepreneur, remarked, “The Asia InstituteEmanuel Yi PastreichDirectorAsia InstituteSolBridge InternationalSchool of BusinessAP-2.indd 327/12/09 11:56:06 PM

equally striking is the decision to put an american in charge of the asia institute.although the heads of such international organizations in Korea areinternationals, it is unusual for a research institute within a Korean universityto be administrated by a foreigner – especially a program focused on asia.dr. emanuel Pastreich has plenty of experience with asia: fluent in Chinese,Japanese and Korean, Pastreich has written on asian culture, politics, science,policy and diplomacy.is an outstanding forum for engagingin business, technology and policy. Wecan debate with leaders in the field,challenge assumptions and dream ofwhat is possible. The range of topicsis not limited to the political or theeconomic, but plunges deep into thetechnical – which is near and dear tome.” Recent Asia Institute events havebrought leading figures from GeorgiaTech, the Nautilus Institute, StanfordUniversity and Tsinghua University toengage in this hands-on policy discussion.Many think tanks put on seminarsabout North Korea, APEC, free tradeagreements and summit meetings.Few actually have experts on nuclearpower present in the discussions onNorth Korea’s programs. The AsiaInstitute wants to consider the longtermquestions that policy makersand businessmen care about: whichtechnologies will be critical to theresponse to global warming? Whattechniques in biotechnology promiseto contribute to the goal of developingplants that will require less waterto thrive?The Asia Institute is located insidethe Solbridge International Schoolof Business. That business schoolis unusual in itself as it is the onlyacademic institution in Korea withan entirely international faculty andwith students from 20 countries. Thatinstitutional foundation in a businessschool that is inherently internationalpositions the Asia Institute to look atbusiness and policy issues from multipleperspectives.Equally striking is the decision toput an American in charge of the AsiaInstitute. Although the heads of suchinternational organizations in Koreaare internationals, it is unusual fora research institute within a Koreanuniversity to be administrated by aforeigner – especially a program focusedon Asia. Dr. Emanuel Pastreichhas plenty of experience with Asia:fluent in Chinese, Japanese and Korean,Pastreich has written on Asianculture, politics, science, policy anddiplomacy. he established a popularlecture series on international relationsat the Korean Embassy in Washington,D.C. before coming to Korea,first to serve as advisor to the governorof Chungnam Province, and thento take up duties at the Asia Institutelast year.An Israeli, Dr. David Bigman, is currentlyconducting a high-profile studyof national competitiveness on behalfof the Asia Institute. Bigman is a leadingscholar on trade, currency andfood security who has just released abook through Macmillan Publishingentitled “Democracy and hunger.”Fahad Altouraif of Saudi Arabia’sNCB Capital, a leading Middle Easterninvestment bank, heads the East AsiaMiddle East Initiative at the Asia Institute,an effort to encourage closerdialogue between these two criticalregions.Director Pastreich imagines a researchinstitute that grapples withAsia as it is. “We hear all about howimportant Asia is in the Western media,but you would be surprised justhow little effort Western think tanksput into actually figuring out how Asiaworks. Business schools talk about thePacific Rim, but the case studies producedare seldom set in India or Chinaand rarely focus on leading Chinese,Japanese and Russian firms,” explainsPastreich.The Asia Institute is open to engagementwith all of Asia. That pointis summed up in the Institute’s slogan:“A Broader vision of Asia; A Deeperunderstanding of contemporary challenges.”This expansive perspectivecaptured the imagination of Markkuheiskanen, a retired Finish diplomatwith extensive experience in Asia whonow serves as its Senior Associate.heiskanen notes, “The Asia Instituteaims at covering all of Asia, which isincreasingly linked by finance, energyneeds, communication and transportationnetworks and shared globalconcerns. I think it is important toenlarge these visions to the whole ofEurasia, which is, in many respects,one and the same continent.”Programs like the Korea-India Scienceand Technology Initiative, runby Neeru Biswas, and the Korea-JapanEnvironmental Policy Initiative, administeredby Toraaki Nakamura, aJapanese scholar of environmentalpolicy with a Ph.D. from Seoul NationalUniversity, consider issues thatweave regions together. The work ofthis bilateral Initiative has resultedin a Memorandum of Understandingbetween the Indian Nano consortiumand Korea’s National Nano FabCenter. An international conferenceon information and communicationstechnology involving Korea and Indiahas been another result of the collaboration.The Asia Institute was at the centerof the founding of the DaejeonGreen Growth Forum, an effort byscholars in the research institutes ofDaejeon to address environmental issuesmore effectively. That forum nowworks with Tsukuba University’s 3E(Energy, Environment and Economy)Forum and launched a first-ever Asian3E Forum in May 2009. That 3E Forumin Daejeon involved leading scholarsfrom China, Japan and Korea discussingcooperative approaches to environmentalproblems.Such activities can create a spiritof unity by rising above the commonhabit of just complaining aboutneighbors in Asia in order to achievea higher level of business understanding.Granted the scale of the economicand environmental crisis, this processis critical for developing nations.There are many high-profile conferencesthat grab attention withtheir lofty pronouncements. The AsiaInstitute is notable for its focus on thebuilding of low-key, working-level relationsbetween nations to follow upon those initiatives. The approachmay not grab every headline, but it isan absolutely essential role.AP-2.indd 337/12/09 11:56:07 PM

34 trainingTrain Your BrainBy BRIAN ThWAITSWe’ve learned moreabout the brain inthe last 20 years thaneverything we knewabout it before thattime. The declarationthat the 1990s would be the ‘Decade of theBrain’ unleashed such a burst of activity inthe field of neuroscience that, by the end ofthose 10 years, scientists had literally turnedour knowledge of the brain on its head.And now, almost another full decade later, we’re continuingto add to that now very impressive bank of knowledge.On an almost daily basis, we’re learning more andmore about the brain, and it’s important that we delve asdeeply as possible into the implications of what all this researchis telling us.In a practical business sense, we especially need toknow how we can improve the way we use our brains tothink, learn, communicate, solve problems, market our servicesand work with others. Certainly, understanding theway our brains operate can give us plenty of ideas aboutimproving pretty much every aspect of our lives. After all,the way we use our heads has everything to do with everythingwe do.First of all, it’s essential that we’re aware of why informationdoesn’t always “stick” easily in brains. Basically,there are three reasons: no interest, no attention and noeffort.no interestThis is a hUGE problem. The fact is that much of theinformation most of us deal with isn’t, on its own, the mostfascinating stuff we’ve ever thought about. And, unfortunately,this causes our brains to tune out. Like it or not, ourbrains aren’t especially interested in dull, dry facts –– andthat’s a major problem, particularly when those facts areimportant components of our work.It’s really too bad that we call the brain “gray matter,”gray being pretty well the dullest color imaginable. Weneed to realize that our brains are, figuratively speaking,interesting and colorful and adventurous. They love havinga good time! So, to get their attention, we’d be wise to“dress up” information in any way we can, and that can bedone in various ways.For instance, the way we use language has a great impacton whether our message gets across powerfully. Theoveruse of clichés and buzzwords can easily cause our listenersand readers to simply stop paying attention to whatit is we’re saying or writing. Their brains more or less go onautomatic pilot when words are presented to them in sucha banal way, so we need to put a great deal of thought intothe way we express ourselves. After all, there’s nothing thatbrains like better than something new and different.Another way to create interest is to pay heed to the visualstyle of the information we present to others. In a sense, giventheir ability to put data so strongly into so many brains,those in the advertising industry are the biggest “brain trainers”in the world –– and they’re well aware of the potencyof shape, color and design. So we should always be aware ofhow we can create visual impact through the way we presentinformation to others, even when we’re forced to deal withjust words and numbers in black and white. After all, evensomething as dry as a résumé can have a significant effect ifdesigned in a way that takes advantage of features such asfont choice, paragraph style and white space.no attentionAnother reason that information doesn’t always “stick”to brains is that it tends to enter the brain at a much slowerrate than what is considered the brain’s slowest operatingspeed. Neuroscientists believe that brains process data atbetween 1,000 and 25,000 words per minute (WPM).Now, compare the minimum rate of 1,000 WPM to theaverage adult reading rate of 250 words per minute, andyou can easily see why we often read material and then almostimmediately forget what we just read. The problem isthat, in most cases, at least 75% of our brain activity wasn’tactually reading; it was, instead, thinking about all sorts ofother things. Remember: our brains like to have fun andwill always attend the most to what is personally interestingto us.The act of listening is an even bigger issue. The averagespeaking rate of most individuals is barely over 100 WPM,suggesting that, when we think we’re listening to someone,the truth is that probably over 90% of our brain activity isn’tlistening at all; instead, it’s enjoying itself at that brain partyinside our heads!AP-2.indd 347/12/09 11:56:07 PM

no effortMost of us, unfortunately, believe in “the magic wand”of learning. In other words, we mistakenly think that wecan read or listen and somehow retain information withoutusing any kind of technique. We attend meetings and hopethat, when we walk out the door, we’ll somehow rememberall the important information that was shared. We readreports and believe that, when we finish the last page, we’llbe able to recall all the details that we read. All without anykind of help. It’s as if we wave an imaginary magic wandand hope for the best.Well, our brains don’t actually work that way. They needhelp to retain information, and that assistance can take theform of many conscious decisions we should make, especiallywhen engaging in passive learning activities suchas reading and listening. Taking notes, asking questions,working in groups, discussing material with others who areinvolved in the same task –– these are the kinds of strategiesthat will help our brains understand and rememberbetter. The rule of thumb is that any type of active learningstrategy will lead to more success than trying to learn in apassive way.Many recent studies have suggested that the most importantskill we can develop to be successful in the 21stcentury, in a world that’s constantly changing at a fasterand faster pace, is knowing how to learn. In his best-sellingbook, The World Is Flat, Thomas Friedman obviously agreesas he says that “being adaptable in a flat world, knowinghow to ‘learn how to learn,’ will be one of the most importantassets any worker can have.”So, to address this need to develop learning skills as aprerequisite to fostering success, I offer you the followinglist of what I like to call...The seven Principles of Brain Training1. Motivation –– This is a tough one. It’s difficultenough to motivate ourselves to do things we don’treally want to do so, obviously, motivating othersto do things they’re not terribly interested in canbe a daunting task. But it’s a challenge that has tobe confronted because, if someone doesn’t have apersonal desire to do something, it’s very unlikelythat they’ll perform their jobs well. Without motivation,brains just don’t work very hard.2. Practice –– We’ve been told over and over againthat “practice makes perfect.” The truth is,though, that brains can be easily overwhelmedwhen faced with an overload of material, soreading and re-reading (and re-reading)pages and pages of information is probablynot a particularly wise use of ourtime. Rather, we should spend moretime condensing the material as weread through it the first time –– byhighlighting, underlining, makingnotes in the margins, etc. Oncethe most essential information hasbeen cut down in this way, we canthen incorporate practice by usingrepetition as a way to strengthenrecall for later on.3. Emotion –– We remember experiencesthat make us happy,sad, exhilarated, angry –– andthat’s because anything thathas some kind of emotionalhook tends to be rememberedby our brains. It’s almost likeour brains and our hearts are connectedin some way. This explains,for instance, why elderly people often will forgetsomething mundane that just happened minutesago, but can recount a sentimental incident that occurredmany years (even decades) ago. So adding anemotional element to information, especially materialthat’s dull and dry, will go a long way towardsmaking it more memorable.4. Association –– For some reason, the human mindrecalls a number of individual items that are connectedto each other much better than those sameitems when they’re presented one at a time. Strangebut true! That’s why lists of separate facts are usuallyso quickly forgotten, but stories that include aseries of facts are often remembered for quite sometime. So, if we can figure out a way to join facts together,our brains will thank us for the help.5. Meaning –– Unfortunately, many of our school experiencestaught us the bad habit of just stuffingnew information into our heads without actuallyunderstanding it in the first place. And the net resultof that practice was that those facts weren’tremembered for long. To improve the way we storeinformation, then, we should spend much moretime making sense of the material at the outset sothat we can recall it more easily later on. Again,active learning techniques such as questioning andworking in teams will make the processes of bothlearning and remembering much more effective.6. Visualization –– “A picture is worth...” A thousandwords? Well, probably even more than that, really.Brains, don’t forget, are attracted by visual effects–– so adding any kind of graphic appeal to writtenmaterial should instantly improve the potentialfor the success of a learning experience. Obviously,we can’t always add bold, colourful pictures toour business documents and presentations, but usingcharts, diagrams and illustrations is one waywe can quite dramatically capture the attention ofother people’s brains in a way that black-on-whitetext simply can’t compete with.AP-2.indd 357/12/09 11:56:08 PM

But we’ve been so enamoured of these left-brain skills that we’ve, regrettably,underestimated the tremendous value of what the other side of the brain, thecreative side, can offer. Perhaps we’ve too quickly jumped to the conclusion thatthe left brain is “school and work” and the right side is “the weekend and thevacation.” in fact, it sometimes seems like we’ve decided that the two sides areso different that they’re practically enemies who are fighting with each other.7. Chunking –– The main problem with trying to learna large amount of information all at once is that theexperience can be far too overwhelming. It’s justnot a good idea to attempt to force 30-odd pagesof material into our brains en masse! A better ideawould be to first break it down into smaller parts, or“chunks”, giving our brains the opportunity to absorbjust one bit at a time. That’s why, for instance,reports that make use of several sections, introducedby headings and sub-headings, seem more readablethan others.So those are the basic principles that help our brainswork better. Most of us might use a few of them at any particulartime, but it’s those of us who manage to use all sevenof them at once who will achieve the greatest success.And, lastly, there’s one more thing to keep in mind whenlooking for ways to enhance the way we use our heads, andthat’s to understand that the two sides of the brain havevery different responsibilities. We’ve often been told thatthe left side is the logical one. As a result, we’re big fans ofleft-brainers because we know that successful individuals, inmost professions, absolutely need to have strong analyticalabilities in order to do their jobs well. And that’s certainlytrue.But we’ve been so enamoured of these left-brain skills thatwe’ve, regrettably, underestimated the tremendous value ofwhat the other side of the brain, the creative side, can offer.Perhaps we’ve too quickly jumped to the conclusion that theleft brain is “school and work” and the right side is “the weekendand the vacation.” In fact, it sometimes seems like we’vedecided that the two sides are so different that they’re practicallyenemies who are fighting with each other.however, what brain researchers are now telling us isthat the left side actually depends on the co-operation of theright side to work effectively, that it’s the power of the rightside that makes the left side perform much, much better. So,if we truly want to achieve the maximum potential of ourbrains, here’s a concept we should definitely embrace:Encourage both sides of the brain to work together as ateam.Most of what we know today about how the human brain functionshas been learned very recently. In just the past few years,the amount of brain research in the world has increased tremendously.The sheer numbers of neuroscientists now devotingtheir time, energy and resources to the study of the inner workingsof the brain is remarkable.These ongoing studies and remarkable technological advancesin the field have led to startling discoveries, turning conventionalwisdom about how we use our heads practically upsidedown. It’s time for us now to take this new-found knowledgeand apply it to how we think, learn and communicate. Just aswe know what kinds of foods and exercise can help us performbetter physically, we also now know what kinds of ideas andprinciples we need to help us perform better mentally.This a book about the way we use our brains –– or, at least,the way we should use our brains –– to face and manage issueswe deal with daily. By combining much of what we know fromthe disciplines of brain research, learning theory and the communicationfield, Brian Thwaits offers innovative yet practicalsuggestions that will give those three-pound organs inside ourheads an adjustment that will not just invigorate and revitalizethem, but will actually change how we think, remember andshare information with each other.After reading The Big Learn, you will have made the happydiscovery that your brain is capable of much, much more thanyou ever thought possible.THE BIG LEARN:Smart Ways ToUse Your Brainis available throughTrafford Publishing ––www.trafford.com/06-0976For more information,please visit:brainspeaker.comAP-2.indd 367/12/09 11:56:10 PM

With BestComplimentsFromwww.ikbforum.comAP-2.indd 377/12/09 11:56:11 PM

38 interviewsolar energy is the Way Forwardfor india-Korea CooperationRamchandra Pode - Assistant Professor of Physics at Kyung Hee Univ.By AMANDA MIN ChUNG hAN“I believe thatKorea will createa space forherself in thenear future as atop exporter inthe global market in thefield of solar energy.”In an interview with the Asia-Pacific Business and TechnologyReport, Ramchandra Pode, assistant professor ofPhysics at Kyung hee University, said Koreans’ achievement,hard work and vision to invest in science and technology arevery admirable.“As a part of undergraduate course work in Kyung hee,I asked the students to collect information about the solarcell activities in Korea in recent years. Many students saidthat big conglomerates have shown interest in solar cellsand industries are prepared to start solar cell activities on alarge scale and will achieve amazing result soon.”he was fascinated by the high level of confidence of thepeople and especially of the younger generation to overcomeany barrier.“Korea was one of the poorest countries in the 1960’swith US$80 per capita GDP, which has since grown to over$20,000 in 2008.”That was not all he was deeply impressed by.“Students were so sure about the success of these industries.The confidence they have shown was really incredible.Perceptions and the confidence I have seen here made mealso believe that Korea will be a top exporter in the solarenergy field,” he said.Asked why solar energy is one of the best alternativeenergies, he stressed that solar energy has the potential tochange the world economies and politics, not just the Koreaneconomy, since solar energy is fair to everyone.“Solar radiation is free, natural and an abundantly availablesource of energy; there is no investment in receivingsunlight and no nation has the ability to solely control it.Both poor and rich nations equally receive the solar radiationemitted by the sun.”Solar energy is critical for those people who do not haveaccess to the electric grid. About 45 percent of Indian householdsuse kerosene lanterns for lighting, the cause of manyserious health problems. Replacing kerosene lanterns withsolar energy can reduce air pollution, improve studying conditionsfor children, and also lower the cost of kerosene.Overall, quality of life is improved.According to his explanation, the total amount of energyreceived on the earth’s surface everyday is 10,000 timesmore than the total global energy consumption per day. A0.1 percent coverage of the total earth’s surface with solarcells with 10 percent efficiency is sufficient to supply all ofour energy needs.“Conventional energy resources such as oil, coal andnatural gas are depleting fast. The use of combustible fossilenergy sources emits carbon dioxide, pollutes the environmentand contributes to global warming.”he added, “When photovoltaic modules are used to convertsolar radiation energy into electric energy, no carbondioxide is emitted during this conversion.”That’s why he suggests solar energy as a future alternativeenergy, a clean and green source of energy that neitherpollutes the environment nor contributes to global warming.“Thin film solar cells, flexible solar cells, and organic solarcells will be the next generation solar cell technology.In my opinion, the investment in renewable energy is theinvestment for the future and for a better world.”At the recent India-Korea IT Business Forum, ProfessorPode suggested Korea and India join forces since the twocountries have common and favorable features for collaborationin developing solar energy.Regarding the size and the population of the two nations,Korea and India have different features. India is avery big country with a population of over 1 billion people,plenty of natural resources and some advantages regardingits geographical location. Although Korea is a small nationarea-wise with almost no natural resources, it has the potentialto contribute to the world’s civilization, science andtechnology, he added.“Korea has a strong base of infrastructure in displaysand semiconductor fabrications, which makes it possible forKorea to readily adopt and implement solar-cell technology.however, the Korean domestic market for renewable energyis minimal and may saturate in the near future. On the otherhand, the Indian domestic market for renewable energyis growing at an annual rate of more than 15 percent, butIndia doesn’t have the basic infrastructure to adopt photovoltaictechnology and to produce solar cells.”Although in its nascent stage, the Indian solar industryhas huge potential. The lack of adequate investment in solar/photovoltaicmanufacturing and R&D makes the growthrate slow. however, it is believed that the high demand forenergy and India’s tremendous rate of economic growthwill act as a catalyst that will see this industry rapidly growin the near future.With the different features of the two countries, Indiaand Korea can work to develop technology to convert solarradiation into energy that will be affordable by all, Podesaid. In terms of solar radiation, both countries receiveabout 4~5 hours a day of solar radiation for about 300 daysa year. “This way, both India and Korea will benefit fromcooperation in this sector.”he also mentioned the two key ingredients to developAP-2.indd 387/12/09 11:56:11 PM

solar roof at goethe institute in bangalore, indiafuture solar technology.“having the knowledge of both countries’ civilizationsis very vital to understand the people better. To be successfulin any field of cooperation from culture, science andtechnology, to innovations between two countries, it is extremelyimportant to understand the people from two differentcivilizations.”In this regard, Prof. Pode proposed that more Koreanliterature should be made available in the languages of thepeople of the Indian subcontinent and vice versa.This solar energy expert also pointed out that the interactionbetween the global scientific community, researchinstitutions and the multicultural scientific workforce willbe the driving force in having a strong sense of competitivenessin scientific and technological innovations.“At present, the United States leads the world in scientificdiscovery and innovation by drawing the best scientiststo universities, industries and laboratories from around theworld. I believe that the multicultural workforce of the U.S.is the essence of competitiveness in scientific and technologicalinnovations.”he added that favorable rules, regulations and strongsupport by the government will help to grow the solar celland photovoltaic module industries.The Korean-German Cooperation Forum on solar energywas founded by the Korea Energy Management Corporationin order to promote the development of the country’sdomestic solar industry. Korean conglomerates such as LGElectronics and hyundai heavy Industries have joint ventureswith German companies.however, collaborations between Korean conglomeratesand German companies are limited to the productionand manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic modulesin Korea, Pode said.he strongly recommends looking beyond scientific cooperationin technology development and innovations.“Until now, the current cooperation between India andKorea has been limited to the exchange of scientists andscientific research. This cooperation is more scientific thantechnological. Its functioning is more personal than institutionallybased.”he went on say, “Instead of limiting themselves to onlythis first step, India and Korea must avail themselves of thepotential and infrastructure available to them to work ontechnological innovation and development. They must setup procedures and rules, as well as adopt conceptual modelsand policies that could facilitate and improve their areasof cooperation.”he discussed the EU countries’ co-project, OLLA – OrganicLEDs for ICT and Lighting Applications – as a successfulexample.“Under this cooperation, several universities, researchinstitutes and companies from different European countriesare encouraged to work on the development of nextgeneration technology of energy efficient and eco-friendlyorganic lighting sources.”Although Korea has many famous electronic companieslike Samsung and LG, it has shown little interest in the solarcell industry until recently. There were no domestic manufacturersof solar cells as recently as 2001. By 2005, SouthKorea tapped German expertise in order to help grow itsown solar industry. Also, the Korean government has providedstrong political support through an increase in tradeand heavy R&D investment. Furthermore, the governmenthas committed $210 million to R&D in the renewable energyfield.In 2008, South Korea emerged as the fourth largest photovoltaicmarket in the world after growth took off spectacularlyin 2005. Domestic photovoltaic installations grewfrom 1MW of installed capacity in 2005 to 100MW in 2008.Korea is investing heavily in its photovoltaic energy productioncapacity; forecasts project that Korea will becomethe third largest manufacturer of photovoltaic modules by2012, with a 10 percent share of the global market. Koreaaims to deliver solar modules worth more than $8 billionand generate 2.67GW of energy by 2013.While India has become one of the most rapidly emergingsolar energy markets, it is also a favorite investmentdestination for both local and global players, thanks to thecountry’s geographical location, large population, and governmentsupport.The Indian government aims to make India a globalleader in solar energy and envisions an installed solar generationcapacity of 20,000 MW by 2020, 100,000MW by2030 and 200,000MW by 2050. The average growth rate ofphotovoltaic manufacturing in India has been an astounding35 percent during the past three years and the Indianphotovoltaic market is expected to represent up to 600 MWby 2013.“It is a radical change from the past. Truly, in today’scompetitive world, new discoveries and technological innovationsin the field of solar energy are imperative in orderto have an edge. A partnership between South Korea andIndia will help to develop competitive solar technology inboth countries.”Unfortunately there are still many obstacles inhibitingthe widespread adoption of solar energy systems. Affordabilityis a serious issue that must be overcome before theuse of solar can become widespread.“It is true that the initial costs of solar photovoltaicsystems are very high and beyond the reach of commonpeople. however, there is no further investment after theinstallation of the solar system. So, the solar energy systemis beneficial in the long term and also does not contributeto global warming.”Pode said that the durability and reliability of the solarsystem are the most important for end users; they mustprovide reliable, uninterrupted electricity. “Of course,consumers must be assured that they will get electricitythroughout the day,” he added.Professor Pode studied at the Nagpur University (India) andearned his Ph.D. in 1984. He worked as a faculty member at thesame university until 2007 and is currently an assistant professorof Physics at Kyung Hee University, Seoul. He is teaching courseson Energy Efficient Lighting Sources Technology and PhotovoltaicSolar Cells.500kw a-si: h modules, produced by kisco, installed in haenam, koreaAP-2.indd 397/12/09 11:56:13 PM

40 guest columnPaTenT – The World of inventionsand discoveries in indiaBy PROF. RAJIV KhANNAPatent is aright in therealm of intellectualproperty 1grantedfor a particular periodunder the law to anyone,known as the patentee,who makes fulldisclosure of his or herinvention or discovery of any new and usefulprocess, machine, article of manufacture, orcomposition of matter, or any new and usefulimprovement thereof. Upon grant of the patent,the law gives the patentee a monopolisticright to commercially exploit the invention andalso the legal protection against unauthorizeduse of his patent by others. The effect of grantof patent is quid pro quo, i.e. the monopoly isgranted for the disclosure of knowledge. Thelaw grants this monopoly for a specified periodonly and on the expiry of this period the saidpatentee’s monopoly comes to an end at whichtime it automatically goes into the public domainfor exploitation by anybody. 2The legal system of patents thus encourages inventions bypromoting their protection and utilization so as to contributeto the development of industries, which in turn, contributesto the promotion of technological innovation and to the transferand dissemination of information, knowledge and technology.In India, the rights conferred to the patentee have beenenumerated in Section 48 of the Patents Act of 1970. 3 Thislaw induces an inventor to disclose his invention to the wholeworld instead of keeping it as a secret. If the invention were tobe kept a secret, then the inventor would be in constant fear ofit being stolen by others. Such a disclosure not only makes theinventor famous, but also enables him to sell it to an industrialhouse and thereby gain economically. This object of the PatentLaw thus provides a stimulus to others and also to industrialhouses to carry out new inventions and discoveries.Every country has its own Patent Laws and as such thereis no “World Patent.” however, there is an international filingsystem that is in accordance with the Patent CooperationTreaty (PCT). By virtue of this treaty, when a PCT application isfiled in one of the member-states of the PCT it is tantamountto the filing of an application for the grant of patent in all PCTmember states. The law in India which deals with patents isThe Patents Act of 1970 (as amended by The Patents [Amendment]Act of 1999, The Patents [Amendment] Act of 2002 andThe Patents [Amendment] Act of 2005).India is a member of the following international organizationsand treaties in respect to patents:• World Trade Organization (WTO)• Paris Convention for the protection of Industrial Property• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property• Rights (TRIPS)• Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)• Budapest TreatyThe Patents Act of 1970 specifically states that inventionsrelating to atomic energy 4 are not patentable and also categoricallylays down that the following are not inventions withinthe meaning of the Act 5 , namely -a. an invention which is frivolous or which claims anythingobviously contrary to well established natural laws;b. an invention of which the primary or intended usewould be contrary to law or morality or injurious to publichealth;c. the mere discovery of a scientific principle or the formulationof an abstract theory;d. the mere discovery of a new form of a known substancewhich does not result in the enhancement of the knownefficacy of that substance or the mere discovery of any newproperty or new use for a known substance or of the mereuse of a known process, machine or apparatus unless suchknown process results in a new product or employs at leastone new reactant.Explanation. – For the purposes of this clause, salts, esters,ethers, polymorphs, metabolites, pure form, particle size,isomers, mixtures of isomers, complexes, combinationsand other derivatives of known substance shall be consideredto be the same substance unless they differ significantlyin properties with regard to efficacy; 6e. a substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting onlyin the aggregation of the properties of the componentsthereof or a process for producing such substance;f. the mere arrangement or rearrangement or duplicationof known devices each functioning independently of oneanother in a known way;g. a method or process of testing applicable during the processof manufacture for rendering the machine, apparatusor other equipment more efficient or for the improvementAP-2.indd 407/12/09 11:56:15 PM

or restoration of the existing machine, apparatus or otherequipment or for the improvement or control of manufacture;h. a method of agriculture or horticulture;i. any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylacticor other treatment of human beings or any processfor a similar treatment of animals or plants to render themfree of disease or to increase their economic value or thatof their products.A close analysis of Clause (d) reveals that “trivial changes”in generic drugs are not eligible for patents. This provision,therefore, lays stress on innovation and hardcore research insteadof tinkering with known substances.An application for grant of a patent for an invention canbe made under the Patents Act by any person claiming to bethe true and first inventor of the invention, or by any personbeing the assignee of the person claiming to be the true andfirst inventor in respect of the right to make such an application,or by the legal representative of any deceased personwho immediately before his death was entitled to make suchan application. 7 The application for a patent has to be confinedto only one invention and it has to be made in the prescribedform and filed in the patent office.Although the essence of a patent is a conferring of the exclusiveright on the patentee, the grant of the patent is subjectto the following conditions, namely that 81.2.3.4.any machine, apparatus or other article in respect ofwhich the patent is granted or any article made by usinga process in respect of which the patent is granted,may be imported or made by or on behalf of the Governmentfor the purpose merely of its own use;any process in respect of which the patent is grantedmay be used by or on behalf of the Government for thepurpose merely of its own use;any machine, apparatus or other article or process inrespect of which the patent is granted may be usedby any person for the purpose merely of experimentor research including the imparting of instructions topupils; andin the case of a patent in respect of any medicine ordrug, the medicine or drug may be imported by theGovernment for the purpose merely of its own use orfor distribution in any dispensary, hospital or othermedical institution maintained by or on behalf of theGovernment or any other dispensary, hospital or othermedical institution which the Central Governmentmay, having regard to the public service that such dispensary,hospital or medical institution renders.After the grant of the patent, if it is found that the reasonablerequirements of the public with respect to the patentedinvention have not been satisfied, or that the patented inventionis not available to the public at a reasonably affordableprice, or that the patented invention has not worked in India,then any person may make an application for grant of compulsorylicense after three years from the date of the sealingof a patent. 9 The issue of compulsory license of the said patentis subject to the conditions, namely (a) that the applicant paysto the patentee the royalty and other remuneration having regardto the nature of the invention, the expenditure incurredby the patentee in making the invention or in developing itand obtaining the patent; (b) that the patented invention isworked to the fullest extent by the applicant; and (c) that thepatented articles are made available to the public at reasonableprices. 10In case of an infringement of a patent, the aggrieved patenteemay file a suit in any District Court or a high Court havingjurisdiction to entertain the suit. In such a suit, the aggrievedpatentee viz., the plaintiff, will have to establish to the satisfactionof the court about the infringement of his patent bythe defendant(s) i.e., the opposing party or parties, and upondoing so, he would be entitled to get an injunction order fromthe court which would restrain the defendant(s) from furtherinfringing upon his patent rights. Normally in such a suit theplaintiff also seeks an “interim injunction” order from thecourt pending final decision, by making out a prima facie caseand showing that the balance of convenience lies in his favor.Apart from seeking an injunction against the defendant(s), theplaintiff, in his suit for infringement, is also entitled to claimdamages/compensation for the loss suffered by him as a resultof the infringement of his patent. The plaintiff may also claimfrom the defendant(s) the profits made by them from the unauthorizeduse of his patent. 11From a bird’s eye view it would thus be noticed that inIndia the patent laws conform to global standards. This is dueto the fact that as India is a member of the World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO), an international organizationresponsible for the promotion of the protection of intellectualproperty throughout the world, its patents law has to complywith the TRIPS Agreement. 12Prof. Rajiv Khanna is Professor of Law, University ofDelhi, India. He is presently a visiting professor of law atHankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea_____________________________________________________References:1 i.e. intangible movable property which is the result ofcreativity e.g., patents, trademarks, or copyrights.2 In India the term of the patent is 20 years (Section 53 ofthe Patents Act, 1970, as amended)3 Section48. Rights of patentees(1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, a patentgranted before the commencement of this Act, shall confer on thepatentee the exclusive right by himself, his agents or licensees tomake, use, exercise, sell or distribute the invention in India.(2) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act and theconditions specified in section 47, a patent granted after the commencementof this Act shall confer upon thpatentee -a. where the patent is for an article or substance, the exclusiveright by himself, his agents or licensees to make, use, exercise, sellor distribute such article or substance in India;b. where a patent is for a method or process of manufacturing anarticle or substance, the exclusive right by himself, his agents orlicensees to use or exercise the method or process in India.4 Section 4 of The Patents Act5 Section 3 of the Patents Act6 Clause (d) of Section 3 has been substituted by The Patents(Amendment) Act, 20057 Section 6 of the Patents Act.8 Section 47 of the Patents Act, 19709 Section 84 of the Patents Act10 Section 95 of the Patents Act11 Section 108 of the Patents Act12 an international agreement (which is governed and regulatedby World Trade Organization (WTO) that lays down the minimumstandardsAP-2.indd 417/12/09 11:56:15 PM

42travelsHaXiValleY,ChinaBy: JOSh FOREMANWo menascendedthedustymounta i nwearing Mongol garb. Theirwhite turbans were normallyblack, but this was a dayof mourning. Carrying traysladen with chili fish, smokedpork, rice noodles and candy,they marched to their ancestors’graves. Men sat aroundand gambled.The people who gather here everyyear are Bai, and this is their valley.In the southwest corner of a countrythat is more than 90 percent han Chinese,this valley is almost completely inhabitedby the Bai – an ethnic minoritythat has lived here for more than 2,000 years. The languagespoken here is Bai, the food, Bai. The blue and black tunics,inspired by hordes that invaded 800 years ago, are uniquelyBai. Everything in this place feels like China – with a twist.Down a cobblestone drive, on a small hill among fieldsof yellow colza, sits the theater of the King of Culture. Rustynails jut from the building’s fortified walls, but inside thestone and wooden theater, Wu yun Xin chats with local politicians,studies French and puzzles over what happened tohis Scotch.Wu, 34, is the caretaker of the temple – a spot whereparents have brought their children for good luck in theirstudies for 285 years. A few years ago, members of the localgovernment decided to turn the theater into a communitycenter. Funding ran short, and Wu was contacted. Theyasked him if he’d like to host visiting foreigners, and fortwo years he and his wife have lived here, serving as tourguides, cooks and ambassadors for the Bai.In April, Wu, a Bai himself, trekked up a nearby mountainwith dozens of valley residents and a few foreigntourists. The locals were celebrating Qin Ming, a festivalhonoring the recently dead. The Bai bury their dead on thebai women wear clothes inspired by mongol soldiers’ battle gear.mountains that dot this part of yunnan Province, and oncea year they climb to the graves and offer trays of meticulouslyprepared food, cigarettes and willow branches.On this sunny day, people from around the valley gottogether to send off spirits who, according to local beliefs,hang around their graves, unaware they’ve died. Grandmothersclutched their grandchildren. Relatives hacked atweeds growing around raised stone tombs. Fireworks exploded.At a table hauled up the slopes, a group of menplayed cards – $30 to buy in.After bowing, wailing, smoking and betting, men,women and children tucked into a Bai feast. Bowls of ricein hand, they dipped into dishes of sour pork lung, fishballs, bamboo shoots and mushrooms. They mixed rice andchicken soup with pickled cabbage, green eggs and honeyroastedpeanuts. A girl walked around and doled out handfulsof candy and sunflower seeds. A gold-colored dog trottedfrom group to group, hoping for spoils.After the feast, the women loaded baskets with theleftovers and headed down the mountain. Men stayed up,drinking and gambling until after dark.Sarah Shannon, a 31-year-old Canadian, attended thecelebration. Locals made her feel a part of the festivities,AP-2.indd 427/12/09 11:56:18 PM

after bowing, wailing,smoking and betting,men, women and childrentucked into a Baifeast. Bowls of rice inhand, they dipped intodishes of sour porklung, fish balls, bambooshoots and mushrooms.They mixed riceand chicken soup withpickled cabbage, greeneggs and honey-roastedpeanuts. a girl walkedaround and doled outhandfuls of candy andsunflower seeds. a goldcoloreddog trotted fromgroup to group, hopingfor spoils.houses in the valley are made of whitewashed mud brick.AP-2.indd 437/12/09 11:56:20 PM

she said, giving her a woven basket of beer to haul up themountain.“They were really cool with us being there.”At lunch, Shannon enjoyed eating the local fare. She said itwas delicious – mostly. “For me it was the aged egg that I reallycouldn’t get down.”Shannon was following the Tea and horse Road – an ancienttrading path that linked China, Tibet, India and SoutheastAsia for hundreds of years. Shaxi Valley was an importantstop on the trail, and a glimpse into Bai history shows the influenceof foreign cultures.The well-known plateau nation of Tibet may conjure upimages of red-robed monks chanting at an oxygen-starved altitudefor many westerners, but for the Bai, the northerly neighborshave been a traditional nemesis. Wu remembers beinga child, wary of roaming Tibetans who, according to stories,would collect Bai kids in black sacks.“When I was young, I still thought Tibetan people atekids,” Wu said. “I was very scared.”According to legend, when Kublai Khan invaded in the13th century and absorbed the Tibetan plateau into the vastMongol empire, the Bai greeted him as a liberator. The invasionwas violent, and in tribute to the Mongol dead, Bai womenwore black turbans and tunics that mimicked the Mongols’plate armor.“Bai people thought they were very helpful,” Wu said.Today, most older women still wear the outfits.Remnants of the Shaxi Valley’s trading past still shine atthe weekly livestock market on Fridays. Tea and horses weretraditionally traded in the valley and still are, along with a vastarray of animals, food, clothes and sundries.The market is divided into areas – chickens and chili inone, tofu and mushrooms in another. There’s a pork pavilionwhere unlucky pigs are sectioned and sold, still steaming fromthe morning slaughter. In another area, women dump sacks ofglistening fish onto tarps on the ground. The valley is whollyagricultural, and at the market farmers buy the soil’s yield andthe tools to tame it.On a hot day in April, vendors sold brooms, chicken footsalad, purple rope and school supplies. Next to a line of womenwith sacks of giant beans a barber cut hair. Others hawkedfedoras, razor blades and potted plants, cell phones, spoonsand rhinestone-studded jeans. The smell of cilantro and chilipepper – ubiquitous in local cuisine – drifted through the thinair.On the way back to their houses, locals displayed theirhauls: woven baskets of veggies, new hats, piglets. Wu and hiswife bought soft, fresh noodles and pork.Wu’s guests often leave him gifts from outside the valley:books, booze, an antique Scrabble game. One group left him abottle of fine Scotch whiskey, but he discovered after a trip outof town that the amber liquid had been replaced with baijiu –a cheap local spirit; he suspects a boy who watched the placewhile he was gone.In centuries past, visitors to the valley were minoritiesfrom other areas or han Chinese, debtors, deserters and wandererslooking for a new place to settle. They found one in theShaxi Valley, although it remains 95 percent Bai.Today, locals are encouraging tourism. Wu and the CultureKing’s Theater will be included in Lonely Planet China – a standardtome for many travelers to the country – for the first timesoon. But for now, the valley remains untouristed. Visitors stillget inquisitive looks from locals, but “ngama” – Bai for “hello”– brings ready smiles.bicycle is still a popular mode of transport in shaxi.AP-2.indd 447/12/09 11:56:25 PM

With BestComplimentsFromAccentuating Global Opportunitieswww.cmai.asia and www.nkgoyals.comAP-2.indd 457/12/09 11:56:26 PM

46 the last wordi WanT MY iPHOneBy TRACEy STARK“Why can’t I get a Blackberry or aniPhone?” I asked the young man inthe shiny silver suit at the mobilephone store. his reply was the Koreanarm X, made by crossing thearms in front of oneself to say ‘no’in an almost protective manner, as if such aquestion was dangerous.Although this wasn’t an actual answer to my question,his response spoke volumes. Essentially, his gesture implied“not possible.”At another store I was told it was a technology issue –something about chips or software. Another answerthat I couldn’t completely swallow. My currentphone (made by LG), although not a smartphone, works in all of the places I havetravelled to or changed planes in overthe last year: the United States (includinghawaii, Guam and Washington,D.C.), the Philippines,France, Indonesia and Japan,so I doubt compatibility hasanything to do with it.According to the Applewebsite, the iPhone is availablein such technologicalbackwaters as Croatia, Mali,Botswana, the Ivory Coast,the Central African Republicand honduras, to name just afew of the poorer countries onthe list. With this in mind, I amcompletely dismissing the technologyexcuse in the most wired nationon the planet (and home to two of theworld’s top five mobile phone producers).That leaves a much more sinister conclusionand one that I didn’t want to reach: Protectionism.While protectionism is officially defined as a governmentpolicy designed to restrict the import of foreigngoods, it could be argued that under the rule of Lee Myungbak,a former CEO of an affiliate of one of the nation’s biggestconglomerates and an avowed believer in laissez-faireeconomic policies, the chaebol are the government.Thus, if LG and Samsung want to deny the right of acompany to sell their competing goods in Korea, so be it.But what would be the purpose of preventing tech-savvyKorean consumers from having state-of-the-art gadgets justbecause they are produced by foreign firms? It’s simply amatter of buying time so the domestic producers can comeup with a comparable product (or 10) that could compete onan equal footing with, in this case, the Blackberry from Canada(first released in 1999) and the iPhone from the UnitedStates (on the market since June 2007).Two years later and several versions of LG and Samsungtouchscreen smart phones later and the foreign productsstill aren’t available.Rumors pop up again and again about the impendingrelease of the iPhone through a partnership of Japan’s NTTDoCoMo and Korea’s KTF, but they remain, as yet, just rumors.(The Apple website makes no mention of Korea as apotential market.)Worldwide, Apple has sold more than 21 million iPhones.Research in Motion say they now have more than 28million people using the “Crackberry,” as the Blackberry isaffectionately known among its addicted users.Samsung and LG phones are readily available in theUnited States and Canada, so why the disparity? It seems,despite the rhetoric of Korean politicians decrying protectionismas “dangerous during an economic downturn,” asPresident Lee did during the G-20 summit this pastspring, it is okay to practice “selective protectionism.”In a keynote speech at the financialcrisis meeting in Washington,D.C., Lee said, “Especially at timesof great economic difficulty, it istempting to resort to protectionism.”he added, “Protectionismin one country triggersprotectionism in othercountries. As a result, economicconditions worsenfor the whole world… Forthis reason, I would like topropose that G-20 countriesmake a ‘Stand-Still’ declarationon trade and investmentrestrictions.”In his 18 months in office,Lee has done everything he couldto roll back the policies of his predecessorin order to return the chaebolto their former levels of power. LatePresident Roh Moo-hyun remembered the1997 Asian financial crisis and the collapse of severallarge conglomerates (and the near-collapse of many more)and put policies in place to protect the people from thechaebol and to protect the chaebol from themselves. Lee,on the other hand, believes the oft-repeated maxim heardduring financial crises: “It’ll be different this time.”If Korea wishes to be a leader on the world stage, itshould continue to pry open its markets to more and moreforeign products. Fair competition promotes innovation.When the pace of innovation slows in Korea and the bestproducts are not available, it is the consumer who suffersin the end.So what’s it going to be, President Lee? An arm X to say“not possible” or a clean break from the policies of the past,when the young republic wasn’t among the world’s top 15largest economies?AP-2.indd 467/12/09 11:56:30 PM

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