TROUBLED WATERS - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Whitehead, H., Waters, S. and Lyrholm, T. 1991. Social organisation in female sperm whales and theiroffspring: constant companions and casual acquaintances. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 29: 385-389.Wills, D.K. and Bob, E.L. 1995. Scientific considerations for opposing the killing of whales on ethical grounds. Paperpresented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, May 1995, Dublin, Ireland.Humane Society International, Washington DC.Würsig, B. 1988. The behavior of baleen whales. Scientific American 256 (4): 102-107.Würsig, B. 2002. Intelligence and cognition. In: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Eds. W.F. Perrin, B. Würsigand J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 628-637. Academic Press, New York.WHALES – INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETIES AND CULTURES29
5 The IWC and whale welfareAndy Ottaway Campaigns Director, Campaign Whale, Lewes, UK.Philippa Brakes, Marine Consultant, c/o WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society),Chippenham, UK.Welfare concerns and the regulation of whalingIn 1931 the League of Nations drew up a Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which cameinto force in 1934 with 17 member nations. A conference, held by the International Council for theExploration of the Sea, followed in London in 1937, culminating in the signing of the InternationalAgreement for the Regulation of Whaling 1937 1 . The conference concluded, among other things,that governments should place themselves in a position to regulate the methods of killing whales toensure that: “....the whale when hit may be speedily killed and wastage thus avoided” and “abatesomething of the undoubted cruelty of present methods of whaling” (International Whaling Conference1937).30A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN WHALING ACTIVITIESFollowing the Second World War, governments agreed the International Convention for theRegulation of Whaling (ICRW) in 1946, under which the International Whaling Commission(IWC) was founded. However, issues relating to the cruelty of animals within commercial whalingwere not discussed at that meeting and the ICRW did not provide the IWC with any mandate totake action regarding the obvious welfare problems involved in whaling methods. The following yearDr Harry D Lillie spent a season aboard a British whaling factory ship in Antarctica as a physician.In an address to University College London in 1947 he said:“If we can imagine a horse having two or three explosive spears stuck into its stomach and beingmade to pull a butcher’s truck through the streets of London while it pours blood in the gutter,we shall have an idea of the present method of killing .The gunners themselves admit that ifwhales could scream the industry would stop, for nobody would be able to stand it”.Dr Lillie represented the World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA) as an observer atthe first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea meeting in 1958. One of their aims forthis meeting was to include an article to reduce cruelty to marine mammals under international law.The IWC itself decided not to send an observer to this meeting, which adopted a resolutionrequesting: “…States to prescribe, by all means available to them, those methods for the capture andkilling of marine life, especially of whales and seals, which will spare them suffering to the greatest extentpossible”. 2 This UN resolution encouraged a debate within the IWC on ways to reduce the sufferingof whales during whaling operations. The issue was raised at the 10th meeting of the IWC under theagenda item: ‘Humane Killing of Whales: Further Consideration of Action by the Commission toAssist the Application of the Resolution of the 1958 Conference’. At this meeting the commission“...fully accepted the spirit of the [UN) resolution” (IWC 1959) and established a working party on‘Humane and Expeditious Methods of Killing Whales’ that reported back to the 12th IWC meetingin 1960. The working party concluded that for whales: “...pain could not be measured and that for
Page 5 and 6: ForewordWhales are highly evolved a
Page 7: 1 Executive SummaryThis review exam
Page 11 and 12: 2 A background to whalingPhilippa B
Page 13 and 14: y the weapon’s enormous recoil, w
Page 15 and 16: Japan currently whales in the Antar
Page 17 and 18: Otto, K. 1997. Animal Pain Behaviou
Page 19 and 20: Protecting the welfare of animals i
Page 21 and 22: Toothed whales (Odontoceti)Toothed
Page 23 and 24: Social behaviourMother-calf pairsOn
Page 25 and 26: to store and pass on information to
Page 27 and 28: Communication in great whalesThe mo
Page 29: Self-awarenessOne of the most compe
Page 32 and 33: J.G.M. Thewissen), pp. 158-162. Aca
Page 36 and 37: humanitarian purposes the time take
Page 38 and 39: Welfare and the modern IWCFrom 1980
Page 40 and 41: 1996 UK proposes guidelines for col
Page 42 and 43: Section TwoWhale killing6 Commercia
Page 44 and 45: Table 1 Commercial, special permit
Page 46 and 47: It can be argued that the figures f
Page 48 and 49: Since struck and lost whales can in
Page 50 and 51: equipment to Russian subsistence wh
Page 52 and 53: This is the time from the throwing
Page 54 and 55: Table 3 Aboriginal Subsistence Whal
Page 56 and 57: International Aid For Korean Animal
Page 58 and 59: 29 In Resolution 1999-1, the IWC no
Page 60 and 61: For example, Greenland and the Faro
Page 62 and 63: the past they made an important con
Page 64 and 65: however, has been made on the exten
Page 66 and 67: hunt indicate that the whales are s
Page 68 and 69: 8 Weather, sea condition and shipmo
Page 70 and 71: chance of fog decreases from 15 to
Page 72 and 73: experienced in December, or y could
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Page 77 and 78: Both chase and pursuit cause stress
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Page 81 and 82: Ridgeway, S. H. (1966). Dall porpoi
Page 83 and 84: 10 Euthanasia of cetaceansPhilippa
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for the task. The correct target ar
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whales the size of minke whales (Ø
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11 Review of criteria for determini
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It is apparent from Figure 1, that,
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interpreted criteria, comparisons o
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90A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICATI
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12 A comparison betweenslaughterhou
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include levels of premature mortali
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the emphasis during some whaling op
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affect an immediate and thereby law
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Table 1 Animal welfare and the Sche
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CIWF Trust, 2002. Farm Assurance Sc
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13 Ethics and whaling under special
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Table 1. Consideration of the 3Rs i
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skin samples, without the need for
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IWC (2001) Report of the Scientific
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Whales and the lawCetaceans (and wh
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scientific and technical committees
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ASCOBANS came into force in 1994. F
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The Treaty of the Panama Canal, ena
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2 As a result, their need for prote
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law says, but also the extent to wh
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15 Whaling and welfarePhilippa Brak
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commercial whaling. Times to death
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eath). Using the current criteria t
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possibility of establishing a simil
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international customary law and exi
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16 Summary of conclusionsModern day
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Glossary136A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE
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138A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Appendix IIColour plates©Mark Voti
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142A REVIEW OF THE WELFARE IMPLICAT
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Figure 13. Processing minke whales
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