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ii3 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1 Built-in Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1.1 Numeric Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1.2 Missing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1.3 String Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.1.4 Data Structure Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.2 User-defined Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3 Object Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30GNU Octave4 Numeric Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.1.1 Empty Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.2 Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.3 Logical Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.4 Predicates for Numeric Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.1 Creating Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.2 Searching and Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.3 String Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.4 Character Class Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.1 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.2 Cell Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 I/O Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.1 Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.2 Persistent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.3 Status of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579.4 Summary of Built-in Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599.5 Defaults from the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
10 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6510.1 Index Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6510.2 Calling Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6610.2.1 Call by Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6710.2.2 Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6810.3 Arithmetic Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6810.4 Comparison Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7010.5 Boolean Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7010.5.1 Element-by-element Boolean Operators. . . . . . . . . 7110.5.2 Short-circuit Boolean Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7110.6 Assignment Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7210.7 Increment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7410.8 Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75iii11 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.1 The if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.2 The switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8112.3 The while Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8212.4 The do-until Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8312.5 The for Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.5.1 Looping Over Structure Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.6 The break Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.7 The continue Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8612.8 The unwind_protect Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8712.9 The try Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8812.10 Continuation Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813 Functions and Script Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9113.1 Defining Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9113.2 Multiple Return Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9313.3 Variable-length Argument Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9513.4 Variable-length Return Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9513.5 Returning From a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9513.6 Function Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9613.7 Script Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9813.8 Dynamically Linked Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10013.9 Function Handles and Inline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10313.9.1 Function Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10313.9.2 Inline Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10313.10 Organization of Functions Distributed with Octave . . . . 10414 Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10515 Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Page 1 and 2: GNU OctaveA high-level interactive
Page 3: iTable of ContentsPreface . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 19 Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Appendix A Tips and Standards . . .
Page 11 and 12: Preface 1PrefaceOctave was original
Page 13 and 14: Preface 3• Tony Richardson richar
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2: Getting Started 132 Gett
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2: Getting Started 15argvBu
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2: Getting Started 17helpCo
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2: Getting Started 19clc ()
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2: Getting Started 21C-rC-s
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2: Getting Started 23‘\h
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2: Getting Started 25Anothe
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2: Getting Started 27usage:
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3: Data Types 293 Data Type
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3: Data Types 31size (a, n)
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 4: Numeric Data Types 334 N
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4: Numeric Data Types 35war
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4: Numeric Data Types 37Emp
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5: Strings 395 StringsA str
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 5: Strings 41string fill ch
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5: Strings 435.3 String Con
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Chapter 5: Strings 45toupper (s)Bui
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Chapter 6: Data Structures 476 Data
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Chapter 6: Data Structures 49octave
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Chapter 7: Containers 517 Container
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Chapter 8: I/O Streams 538 I/O Stre
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Chapter 9: Variables 559 VariablesV
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Chapter 9: Variables 57persistent p
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Chapter 9: Variables 59exist (name,
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Chapter 9: Variables 61default_save
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Chapter 9: Variables 63warn_divide_
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Chapter 10: Expressions 6510 Expres
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Chapter 10: Expressions 67sqrt (arg
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Chapter 10: Expressions 69x - ySubt
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Chapter 10: Expressions 7110.5.1 El
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Chapter 10: Expressions 73z = 1Afte
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Chapter 10: Expressions 75++x--xThi
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Chapter 11: Evaluation 7711 Evaluat
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Chapter 12: Statements 7912 Stateme
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Chapter 12: Statements 81warn assig
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Chapter 12: Statements 83while (con
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Chapter 12: Statements 85for [ val,
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Chapter 12: Statements 87# print el
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Chapter 12: Statements 89For contin
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Chapter 13: Functions and Script Fi
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Chapter 14: Error Handling 10514 Er
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Chapter 15: Debugging 10715 Debuggi
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 10916
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 111for
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 113bit
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 115-ma
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 117The
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 119‘
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 121Thi
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 123‘
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 12516.
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 127max
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 129[nr
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 131Con
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Chapter 16: Input and Output 133SEE
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Chapter 17: Plotting 13517 Plotting
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Chapter 17: Plotting 137hold argsBu
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Chapter 17: Plotting 13917.2 Specia
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Chapter 17: Plotting 141‘#’ Set
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Chapter 17: Plotting 14317.5 Multip
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Chapter 17: Plotting 145The express
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Chapter 17: Plotting 147Note that N
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Chapter 18: Matrix Manipulation 149
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 16319 Arithm
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 165min (x, y
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 16719.3 Trig
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 16919.4 Sums
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 171beta (a,
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Chapter 19: Arithmetic 173[x, y] =
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Chapter 20: Linear Algebra 17520 Li
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Chapter 20: Linear Algebra 177If a
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Chapter 20: Linear Algebra 179q =r
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Chapter 20: Linear Algebra 181size
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Chapter 20: Linear Algebra 183kron
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Chapter 21: Nonlinear Equations 185
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Chapter 22: Quadrature 18722 Quadra
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Chapter 23: Differential Equations
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Chapter 24: Optimization 19924 Opti
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Chapter 25: Statistics 20125 Statis
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Chapter 25: Statistics 203var (x)Fu
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Chapter 25: Statistics 205moment (x
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Chapter 25: Statistics 207[pval, ch
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Chapter 25: Statistics 209kolmogoro
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Chapter 25: Statistics 211[pval, t,
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Chapter 25: Statistics 213[pval, z]
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Chapter 25: Statistics 215binomial
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Chapter 25: Statistics 217exponenti
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Chapter 25: Statistics 219hypergeom
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Chapter 25: Statistics 221normal cd
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Chapter 25: Statistics 223t cdf (x,
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Chapter 26: Financial Functions 225
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Chapter 27: Sets 22727 SetsOctave h
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Chapter 28: Polynomial Manipulation
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Chapter 28: Polynomial Manipulation
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 23329 Co
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 23529.1.
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 237outli
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 239nnzst
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 241[zer,
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 243Examp
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 245A mat
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 247clstu
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 249_____
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 251dsysa
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 253retsy
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 25529.5
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 257dlyap
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 25929.6
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 261retva
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 263sysef
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 265d2c (
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 267[y, t
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 269absys
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 271siso
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 273[k, p
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 275gmaxg
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 277syssi
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 279[rlda
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Chapter 29: Control Theory 281[a, b
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Chapter 30: Signal Processing 28330
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Chapter 30: Signal Processing 285wh
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Chapter 30: Signal Processing 287[1
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Chapter 30: Signal Processing 289hu
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Chapter 31: Image Processing 29131
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Chapter 31: Image Processing 293hsv
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Chapter 32: Audio Processing 29532
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Chapter 33: Quaternions 29733 Quate
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 29934
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 301asc
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 303eti
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 305[er
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 307fnm
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 309in
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 311[er
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 31334.
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Chapter 34: System Utilities 315isi
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Appendix A: Tips and Standards 317A
Page 329 and 330:
Appendix A: Tips and Standards 319
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix A: Tips and Standards 321i
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Appendix B: Known Causes of Trouble
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Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Appendix C: Installing Octave 329Ap
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix C: Installing Octave 331On
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Appendix C: Installing Octave 333gc
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Appendix D: Emacs Octave Support 33
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Appendix E: Grammar 343Appendix E G
Page 355 and 356:
Appendix F: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICE
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Concept Index 351Concept Index#‘#
Page 363 and 364:
Concept Index 353Iif statement . .
Page 365 and 366:
Variable Index 355Variable IndexAan
Page 367 and 368:
Function Index 357Function Index(([
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Function Index 359errorbar . . . .
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Function Index 361isnumeric . . . .
Page 373 and 374:
Function Index 363qzval . . . . . .
Page 375 and 376:
Function Index 365vertcat. . . . .
Page 377 and 378:
Operator Index 367Operator Index!!.
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