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Food Security & Nutrition Chapter - Food Security Clusters

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Minimum Standardsin <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>and <strong>Nutrition</strong>


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eHow to use this chapterThis chapter is divided into four main sections:<strong>Food</strong> security and nutrition assessmentInfant and young child feedingManagement of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies<strong>Food</strong> securityThe fourth section, food security, is subdivided into three sections: food security – food transfers;food security – cash and voucher transfers; and food security – livelihoods.The Protection Principles and Core Standards must be used consistently with this chapter.Although primarily intended to inform humanitarian response to a disaster, the minimum standardsmay also be considered during disaster preparedness and the transition to recovery activities.Each section contains the following: Minimum standards: These are qualitative in nature and specify the minimum levels to beattained in humanitarian response regarding the provision of food and nutrition. Key actions: These are suggested activities and inputs to help meet the standards. Key indicators: These are ‘signals’ that show whether a standard has been attained. Theyprovide a way of measuring and communicating the processes and results of key actions; theyrelate to the minimum standard, not to the key action. Guidance notes: These include specific points to consider when applying the minimum standards,key actions and key indicators in different situations. They provide guidance on tacklingpractical difficulties, benchmarks or advice on priority issues. They may also include criticalissues relating to the standards, actions or indicators, and describe dilemmas, controversiesor gaps in current knowledge.If the required key indicators and actions cannot be met, the resulting adverse implications for theaffected population should be appraised and appropriate mitigating actions taken.Appendices include checklists for assessments, guidance on measuring acute malnutrition anddetermining the public health significance of micronutrient deficiencies and nutritional requirements.A select list of references, which points to sources of information on both general issues andspecific technical issues and is divided into source material and further reading, is also provided.140


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431. <strong>Food</strong> security and nutrition assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502. Infant and young child feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583. Management of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies . . . . . . . . . 1644. <strong>Food</strong> security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1754.1. <strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1794.2. <strong>Food</strong> security – cash and voucher transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994.3. <strong>Food</strong> security – livelihoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203Appendix 1: <strong>Food</strong> security and livelihoods assessment checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Appendix 2: Seed security assessment checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Appendix 3: <strong>Nutrition</strong> assessment checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Appendix 4: Measuring acute malnutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220Appendix 5: Measures of the public health significance of micronutrientdeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Appendix 6: <strong>Nutrition</strong>al requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227References and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231141


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eHumanitarianCharterProtectionPrinciplesCoreStandards<strong>Food</strong> security and nutrition<strong>Food</strong> securityand nutritionassessmentInfant and youngchild feedingManagement ofacute malnutritionand micronutrientdeficiencies<strong>Food</strong> securityStandard 1Standard 1Standard 1Standard 1Standard 2Standard 2Standard 2<strong>Food</strong> security –food transfers<strong>Food</strong> security –cash andvoucher transfers<strong>Food</strong> security –livelihoodsStandard 3Standard 1Standard 1Standard 1Standard 2Standard 2Standard 3Standard 3Standard 4Standard 5Standard 6Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Appendix 3: Appendix 4: Appendix 5: Appendix 6: References and further reading142


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nIntroductionLinks to the Humanitarian Charter and international law 143


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eThe importance of food security and nutritionin disasters 144


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n 145


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eConceptual framework of the causes of undernutritionShort-termconsequencesMaternaland childundernutritionLong-termconsequencesImmediatecausesUnderlyingcausesBasiccausesPoor livelihoodstrategiesIncome poverty:146


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nLinks to other chapters147


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e Links to the Protection Principles and Core StandardsVulnerabilities and capacities of disaster-affectedpopulations 148


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n 149


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eThe minimum standards1. <strong>Food</strong> security and nutritionassessment <strong>Food</strong> security and nutrition assessment standard 1:<strong>Food</strong> securityKey actions 150


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. Methodology: 2. Sources of information: 3. <strong>Food</strong> availability, access, consumption and utilisation:151


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e4. <strong>Food</strong> insecurity and nutritional status: 5. Context: 6. Response analysis: 7. Market analysis 152


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n8. Coping strategies: 9. Participatory analysis of vulnerability: 10. Immediate needs and long-term planning: 153


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security and nutrition assessment standard 2: <strong>Nutrition</strong>Key actions Key indicatorsGuidance notes1. Contextual information: 154


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n2. Scope of analysis: 3. Methodology: 4. Anthropometric surveys 155


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e5. Non-anthropometric indicators: 6. Micronutrient deficiencies: 7. Interpreting levels of undernutrition: 156


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n8. Decision-making: 157


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e2. Infant and young childfeeding158


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nInfant and young child feeding standard 1: Policy guidanceand coordinationKey actionsKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. Policy guidance, coordination and communication: 159


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e2. Handling milk and milk products: Infant and young child feeding standard 2: Basic andskilled supportKey actions 160


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nKey indicators Guidance notes1. Simple measures and basic interventions 2. Pregnant and breastfeeding women: 161


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e3. Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding4. Breastfeeding: 5. Complementary feeding 162


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e3. Management of acutemalnutrition andmicronutrient deficiencies 164


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nManagement of acute malnutrition and micronutrientdeficiencies standard 1: Moderate acute malnutritionKey actions Key indicators 165


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e Guidance notes1. Programme design 2. Coverage 3. Admission criteria: 166


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n 4. Discharge criteria5. Performance indicators Proportion of discharges recovered =Proportion of discharges died =Proportion of discharges defaulted =Proportion of discharges non-recovered =167


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e 6. Health inputs and considerations: 7. Breastfeeding mothers 8. Rations:168


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nManagement of acute malnutrition and micronutrientdeficiencies standard 2: Severe acute malnutritionKey actions Key indicators 169


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eGuidance notes1. Programme design: 2. Programme components: 3. Coverage: 4. Guidelines: 1705. Admission criteria


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n6. Discharge criteria and recovery:7. Performance indicators171


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e8. Health inputs: 9. Breastfeeding support:10. Social and psychosocial support: 172


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nManagement of acute malnutrition and micronutrientdeficiencies standard 3: Micronutrient deficiencies Key actionsKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. Diagnosis and treatment of clinical micronutrient deficiencies: 173


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e2. Diagnosis and treatment of sub-clinical micronutrient deficiencies: 3. Prevention: 4. Use of micronutrients in the treatment of common diseases: 174


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n4. <strong>Food</strong> security175


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security standard 1: General food security Key actions Key indicators 176


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nGuidance notes1. Prioritising life-saving responses: 2. Support, protect and promote food security: 3. Risks associated with coping strategies:4. Exit and transition strategies177


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e5. Access to knowledge, skills and services: 6. Environmental impact: 7. Coverage, access and acceptability:8. Monitoring and evaluation: 178


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n4.1. <strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers179


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 1:General nutrition requirementsKey actions Key indicators 180


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n Guidance notes1. Interpreting access to food: 2. <strong>Nutrition</strong>al requirements and ration planning: 181


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eunknownknown3. Preventing acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies: 182


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n4. Monitoring utilisation of food rations: 5. Older people 6. People living with HIV 7. Persons with disabilities: 183


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e8. Caregivers and those they are caring for <strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 2: Appropriatenessand acceptabilityKey actions 184


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. Familiarity and acceptability: 2. <strong>Food</strong> storage and preparation: 3. <strong>Food</strong> processing: 185


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e4. Culturally important items: 5. Milk: <strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 3: <strong>Food</strong> quality and safetyKey actions 186


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. <strong>Food</strong> quality: 2. Genetically modified foods: 3. Complaints and response mechanism: 4. Packaging: 187


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e5. Storage areas <strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 4: Supplychain management (SCM)Key actionsKey indicators 188


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n Guidance notes1. Supply chain management 2. Using local services: 3. Local sourcing versus importation: 189


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e4. Impartiality:5. Skills and training: 6. <strong>Food</strong> is not used for payment:7. Reporting (including logistics cluster and inter-agency): 8. Documentation: 9. Warehousing:10. Disposal of commodities unfit for human consumption: 190


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n11. Threats to the supply chain: 12. Pipeline analysis13. Providing information: 191


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 5: Targeting anddistribution Key actionsKey indicators 192


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n Guidance notes1. Targeting: 2. Registration: 193


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e3. Distribution methods for ‘dry’ rations4. Distribution methods for ‘wet’ rations:5. Distribution points and travel:194


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n6. Minimising security risks:7. Dissemination of information: 195


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e8. Changes to the programme: 9. Monitoring and evaluation 196


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n<strong>Food</strong> security – food transfers standard 6: <strong>Food</strong> useKey actionsKey indicators 197


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eGuidance notes1. <strong>Food</strong> hygiene: 2. Sources of information: 3. Fuel, potable water and household items: 4. Access to food processing facilities5. Specific needs: 198


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n4.2. <strong>Food</strong> security – cash and voucher transfers199


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security – cash and voucher transfersstandard 1: Access to available goods and servicesKey actions Key indicators 200


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nGuidance notes1. Cash and voucher transfers are a tool: 2. Impact on local economies and market systems: 201


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e3. Cash and voucher delivery mechanisms: 4. Considering risks: 5. Setting the value of the cash or voucher transfer: 202


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n6. Choosing which type of cash or voucher transfer: 7. Targeting in cash and voucher transfer programmes:8. Monitoring of cash and voucher transfers: 4.3. <strong>Food</strong> security – livelihoods203


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security – livelihoods standard 1: Primary productionKey actions 204


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n Key indicatorsGuidance notes1. Viability of primary production: 2. Technological development: 205


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e3. Improving choice: 4. Timeliness and acceptability: 5. Seeds:206


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n6. Impact on rural livelihoods:7. Local purchase of inputs: 8. Monitoring usage: 207


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e<strong>Food</strong> security – livelihoods standard 2: Income and employment Key actionsKey indicators Guidance notes2081. Appropriateness of initiatives:


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n 2. Income transfers to households with limited capacities to participate:3. Type of remuneration: 4. Payments: 5. Risk in the work environment: 209


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e6. Risk of insecurity and diversion: 7. Caring responsibilities and livelihoods: 8. Use of remuneration: 210


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n<strong>Food</strong> security – livelihoods standard 3: Access to marketsKey actionsKey indicatorsGuidance notes1. Market demand and supply: 211


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e2. Market analysis: 3. Advocacy: 4. Vulnerable people:5. Impact of interventions: 6. Abnormally extreme seasonal price fluctuations212


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n213


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAppendix 1<strong>Food</strong> security and livelihoods assessment checklists1 <strong>Food</strong> security of livelihood groups2 <strong>Food</strong> security pre-disaster (baseline) 214


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n3 <strong>Food</strong> security during disaster 215


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAppendix 2Seed security assessment checklist1. Pre-disaster (baseline) 2. After disaster216


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n3. Assessing seed supply and demand: home stocks4. Assessing seed supply and demand: local markets5. Assessing seed supply and demand: formal sector seed 217


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAppendix 3<strong>Nutrition</strong> assessment checklistPre-emergency situationThe current risk of undernutrition 218


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n 219


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAppendix 4Measuring acute malnutritionInfants under 6 months220


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o n Children 6–59 months Global acutemalnutritionModerate acutemalnutritionSevere acutemalnutritionChildren aged 5–19 years221


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAdults (20–59.9 years)222


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nOlder peoplePersons with disabilities223


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eAppendix 5Measures of the public health significance ofmicronutrient deficiencies224


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nMicronutrientdeficiency indicatorRecommendedage group forprevalencesurveysDefinition of a public healthproblemSeverity Prevalence (%) 225


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eMicronutrientdeficiency indicatorRecommendedage group forprevalencesurveysDefinition of a public healthproblemSeverity Prevalence (%) 226


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nAppendix 6<strong>Nutrition</strong>al requirements227


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eNutrientMinimum populationrequirements 1 228


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nGroup% of population229


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e230


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nReferences andfurther readingSources 231


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eFurther readingAssessment referencesInitial assessment<strong>Food</strong> security assessment 232


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nSeed security assessmentLivelihood assessment Markets <strong>Food</strong> consumption Participatory methodologies233


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s e <strong>Nutrition</strong> and food security information systems Anthropometric assessment Micronutrient assessment 234


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nIYCF assessmentInfant and young child feeding <strong>Food</strong> security interventionsGeneral 235


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eTargeting and food distributionSupply chain management and food quality and safety Cash and vouchers interventions236


M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n F o o d S e c u r i t y a n d N u t r i t i o nSeed interventions General emergency nutrition manuals Vulnerable people237


H u m a n i t a r i a n C h a r t e r a n d M i n i m u m S t a n d a r d s i n H u m a n i t a r i a n R e s p o n s eManagement of acute malnutrition Micronutrient deficiencies 238

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