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270 CHAPTER 4. SEMIDEFINITE PROGRAMMINGd ij = d ij (1 + √ 3 rand(1)η) 2d ij = d ij (1 − √ 3 rand(1)η) 2 (645)where η = 0.1 is a constant noise factor, rand(1) is the Matlab functionproviding one sample of uniformly distributed noise in the interval [0, 1] ,and d ij is actual distance-square from i th to j th sensor. Because of theseparate function calls rand(1) , each range of distance-square [d ij , d ij ]is not necessarily centered on actual distance-square d ij . The factor √ 3provides unit variance on the stochastic range.Figure 70 through Figure 73 each illustrate one realization of numericalsolution to the standardized lattice problems posed by Figure 65 throughFigure 68 respectively. Exact localization is impossible because ofmeasurement noise. Certainly, by inspection of their published graphicaldata, our new results are competitive with those of Carter & Jin. Obviouslyour solutions do not suffer from those compaction-type errors (clustering oflocalized sensors) exhibited by Biswas’ graphical results for the same noisefactor η ; which is all we intended to demonstrate.localization example conclusionSolution to this sensor-network localization problem became apparent byunderstanding geometry of optimization. Trace of a matrix, to a student oflinear algebra, is perhaps a sum of eigenvalues. But to us, trace representsthe normal I to some hyperplane in Euclidean vector space.The legacy of Carter & Jin [51] is a sobering demonstration of the needfor more efficient methods for solution of semidefinite programs, whilethat of So & Ye [241] is the bonding of distance geometry to semidefiniteprogramming. Elegance of our semidefinite problem statement (642) for asensor-network localization problem in any dimension should provide someimpetus to focus more research on computational intensity. Higher speedand greater accuracy from a simplex-like solver is what is required. We numerically tested the foregoing technique for constraining rank ona wide range of problems including localization of randomized positions,stress (7.2.2.7.1), ball packing (5.4.2.2.3), and cardinality problems. Wehave had some success introducing the direction vector inner-product (643)as a regularization term (Pareto optimization) whose purpose is to constrainrank, affine dimension, or cardinality:
4.4. RANK-CONSTRAINED SEMIDEFINITE PROGRAM 2711.210.80.60.40.20−0.2−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2Figure 70: Typical solution for 2-lattice in Figure 65 with noise factorη = 0.1 . Two red rightmost nodes are anchors; two remaining nodes aresensors. Radio range of sensor 1 indicated by arc; radius = 1.14 . Actualsensor indicated by target while its localization is indicated by bullet • .Rank-2 solution found in 1 iteration (642) (1506a) subject to reflection error.1.210.80.60.40.20−0.2−0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4Figure 71: Typical solution for 3-lattice in Figure 66 with noise factorη = 0.1 . Three red vertical middle nodes are anchors; remaining nodes aresensors. Radio range of sensor 1 indicated by arc; radius = 1.12 . Actualsensor indicated by target while its localization is indicated by bullet • .Rank-2 solution found in 2 iterations (642) (1506a).
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DATTORROCONVEXOPTIMIZATION&EUCLIDEA
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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for Jennie Columba♦Antonio♦♦&
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PreludeThe constant demands of my d
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCLIDEAN DIS
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List of Figures1 Overview 191 Orion
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LIST OF FIGURES 1559 Epigraph . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 17120 Four fundamen
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Chapter 1OverviewConvex Optimizatio
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ˇx 4ˇx 3ˇx 2Figure 2: Applicatio
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23Figure 4: This coarsely discretiz
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ases (biorthogonal expansion). We e
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27Figure 7: These bees construct a
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its membership to the EDM cone. The
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31appendicesProvided so as to be mo
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Chapter 2Convex geometryConvexity h
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2.1. CONVEX SET 35Figure 11: A slab
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2.1. CONVEX SET 372.1.6 empty set v
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2.1. CONVEX SET 392.1.7.1 Line inte
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2.1. CONVEX SET 41(a)R 2(b)R 3(c)(d
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2.1. CONVEX SET 43This theorem in c
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2.2. VECTORIZED-MATRIX INNER PRODUC
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2.3. HULLS 53Figure 14: Convex hull
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2.3. HULLS 55Aaffine hull (drawn tr
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2.3. HULLS 57The union of relative
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 59of dim
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 61H +ay
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 63Inters
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 65Conver
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 67A 1A 2
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 69tradit
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 71There
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 73nor
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 752.5
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 77In other wo
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 792.6.1 Expos
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2.7. CONES 812.6.1.3.1 Definition.
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2.7. CONES 830Figure 26: Boundary o
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2.7. CONES 852.7.2 Convex coneWe ca
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2.7. CONES 87Thus the simplest and
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2.7. CONES 89nomenclature generaliz
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 91Proper cone {0
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 93the same extre
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 95For a proper c
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2.9. POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE (PSD) CO
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2.10. CONIC INDEPENDENCE (C.I.) 121
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 127It follow
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 129Coefficie
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 1312.12.3 Un
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 133
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2.13. DUAL CONE & GENERALIZED INEQU
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Chapter 3Geometry of convex functio
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 185f 1 (x)f 2
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1873.1.3 norm
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 189n∑π(x) i
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 191This means
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1933.1.5.3 pos
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1953.1.6.0.1 E
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1973.1.7 epigr
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 201Although th
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 203minimize tX
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 2053.1.8 gradi
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 209f(Y )[ ∇f
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 211g is convex
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 213αβα ≥
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 2153.1.11 seco
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3.2. MATRIX-VALUED CONVEX FUNCTION
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Page 221 and 222: 3.3. QUASICONVEX 221matrices in the
Page 223 and 224: 3.3. QUASICONVEX 223on R M + . Alth
Page 225 and 226: Chapter 4Semidefinite programmingPr
Page 227 and 228: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 227where K is a
Page 229 and 230: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 229C0PΓ 1Γ 2S+
Page 231 and 232: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 231faces of S 3
Page 233 and 234: 4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 2334.1.1.3 Previ
Page 235 and 236: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 235Equivalently, pri
Page 237 and 238: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 237is positive semid
Page 239 and 240: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 239Optimal value of
Page 241 and 242: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 2414.2.3.1.1 Example
Page 243 and 244: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 243where δ is the m
Page 245 and 246: 4.2. FRAMEWORK 2454.2.3.1.2 Example
Page 247 and 248: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2474.3 Rank red
Page 249 and 250: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 249A rank-reduc
Page 251 and 252: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 251(t ⋆ i)
Page 253 and 254: 4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2534.3.3.0.1 Ex
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Page 273 and 274: 4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 2734.
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Page 279 and 280: 4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 279f
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Page 283 and 284: 4.6. CARDINALITY AND RANK CONSTRAIN
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Page 305 and 306: Chapter 5Euclidean Distance MatrixT
Page 307 and 308: 5.2. FIRST METRIC PROPERTIES 307cor
Page 309 and 310: 5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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Page 313 and 314: 5.4. EDM DEFINITION 313The collecti
Page 315 and 316: 5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3155.4.2 Gram-f
Page 317 and 318: 5.4. EDM DEFINITION 317D ∈ EDM N
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 321ten affine e
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 323spheres:Then
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 325By eliminati
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 327whereΦ ij =
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3295.4.2.2.5 De
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 331105ˇx 4ˇx
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 333corrected by
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 335by translate
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 337Crippen & Ha
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 339where ([√t
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 341because (A.3
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5.5. INVARIANCE 3435.5.1.0.1 Exampl
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5.6. INJECTIVITY OF D & UNIQUE RECO
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3515.
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 353Fo
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3555.
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5.8. EUCLIDEAN METRIC VERSUS MATRIX
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5.9. BRIDGE: CONVEX POLYHEDRA TO ED
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 373(ii)
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 3755.11.1
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 377(confer
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 379we have
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 381For pre
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 383where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 385(a)(c)
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 387D
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 389Th
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 391wh
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5.14. FIFTH PROPERTY OF EUCLIDEAN M
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Chapter 6Cone of distance matricesF
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6.1. DEFINING EDM CONE 4056.1 Defin
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6.2. POLYHEDRAL BOUNDS 407This cone
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6.3.√EDM CONE IS NOT CONVEX 409N
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 4116.
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 413(a
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 415Fi
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 417and
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 419then
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 4216.5.
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 423D =
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6.6. CORRESPONDENCE TO PSD CONE S N
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 435When the Fins
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 437Proof. First,
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 439EDM 2 = S 2 h
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 441whose veracit
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4436.8.1.3.1 Exe
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 445has dual affi
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4476.8.1.7 Schoe
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6.9. THEOREM OF THE ALTERNATIVE 449
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6.10. POSTSCRIPT 451When D is an ED
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Chapter 7Proximity problemsIn summa
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In contrast, order of projection on
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457HS N h0EDM NK = S N h ∩ R N×N
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4597.0.3 Problem approachProblems t
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 461fi
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4637.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 465di
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4677.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 469wh
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 471Th
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 473O
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 475S
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 477r
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 479c
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4817
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 483fo
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 485a
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4877.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4897.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 491Ou
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7.4. CONCLUSION 493The rank constra
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Appendix ALinear algebraA.1 Main-di
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 503A.3.0.0.1
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 505By simila
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 507Because R
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For A,B ∈ R n×n x T Ax ≥ x T B
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 511A.3.1.0.2
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 513We can de
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 515Origin of
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 517Schur-form
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A.5. EIGEN DECOMPOSITION 519A.5.0.1
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A.6. SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION,
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A.7. ZEROS 527For diagonalizable ma
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A.7. ZEROS 529A.7.4For X,A∈ S M +
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A.7. ZEROS 531A.7.5.0.1 Proposition
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Appendix BSimple matricesMathematic
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 535R(v)
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 537rang
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B.2. DOUBLET 539R([u v ])R(Π)= R([
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B.3. ELEMENTARY MATRIX 541If λ ≠
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 543the n
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 54518. V
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 547B.5 Ortho
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 549B.5.3.0.1
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Appendix CSome analytical optimal r
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C.2. DIAGONAL, TRACE, SINGULAR AND
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C.3. ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTES PROBLEM
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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Appendix DMatrix calculusFrom too m
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D.1. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE, TAYLOR
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D.2. TABLES OF GRADIENTS AND DERIVA
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Appendix EProjectionFor any A∈ R
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597Equivalent to the corresponding
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E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 599where R
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E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 601TxT ⊥
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E.2. I − P , PROJECTION ON ALGEBR
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E.3. SYMMETRIC IDEMPOTENT MATRICES
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 611E.5.0.0
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 613of rela
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 615E.5.0.0
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E.6. VECTORIZATION INTERPRETATION,
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E.7. ON VECTORIZED MATRICES OF HIGH
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E.7. ON VECTORIZED MATRICES OF HIGH
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 629E.
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 631
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 633Pr
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 637wh
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 639Un
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 643bC
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 6450
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 647E.1
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 649y 2
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 651By
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 653Bar
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 655bH
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 657K
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 659Whe
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Appendix FMatlab programsMade by Th
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F.1. ISEDM() 663% is nonnegativeif
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F.1. ISEDM() 665F.1.1Subroutines fo
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F.2. CONIC INDEPENDENCE, CONICI() 6
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F.2. CONIC INDEPENDENCE, CONICI() 6
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F.3. MAP OF THE USA 671% plot origi
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F.3. MAP OF THE USA 673statelat = d
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F.4. RANK REDUCTION SUBROUTINE, RRF
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F.4. RANK REDUCTION SUBROUTINE, RRF
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F.5. STURM’S PROCEDURE 679F.5 Stu
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F.6. CONVEX ITERATION DEMONSTRATION
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F.6. CONVEX ITERATION DEMONSTRATION
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F.7. FAST MAX CUT 685endoldtrace =
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F.8. SIGNAL DROPOUT PROBLEM 687whil
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Appendix GNotation and a few defini
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691l.i.w.r.tlinearly independentwit
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693t → 0 +t goes to 0 from above;
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695ψ(Z)DDD T (X)D(X) TD −1 (X)D(
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697R n −or R n×n−S nS n⊥S n
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699∂H −∂H +da supporting hype
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701maximizexargsup Xarg supf(x)subj
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703⊁≥not positive definitescala
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Bibliography[1] Suliman Al-Homidan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 707[16] Keith Ball. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 709[38] A. W. Bojanczy
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 711[57] Steven Chu. Au
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 713[76] Frank R. Deuts
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 715(AACC), June 2004.h
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 717[114] John Clifford
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 719[135] Uwe Helmke an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 721[157] Joakim Jaldé
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 723[178] Jung Rye Lee.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 725[200] T. S. Motzkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 727[220] Teemu Pennane
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 729[240] Joshua A. Sin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 731[264] Warren S. Tor
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 733[285] Bernard Widro
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Index0-norm, 241, 273, 275, 2941-no
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INDEX 737clipping, 190, 454, 638, 6
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INDEX 739hull, 53, 56, 306of outer
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INDEX 741unique, 519elbow, 457, 458
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INDEX 743polarity, 62handoff, 335ov
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INDEX 745manifold, 23, 24, 105, 410
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INDEX 747objectivebilinear, 256, 27
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INDEX 749Hadamard, 46, 472, 571, 69
Page 751 and 752:
INDEX 751trace, 477, 478heuristic,
Page 753 and 754:
INDEX 753symmetric hollow, 51tangen
Page 755 and 756:
INDEX 755matrix, 65slack, 227vec, 4
Page 757 and 758:
757
Page 760:
Convex Optimization & Euclidean Dis
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v2007.11.26 - Convex Optimization

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