Hull & Machinery Damages - VHT

Introduction of „VHT“ and some
advise on Hull claims handling
Spiekeroog
15. December 2005
Capt. Capt.
P. Zahalka
Managing Director

Today‘s Today‘s
Agenda
1) Brief introduction of
„Verein Hanseatischer Transportversicherer e.V.“
the claim handling association employed by your
owners Hull & Machinery Underwriters.
Underwriters
2) Some advise for ship commands on the handling of
particular average (hull hull damage, damage,
collision, collision,
grounding and salvage).
Some remarks on claims caused by fatigue. fatigue.
STCW
Damage Prevention
3) Some
4) STCW
5) Damage

Verein Bremer Seeversicherer e.V. - founded 1818 in Bremen
Verein Hamburger Assecuradeure - founded 1797 in Hamburg

Today‘s Today‘s
status of the
Association
�� VBS and VHA merged into
VHT in 2000
�� The Association still maintains
two offices, offices,
one in Bremen and
one in Hamburg
�� Besides the general office staff
we employ a total of 7 nautical
and technical experts, experts,
all of
which are either Master
Mariners, Chief Egineers or
Naval Architects and 7 Master
Mariners for claim handling in
the office.
office

Agents all over the world
VHT currently
maintains about 270
agents worldwide,
These agents act,
although independent,
on our behalf and are
willing and able to
provide assistance and
can be approached by
the master of ships
insured in our market
at any time.

Instructions to Average Agents

What does VHT stand for ?
Verein erein Hanseatischer
anseatischer Transportversicherer ransportversicherer e.V
or in English:
Association of Hanseatic Marine Underwriters
How are we organised ?

ORGANISATION www.vht-online.de

www.vht-online.de
ORGANISATION

What are we doing and for whom ?
We are providing services to our members and
customers !
Our members are national and international insurance
companies and insurance agents !
Our customers are the shipowners !
�� We
�� Our
�� Our

VHT services
�� Risk analysis and loss prevention as required, required,
�� Giving advise to insurer and owners regarding
steps and preventive measures to be taken in
case of damages, damages
�� Damage surveys to all types of vessels and
machinery, machinery,
construction parts, parts,
piers and other
harbour constructional fittings, fittings
�� When required by the circumstances of the
case: case:
Immediate dispatch of VHT-experts
VHT experts to
the site of the accident, accident
�� Preparation of independent valuation -
certificates, certificates,
survey and/or and/ or expert reports and
tenders, tenders
�� Negotiations with shipyards, shipyards,
workshops, workshops,
manufacturers of machinery and other
interested parties, parties

VHT services (continued continued)
�� Supervising repairs and respective costs, costs
�� Nautical and technical preparation and approval of
all types of ocean going tows, tows
�� Early advise and supervision for special transports, transports
�� Assistance in marine emergencies and salvage cases and
negotiations with salvage and towing companies, companies
�� Recoveries on behalf of clients, clients
�� Qualified claims adjustment for and on behalf of
underwriters,
underwriters
�� Maintaining the global network of international average
agents for underwriters
underwriters
and owners benefit alike,
alike

VHT services - what
No miracles –
what can YOU expect
???
but professional advise and assistance !!

How many ships – how many claims ?
�� Some figures for your information:
information
Number of damages
Number of vsls or P.A. claims
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
Hull- / Machinery damages / Total losses
800
600
400
200
0
Deep sea going vsls / P.A. claims incl. TL
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005, 1.Q.
Calendaryear
Deep sea going vessels Particular avarages / Total losses processed
Polynomisch (Deep sea going vessels)
Number of Total losses
350
20
300
18
16
250
14
250
200
12
200 10
150
8
150
100
6
100 4
50
2
0
50 0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005, 1.Q.
0
Calendaryear
Hull damages Machinery damages Total losses
Number
Collision, Grounding, Machinery damage
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005, 1.Q.
Calendaryear
Ship-ship collision Grounding Machinery damage Collision w. fixed a. float. objects

How many ships / how many claims ?
Number of vsls or P.A. claims
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
Deep sea going vsls / P.A. claims incl. TL
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005, 1.Q.
Calendaryear
Deep sea going vessels Particular avarages / Total losses processed
Polynomisch (Deep sea going vessels)
1.382 Vessels insured
659 P.A. claims

Number of damages
Damage to Hull / Machinery / TL
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Hull- / Machinery damages / Total losses
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005, 1.Q.
Calendaryear
Hull damages Machinery damages Total losses
328 Hull damages
192 Machinery damages
1 Total loss
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Number of Total losses

Number of Collisions, Collisions,
Groundings +
Number
250
200
150
100
� This information 50 is updated on a
quarterly basis on our web-site
0
� www.vht-online.de
Machinery Damages
Collision, Grounding, Machinery damage
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005, 1.Q.
Calendaryear
Ship-ship collision Grounding Machinery damage Collision w. fixed a. float. objects
74 Ship-Ship Ship Ship collisions
48 Grounding cases
149 Collisions with fixed + floating
objects
192 Machinery damages

The H & M insurance cover of
your vessel (very very briefly) briefly
�� The H & M cover of your vessel primarily is a cover
for physical damages to the hull and/or and/ or machinery
caused by an accident (of each and every damage of
this category the owners are paying a share which is
called the deductible).
deductible).
�� Further there is cover for collision liabilty (4/4 RDC)
included (ship ship / ship collisions and collisions with
fixed and floating objects). objects).
�� There is cover for General Average and Salvage
Expenses. Expenses.

The H & M insurance cover
of your vessel (very very briefly) briefly
�� An accident is defined as any
unintended and unexpected
��
occurrence which acts upon the
the insured vessel. vessel
Fair wear and tear, tear,
corrosion and
corrosion-like
corrosion like phenomena and
damages caused by neglecting
proper maintenance over a longer
period of time are excluded from
the insurance cover.
cover

Example: Example:
Damage caused by corrosion-
like phenomena
� Hinge bolt and securing sheet of different
materials,
� Materials far apart from each other on
the electro-chemical chain.
� Material of securing sheet was consumed,
� Hinge bolt fell through,
� Rudder flap was lost.
� Cause of damage: Galvanic corrosion,
� No Cover.

The H & M insurance cover of your
vessel (very very briefly) briefly
Please note: note
In respect of hull and machinery damage and
collision liability (ship ship/ship ship and fixed and
floating objects) objects)
the vessel‘s Pand I Club will
(generally generally) ) not be involved !
This is because a German Cover includes 4/4
RDC

Major Types of Claims and how to deal
with it
Hull Damage

Hull Damage 1
�� Once you have the situation under control again: again
�� Advise owners of the damage immediately,
immediately,
who in
turn will advise Hull + Machinery underwriters
(VHT) if necessary (sub sub to deductible).
deductible).
�� Take photographs (digital) and send it to the
owners soonest possible. possible
�� Prepare a true account of the circumstances of the
claim and send it the owners soonest possible. possible
�� Keep samples, samples,
evidence of any facts which you
think might be helpful to eventually establish the
cause for the damage.
damage

Hull Damage 2
�� Hull + Machinery (VHT) underwriters will either
(subject subject to the magnitude of the claim) claim)
dispatch a
staff surveyor from Bremen/Hamburg/Germany
or appoint a local surveyor through its worldwide
network of Average Agents.
�� Once a Hull + Machinery underwriter‘s
underwriter‘s
representative arrives, arrives,
be co-operative
co operative – instruct
your officers accordingly -, , he is not your
opponent. opponent.
His task is to establish the facts and to
estimate possible repaircosts and to assist you in
the joint interest of your owners and the
underwriters.
underwriters
�� The VHT representaive will assist quotations from shipyards and organising repairs.
repairs
in getting
assist in

Hull Damage 3
�� The overriding principle for any activity from
your side, side,
whether based on your own
decisionmaking or whether discussed and agreed
with your owners, owners,
should always be: be
Act as costconcious as possible under
the circumstances and act as if no
insurance would exist for your vessel
!!

Hull Damage 4
Keep in mind: mind:
Truthful and comprehensive reporting
and documentation will help to
process your owners claim as fast and
correctly as possible !!

How does a useful Damage Report look like ?
Damage Report
Where ?
When ?
What ?
Why ?
+
Digital Photographs
Sketches
Please - as soon as possible
and
The Truth and nothing but the Truth !!

Major Types of Claims and how to deal
with it
Collision

Collision 1
�� Collision cases are rarely cases which can be
settled quickly. quickly.
�� Generally collision cases are complex and thus
have a number of aspects which have to be
considered. considered
�� Collision cases can lead to costly and
timeconsuming legal procedures.
procedures.

Collision 2
�� The most important subject in dealing with collision
cases is „EVIDENCE“ !!
Once a collision has occurred make sure: sure
�� That an accurat position of the location of the
collision is plotted into your chart. chart
�� Make sure that the entries into the original chart are
not altered or amended after the collision. collision
�� Keep the chart in a safe place. place.
�� Make sure that the time of the collision is accurately
noted and make a respective note of the current
ship‘s ship‘s
time (UTC +/- +/ hrs.). hrs.).

Collision 3
�� Once the saftey of the your crew and the ship is
confirmed/ confirmed/
established and you know the severeness
of the damage your vessel has suffered, suffered,
the situation
will either be: be
�� You are able to continue the voyage to your next port
of call. call
�� For safety reason you will sail (own own propulsion still
available) available)
to the next available port of refuge. refuge
�� Your vessel is immobilised and you need outside help
to reach a safe place.
place

Collision 4
�� Check the comleteness of your crew. crew
�� Check the structural integrity of your vessel. vessel
�� Have all tank and cargo spaces sounded for ingress of
water. water
�� Communicate with the opposing vessel and assist
whenever necessary.
necessary

Collision 5
�� If outside help is required you will have contacted
your owner and he in turn will inform the Hull +
Machinery underwriters (VHT).
�� Comprehensive and detailed and true information
about the current situation is of highest importance.
importance
– Is your vessel safely afloat ?
– Is your vessel stable and will it remain so ?
– Details in respect of wind and weather on location, location,
current
and forecast, forecast,
if available.
available

Collision 6
�� Owners together with Hull + Machinery underwriters
(VHT) will evaluate the situation and organise
assistance as necessary. necessary
�� Whenever the situation allows, allows,
do not accept any
assistance and do not enter into any contractual
agreement with any third party, neither verbally nor
in writing. writing
�� Generally all necessary agreements will be made
ashore. ashore
�� You will be fully advised by the owners and/or and/ or Hull +
Machinery underwriters.
underwriters.
about all procedures and
steps to be taken by you. you.

Collision 7
�� Once the vessel has reached a safe place, place,
either under
a salvage or commercial contract, contract,
the vessel‘s vessel‘s
underwriters want to know in detail what happened
and what caused the problem. problem
�� Besides other interested parties, parties,
such as PandI, PandI,
cargo
and authorities, authorities,
Hull + Machinery underwriters
(VHT) will send their own representatives and most
likely a lawyer to investigate into the circumstances
of the casualty. casualty
�� Make sure that information is given only to parties
interested in your ship. ship.
In general this is your H & M
insurer and possibly your PandI Club.
�� Give information to others only once you have been
instructed by your owners or owners lawyer to do so.

Collision 8
�� Detailed statements will be taken from the relevant
crewmembers and evidence will be collected. collected
�� The statements are most important documents of
evidence as they will form the basis of the defence in
arbitrationor legal proceedings.
proceedings
�� It is of utmost importants that they give a true
account of all the circumstances of the accident and
measures taken.
taken

Collision 9
�� Especially in a cases where a salvage contract has
been signed, signed,
it is important for the ship‘s ship‘s
command to
take detailed notes of the activities of the salvor and
the own crew. crew
�� A salvor, by nature of his business, business,
tends to dramatise
the danger in which the vessel was and what he
actually did.
did

Collision 10
�� Good, reliable and detailed evidence from the ship
will help to give the VHT, the arbitrator or judge a
realisic picture of what actually happened. happened
�� Good, reliable and detailed evidence from the ship
will help to keep the quote on liability and/or and/ or salvage
award within reasonable limits.
�� Don‘t forget - it is the underwriters who pay the bill -
but eventually it is the money of your owner - it is
him who pays the insurance premium. premium.

Collision 11
�� Soonest possible you will be assisted by owners and
Hull + Machinery (VHT) representatives.
representatives
�� Later repairs will be dealt with as prescribed under
„Hull Hull Damages“. Damages“.

Let‘s have a break -
NOW !!
say 15 minutes

Major Types of Claims and how to deal
with it
Grounding / Salvage

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
1
�� Note time, position, position,
heading and speed .
�� Check structural integrity of your vessel. vessel
�� Have all tank and cargo spaces sounded for ingress
of water. water
�� Get draft readings of your vessel when aground. aground
�� Have the waterdepth around your vessel sounded. sounded
�� Note the state of the tide when soundings where
taken.
taken

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
2
�� When the vessel is structurally intact and the
sourrounding circumstances have been carefully
considered an early refloating attempt may be
undertaken by using own engines and other means
available within the ship, ship,
e.g. transfering of fueloil
and/or and/ or waterballast,
waterballast,
however keeping in mind
stability and stresses at all times.
times

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
3
�� If such an refloating attempt is not reasonable or
fails, fails,
outside help is necessary. necessary
�� Check whether there is any assistance available .
�� Inform your owner, owner,
give all details available. available.
�� Inform local authorties (Coast Coast guard, guard,
agent, agent,
etc.) as
necessary under the circumstances.
circumstances
�� Your owner will contact the Hull + Machinery
underwrtiers (VHT).

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
4
�� Owners together with Hull + Machinery
underwriters (VHT) will evaluate the situation and
organise assistance as necessary. necessary
�� If no outside help is immediately available, available,
controlled flooding of empty spaces may help to
keep the vessel firmly aground to avoid further
damage by wave and tidal action, action,
however keep in
mind that such action will increase the stress on the
vessel‘s hull.
hull

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
5
�� Whenever the situation allows, allows,
do not accept any
assistance and do not enter into any contractual
agreement with any third party either verbally or in
writing. writing
�� Generally all necessary agreements will be made
ashore. ashore
�� You will be fully advised about all procedures and
steps to be taken by you by the owners and/or and/ or Hull +
Machinery underwriters.
underwriters

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
6
�� If a salvage case unfolds keep truthful records of all
actions taken by you and third parties. parties.
�� Soonest possible you will be assisted by owners and
Hull + Machinery (VHT) representatives.
representatives
�� Later repairs will be dealt with as prescribed under
„Hull Hull Damages“. Damages“.

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
7
�� However in a case of emergency and
imminent danger to crew and ship, ship,
safety has absolute priority and the
master is obliged to act as necessary
under the given circumstances!!
circumstances!!
�� No one will blame him if he acted
reasonably and had no other choice !!

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
8
Types of contracts: contracts
LOF 2000
Underlying principle = No cure – No pay
Arbitration in London or Germany
SCOPIC (Special Compensation P and I Clause)
alternatively:
alternatively
Commercial Salvage Contracts
Towhire (Daily Hire) Hire
Towcon (Lumpsun Lumpsun)

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
9
�� Once the vessel has reached a safe place, place,
either under
a salvage or commercial contract, contract,
the vessel‘s
��
underwriters want to know in detail what happened
and what caused the problem. problem
Besides other interested parties, parties,
such as PandI, PandI,
cargo
and authorities, authorities,
Hull + Machinery underwriters
(VHT) will send their own representatives and most
likely lawyers to investigate into the circumstances of
the casualty.
casualty

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
10
�� Detailed statements will be
taken from the relevant
crewmembers and evidence
will be collected. collected
�� The statements are most
important documents of
��
evidence as they will form
the basis of the defence in
arbitration proceedings.
proceedings
It is of utmost importance
that they give a true account
of all the circumstances of
the accident and measures
taken. taken
I shall tell the truth
and nothing but
the truth !!

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
11
Again, Again,
please keep in mind: mind
�� Especially in a cases where a salvage contract has
been signed, signed,
it is important to take detailed notes and
photographs of the activities of the salvor and the
own crew. crew.
�� A salvor, by nature of his business, business,
tends to dramatise
the danger in which the vessel was and what services
he actually rendered.
rendered

Grounding/Salvage Grounding/Salvage
12
�� Good, reliable and detailed evidence from the ship
will help to give the VHT and possibly later an
arbitrator happened. happened
a realisic picture of what actually
�� Good, reliable and detailed evidence from the ship
will help to keep the salvage award within reasonable
limits.
�� Don‘t forget - it is the underwriters who pay the bill -
but eventually: eventually:
�� It is the money of your owner - it is him who pays the
insurance premium.
premium

A helpful questionaire if grounding is the
problem:
problem

A helpful questionaire if grounding is
the problem

A helpful questionaire if grounding is
the problem
� This document is available for
downloading on our web-site
� www.vht-online.de

Another Type of Damage
Snoring Damage: Damage
Have you ever heard about it ??

Some Samples:
In each each of these these casualties casualties the the
officer officer of the the watch watch fell fell asleep asleep !

How to avoid it - No. 1
�� Compliance with Safe Manning Regulations
(SOLAS 1974 as amended). amended).
– The Safe Manning Certificate states a minimum
requirement only. only
– Watchkeeping shall be arranged at the discretion
of the master but shall never be of lesser standards
than those prescribed by the STWC Convention
and IMO Resolution A.890(21).

How to avoid it - No. 2
The grades and number of personnel listed
reflect the minimum number of persons
necessary for the safety of navigation and
operation. operation.
Additional personnel as may be
considerd necessary for cargo handling and
control, control,
maintenance or watchkeepeing and as
needed for required rest periods, periods,
are the
responsibility of the owner and the master. master
If the crew you have on board is not
sufficient in number and capacity
make your owner aware of it !!

How to avoid it - No. 3
�� Another regulation that needs to be strictly observed, observed,
you can‘t take it seriously enough: enough
�� Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping (STCW 95 as amended) amended
�� Part of SOLAS 74 and thus part of the law of the
flag-state flag state as all major shipping nations have ratified
SOLAS 74.
�� Comprehencive regulatory body which structures
responsibilities of shipowners,
shipowners,
crews and flag-states flag states.

How to avoid it - No. 4
STCW Chapter VIII, Part 3
Watchkeeping
The master of every ship is bound to ensure that
watchkeeping arrangements are adequat for
maintaining a safe navigational watch. watch.
Under the
master‘s general direction, direction,
the officers of the
navigational watch are reponsible for navigating the
ship safely during their periods of duty, duty,
when they
will be particularily concerned with avoiding collision
and stranding.
stranding

How to avoid it - No. 5
STCW Chapter VIII, Part 3.1
Principles to be observed in keeping a navigational watch: watch
�� The officer in charge of the navigational watch is the
master‘s representative and is primarily responsible
at all times for the safe navigation of the ship and for
complying with the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, Sea,
1972 (COLREG).

How to avoid it - No. 6
�� Please make sure that the officers on your ship have
the authority, authority,
freedom and capacity to comply with
this obligation at all times. times.
A ship is a working tool
and they must have the confidence to use it to its
full, full,
but safe extent. extent
�� Training and selfconvidence is in demand !!
�� Please make sure that all persons who are assigned
duty as officer in charge of a watch or as rating
forming part of a watch shall be provided a minimum
of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour 24 hour period.
period

How to avoid it - No. 7
A graph to keep in mind !

How to avoid it - No. 8
If you do not comply, comply,
you have a good chance to end up as
shown here:
here

How to avoid it - No. 9
LOOK-OUT LOOK OUT (STCW, Part 3-1.13) 3 1.13)
�� A proper look-out look out shall be
maintained at all times in
compliance with rule 5 of the
International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, Sea,
1972
(COLREG).
LOOK-OUT LOOK OUT (STCW, Part 3-1.14) 3 1.14)
�� The look-out look out must be able to give
full attention to the keeping of a
proper look-out look out and no other duty
shall be undertaken or assigned
which could interfere with that
task.
task

How to avoid it - No. 10
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
Sea, Sea,
1972 (COLREG)
Rule 5
Every vessel shall at all times mantain a proper
look-out look out by sight and hearing as well as any other
available means appropriate in the prevailing
circumstances and conditions so as to gain a full
appraisel of the situation and the risk of collision.
collision

How to avoid it - No. 11
Are there any exceptions from „at all times“ times“
??
LOOK-OUT LOOK OUT (STCW, Part 3-1.15) 3 1.15)
�� ...... The officer in charge of the navigational watch
may be the sole look-out look out in daylight provided that on
each such occasion: occasion
several stringent conditions have to be met !!!
Recommendation: Recommendation:
Take it seriously !“

How to avoid it - No. 12
Who is qualified to serve as a Look-out Look out ??
(STCW, Part II, Certificates and general requirements by rank)
Deck ratings forming part of a navigational watch
should meet the following competence requirements:
requirements

How to avoid it - No. 13
�� Steer the ship and comply with helm orders
issued in English (covers the use of magnetic and
gyro compasses, compasses,
helm orders, orders,
change over from
automatic pilot to hand steering device and vice-
versa). versa).
�� Keep a proper look-out look out by sight and hearing
(covers the responsibilities of a look-out look out including
reporting the approximate bearing of a sound signal, signal,
light or other object, object,
in degree or points). points).

How to avoid it - No. 14
�� Contribute to monitoring and controlling a
safe watch (covers shipboard terms and definitions, definitions,
use of international communication and alarm
systems, systems,
have the ability to understand orders and to
communicate with the officer of the watch in matters
relevant to watchkeeping duties, duties,
be familiar with the
procedures for the relief, relief,
maintenance and hand-over hand over
of a watch, watch,
the information required to maintain a
safe watch and basic environmental protection
procedures).
procedures).

How to avoid it - No. 15
�� Operate emergency equipment and apply
emergency procedures (covers knowledge of
emergency duties and alarm signals, signals,
knowledge od
pyrotechnic distress signals, signals,
satellite EPIRP‘s and
SART‘s, avoidance of false distress alerts and
actionto be taken in the event of accidental
activation). activation).

How to avoid it - No. 16
Further, Further,
please note: note
Ratings forming part of a watch (deck or engine) engine)
need
to be specifically certified for this function, function,
this
certificate is known as:
„Rating Rating forming part of a navigational watch“ watch
and it has to be endorsed by the respective flagstate as
any other certificate of competency !!!

How to avoid it - No. 17
Question: Question
Why so many details on
this particular topic ??
Answer:
We see a remarkable
increase in claims were
fatigue and/or and/ or a non-
qualified or even a missing
look-out look out play a causative
role, role,
during the last couple
of years, years,
let alone the costs
of casualties of this nature.
In each each of these these
casualties casualties the officer officer of
the watch watch fell asleep asleep !

How to avoid it - No. 18
�� If however all goes well, you will stay a happy
sailor

How to avoid it - No. 19
�� If all goes wrong, wrong,
you might be faced with the
following miserable situation:
situation

�� There
Damage Prevention
There is one more point I like to
make before closing this
presentation
Just recently we again came
across the following damage, damage,
which, which,
because of the increasing
number of vessels being equipped
with own cranes, cranes,
is rising in
numbers.
numbers
�� Just

Damage Prevention
�� Although this particular crane
wire was recently inspected and
load tested by class, class,
it
failed/broke failed broke under heavy but
certified load
�� A 200 t engine crashed into the
hold and damaged the vessel‘s
structure severely, severely,
let alone the
engine itself
�� Could this damage have been
avoided ??

Damage Prevention
A thorough investigation consists of an in
depth visual inspection and if
necessary accompanied by other
appropriate measures in order to arrive
at a reliable judgement on the safety.
If necessary parts of the lifting appliance
have to be dismantled.

Damage Prevention

Damage Prevention

Damage Prevention

Damage Prevention
When will a crane wire have to be
discarded / renewed in
accordance with DIN 15 020 ?
Discarding criteria No. 1:
A wire rope has to be discarded
when the allowable number of
broken single wires has been
reached or exceeded.
exceeded

Damage Prevention
Discarding criteria no. 2:
A wire rope has to be discarded when
its diameter is found reduced over
a certain length by 15% or more
of its nominal size. size
wrong
right

Damage Prevention
Discarding criteria no. 3:
A wire rope has to be discarded when
its braking load or service strength
has been reduced excessively by
corrosion. corrosion.
The rope has to be
discarded when its diameter is
found reduced by 10% of its
nominal size, size,
even if no broken
wsingle wires have been found. found.
wrong
right

Damage Prevention
Discarding criteria no. 4:
A wire rope has to be discarded when its
braking load or service strength has
been reduced excessively by metallic
abraison (metallic friction). friction).
The rope
has to be discarded when its diameter
is found reduced by 10% of its
nominal size, size,
even if no broken
wsingle wires have been found.
found

Damage Prevention
Discarding criteria no. 5:
A wire rope has to be discarded when corkscrew like deformations
are visible and these deformations have reached a height of 1/3 of
the rope diamenter
The same applies for other wire rope deformations, deformations,
such as:

Damage Prevention
�� Wire ropes are costly and complex pieces of
equipment
�� Wire ropes need special attention
�� Inspection of wire ropes is a demanding job for
specialists
�� A ship‘s crew should be very cautious and should
use common sense prior to any lifting operation
�� Shipowners should instruct their crews accordingly
�� Further detailed information can be obtained from
the manufacturer of the ropes, ropes,
for example
CASAR Drahtseilwerke Saar GmbH
�� Visit their website : www.casar.de

1. VHT
2. The
3. The
4. The
5. VHT
CONCLUSION
VHT – Claims Surveying/Handling Surveying/Handling
Organisation of your Hull &
Machinery Underwriters
The objective is to find the true cause for the damage, damage,
regardless
whether it is pure hull damage, damage,
collision damage or grounding damage
The true cause will be the basis for fair and correct handling of the
claim
The true cause will be the source for the development of strategics for
the prevention of future damage
VHT is dependent on true and comprehensive reporting by ship-
commands, commands,
owners, owners,
agents, agents,
etc.
COLREG‘s and STCW and the ISM Code must not be regarded as
„Paper Tigers“
Following rules and regulations enhances safety on board
6. COLREG‘s
7. Following
but remember
Preventing damage is better than handling claims – your
owner will appreciate your efforts !!

Good Luck
and
Thanks for your Attention !

THE END