ACOUSTIC COUPLING IN PHONATION AND ITS EFFECT ON ...

xiiFigurePage5.12 Application of air-borne and tissue-borne sensitivities during the discriminationbetween components. Sensor: Air-coupled microphone protectedwith PVC 3” on the chest. Measured signal during vowel /a/: □, Estimatedsignal for vowel /a/ for tissue-borne components only: ◦, Air-bornesensitivity for such condition: ⋆. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246.1 Representation of a dipole source using two ideal airflow sources. Couplingbetween the subglottal and supraglottal tracts was obtained through alinearized glottal impedance. The glottal impedance in this representationwas investigated as a time-invariant and also a time-varying term. . . . 1296.2 Representation of the T network used for the subglottal and supraglottalmodels. The acoustic elements L a , R a , G a , and C a were associated with airinertance, air viscous and heat conduction resistances, and air compliance.Yielding walls parameters were divided in soft tissue (L ws , R ws , C ws ) andcartilage (L wc , R wc , C wc ) whenever needed for the subglottal tract. Theradiation impedance Z rad was attributed to the accelerometer loading. . 1296.3 Uncoupled (T1), perturbation function (T2), and coupled vocal tracttransfer function (T) from oral airflow to the glottis for a vowel /a/ and/i/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316.4 Representation of the subglottal system. The accelerometer is placed onthe surface overlying the suprasternal notch at approximately 5 cm belowthe glottis. The tract above and below such location are defined as Sub 1and Sub 2 . Figure adapted from [203]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326.5 Representation of a dipole model using two ideal airflow sources. Thesubglottal impedance from Fig. 6.1 was decomposed to include skin neckacceleration. See Fig.6.4 for details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326.6 Laser grid used for HSV calibration. (a) Calibration feature using a U-shaped blood vessel on the left ventricular fold (b) Same reference lasergrid on a metric scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1356.7 Endoview software used for the laser grid calibration scheme as in [204].The blood vessel used as calibration feature is observed on the left ventricularfold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1356.8 Ability of CPIF scheme to capture the “true” glottal airflow for completeand incomplete glottal closure for vowel /a/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436.9 Ability of CPIF scheme to capture the “true” glottal airflow for completeand incomplete glottal closure for vowel /i/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446.10 Ability of IBIF scheme to capture the “true” glottal airflow for completeand incomplete glottal closure for vowel /a/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146