Formations of Continents and Mountains catalog # 2256
Formations of Continents and Mountains catalog # 2256
Formations of Continents and Mountains catalog # 2256
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FORMATIONS OF<br />
CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
from the<br />
Basics <strong>of</strong> Geology Series<br />
Teacher's Guide<br />
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AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084
<strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
<strong>catalog</strong> # <strong>2256</strong><br />
Published & Distributed by…<br />
AGC/UNITED LEARNING<br />
1560 Sherman Avenue<br />
Suite 100<br />
Evanston, IL 60201<br />
1-800-323-9084<br />
24-Hour Fax No. 847-328-6706<br />
Website: http://www.agcunitedlearning.com<br />
E-Mail: info@agcunited.com<br />
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THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY SERIES<br />
A Unit <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
Grades 5-9<br />
A NOTE TO THE TEACHER<br />
During a human lifetime, the l<strong>and</strong> appears to be stable <strong>and</strong> permanent. However, in the media we are<br />
constantly reminded <strong>of</strong> the dynamic natural processes that are affecting the l<strong>and</strong>: volcanoes erupting in<br />
Indonesia, earthquakes trembling in Japan, <strong>and</strong> hurricanes striking the United States mainl<strong>and</strong>. By<br />
studying the basics <strong>of</strong> geology, it is anticipated that one will have a better underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> respect<br />
for these <strong>and</strong> the other forces that are found within <strong>and</strong> around our beautiful planet, Earth.<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM<br />
THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY SERIES is intended for use in grades five through nine (5-9). Each<br />
video <strong>and</strong> accompanying lesson activities may also be appropriate for older students.<br />
The full-motion videos <strong>and</strong> accompanying student activities have been prepared to help students to<br />
become more familiar <strong>and</strong> aware <strong>of</strong> their home, planet Earth.<br />
THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY SERIES is designed to be used in two ways–as a complete selfcontained<br />
Unit <strong>of</strong> Study or as st<strong>and</strong>-alone video lessons.<br />
The Unit <strong>of</strong> Study consists <strong>of</strong> four videos, three lessons, four sets <strong>of</strong> blackline master activities, <strong>and</strong> this<br />
accompanying Teacher’s Guide containing Suggested Instructional Procedures for each <strong>of</strong> the three<br />
lessons, Answer Keys, scripts, Geologic Time Line <strong>of</strong> the Earth Activity, <strong>and</strong> a Unit Test.<br />
Each st<strong>and</strong>-alone lesson consists <strong>of</strong> one or two videos, one set <strong>of</strong> blackline master activities, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
Teacher’s Guide. An envelope containing the blackline master activities for the appropriate lesson is<br />
enclosed.<br />
This unit <strong>of</strong> study has been divided into three lessons:<br />
1 FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS: Introduction to Geology <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>,<br />
Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes (two videos)<br />
2. EROSION AND WEATHERING (one video)<br />
3. ALL ABOUT ROCKS AND MINERALS (one video)<br />
It is highly recommended that your students each have his or her own portfolio for the blackline master<br />
activity sheets, his or her own writings, <strong>and</strong> other information he or she finds interesting or important to<br />
keep for his or her study <strong>of</strong> THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY SERIES.<br />
UNIT GOALS<br />
After viewing the four videos <strong>and</strong> participating in the respective follow-up activities in this Unit <strong>of</strong><br />
Study, students will be able to:<br />
• Define that time is an important component <strong>of</strong> every geological process, <strong>and</strong> demonstrate underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
<strong>of</strong> the scope <strong>of</strong> the time line <strong>of</strong> geologic development.<br />
• Identify the natural processes that help change the earth.<br />
• Identify the internal structure <strong>of</strong> the planet earth.<br />
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• Describe the constructive <strong>and</strong> destructive forces that shape the l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
• Describe the importance <strong>of</strong> minerals.<br />
• Describe the processes which act to transform one rock into another.<br />
• Describe the formation <strong>and</strong> composition <strong>of</strong> soil.<br />
• Identify how fossils provide evidence about how life <strong>and</strong> the environment have changed on the earth<br />
over time.<br />
These Unit Goals comply directly with the National Science Education St<strong>and</strong>ards for grades 5-9 in<br />
Earth <strong>and</strong> Space Science:<br />
<strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
• The solid earth is layered with a lithosphere: hot, convecting mantle; <strong>and</strong> a dense,metallic core.<br />
• Lithospheric plates on the scales <strong>of</strong> continents <strong>and</strong> oceans constantly move at rates <strong>of</strong> centimeters per<br />
year in response to movements in the mantle. Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic<br />
eruptions, <strong>and</strong> mountain building, result from these plate movements.<br />
• L<strong>and</strong> forms are the result <strong>of</strong> a combination <strong>of</strong> constructive <strong>and</strong> destructive forces. Constructive forces<br />
include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, <strong>and</strong> deposition <strong>of</strong> sediment, while destructive forces<br />
include weathering <strong>and</strong> erosion.<br />
• The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement <strong>of</strong> lithospheric plates, <strong>and</strong> changes in<br />
atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past.<br />
• The outward transfer <strong>of</strong> earth’s internal heat drives convection in the mantle that propels the plates<br />
comprising earth’s surface across the face <strong>of</strong> the globe.<br />
Erosion <strong>and</strong> Weathering<br />
• Soil consists <strong>of</strong> weathered rocks <strong>and</strong> decomposed organic material from dead plants, animals, <strong>and</strong><br />
bacteria.<br />
• L<strong>and</strong> forms are the result <strong>of</strong> a combination <strong>of</strong> constructive <strong>and</strong> destructive forces. Constructive forces<br />
include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, <strong>and</strong> deposition <strong>of</strong> sediment, while destructive forces<br />
include weathering <strong>and</strong> erosion.<br />
• Living organisms have played many roles in the earth system, including affecting the composition <strong>of</strong><br />
the atmosphere, producing some types <strong>of</strong> rocks, <strong>and</strong> contributing to the weathering <strong>of</strong> rocks.<br />
• The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement <strong>of</strong> lithospheric plates, <strong>and</strong> changes in<br />
atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past.<br />
All About Rocks <strong>and</strong> Minerals<br />
• Some changes in the solid earth can be described as the “rock cycle.” Old rocks at the earth’s surface<br />
weather, forming sediments that are buried, then compacted, heated, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten recrystallized into new<br />
rock. Eventually, those new rocks may be brought to the surface by the forces that drive plate motions,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the rock cycle continues.<br />
• Living organisms have played many roles in the earth system, including affecting the composition <strong>of</strong><br />
the atmosphere, producing some types <strong>of</strong> rocks, <strong>and</strong> contributing to the weathering <strong>of</strong> rocks.<br />
• Fossils provide important evidence <strong>of</strong> how life <strong>and</strong> environmental conditions have changed.<br />
• Geologic time can be estimated by observing rock sequences <strong>and</strong> using fossils to correlate the sequences<br />
at various locations.<br />
Specific Student Objectives are given for each video lesson in the Suggested Instructional Procedures<br />
section.<br />
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MATERIALS IN THE UNIT<br />
Videos<br />
This Unit <strong>of</strong> Study contains four videos. The programs highlighted in bold type are the subject <strong>of</strong> this<br />
guide. The video titles <strong>and</strong> themes are as follows:<br />
1. FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY<br />
The science <strong>of</strong> geology studies the dynamics <strong>of</strong> the earth’s past <strong>and</strong> its present structures, <strong>and</strong><br />
seeks to predict its changes in the future. The internal structure <strong>of</strong> the earth is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
several zones <strong>of</strong> solid, liquid, <strong>and</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t rock. For the almost five billion years, the earth has transformed<br />
itself from a fiery ball to a sphere whose surface is covered by l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> water. The<br />
internal dynamics within the earth affect its surface. Plate tectonics is a theory that explains the<br />
movement <strong>of</strong> the earth’s plates.<br />
2. FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND<br />
EARTHQUAKES<br />
The forces <strong>of</strong> heat <strong>and</strong> pressure play a major role in causing the l<strong>and</strong> to rise. When molten rock<br />
within the earth breaks through the crust, a volcano is formed. Volcanic activity is <strong>of</strong>ten found<br />
along the broken sections <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust. These sections move very slowly, pressing against<br />
one another in some places, <strong>and</strong> pulling apart in other places. The spreading apart <strong>of</strong> oceanic<br />
plates is called sea floor spreading <strong>and</strong> the collision <strong>of</strong> two plates is called subduction . When<br />
layers <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> within a plate are under extreme pressure to move, the stress causes the layers to<br />
fold <strong>and</strong> rise into mountains. Mountain formation can also occur when the l<strong>and</strong> is forced to<br />
break. The vibrations from the release <strong>of</strong> this pressure is called an earthquake.<br />
3. EROSION AND WEATHERING<br />
The forces <strong>of</strong> nature not only build up the l<strong>and</strong>, but they break it down as well. Physical weathering is<br />
the breaking down <strong>of</strong> rock by the action <strong>of</strong> water, wind, plants, <strong>and</strong> animals. Chemical weathering<br />
deteriorates rocks by the reaction <strong>of</strong> different chemicals on the surface <strong>of</strong> the rocks. Examples <strong>of</strong><br />
chemical weathering are: the formation <strong>of</strong> rust due to oxidation, the lichen plant’s ability to secrete<br />
acid into rock, <strong>and</strong> the formation <strong>of</strong> caves due to the presence <strong>of</strong> carbonic acid. When plants <strong>and</strong><br />
animals help break down rock, they <strong>of</strong>ten add organic matter to it. The combination <strong>of</strong> disintegrated<br />
rock, organic matter, <strong>and</strong> a community <strong>of</strong> plants <strong>and</strong> animals make up soil . If soil is poorly maintained,<br />
it <strong>and</strong> other weathered rock could be easily washed, blown, or carried away. This process is known as<br />
erosion . Running water is the most dominant cause for changing the l<strong>and</strong>scape. Glaciation, mass<br />
wasting, <strong>and</strong> wind are also agents <strong>of</strong> erosion. Acid rain, along with human activities such as mining,<br />
farming, <strong>and</strong> dune buggying, also contributes to the erosion <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
4. ROCKS AND MINERALS<br />
There are over 2,000 types <strong>of</strong> minerals in the world, but only twenty minerals are common. Of all the<br />
mineral characteristics, the crystal structure is perhaps the most important clue to mineral identification.<br />
A rock is composed <strong>of</strong> different combinations <strong>of</strong> minerals. Most geologists refer to the rock cycle<br />
to explain rock types. Minerals, temperature, <strong>and</strong> forces all play a part in the making <strong>of</strong> a rock. For<br />
example, as the sediment <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> smaller particles are gradually buried <strong>and</strong> later cemented together<br />
by dissolved minerals, they become sedimentary rock. Fossils are <strong>of</strong>ten found in sedimentary rock <strong>and</strong><br />
provide evidence <strong>of</strong> how life <strong>and</strong> environmental conditions have changed on the earth over time. Since<br />
the arrival <strong>of</strong> early humans, rocks <strong>and</strong> minerals have played a vital role in the development <strong>of</strong> the<br />
human race. Today, a staggering amount <strong>of</strong> the earth’s natural resources is consumed. As people<br />
become better-educated about our earth, the more aware we become about the health <strong>of</strong> our home,<br />
planet Earth.<br />
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Video Quizzes<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> the videos <strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes;<br />
Erosion <strong>and</strong> Weathering; <strong>and</strong> Rocks <strong>and</strong> Minerals includes a Video Quiz, which immediately follows<br />
the closing credits after the video presentation. A short period <strong>of</strong> time is provided for each question;<br />
you may wish to pause the videotape to allow more time between questions.<br />
Teacher’s Guide<br />
This Teacher’s Guide has been prepared to aid you in utilizing materials contained within the Unit <strong>of</strong><br />
Study. In addition to this introductory material, the guide contains the following:<br />
• Culminating activities for the unit, including The Geologic Time Line <strong>of</strong> the Earth <strong>and</strong> a Unit Test,<br />
designed to assess student comprehension <strong>of</strong> the Unit Goals.<br />
• Suggested Instructional Procedures for each lesson.<br />
• Follow-up activities <strong>and</strong> projects for each lesson.<br />
• An Answer Key for the activity sheets for each lesson.<br />
• The script <strong>of</strong> the recorded narration for each lesson.<br />
Blackline Master Activities<br />
Included in this Unit <strong>of</strong> Study are three envelopes containing blackline master activities for each video<br />
lesson. These blackline masters are provided as follow-up activities for each lesson.<br />
A fourth envelope <strong>of</strong> the blackline master activities is provided which contains the Culminating Activities<br />
for the Unit <strong>of</strong> Study, which include The Geologic Time Line <strong>of</strong> the Earth <strong>and</strong> a Unit Test.<br />
These blackline masters are provided as the follow-up activities for each lesson.<br />
They will help you determine focal points for class discussions based on the objectives for the lesson.<br />
The activity sheets have a three-fold purpose:<br />
• To reinforce the information presented in the video.<br />
• To provide an opportunity for the students to apply what they have learned from the video.<br />
• To be used as diagnostic tools for assessing areas in which individual students need help.<br />
INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES<br />
It is suggested that you preview each video <strong>and</strong> read the related Suggested Instructional Procedures<br />
before involving your students in the lesson activities. In this way, you will become familiar with the<br />
materials <strong>and</strong> be better prepared to adapt the program to the needs <strong>of</strong> your class.<br />
If used as a Unit <strong>of</strong> Study, you may find it helpful to follow the videos <strong>and</strong> lesson activities in the order<br />
in which they are presented in the Teacher’s Guide.<br />
It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the entire class <strong>and</strong> under your direction.<br />
The lesson activities grow out <strong>of</strong> the context <strong>of</strong> the videos, therefore the presentations should be<br />
a common experience for all students. Arrange later viewing <strong>of</strong> the videos in small or in large groups<br />
to aid in the completion <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the activities.<br />
As you review the instructional program outlined in this Teacher’s Guide, you may find it necessary to<br />
make some changes, deletions, or additions to fit the specific needs <strong>of</strong> your students. We encourage<br />
you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your students will they obtain the instructional<br />
benefits afforded by the materials.<br />
If you are using THE BASICS OF GEOLOGY SERIES as a Unit <strong>of</strong> Study, a Unit Test Answer Key,<br />
designed to assess student comprehension <strong>of</strong> the Unit Goals, is included on page 7 <strong>of</strong> the Teacher’s<br />
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Guide. You may find it necessary to alter some <strong>of</strong> the questions to make them developmentally appropriate<br />
for your students. This Unit Test is an optional activity. If you are using a grading system based<br />
on percentages, you may want to give additional credit for the short-answer questions. Please duplicate<br />
as many copies <strong>of</strong> the unit test as you need.<br />
The following unit activities are not included in the envelopes containing blackline masters which<br />
accompany this video lesson.<br />
UNIT OF STUDY CULMINATING ACTIVITIES<br />
1. Unit Blackline Masters 1-8, The Geologic Time Line <strong>of</strong> the Earth. Directions <strong>and</strong> activity sheets<br />
are found at the end <strong>of</strong> this unit. The geological events are dated <strong>and</strong> should be placed in chronological<br />
order. Suggestion: This long-term project could be assigned during the same time period the other<br />
lesson activities are assigned. The following information <strong>and</strong> the blackline master activity are supplied<br />
for the use in creating a thirty-nine foot time line <strong>of</strong> the earth’s 4.6 billion years, along with the demarcation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the earth’s eons, eras, <strong>and</strong> tectonic events.<br />
Materials Needed for Time Line<br />
• 39' x 1' roll <strong>of</strong> white butcher paper per student or team<br />
• Pen <strong>and</strong> pencil<br />
• Rulers<br />
• Scissors<br />
• Glue sticks or paste<br />
• Colored markers, pencils, or crayons: red, brown, grey, green, <strong>and</strong> yellow<br />
• Large space to work<br />
Time Line Preparation <strong>and</strong> Execution<br />
1. To help students become familiar with time lines, have them make time lines <strong>of</strong> their own lives.<br />
2. In the beginning <strong>and</strong> end <strong>of</strong> the activity, it is best to set up a space where the time lines can be laid out<br />
so the students can get familiar with the earth’s extensive history.<br />
3. Talk to the students about time <strong>and</strong> how it is measured. Next, have the students read page one:<br />
“Introduction.” Using this worksheet, familiarize the students <strong>of</strong> the earth’s past <strong>and</strong> its division <strong>of</strong><br />
time.<br />
4. Pass out butcher paper, materials, <strong>and</strong> pages two through eight. Explain to the students that most<br />
time lines <strong>of</strong> the earth are rarely to scale or are so small, it is hard to grasp the earth’s long history.<br />
Therefore, THE GEOLOGIC TIME LINE OF THE EARTH activity will help them achieve a better<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> geologic time.<br />
5. Help the students to read page two, Directions. A teacher-made example <strong>of</strong> this activity would be<br />
helpful to show what the final project will look like. Have students follow the directions from this<br />
sheet.<br />
6. As students lay down the dates at each increment, encourage them to say the date aloud. Constantly<br />
remind them that each time increment equals ten million years. Check for errors in counting. The<br />
exact length <strong>of</strong> the time line may need adjustment. Correct any errors during the process since the<br />
focus <strong>of</strong> this activity is an accurate time line <strong>of</strong> the geological history <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
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7. Assessment <strong>of</strong> this project could be based on neatness, cooperation, accuracy, the ability to complete<br />
project on time, <strong>and</strong> the knowledge <strong>and</strong> skill to read the time line.<br />
8. Display time lines around the school, administration <strong>of</strong>fices, government buildings, <strong>and</strong> business<br />
<strong>of</strong>fices where appropriate.<br />
2. Unit Blackline Master 9, Unit Vocabulary. This list <strong>of</strong> vocabulary words is crucial to the comprehension<br />
<strong>of</strong> this Unit <strong>of</strong> Study.<br />
3. Bulletin Boards: As the Unit <strong>of</strong> Study progresses, it is recommended you assign various groups <strong>of</strong><br />
students to make bulletin board displays centered around specific topics contained in each <strong>of</strong> the four<br />
videos.<br />
4. A Mural <strong>of</strong> the Earth’s Surface: A mural is an excellent way to show the variety <strong>of</strong> formations<br />
found on the Earth’s surface. Collect magazine pictures <strong>of</strong> the various geological structures <strong>and</strong> environments<br />
found on the earth. Arrange these smaller visuals on large butcher paper to create a larger<br />
picture that looks like a l<strong>and</strong>scape. For example, in the background group sky scenes, on the horizon<br />
display mountain <strong>and</strong> volcano pictures, in the foreground arrange lowl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> water pictures. The<br />
bigger the mural the better. Make sure all areas <strong>of</strong> the mural are covered either with pictures or with the<br />
appropriate colored paper so that the total area <strong>of</strong> the mural looks complete. Take a picture or videotape<br />
your mural with your class.<br />
5. Television Interview/Report: Prepare a television news report about a fictional or past geological<br />
event such as a volcanic eruption, hurricane, or earthquake. Include factual information <strong>and</strong> opinions.<br />
Shoot the interview or report with a video camera. Take into consideration during the shooting that<br />
lighting <strong>and</strong> sound are appropriate, that the people on camera are appropriately dressed, <strong>and</strong> that your<br />
background enhances <strong>and</strong> does not distract from the presentation.<br />
It is suggested that written, oral, or computer multimedia reports be assigned during the course <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Unit <strong>of</strong> Study. You may wish to give your students opportunities to select topics prior to or during the<br />
individual lessons.<br />
Suggested Topics:<br />
Rocks <strong>and</strong> Minerals The Earth’s Interior<br />
Igneous Rocks Plate Tectonics<br />
Volcanic Activity The Ocean Floor<br />
Weathering <strong>and</strong> Soil Mountain Building<br />
Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks<br />
Geologic Time Mass Wasting<br />
Glaciers <strong>and</strong> Glaciation Deserts <strong>and</strong> Winds<br />
Shorelines Earthquakes<br />
6. Blackline Masters 10-12, Unit Test. This assessment tool may be used as a pre-test to gauge student<br />
comprehension prior to the presentation <strong>of</strong> the Unit <strong>of</strong> Study <strong>and</strong>/or as a post-test to evaluate student<br />
comprehension after completion <strong>of</strong> the Unit. Answers appear in the Unit Answer Key on the following<br />
page.<br />
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INTERNET RESOURCES<br />
1. Check out the American Geological Institute’s homepage at<br />
http://jei.umd.edu/agi/agi.html<br />
This site contains helpful links to many aspects <strong>of</strong> geology, from online databases to government affairs<br />
to education.<br />
American Geological Institute<br />
4220 King Street<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, Virginia 22302-1502<br />
2. The Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America has a homepage at<br />
http://www.geosociety.org<br />
which contains links to a variety <strong>of</strong> publications <strong>and</strong> educational information.<br />
Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America<br />
3300 Penrose Place<br />
Boulder, Colorado 80301<br />
(303) 447-2020<br />
(303) 447-1133 fax<br />
3. Visit The Paleontological Society Homepage at<br />
http://www.uic.edu/orgs/paleo/homepage.html<br />
for information on all things paleontological.<br />
Geological Sciences<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Illinois at Chicago<br />
845 West Taylor Street<br />
Chicago, Illinois 60607<br />
UNIT TEST ANSWER KEY<br />
Unit Blackline Masters 10-12, Unit Test<br />
Part One: Fill-In-The-Blank<br />
1. geology<br />
2. continents<br />
3. s<strong>of</strong>t or liquid rock<br />
4. plates<br />
5. plate tectonics<br />
6. One <strong>of</strong> the following: oxidation, lichen secretion <strong>of</strong> acid, formation <strong>of</strong> caves due to carbonic acid.<br />
7. mass wasting<br />
8. sea floor spreading<br />
9. physical weathering<br />
Part Two: True or False.<br />
1. T 6. T<br />
2. F 7. F<br />
3. F 8. F<br />
4. F 9. T<br />
5. T 10. T<br />
Part Three: Multiple Choice<br />
1. a 6. c<br />
2. d 7. d<br />
3. b 8. c<br />
4. d 9. a<br />
5. b 10. d<br />
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Part Four: Long Questions<br />
1.<br />
10<br />
outermost layer: lithosphere<br />
second layer: asthenosphere<br />
third layer: mantle<br />
fourth layer: outer core<br />
innermost layer: inner core<br />
2. The three processes which cause the earth to wear down are physical weathering, chemical weathering,<br />
<strong>and</strong> erosion. Physical weathering is the actual breakdown <strong>of</strong> rock by the action <strong>of</strong> natural forces<br />
such as water, wind, plants, <strong>and</strong> animals. Examples would be water turning to ice in the cracks <strong>of</strong> rocks<br />
which causes them to breakdown, the growth <strong>of</strong> plant roots through rocks, the wearing down <strong>of</strong> rocks<br />
due to animal foraging, <strong>and</strong> the breakdown <strong>of</strong> rock due to wind. Chemical weathering causes changes<br />
in the rocks from the reactions <strong>of</strong> different chemicals on the surface <strong>of</strong> rocks. Examples are oxidation,<br />
such as rust, that deteriorates any surface on which it acts, the acidic secretions <strong>of</strong> lichen plants growing<br />
in rock, <strong>and</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> carbonic acid, which can cause caves <strong>and</strong> caverns to form over time.<br />
Erosion is the washing, blowing, or carrying away <strong>of</strong> weathered rock material. Forces <strong>of</strong> erosion are<br />
wind, water, ice, <strong>and</strong> gravity. Running water is a good example <strong>of</strong> erosion, as are glaciers <strong>and</strong> mass<br />
wasting.<br />
3. Subduction is the result <strong>of</strong> a collision <strong>of</strong> two l<strong>and</strong> plates; one plate is pushed under the other, causing<br />
the l<strong>and</strong> to build up on the edge <strong>of</strong> the continent. Because <strong>of</strong> this plate movement, the l<strong>and</strong> is slowly<br />
squeezed <strong>and</strong> crumpled over millions <strong>of</strong> years until, finally, mountain ranges are formed.<br />
4. Minerals are important in many ways. First, many minerals are useful. Salt is used to flavor food,<br />
graphite is used in pencils, <strong>and</strong> gemstones <strong>and</strong> precious metals are used to make jewelry <strong>and</strong> other<br />
pleasing items. Minerals also combine as the basic building blocks <strong>of</strong> all common rocks.<br />
5. The three types <strong>of</strong> rock are igneous, sedimentary, <strong>and</strong> metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed by the<br />
molten material, or magma, deep below the earth’s crust. Sedimentary rocks is formed by weathering<br />
<strong>and</strong> erosion forces, which break down <strong>and</strong> transport rock fragments. When a pile <strong>of</strong> fragments accumulates,<br />
the particles near the base become compacted by the weight <strong>of</strong> the overlying layers <strong>and</strong> become<br />
cemented together by dissolved minerals (called lithification). Metamorphic rock is created when either<br />
sedimentary or igneous rock undergoes transformation involving heat <strong>and</strong>/or pressure. The “rock<br />
cycle” is the cycle by which igneous rock is broken down <strong>and</strong> becomes sedimentary rock; igneous or<br />
sedimentary rock can turn into metamorphic rock through heating or pressure. Metamorphic rock can<br />
become sedimentary rock through erosion <strong>and</strong>/or weathering or igneous rock through heating.<br />
AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084
<strong>Formations</strong> Of <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
Grades 5-9<br />
Running Times<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology: 10:00<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes: 14:30<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM<br />
This two-part program is designed to provide intermediate grade students (5-9) with an introduction to<br />
geology <strong>and</strong> mountain-building. Full-motion video <strong>and</strong> printed student activities have been prepared to<br />
help students better underst<strong>and</strong> the earth’s history, make-up, <strong>and</strong> mountain building processes.<br />
The program has been divided into two lessons: Part One: Introduction to Geology <strong>and</strong> Part Two:<br />
<strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes. A suggested lesson plan for each topic is provided in the<br />
Suggested Instructional Procedures section <strong>of</strong> this Teacher’s Guide.<br />
MATERIALS IN THE UNIT<br />
Videos<br />
This program contains two videos. The video titles <strong>and</strong> themes are as follows:<br />
LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY<br />
Planet earth provides all the essential elements for life. Geology is a science that studies the physical<br />
elements <strong>and</strong> the historical developments <strong>of</strong> our planet.<br />
LESSON TWO: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES<br />
Plate tectonics helps explain the processes <strong>of</strong> mountain building, volcanism, <strong>and</strong> earthquakes.<br />
LESSON TWO: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES is followed by a Video<br />
Quiz (the Quiz immediately follows the closing credits). The questions presented in the quiz appear on<br />
Blackline Master 7, Quiz. The answers appear in the Answer Key on page 19 <strong>of</strong> this Guide.<br />
Blackline Masters<br />
Included in this program are 17 blackline masters for duplication <strong>and</strong> distribution. These activities are<br />
designed to reinforce the information in the videos as well as provide extended learning activities for<br />
the students. They consist <strong>of</strong> vocabulary worksheets, take-home activities, classroom activities, information<br />
sheets, <strong>and</strong> a quiz for each lesson.<br />
Teacher’s Guide<br />
This Teacher’s Guide has been prepared to aid the teacher in utilizing materials contained within this<br />
program. In addition to this introductory material, the guide contains the following:<br />
• Suggested instructional procedures for each lesson<br />
• Answer Keys for activity sheets<br />
• Follow-up activities <strong>and</strong> projects for each lesson<br />
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INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES<br />
It is suggested that you preview each video <strong>and</strong> read the related Suggested Instructional Procedures<br />
before involving your students in the lesson activities. In this way, you will become familiar with the<br />
materials <strong>and</strong> be better prepared to adapt the program to the needs <strong>of</strong> your class.<br />
You will probably find it helpful to follow the videos <strong>and</strong> lesson activities in the order in which they are<br />
presented in this Teacher’s Guide, but this is not necessary.<br />
It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the entire class <strong>and</strong> under your direction.<br />
The lesson activities grow out <strong>of</strong> the content <strong>of</strong> the videos; therefore, the presentations should be<br />
a common experience for all students.<br />
As you review the instructional program outlined in this Teacher’s Guide, you may find it necessary to<br />
make some changes, deletions, or additions to fit the specific needs <strong>of</strong> your students. We encourage<br />
you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your students will they obtain the instructional<br />
benefits afforded by the materials.<br />
INTERNET RESOURCES<br />
1. The U.S. Geological Survey, a bureau <strong>of</strong> the U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> the Interior, has a wonderful<br />
website, whose homepage is<br />
http://www.usgs.gov<br />
This site is crammed full <strong>of</strong> information, including fact sheets, educational links <strong>and</strong> information, the<br />
latest in geological news, <strong>and</strong> its own search engine. There are also ways for kids to contact geologists<br />
directly.<br />
2. The U.S. Geological Survey also has an Earthquake Information page at<br />
http://quake.wr.usgs.gov<br />
which contains the latest ‘quake information, hazards <strong>and</strong> preparedness, earthquake FAQ, information<br />
about research <strong>and</strong> staff, <strong>and</strong> other links to related sites both on <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f the Worldwide Web.<br />
(3.) Volcano World has a great homepage at<br />
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu<br />
This site contains lots <strong>of</strong> information on currently erupting volcanoes, volcano images, volcanic parks<br />
<strong>and</strong> monuments, <strong>and</strong> some neat volcano video clips. There’s an “Ask a Volcanologist” section <strong>and</strong><br />
several searchable areas, plus great activities, games, <strong>and</strong> quizzes for kids.<br />
LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY<br />
Running Time: 10:00<br />
SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES<br />
Teacher Preparation<br />
• Preview video LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY<br />
• Duplicate Blackline Masters 1 through 6<br />
• Read the descriptions <strong>of</strong> the blackline masters<br />
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Video Summary<br />
Geology literally means “the study <strong>of</strong> the earth.” It examines the origin <strong>and</strong> the development <strong>of</strong> this<br />
planet, including its composition <strong>and</strong> the processes that take place on the surface <strong>and</strong> below it. The<br />
interior <strong>of</strong> the earth is generally made up <strong>of</strong> four sections: the inner core, the outer core, the mantle,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the crust.<br />
The formation <strong>of</strong> the planet began over five billion years ago. The earth was made up <strong>of</strong> liquid rock<br />
which later cooled <strong>and</strong> became solid in certain areas. Steam was emitted from the earth, which became<br />
rain <strong>and</strong> filled the lower depressions <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> to form the oceans <strong>and</strong> other bodies <strong>of</strong> water. The<br />
earth’s outer layer, the crust, has been dynamically changing throughout the earth’s history. At one<br />
time, most <strong>of</strong> the continents were bunched together to form one large continent called Pangaea.<br />
The earth’s outer layer consists <strong>of</strong> continental <strong>and</strong> oceanic crusts. It is dynamically fragmented into<br />
pieces called plates. The science that studies the movement <strong>of</strong> these plates is called plate tectonics.<br />
Vocabulary<br />
The following words are mentioned in the video. They are listed on Blackline Master 2, Vocabulary,<br />
which may be distributed to students.<br />
crust: the very thin solid outermost layer <strong>of</strong> the earth, three to sixty miles thick<br />
inner core: located at the center <strong>of</strong> the earth, it is thought to be a solid metal ball, approximately 1,500<br />
miles across<br />
magma: liquid or molten rock found within the earth<br />
mantle: the section <strong>of</strong> the earth that is located below the crust, which includes solid rock <strong>and</strong> pockets<br />
<strong>of</strong> molten rock arranged in its upper layer, <strong>and</strong> is approximately 1, 800 miles thick<br />
outer core: surrounds the earth’s inner core, assumed to be liquid rock approximately1,400 miles thick<br />
planet: a celestial body that revolves around the sun<br />
plate: a large section <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust that moves<br />
tectonics: the study <strong>of</strong> the processes that transform the earth’s crust<br />
Student Preparation<br />
Materials needed:<br />
Pen <strong>and</strong> pencil <strong>and</strong> materials for activities as follows:<br />
Blackline Master 3, The Earth’s Interior Structure: Colored pencils or crayons<br />
Blackline Master 4, Tune into Geology: scissors, transparent tape<br />
Blackline Master 5, Exploring L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Formations</strong> Through Drawing: 9" x 12" heavy constructed<br />
cardboard, paper clips, colored pencils or crayons, 8-1/2" x 11" white paper<br />
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Student Objectives<br />
After viewing the videotape, LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY, <strong>and</strong> participating<br />
in follow-up activities, students will be able to:<br />
• Define the four section <strong>of</strong> the interior <strong>of</strong> the earth as the inner core, the outer core, the mantle, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
crust.<br />
• Describe the process by which the earth formed five billion years ago.<br />
• Define Pangaea as the bunching together <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the continents during the earth’s development.<br />
• Define plate tectonics as the study <strong>of</strong> the movement <strong>of</strong> pieces <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust, called “plates.”<br />
• Define vocabulary terms fundamental to the study <strong>of</strong> geology.<br />
• Describe that the solid crust <strong>of</strong> the earth, including both the continents <strong>and</strong> the ocean basins consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> separate plates that ride on a denser, hot, weak layer <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
These Objectives comply directly with the National Science Education St<strong>and</strong>ards for grades 5-9 in<br />
Earth <strong>and</strong> Space Science:<br />
<strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
• The solid earth is layered with a lithosphere: hot, convecting mantle; <strong>and</strong> a dense, metallic core.<br />
• Lithospheric plates on the scales <strong>of</strong> continents <strong>and</strong> oceans constantly move at rates <strong>of</strong> centimeters per<br />
year in response to movements in the mantle. Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic<br />
eruptions, <strong>and</strong> mountain building, result from these plate movements.<br />
• L<strong>and</strong> forms are the result <strong>of</strong> a combination <strong>of</strong> constructive <strong>and</strong> destructive forces. Constructive forces<br />
include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, <strong>and</strong> deposition <strong>of</strong> sediment, while destructive forces<br />
include weathering <strong>and</strong> erosion.<br />
• The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement <strong>of</strong> lithospheric plates, <strong>and</strong> changes in<br />
atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past.<br />
• The outward transfer <strong>of</strong> earth’s internal heat drives convection in the mantle that propels the plates<br />
comprising earth’s surface across the face <strong>of</strong> the globe.<br />
Video Presentation<br />
• Distribute Blackline Master 1, Know, Need, Learn. Cooperative groups may be used for this<br />
activity. This part <strong>of</strong> the activity is designed to help the students identify what they already know <strong>and</strong><br />
to stimulate interest in the study <strong>of</strong> geology. Next, have them write what they need to know about the<br />
basics <strong>of</strong> geology. Have the students brainstorm what they now know about the planet earth on Blackline<br />
Master 1. Next, explain to the students that they are about to see a video that will exp<strong>and</strong> their knowledge<br />
<strong>of</strong> our planet <strong>and</strong> introduce to them the science <strong>of</strong> geology.<br />
• Present the video. The viewing time is 10:00.<br />
• After viewing the video, <strong>and</strong> as the students learn terms <strong>and</strong> definitions throughout the lesson, have<br />
them record their findings on the “What I Know” side <strong>of</strong> Blackline Master 1, Know, Need, Learn. It<br />
is important for the instructor to motivate the students to maintain a record keeping system. This sheet<br />
may be duplicated <strong>and</strong> distributed as <strong>of</strong>ten as necessary based upon the students’ needs.<br />
Immediately after viewing the video, check for underst<strong>and</strong>ing with your class using the following<br />
questions: true or false?<br />
1. Geology is the study <strong>of</strong> the stars. [F]<br />
2. Geology is the study <strong>of</strong> our planet earth. [T]<br />
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3. A geologist is a person who studies our earth. [T]<br />
4. The earth’s interior is made up <strong>of</strong> solid rock. [F]<br />
5. The large masses <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> are called continents [T]<br />
6. Magma is another name for a mountain range. [F]<br />
7. Magma is another name for a s<strong>of</strong>tened rock that flows below the surface <strong>of</strong> the earth. [T]<br />
8. The l<strong>and</strong> masses on the earth have always remained the same shape, size, <strong>and</strong> position throughout<br />
the earth’s history. [F]<br />
9. The crust is broken up into large pieces called plates. [T]<br />
10. The theory that describes the plate’s movement is called Plate Tectonics. [T]<br />
11. The plates may move perhaps an inch or two a year. [T]<br />
12. The earth’s age is very ancient. [T]<br />
Note: For a quick check, students may reply using h<strong>and</strong> signals. Thumbs up - true, thumbs down -<br />
false, thumbs sideways - not sure. Give the correct answers immediately after the class’ answer <strong>and</strong><br />
before continuing to the next question.<br />
FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES<br />
Blackline Masters<br />
Blackline masters are provided as the follow-up activities for this lesson. They will help you determine<br />
focal points for class discussions based on the objectives for the lesson. The activity sheets designed<br />
for this lesson on Introduction to Geology have a three-fold purpose:<br />
• To reinforce the video lesson.<br />
• To provide an opportunity for the students to apply what they have learned from the video.<br />
• To be used as diagnostic tools for assessing areas in which individual students need help.<br />
Following are descriptions <strong>of</strong> the activity sheets <strong>and</strong> instructions on how to use them, for Lesson One:<br />
Introduction to Geology. Answers can be found on page 14.<br />
1. Distribute Blackline Master 2, Vocabulary. This list <strong>of</strong> pertinent vocabulary words will provide<br />
h<strong>and</strong>y reference throughout the presentation <strong>of</strong> this lesson.<br />
2. Distribute Blackline Master 3, The Earth’s Interior Structure. This activity is designed to reinforce<br />
the names <strong>and</strong> descriptions <strong>of</strong> the major layers <strong>of</strong> the earth’s interior: crust, mantle, outer core,<br />
<strong>and</strong> inner core.<br />
3. Distribute Blackline Master 4, Tune into Geology. This activity enables the students to study<br />
further the dynamics <strong>of</strong> plate tectonics <strong>and</strong> the history <strong>of</strong> the earth. Higher-level thinking skills are<br />
promoted in this activity.<br />
4. Distribute Blackline Master 5, Exploring L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Formations</strong> Through Drawing. This activity is<br />
to improve the student’s observational skills through fine art. Using basic drawing techniques, the<br />
students will record the l<strong>and</strong> formations surrounding their community.<br />
5. Distribute Blackline Master 6, An Adventure to the Center <strong>of</strong> the Earth. This activity sheet is to<br />
be used by the students singularly or in cooperative groups. Along with their fact sheets, the students<br />
will write <strong>and</strong> illustrate their science fiction tales about an imaginary journey to the center <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
A good imagination <strong>and</strong> higher level thinking skills ares required for this exercise.<br />
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Projects<br />
1. Provide for the students materials to make models <strong>of</strong> the earth’s structure. Suggested materials are<br />
dough (flour, salt, <strong>and</strong> water colored with food coloring) or clay, <strong>and</strong> Styr<strong>of</strong>oam balls cut in half. Apply<br />
thin layers <strong>of</strong> the dough or clay to the ball’s flat side (interior) representing the earth’s core, mantle,<br />
outer core, <strong>and</strong> inner core. Then use the dough or clay for the ball’s rounded exterior representing<br />
continents <strong>and</strong> oceans. Match the colors <strong>of</strong> the earth’s zones as used in the video. If dough was used,<br />
to maintain the bright colors seal the finished model with clear plastic wrap. Display models in the<br />
classroom or in display cases. Include students’ reports <strong>of</strong> their own research <strong>of</strong> the earth’s interior.<br />
2. Encourage more l<strong>and</strong>scape drawings from the students. Arrange for field trips to areas with interesting<br />
l<strong>and</strong>scapes. Display students’ art work in the classroom, community centers, libraries, <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fices<br />
in your community.<br />
3. After the students have completed their science fiction tales <strong>of</strong> their journeys to the center <strong>of</strong> the<br />
earth, the instructor may choose to read aloud to the class the book by Jules Verne, Journey to the<br />
Centre <strong>of</strong> the Earth, on a daily basis. Some <strong>of</strong> the information is intense <strong>and</strong> the instructor might need<br />
to explain the setting <strong>and</strong> time Mr. Verne wrote the book. It makes for great reading!<br />
4. For extra credit, students may present their science fiction tales as an illustrated book complete with<br />
their own cover, title, <strong>and</strong> a table <strong>of</strong> contents.<br />
Blackline Master 1, Know, Need, Learn<br />
Based on the students’ background <strong>and</strong> needs.<br />
ANSWER KEY<br />
Blackline Master 3, The Earth’s Interior Structure<br />
Answers will vary but should contain some <strong>of</strong> the following:<br />
1. Inner Core. It is a solid metal ball that is approximately 756 miles across (1,216 kilometers). Its<br />
metallic content is probably iron or nickel. It is under extreme pressure <strong>and</strong> is believed to be at least<br />
5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees Celsius).<br />
2. Outer core. The outer core surrounds the inner core. It is approximately 1,400 miles thick (2,300<br />
kilometers). It is molten or liquid.<br />
3. Mantle. Most geologists think that most <strong>of</strong> the mantle is solid rock with parts <strong>of</strong> its upper layer<br />
having slowly moving liquid rock. It is approximately 1,800 miles thick (2,900 kilometers). Toward<br />
the top <strong>of</strong> this zone is a layer <strong>of</strong> hot weak rock, capable <strong>of</strong> melting, called the asthenosphere. Above the<br />
asthenosphere is the lithosphere which is cool rigid rock.<br />
4. Crust. This is the very thin outer layer <strong>of</strong> rock. Geologists believe it consists <strong>of</strong> continental crust that<br />
is twenty to sixty miles thick (thirty to one hundred kilometers) <strong>and</strong> the thinner layer <strong>of</strong> oceanic crust<br />
that is only three to six miles thick (five to ten kilometers).<br />
Blackline Master 6, An Adventure to the Center <strong>of</strong> the Earth<br />
Answers are to be determined by the students’ creative thought processes.<br />
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LESSON TWO: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES<br />
Running Time: 14:30<br />
SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES<br />
Teacher Preparation<br />
• Preview video LESSON TWO: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES<br />
• Duplicate Blackline Masters 7-15.<br />
Video Summary<br />
The surface <strong>of</strong> the earth has been building up <strong>and</strong> continues to build up due to the forces <strong>of</strong> heat <strong>and</strong><br />
pressure. Generated from within the earth, tremendous amounts <strong>of</strong> heat flow through the mantle<br />
causing pockets <strong>of</strong> molten magma to exist in the upper mantle. This magma dynamically affects the<br />
crust whereby mountains are formed.<br />
A volcano is formed when magma rises <strong>and</strong> breaks through the crust . This is also known as a volcanic<br />
eruption. There are three types <strong>of</strong> volcanoes: a composite cone volcano, a cinder cone volcano, <strong>and</strong><br />
a shield volcano.<br />
Folded mountains are fashioned when layers <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> slowly rise in a bending <strong>and</strong> buckling formation.<br />
This process is call folding. And when the l<strong>and</strong> neither bends nor buckles forcing the l<strong>and</strong> to<br />
fracture <strong>and</strong> rise, faulted mountains are formed. This process is called faulting.<br />
During faulting, earthquakes <strong>of</strong>ten occur. An earthquake is the vibration <strong>of</strong> the earth resulting from a<br />
rapid release <strong>of</strong> energy.<br />
Sea floor spreading is caused by magma that pushes its way up through the oceanic crust <strong>and</strong> causes<br />
the crustal plates to move or spread apart. As the plates move they <strong>of</strong>ten collide <strong>and</strong> when one plate is<br />
pushed under another plate, it is called subduction.<br />
Vocabulary<br />
The following words are mentioned in the video. They are listed on Blackline Master 8, Vocabulary,<br />
which may be distributed to students.<br />
cinder cone: a small volcano built primarily <strong>of</strong> small volcanic fragments<br />
composite cone: a volcano made up <strong>of</strong> two parts <strong>of</strong> volcanic material: (1) lava flows, <strong>and</strong> (2) volcanic<br />
dust, ash <strong>and</strong> fragments.<br />
crater: the cup-shaped area at the summit <strong>of</strong> a volcano<br />
crust: the very thin solid outermost layer <strong>of</strong> the earth, three to sixty miles thick<br />
dike: a tubular-shaped intrusion <strong>of</strong> magma that cuts through a volcano<br />
dome: the rounded upliftment <strong>of</strong> the earth’s surface<br />
doming: the mountain building process due to rising magma forcing a rounded upliftment <strong>of</strong> the earth’s<br />
surface<br />
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earthquake: the vibration <strong>of</strong> the earth resulting from a rapid release <strong>of</strong> energy<br />
fault: a break or fracture in the l<strong>and</strong> caused by earth movement<br />
fault-blocked mountain: a mountain formed by fractured l<strong>and</strong> that has risen<br />
inner core: located at the center <strong>of</strong> the earth, it is thought to be a solid metal ball, approximately<br />
1,500 miles across<br />
lava: molten rock that reaches the earth’s surface<br />
lateral fault: see strike-slip fault<br />
magma: liquid or molten rock found within the earth<br />
mantle: the section <strong>of</strong> the earth that is located below the crust which includes solid rock <strong>and</strong> pockets<br />
<strong>of</strong> molten rock existing in its upper layer; it is approximately 1,800 miles thick<br />
normal fault: a fault in which the l<strong>and</strong> above the fracture has moved down<br />
outer core: surrounds the earth’s inner core, assumed to be liquid rock approximately 1,400 miles<br />
thick<br />
plate: a large section <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust that moves<br />
strike-slip fault: a fault at which the movement is horizontal<br />
subduction: when a moving plate collides <strong>and</strong> is pushed under another plate<br />
tectonics: the study <strong>of</strong> the processes that transform the earth’s crust<br />
thrust fault: a reverse fault with a low angle<br />
reverse fault: a fault in which the l<strong>and</strong> above the fracture has moved upwards<br />
volcano: a mountain formed <strong>of</strong> lava or volcanic fragments<br />
Student Preparation<br />
Materials needed:<br />
Pen or pencil <strong>and</strong> materials for activities as follows:<br />
Blackline Master 9, Earthquakes <strong>and</strong> Plate Tectonics: colored pencils, crayons, or colored markers;<br />
scissors, glue<br />
Blackline Master 10, Parts <strong>of</strong> a Composite Volcano: colored pencils, crayons, or colored markers<br />
Blackline Master 14, It’s Your Fault: colored pencils, crayons or colored markers, scissors<br />
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Student Objectives<br />
After viewing the videotape, LESSON TWO: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTH-<br />
QUAKES, <strong>and</strong> participating in follow-up activities, students will be able to:<br />
• Identify that the slow movement <strong>of</strong> material within the earth results from heat flowing from the deep<br />
interior.<br />
• Define the three processes <strong>of</strong> mountain building as folding, faulting, <strong>and</strong> volcanic activity.<br />
• Name <strong>and</strong> describe two types <strong>of</strong> volcanoes.<br />
• Explain the dynamics <strong>of</strong> plate tectonics.<br />
• Identify that earthquakes <strong>of</strong>ten occur along the boundaries between colliding plates.<br />
• Identify that the surface <strong>of</strong> the earth changes; describe that some <strong>of</strong> these changes are due to rapid<br />
processes such as volcanoes <strong>and</strong> earthquakes.<br />
• Identify the various types <strong>of</strong> faults.<br />
These Objectives comply directly with the National Science Education St<strong>and</strong>ards for grades 5-9 in<br />
Earth <strong>and</strong> Space Science:<br />
<strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
• The solid earth is layered with a lithosphere; hot, convecting mantle; <strong>and</strong> a dense metallic core.<br />
• Lithospheric plates on the scales <strong>of</strong> continents <strong>and</strong> oceans constantly move at rates <strong>of</strong> centimeters per<br />
year in response to movements in the mantle. Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic<br />
eruptions, <strong>and</strong> mountain building, result from these plate movements.<br />
• L<strong>and</strong> forms are the result <strong>of</strong> a combination <strong>of</strong> constructive <strong>and</strong> destructive forces. Constructive forces<br />
include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, <strong>and</strong> deposition <strong>of</strong> sediment, while destructive forces<br />
include weathering <strong>and</strong> erosion.<br />
• The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement <strong>of</strong> lithospheric plates, <strong>and</strong> changes in<br />
atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past.<br />
• The outward transfer <strong>of</strong> earth’s internal heat drives convection in the mantle that propels the plates<br />
comprising earth’s surface across the face <strong>of</strong> the globe.<br />
VideoPresentation<br />
• Have students add to Blackline Master 1, Know, Need, Learn, distributed in Lesson One. Ask them<br />
what they know about the formation <strong>of</strong> mountains, volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> earthquakes. Have any <strong>of</strong> them ever<br />
seen a volcano, either while it was active or its aftermath? What about earthquakes? Has anyone ever<br />
experienced an earthquake? Have there ever been earthquakes or volcanoes in your area? Are there<br />
mountains? If not, where are the closest mountains, active volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> earthquakes?<br />
Explain to the students that the earth’s crust builds up in many ways <strong>and</strong> that they will see a video that<br />
will introduce or exp<strong>and</strong> upon their study this dynamic phenomenon.<br />
• Present the video. The viewing time is 14;30.<br />
After viewing the video, <strong>and</strong> as the students learn terms <strong>and</strong> definitions throughout the lesson, have<br />
them record their findings on the “Know” side <strong>of</strong> Blackline Master 1, Know, Need, Learn. It is<br />
important for the instructor to motivate the students to maintain a record keeping system. This sheet<br />
may be duplicated <strong>and</strong> distributed as <strong>of</strong>ten as necessary based upon the students’ needs.<br />
A Video Quiz immediately follows the closing credits <strong>of</strong> Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong><br />
Earthquakes. This Video Quiz which covers information presented in both lessons <strong>of</strong> <strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>. The questions in the Video Quiz appear on Blackline Master 7, Quiz,<br />
<strong>and</strong> may be used as a pre-test to gauge student comprehension before <strong>and</strong> after the video presentation.<br />
Answers to the Video Quiz appear in the Answer Key on page 19 <strong>of</strong> this guide.<br />
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FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES<br />
Blackline Masters<br />
Blackline masters are provided as the follow-up activities for this lesson. They will help you determine<br />
focal points for class discussions based on the objectives for the lesson. The activity sheets designed<br />
for this lesson on Introduction to Geology have a three-fold purpose:<br />
• To reinforce the video lesson.<br />
• To provide an opportunity for the students to apply what they have learned from the video.<br />
• To be used as diagnostic tools for assessing areas in which individual students need help.<br />
The Blackline Masters may be used immediately following the video presentation, during other class<br />
time, or as homework assignments. The answers can be found in the Answer Key on page 19.<br />
Following are descriptions <strong>of</strong> the activity sheets <strong>and</strong> instructions on how to use them, for Lesson Two:<br />
<strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes.<br />
1. Administer the Video Quiz immediately following the closing credits <strong>of</strong> the video. Blackline Master<br />
7, Quiz lists the questions which appear in the Video Quiz <strong>and</strong> may be used as a pre-test to gauge<br />
student comprehension before <strong>and</strong> after the video presentation.<br />
2. Distribute Blackline Master 8, Vocabulary. This list <strong>of</strong> pertinent vocabulary words will provide<br />
h<strong>and</strong>y reference throughout the presentation <strong>of</strong> this lesson.<br />
3. Distribute Blackline Master 9, Earthquakes <strong>and</strong> Plate Tectonics. This activity involves coloring<br />
<strong>and</strong> labeling a world map that displays most <strong>of</strong> the earth’s major plates. Independently or as a class, the<br />
students are directed to record on this map earthquakes reported by the news media that occur during a<br />
time frame <strong>of</strong> three months or longer. Then they are to decide if there is a relationship to earthquakes<br />
<strong>and</strong> plate boundaries. Hot spots <strong>and</strong>/or volcanic activity may be included in the record keeping.<br />
4. Distribute Blackline Master 10, Parts <strong>of</strong> a Composite Volcano. Students identify <strong>and</strong> color the<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> a composite cone volcano.<br />
5. Distribute Blackline Master 11, A Composite Cone Volcano. A brief description about the volcano<br />
is presented. A sequence <strong>of</strong> pictures illustrating the eruption patterns <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> volcano is<br />
also provided. Using this information, students are to write a descriptive essay <strong>of</strong> the composite cone<br />
volcano. Outside research is encouraged.<br />
6. Distribute Blackline Master 12, A Cinder Cone Volcano. A brief description about the volcano is<br />
presented. A sequence <strong>of</strong> pictures illustrating the eruption patterns <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> volcano is also<br />
provided. Using this information, students are to write a descriptive essay <strong>of</strong> the cinder cone volcano.<br />
Outside research is encouraged.<br />
7. Distribute Blackline Master 13, A Shield Volcano. A brief description about the volcano is presented.<br />
A sequence <strong>of</strong> pictures illustrating the eruption patterns <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> volcano are also provided.<br />
Using this information, students are to write a descriptive essay <strong>of</strong> the shield volcano. Outside<br />
research is encouraged.<br />
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8 Distribute Blackline Master 14, It’s Your Fault. Students color <strong>and</strong> cut out paper models <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fractured earth <strong>and</strong> manipulate them to form four types <strong>of</strong> faults. On the back <strong>of</strong> the sheet, the students<br />
are to illustrate <strong>and</strong> label these faults: normal, reverse, thrust, <strong>and</strong> the lateral or strike-slip fault.<br />
9. Distribute Blackline Master 15, Mountain Building Crossword Puzzle. Students use the vocabulary<br />
words defined in the two lessons <strong>of</strong> <strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> to complete the<br />
puzzle.<br />
ANSWER KEY<br />
Blackline Master 7, Quiz<br />
1. geology<br />
2. thin layer <strong>of</strong> rocky material<br />
3. a large body <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> that is above water<br />
4. plate<br />
5. sea floor spreading<br />
6. Students may name three <strong>of</strong> the following: gas, lava, ash, dust, rock fragments<br />
7. quickly<br />
8. false<br />
9. false<br />
10. true<br />
Blackline Master 9, Earthquakes <strong>and</strong> Plate Tectonics<br />
1. The African plate includes Africa.<br />
2. The Antarctic plate includes Antarctica.<br />
3. The Eurasian plate includes Europe <strong>and</strong> Asia.<br />
4. The Indo-Australian plate includes India <strong>and</strong> Australia.<br />
5. The Nazca plate is directly west <strong>of</strong> South America.<br />
6. The North American plate includes North America.<br />
7. The Pacific plate is located in the Pacific Ocean.<br />
8. The South American plate includes South America.<br />
Blackline Master 11, A Composite Cone Volcano<br />
Answers will vary but should contain some <strong>of</strong> the following:<br />
The composite cone volcano is made up <strong>of</strong> two parts <strong>of</strong> volcanic material. One part contains volcanic<br />
dust, ash, <strong>and</strong> fragments. The other part contains hardened lava flows. When the volcano erupts, it first<br />
lets out steam, ash, dust, <strong>and</strong> a little lava. Small earthquakes may also occur. Next, it erupts with a<br />
violent explosion that clears the central vent <strong>of</strong> solidified magma. After the vent is cleared, quieter<br />
outpourings <strong>of</strong> lava flow. This volcano may grow to heights <strong>of</strong> over 10,000 feet <strong>and</strong> have a base fifteen<br />
to twenty miles across. Its slope is steep at the summit <strong>and</strong> gentle at its base.<br />
Blackline Master 12, A Cinder Cone Volcano<br />
Answers will vary but should contain some <strong>of</strong> the following:<br />
A cinder cone volcano contains small fragments called cinders. Cinders are drops <strong>of</strong> lava that were<br />
first thrown from the volcanic vent then cooled <strong>and</strong> became solid fragments one inch or less in size. A<br />
cone volcano erupts cinders continuously for days or a few years. The cinders pile up around the vent<br />
<strong>and</strong> form a cone-shaped mound or hill. A cinder cone is rather small. Its height may reach tens <strong>of</strong> feet<br />
to a thous<strong>and</strong> feet. When it stops erupting, it remains idle. If it restarts, it would erupt near the original<br />
cone, forming a new cone. Near the end <strong>of</strong> the volcano’s activity, lava erupts around the base <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cone <strong>and</strong> spreads out over the surrounding area.<br />
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Blackline Master 13, A Shield Volcano<br />
Answers will vary but should contain some <strong>of</strong> the following:<br />
Shield volcanoes are composed <strong>of</strong> solid lava flows. Their “lava fountains” produce spectacular sights.<br />
However, shield volcanoes are most noted for their gentle moving lava outpourings. Their eruption<br />
pattern consists <strong>of</strong> numerous cycles <strong>of</strong> flowing lava <strong>and</strong> idle periods. Their slopes are gentle <strong>and</strong> take<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> years to build.<br />
Blackline Master 14, It’s Your Fault<br />
This is a self-correcting sheet. The faults are labeled <strong>and</strong> illustrated on the front side. Regarding the<br />
thrust fault question, it is a reverse fault.<br />
Blackline Master 15, Mountain Building Crossword Puzzle<br />
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Script <strong>of</strong> Video Narration<br />
<strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
Part One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Planet Earth, compared to billions <strong>of</strong> other planets <strong>and</strong> stars in the universe, it seems <strong>of</strong> little importance.<br />
But for us, the inhabitants <strong>of</strong> the earth, it is the most important place in the universe.<br />
It provides all <strong>of</strong> us who live here with everything we need to sustain life: air to breath, or to soar<br />
through; water to drink or to use for recreation <strong>and</strong> travel; soil for plants to grow in; rocks <strong>and</strong> minerals<br />
to help make roads, machines, <strong>and</strong> many common objects that we use every day.<br />
All this <strong>and</strong> much, much more–self contained in the magnificent blue planet we call Earth.<br />
Geology is the scientific study <strong>of</strong> our planet Earth. A geologist is a scientist who studies our planet; it’s<br />
structure <strong>and</strong> shape; its history <strong>and</strong> changes.<br />
Geologists also study rocks <strong>and</strong> minerals to get clues about the earth. They have found the answers to<br />
many important questions, such as:<br />
What causes mountains to form?<br />
What is it like beneath the earth?<br />
What is the earth made <strong>of</strong>?<br />
How is soil formed?<br />
What was our planet like millions <strong>of</strong> years ago?<br />
What are the effects <strong>of</strong> human activities on the earth?<br />
What events have happened to make the earth the way it is today, <strong>and</strong> what events could happen<br />
that will change it tomorrow?<br />
Why is the surface <strong>of</strong> the earth so different throughout the world?<br />
From the flat regions, to the mountains, from the oceans to the deserts–what has caused all these<br />
differences?<br />
Let’s take a look at some <strong>of</strong> the things geologists have discovered about our planet.<br />
If we could split open our planet, we would see that it is made up <strong>of</strong> various zones.<br />
The earth is approximately eight thous<strong>and</strong> miles, or 13,000 kilometers in diameter, from the north pole<br />
to the south pole.<br />
At the center, we have what we call the inner core. It is thought to be a solid metal ball about 750 miles<br />
or 1200 kilometers thick. This center core is under extreme pressure <strong>and</strong> is believed to be at least five<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> degrees Fairenheit, or 2760 degrees Celsius.<br />
Surrounding the inner core is the outer core. This area is about fourteen hundred miles or 2300 kilometers<br />
thick <strong>and</strong> is believed to be molten or liquid rock. Nickle <strong>and</strong> iron are probably the main elements<br />
<strong>of</strong> the outer core.<br />
Next is the mantle, approximately eighteen hundred miles or 2900 kilometers thick. Geologists think<br />
that most <strong>of</strong> the mantle is solid rock.<br />
However, towards the top <strong>of</strong> this layer, there exists an area <strong>of</strong> hot, thick, molten rock. This area is called<br />
the asthenosphere.<br />
And above this area is the cool <strong>and</strong> rigid outer shell <strong>of</strong> the earth which we call the crust. Geologists<br />
sometimes refer to the crust <strong>and</strong> the solid area directly below it as the lithosphere.<br />
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As we take a closer look at our diagram, we see that on dry l<strong>and</strong>, the crust is a mere twenty to sixty<br />
miles or 30 to 100 kilometers thick. The rock that is similiar to the common rock, granite, makes up<br />
most this section <strong>of</strong> the crust.<br />
And under the ocean, the crust is a much thinner layer <strong>of</strong> rocky material similar to basalt. This section<br />
<strong>of</strong> the crust is approximately three to six miles or 5 to 10 kilometers thick.<br />
Geologists believe that about five billion years ago, long before life as we know it existed, the earth<br />
was make up <strong>of</strong> very hot liquid or molten rock. We call that rock magma.<br />
The young earth was a fiery inferno, constantly bubbling over with gases <strong>and</strong> this hot magma. Over<br />
millions <strong>of</strong> years, this liquid rock cooled <strong>and</strong> hardened on the surface, yet, stayed hot <strong>and</strong> liquid underneath.<br />
As the surface cooled <strong>and</strong> hardened, hot magma from below would break through the crust, in the form<br />
<strong>of</strong> volcanoes, creating more l<strong>and</strong> each time it cooled. This cycle happened again <strong>and</strong> again until large<br />
l<strong>and</strong> masses were formed.<br />
As these volcanoes erupted, they also emitted gases <strong>and</strong> steam which rose into the atmosphere, cooled,<br />
<strong>and</strong> fell as rain. So much rain fell that it filled the depressions in the earth’s crust, forming huge oceans.<br />
Only the highest portions <strong>of</strong> the crust remained about the water. These large areas <strong>of</strong> dry l<strong>and</strong> are called<br />
continents.<br />
Over time, great forces from below the surface <strong>of</strong> the earth caused the crust to crack. The earth became<br />
like a giant jig-saw puzzle. Geologists refer to each piece <strong>of</strong> this puzzle as a plate.<br />
Geological think that these plates have been constantly moving since they formed .<br />
At one point, approximately two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty million years ago, several plates collided, in such a<br />
way, as to cause all the continents to bunch together, forming one giant super continent called Pangea.<br />
As the plates continued to move, Pangea separated, <strong>and</strong> the smaller l<strong>and</strong> masses moved into the positions<br />
we recognize today.<br />
It is important to realize, however, that the plates are still moving, perhaps only an inch a year.<br />
Today, there is a new theory which describes these plates <strong>and</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> their movement on the<br />
earth. We call that theory plate tectonics.<br />
In our next geology segment, we will explore the ideas <strong>and</strong> concepts presented in the plate tectonics<br />
theory which help geologists underst<strong>and</strong> why there are towering mountains, fiery volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> violent<br />
earthquakes.<br />
Join us as we continue to unfold the many mysteries <strong>of</strong> our planet.<br />
Part Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
Like silent giants towering on the distant horizon, mountains have always filled us with a sense <strong>of</strong><br />
wonder <strong>and</strong> inspiration.<br />
These are the Himalayan <strong>Mountains</strong>, home <strong>of</strong> Mount Everest. Reaching a height <strong>of</strong> over twenty-nine<br />
thous<strong>and</strong> feet, or eight thous<strong>and</strong> seven hundred meters, Mount Everest is the highest mountain peak in<br />
the world.<br />
For the next few moments, we’ll take a closer look at the different ways in which the surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
earth builds up.<br />
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From the rolling hills, to the mighty mountain ranges–what has caused the l<strong>and</strong> to rise?<br />
Forces, like heat <strong>and</strong> pressure, play a major part in causing the l<strong>and</strong> to rise. These forces are constantly<br />
acting upon the earth, both on the surface <strong>and</strong> deep in the earth’s interior.<br />
If we could take a look inside our planet, we would see that tremendous heat generated from the earth’s<br />
interior is constantly radiating upward toward the crust.<br />
As this heat flows upward, it collects, or becomes trapped, between the upper mantle’s asthenosphere<br />
<strong>and</strong> the lithosphere–the cool, rigid outer zone <strong>of</strong> our planet.<br />
In fact, so much heat becomes concentrated, it causes parts <strong>of</strong> the s<strong>of</strong>t upper mantle to melt <strong>and</strong> flow<br />
like thick oatmeal.<br />
As this hot lightweight magma continues to rise, more <strong>and</strong> more pressure is created. Molten magma<br />
may work its way completely through the crust, to the surface <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
Often, magma contains highly explosive gases. When magma finally breaks through to the surface,<br />
these gases are released into the atmosphere. At the same time, as the explosions occur, large quantities<br />
<strong>of</strong> broken rock, dust, <strong>and</strong> ash are hurled for miles through the air. When magma breaks through to the<br />
surface, we call it a volcano or a volcanic eruption.<br />
This awesome display <strong>of</strong> the earth’s fury can be quite spectacular. Once magma has reached the earth’s<br />
surface, it is called lava. As the lava cools <strong>and</strong> hardens, it creates new l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
The isl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Hawaii were all formed by basaltic lavas. Since the lava from the Hawaiian volcanoes<br />
form a large dome shape, their volcanoes are called shield volcanoes.<br />
When a volcano ejects lava fragments <strong>and</strong> has steep slopes as these volcanoes, they are called cinder<br />
cones. These cinder cones are located north <strong>of</strong> Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States.<br />
Mount Shasta located in northern California in the United States, is a composite cone. This volcano<br />
gets its shape from alternating layers <strong>of</strong> lava <strong>and</strong> rock fragments.<br />
This map shows where most volcanic activity occurs throughout the world. Now we add the outlines<br />
<strong>of</strong> the earth’s tectonic plates, those huge sections <strong>of</strong> broken crust which cover the surface <strong>of</strong> our planet.<br />
Notice that the majority <strong>of</strong> the earth’s volcanic activity occurs along these plate boundaries. We know<br />
that the plates are constantly moving across the mantle’s asthenosphere.<br />
Could all this volcanic activity at the plate boundaries have something to do with this plate movement?<br />
Yes, it does.<br />
Geologists believe that magma, pushing its way through the crust, exerts so much pressure that it<br />
actually causes the plates to move or spread apart.<br />
The phenomenon <strong>of</strong> plates spreading apart frequently happens under the ocean floor. Here, magma<br />
from the mantel oozes out to make new oceanic crust. We call this movement sea floor spreading.<br />
Nevertheless, as two plates are pushed way from each other in one area, they are colliding with other<br />
plates at some other point. When there are two plates colliding under the ocean, sometimes volcanoes<br />
are formed on the ocean floor.<br />
A good example <strong>of</strong> what happens when two l<strong>and</strong> plates collide occurred over forty million years ago<br />
when the Indian Plate collided with the Asian Plate. As a result <strong>of</strong> this collision, one part <strong>of</strong> the Indian<br />
Plate was pushed under the Asian Plate.<br />
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We call this subduction. Subduction not only consumes one plate under the other, but it also helps<br />
build the l<strong>and</strong> up on the edge <strong>of</strong> the continent. Because <strong>of</strong> this plate movement, the l<strong>and</strong> is slowly<br />
squeezed <strong>and</strong> crumpled over millions <strong>of</strong> years, until finally, huge mountain ranges are formed.<br />
The Himilayan mountain range is a clearly visible result <strong>of</strong> subduction. Here, most peaks tower over<br />
15, 000 feet or 4,500 meters above sea level.<br />
Even today, India continues to slam into Asia, causing its mighty peaks to rise almost two inches or five<br />
centimeters each year.<br />
As layers <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> within a plate continue to move, pressure builds. This causes the l<strong>and</strong> to bend <strong>and</strong><br />
buckle under this stress, like in this clay example. The earth’s surface slowly begins to rise, having<br />
nowhere else to go. This mountain-building process is called folding. Here, we see the inside <strong>of</strong> a<br />
mountain . Notice the layers <strong>of</strong> rock exposed <strong>and</strong> see their curving forms. This mound <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> once<br />
was a part <strong>of</strong> the flat l<strong>and</strong> around it, until the crustal movement forced it to bend <strong>and</strong> rise.<br />
But what happens when the l<strong>and</strong> neither bends nor buckles? As the plates move, the pressure sometimes<br />
becomes too great <strong>and</strong> causes the crust to slip or break at its weakest point. The resulting vibration<br />
from the release <strong>of</strong> that pressure is called an earthquake, <strong>and</strong> the devastation to the earth’s surface<br />
can be enormous.<br />
The earth’s crust has weak areas that can run for hundreds or even thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> miles or kilometers<br />
along its surface. We call these weak areas faults. Here, we see the famous San Andreas Fault, a crack<br />
in the earth’s crust that runs from the Pacific Ocean near San Francisco <strong>and</strong> continues on through<br />
Southern California.<br />
When an earthquake happens, the crust can break or slip in different ways. If the crust breaks <strong>and</strong><br />
moves form side to side, like this, it’s called a lateral fault.<br />
If the crust is thrust upward on one side <strong>of</strong> the fault line, as in this example, it is called a thrust fault.<br />
Over millions <strong>of</strong> years, this type <strong>of</strong> faulting can create enormous mountain ranges from this gradual<br />
uplifting <strong>of</strong> the broken crust.<br />
We’ve taken a look at several ways in which the l<strong>and</strong> can rise: volcanoes, folding, <strong>and</strong> faulting– different<br />
ways in which the l<strong>and</strong> can build up, are all a direct result <strong>of</strong> plate movement <strong>and</strong> the ever -changing<br />
planet Earth.<br />
Video Quiz.<br />
Please answer the following questions:<br />
1. What is the name <strong>of</strong> the science that studies our planet Earth?<br />
2. Compared to the continental crust, is the crust under the ocean a thin layer or a thick layer <strong>of</strong> rocky<br />
material?<br />
3. What is a continent?<br />
4. The earth’s crust is like a giant jig-saw puzzle. What do geologists call the pieces <strong>of</strong> this puzzle?<br />
5. What is it called when the earth’s plates located under the ocean spread apart?<br />
6. Name three different things that are emitted from volcanoes?<br />
7. Do volcanoes <strong>and</strong> earthquakes change the earth quickly or slowly?<br />
Please answer the following true or false:<br />
8. For the past five billion years, the earth has changed very little.<br />
9. There is only one kind <strong>of</strong> volcano.<br />
10. Tectonic plates are always pressing against one another in some places <strong>and</strong> pulling apart in other<br />
places.<br />
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1<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Know, Need, Learn<br />
Directions: Use this sheet as you study <strong>Formations</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Continents</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>, to record what you already<br />
know, what you need to know, <strong>and</strong> what you learned about geology.<br />
WHAT I KNOW<br />
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW<br />
WHAT I LEARNED<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
2<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Vocabulary<br />
The following vocabulary words are important to the study <strong>of</strong> the basics <strong>of</strong> geology.<br />
crust: the very thin solid outermost layer <strong>of</strong> the earth, three to sixty miles thick<br />
inner core: located at the center <strong>of</strong> the earth, it is thought to be a solid metal ball, approximately 1,500 miles<br />
across<br />
magma: liquid or molten rock found within the earth<br />
mantle: the section <strong>of</strong> the earth that is located below the crust, which includes solid rock <strong>and</strong> pockets <strong>of</strong><br />
molten rock arranged in its upper layer, <strong>and</strong> is approximately 1, 800 miles thick<br />
outer core: surrounds the earth’s inner core, assumed to be liquid rock, approximately 1,400 miles thick<br />
planet: a celestial body that revolves around the sun<br />
plate: a large section <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust that moves<br />
tectonics: the study <strong>of</strong> the processes that transform the earth’s crust<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
3<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
The Earth’s Internal Structure<br />
Directions:<br />
1. This is a cross section <strong>of</strong> our planet. Name <strong>and</strong> describe each zone using the numbers as guides. Make<br />
sure you include include asthenosphere <strong>and</strong> lithosphere.<br />
2. When finished, color code the interior as shown in the video lesson.<br />
1. ___________________________________ 2 _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
3. ___________________________________ 4. _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
_____________________________________ _______________________________________<br />
1 2 3<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning<br />
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4<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Tune Into Geology<br />
Plate Tectonics is an idea that helps explain why the continents have changed their locations <strong>and</strong> formations<br />
over the millions <strong>of</strong> years. Recently scientists have made some good guesses as to what the earth looked like<br />
500 million years ago <strong>and</strong> as to what changes have taken place since then. To make your own shows <strong>of</strong> this<br />
event, simply follow the directions below <strong>and</strong> continue to discover how the m<strong>and</strong>masses <strong>of</strong> the past have transformed<br />
into the continents <strong>of</strong> today.<br />
Directions: Cut out the strips on blackline masters 4a<br />
<strong>and</strong> 4b. Place the appropriate strips together at the<br />
dotted lines. Make sure the dotted lines are hidden.<br />
Attach with transparent tape covering both ends <strong>of</strong> the<br />
strips. Fasten the four strips into one long strip. Trim<br />
any jagged edges <strong>of</strong> the strip. Next, make a slit above<br />
<strong>and</strong> below the television screen. Insert the strip from<br />
behind the television starting from the bottom <strong>of</strong> the<br />
screen. Pull the strip from the top <strong>and</strong> pass it through<br />
the top <strong>of</strong> the screen. See India slam into Asia. Watch<br />
Australia break away from Antarctica. After seeing the<br />
show, finish it with your own drawings <strong>of</strong> the next 500<br />
million years.<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
4a<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Tune Into Geology<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
4b<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Tune Into Geology<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
5<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
Exploring L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Formations</strong> Through Drawing<br />
Materials needed:<br />
• 9x12 heavy cardboard • No. 2 pencil<br />
• paper clips or sminilar fasteners • colored pencils or crayons<br />
• 8-1/2 x 11 white paper<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
First decide on the best l<strong>and</strong> formation to illustrate near your school. Next, fasten your papers onto the cardboard<br />
<strong>and</strong> make sure your pencils are sharpened.<br />
Contour Drawing<br />
Begin by keeping your eye on the lines <strong>of</strong> nature before you, <strong>and</strong> draw those lines on your paper without looking<br />
at your paper. As the eye moves along the l<strong>and</strong>’s shape, so too should the pencil on the paper move in the<br />
same direction, forming a similar shape. This type <strong>of</strong> drawing is called “contour drawing.” This process takes a<br />
good sense <strong>of</strong> mental discipline. The result is not a perfect drawing, but just a collection <strong>of</strong> lines that represent a<br />
visual pattern <strong>of</strong> nature. Try this exercise several times until you are comfortable with this type <strong>of</strong> process. For<br />
example:<br />
Drawing<br />
Use another sheet <strong>of</strong> paper <strong>and</strong> draw what you see onto your paper. This time, you may look at your paper as<br />
you draw. Next, look to see for the shadows or darker shades <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> formation. Now shade in those shadows<br />
onto your drawing. For example:<br />
Finally, color your drawing. Use a rich variety <strong>of</strong> the shades <strong>of</strong> colors, such as yellow-green <strong>and</strong> blue-green<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> just green. Continue drawing, using either <strong>of</strong> the above techniques. Later, share your drawings with<br />
your classmates.<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
6<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson One: Introduction to Geology<br />
An Adventure to the Center <strong>of</strong> the Earth<br />
What if the scientists were wrong? What if the temperature inside the earth were not that high? What if there<br />
were secret passages to the center <strong>of</strong> the earth? For two to three minutes, think about these questions.<br />
Write a science-fiction story about traveling toward the center <strong>of</strong> the earth. Use the following ideas <strong>and</strong> questions<br />
to help you organize your ideas. Answer the questions on paper. After answering the questions, write<br />
your story.<br />
1. What would it be like to enter into an follow a secret tunnel that leads to the center <strong>of</strong> the earth? Accept the<br />
thought, “Nothing is impossible!” Write your answers to the following questions.<br />
a. How would you discover the “secret entrance” to the center <strong>of</strong> the earth? Is it an opening into a cave, a mineshaft,<br />
a man-made tunnel, an extinct volcano? Where is it located? Would you tell anyone <strong>of</strong> your plans <strong>of</strong><br />
entering the earth? Would you invite anyone to go with you on your expedition?<br />
b. If you had all the money <strong>and</strong> time you needed, what preparations would you make? What scientific instruments<br />
would you take with you? (Suggestions: compass, watch, thermometer, altimeter, etc.). What tools would<br />
you take? (Suggestions: lanterns, watch, ropes, rope ladders, hammers, crowbar, etc.). What provisions would<br />
you take? (Suggestions: food, clothes, water, money, boots, etc.).<br />
c. After all the preparations are made, you begin your adventure into the earth. Describe your entrance into the<br />
earth. How do you feel? Are you confident?<br />
d. Next, separate the ideas <strong>of</strong> what would be encountered in the four general sections <strong>of</strong> the earth: crust, mantle,<br />
outer core, inner core. Within each section, describe <strong>and</strong>/or include the following:<br />
(1) What do you see? What is the temperature? What is the texture <strong>of</strong> the rocks? What does it smell<br />
like? What do you hear?<br />
(2) How long does it take to travel through that section <strong>of</strong> the earth?<br />
(3) Do you find water? Is it pure, hot, cold, rushing? Where is it coming from <strong>and</strong> where is it going?<br />
(4) What plants do you discover? What source <strong>of</strong> energy helps them to grow? What colors are they?<br />
Note: Plants are green due to photosynthesis, which is a process dependent on the sun.<br />
(5) What imaginary or real animals would you find? Would they be <strong>of</strong> present origin or from an origin<br />
<strong>of</strong> the past that considers them extinct today?<br />
(6) Does anything go wrong?<br />
e. Describe your feelings as you witness the center <strong>of</strong> the earth. Are you the only person to achieve this goal?<br />
Is someone else with you? Has someone done it before you? Or are you unable to get there?<br />
f. Next, how do you leave the earth’s interior? Do you follow the same path as you entered? Do you discover<br />
an alternate route out? How long does it take? Do you encounter any difficulties? Do you still have enough<br />
food, water, tools, etc.? How do you feel? If necessary, retrace the sections <strong>of</strong> the earth as you leave.<br />
g. Finally, after leaving the earth’s interior, how do you go about telling people <strong>of</strong> your experiences? Would you<br />
write a book? Would people believe you <strong>and</strong> honor your discoveries?<br />
2. Now write your story in the sequence you have just outlined. Transform your information into a sciencefiction<br />
story.<br />
3. Read your story or type it <strong>and</strong> display your work. You may want to illustrate it <strong>and</strong> bind it into a book.<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
7<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
Quiz<br />
Directions: Answer the following questions which appear in the Video Quiz at the end <strong>of</strong> Lesson Two:<br />
<strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes.<br />
1. What is the name <strong>of</strong> the science that studies our planet Earth?<br />
2. Compared to the continental crust, is the crust under the ocean a thin layer or a thick layer <strong>of</strong> rocky material?<br />
3. What is a continent?<br />
4. The earth’s crust is like a giant jig-saw puzzle. What do geologists call the pieces <strong>of</strong> this puzzle?<br />
5. What is it called when the earth’s plates, located under the ocean, spread apart?<br />
6. Name three different things that are emitted from volcanoes.<br />
7. Do volcanoes <strong>and</strong> earthquakes change the earth quickly or slowly?<br />
True or False<br />
Directions: Mark each <strong>of</strong> the following statements “T” if it is true, or “F” if it is false.<br />
8. For the past five billion years, the earth has changed very little.<br />
9. There is only one kind <strong>of</strong> volcano.<br />
10. Tectonic plates are always pressing against one another in some places <strong>and</strong> pulling apart in other places.<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
8<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
Vocabulary<br />
The following vocabulary words are important to the study <strong>of</strong> mountains, volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> earthquakes.<br />
cinder cone: a small volcano built primarily <strong>of</strong> small volcanic fragments<br />
composite cone: a volcano made up <strong>of</strong> two parts <strong>of</strong> volcanic material: (1) lava flows, <strong>and</strong> (2) volcanic dust,<br />
ash, <strong>and</strong> fragments.<br />
crater: the cup-shaped area at the summit <strong>of</strong> a volcano<br />
crust: the very thin solid outermost layer <strong>of</strong> the earth, three to sixty miles thick<br />
dike: a tubular-shaped intrusion <strong>of</strong> magma that cuts through a volcano<br />
dome: the rounded upliftment <strong>of</strong> the earth’s surface<br />
doming: the mountain building process due to rising magma forcing a rounded upliftment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
earth’s surface<br />
earthquake: the vibration <strong>of</strong> the earth resulting from a rapid release <strong>of</strong> energy<br />
fault: a break or fracture in the l<strong>and</strong> caused by earth movement<br />
fault-blocked<br />
mountain: a mountain formed by fractured l<strong>and</strong> that has risen<br />
inner core: located at the center <strong>of</strong> the earth, it is thought to be a solid metal ball, approximately 1,500<br />
miles across<br />
lava: molten rock that reaches the earth’s surface<br />
lateral fault: see strike-slip fault<br />
magma: liquid or molten rock found within the earth<br />
mantle: the section <strong>of</strong> the earth that is located below the crust which includes solid rock <strong>and</strong><br />
pockets <strong>of</strong> molten rock existing in its upper layer; it is approximately 1,800 miles thick<br />
normal fault: a fault in which the l<strong>and</strong> above the fracture has moved down<br />
outer core: surrounds the earth’s inner core, assumed to be liquid rock approximately 1,400 miles thick<br />
plate: a large section <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust that moves<br />
strike-slip fault: a fault at which the movement is horizontal<br />
subduction: when a moving plate collides <strong>and</strong> is pushed under another plate<br />
tectonics: the study <strong>of</strong> the processes that transform the earth’s crust<br />
thrust fault: a reverse fault with a low angle<br />
reverse fault: a fault in which the l<strong>and</strong> above the fracture has moved upwards<br />
volcano: a mountain formed <strong>of</strong> lava or volcanic fragments<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
10<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> a Composite Volcano<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
14<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
It’s Your Fault<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust along which movement has taken place. They are categorized on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> the movement between the blocks <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong>. The major categories are: vertical <strong>and</strong> horizontal.<br />
Directions:<br />
1. Color <strong>and</strong> cut our the following models <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust. The dotted lines on the model represent a<br />
fault. Cut along the dotted lines.<br />
2. Move the blocks <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> as shown in the examples <strong>and</strong> form the different kinds <strong>of</strong> faults.<br />
3. To show an earthquake, move the blocks <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> along the fault <strong>and</strong> then shake them quickly.<br />
4. On a separate sheet <strong>of</strong> paper, draw pictures <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the four examples <strong>and</strong> label each kind. Use your<br />
models to help you.<br />
Vertical Faults Models Examples<br />
side view<br />
side view<br />
Note the low angle on<br />
a thrust fault. Do you<br />
think it is a normal<br />
fault or a reverse fault?<br />
Horizontal Faults Model Example<br />
top view<br />
normal fault<br />
reverse fault<br />
thrust fault<br />
lateral or<br />
strike-slip fault<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning
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5<br />
6<br />
FORMATIONS OF CONTINENTS AND MOUNTAINS<br />
Lesson Two: <strong>Mountains</strong>, Volcanoes, <strong>and</strong> Earthquakes<br />
Crossword Puzzle<br />
1<br />
1<br />
5 4 3<br />
2 3<br />
6<br />
7<br />
Across<br />
1. A mountain formed <strong>of</strong> lava.<br />
2. Liquid or molton rock found within the earth.<br />
3. The mountain building process in which layers <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> bend <strong>and</strong> buckle to release pressure.<br />
4. A vibration <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
5. The very thin solid outermost layer <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
6. When a moving plate collides <strong>and</strong> is pushed under another plate.<br />
7. Sections <strong>of</strong> the earth’s crust that moves.<br />
Down<br />
1. Molten rock that reaches the earth’s surface.<br />
2. A break in the l<strong>and</strong> caused by earth movement.<br />
3. A celestial body that revolves around the sun.<br />
4. The layer within the earth that is made up <strong>of</strong> solid rock <strong>and</strong> pockets <strong>of</strong> molton rock.<br />
5. L<strong>and</strong> masses that are higher than hills.<br />
6. The center <strong>of</strong> the earth.<br />
4<br />
Name __________________<br />
Date ___________________<br />
©1998 Creative Adventures Published <strong>and</strong> Distributed by AGC/United Learning<br />
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