download PDF version - Dr Harold Hillman

orientations of each of these structures in single micrographs. So far, (2011), there has been noresponse.Observations on living cells in tissue cultures in unicellular organisms, in axons, and inplants, show the following intracellular movements: Brownian movement; streaming;movements due to convection; diffusion; phagocytosis; pinocytosis; diapedesis; meiosis andmitosis. Furthermore when particles of diameters, 0.5-5 µm, are injected into the cytoplasm, theyappear to move freely, and not be deviated by transparent or invisible cytoplasmic bodies. Themovements above are visible by low power microscopy of x200 to x400, and they would not beable to occur in the presence of all the cytoplasmic furniture mentioned in the last paragraph.Measurements by electron microscopy indicate that these structures are beyond the resolution ofthe light microscope. However, there are several methods of light microscopy, some of themclaiming to achieve magnifications beyond the Abbe limit. These include differentialinterference contrast; confocal; tandem scanning; quantum dot microscopy; and lensless. Thesemethods should enable microscopists to demonstrate the reality in life of some or all, of thestructures, which I assert to be artefacts (Table 2).Artifacts of the nervous systemArtifactTrilaminar „unit membrane‟Ion channelsMembrane receptorsTransmembrane moleculesMembrane carriersEndoplasmic reticulumCytoskeletonGolgi bodyCisternaeLysosomesCristae of mitochondriaContractilePeroxisomesInnerMolecularmitochondriamotorsMyelin lamellaesystemsPhagosomesNuclear poresSynapsesWhy it is an artifactImpossible solid geometryExtremely rarely seenNot seen by electron microscopySeen only in diagramsNot seen by electron microscopyCould not allow intracellular movementspresence Rarely seen of intracellular unfixed cells movements of lightmicroscopically Impossible solid visible geometry particlesNot seen even by electron microscopyImpossible solid geometryImpossible solid geometryImpossible geometry11