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WHO InternatIOnal Standard termInOlOgIeS On tradItIOnal medIcIne

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<strong>WHO</strong> International<strong>Standard</strong> Terminologieson Traditional Medicine in theWestern Pacific Region


<strong>WHO</strong> Library Cataloguing in Publication Data<strong>WHO</strong> International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region1. Medicine, Traditional. 2. TerminologyISBN 978 92 9061 248 7© World Health Organization (2007)(NLM Classification: WB50)Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of theUniversal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of <strong>WHO</strong> publications, in part or in toto, application shouldbe made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, or to the Regional Office for the WesternPacific, Manila, Philippines. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended bythe World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and ommissions excepted, thenames of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication.


TABLE OF CONTENTSFOREWORDACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvviiINTRODUCTION 1GENERAL 9BASIC THEORIES 13Essential Qi Theory, Yin-yang Theory, and Five Phase Theory 13Essence, Spirit, Qi, Blood, Fluid and Humor 17Viscera and Bowels 21Meridian and Collateral 28Body Constituents and Orifices of Sense Organ 35Cause of Disease 39Mechanism of Disease 46Others 76DIAGNOSTICS 79Inspection 80Listening and Smelling Examination 87Inquiry 88Palpation 100Eight Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 106Disease Cause Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 116Qi-Blood Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 124Fluid-Humor Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 129Visceral Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 130Various Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 146Six-Meridian Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 152Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 156Triple Energizer Pattern Identification/Syndrome Differentiation 160


viiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific expresses its appreciation to all thosewho contributed to the production of this document.<strong>WHO</strong> recognizes the people who dedicated their lives to the development of traditional medicine in ourRegion from ancient times particularly the ancestors who are symbolized as Huangdi and Shennong.Appreciation is also extended to the experts who attended the meetings on development of International<strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies held in Beijing, China; Tokyo, Japan; and Daegu, Republic of Korea, as well as theexternal peer reviewers.We also wish to extend our gratitude to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea for theirfinancial support, to the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine China, the Japan Liaison ofOriental Medicine and the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, without which we would not havebeen able to publish this book.


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 1INTRODUCTIONIn the Western Pacific Region, the major system of traditional medicine which originated from ancient Chinahas continued to develop not only in China but also in neighbouring countries and areas, particularly inJapan, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam, with certain variations in accordance with local conditions,i.e. availability of natural resources, indigenous culture and political climate. Different names have beendesignated for this system of traditional medicine as it developed in various countries, such as Orientalmedicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, Kampo medicine and traditionalVietnamese medicine. They are collectively called traditional medicine (TRM) in the Western Pacific Region.Traditional medicine is a comprehensive system of medicine characterized by its own theoretical basis andpractical experience. It includes herbal medicine, acupuncture and other non-medication therapies. Owingto its unique paradigm and remarkable efficacy with fewer adverse effects, this system of medicine has beenattracting more and more interest internationally. Considering the recent rapid increase in the worldwideuse of TRM, there is a pressing need for a common language, i.e. an international standard terminology.In 1981, the World Health Organization (<strong>WHO</strong>) Regional Office for the Western Pacific organized aWorking Group for the <strong>Standard</strong>ization of Acupuncture Nomenclature. After 10 years of effort, a consensuson the proposed standard international acupuncture nomenclature was reached by the Regional Officefor the Western Pacific’s Working Group and then by the <strong>WHO</strong> Scientific Group in Geneva. In 1991,A Proposed <strong>Standard</strong> International Acupuncture Nomenclature was published by <strong>WHO</strong> in Geneva anda revised edition of <strong>Standard</strong> Acupuncture Nomenclature (Part 1 and 2) was published by the RegionalOffice for the Western Pacific in Manila. Practical use has proven these <strong>WHO</strong> publications to be invaluablecontributions to international information exchange on acupuncture. However, the publications are stillquite limited, only including nomenclature for the 14 meridians, 361 classical acupuncture points, 8 extrameridians, 48 extra points, 14 scalp acupuncture lines and a few terms related to acupuncture needles.Moreover, to meet the increasing demands of practice, education, research and exchange of information,there is an urgent need to develop standardized terminology and nomenclature for TRM as a whole.In 2004, recognizing that the main role of standards is for upgrading levels of quality, safety, reliability,efficiency and interchangeability, which are the most needed features in TRM, <strong>WHO</strong> Regional Office forthe Western Pacific initiated projects promoting the proper use of traditional medicine under the themeof “<strong>Standard</strong>ization with evidence-based approaches.” Among the various standards in TRM, such asacupuncture point locations, information and clinical practice, the development of an international standardterminology (IST) is the very first step towards overall standardization of TRM.


2IntroductionObjectives of this document are to:(1) Provide a common nomenclature for better understanding, education, training, practice and researchin TRM.2) Facilitate information exchange in TRM among Member States.Though TRM is now spread worldwide and an increasing number of people outside Asia have a profound understandingof TRM, there still exists a considerable variation in the levels of knowledge and clinical proficieny. The purpose ofthis document is to provide a standardized nomenclature that will be suitable for: researchers, educators, practioners,regulators and students in the field of TRM. It will thus assist in raising standards within TRM and, also, be of use tothose who are not familiar with TRM, such as Western medical practitioners.General considerationsAs mentioned above, most technical terms used in TRM come from ancient Chinese medical literature. Consequently,translation of these terms into any other language without Han characters is extremely challenging, as the originalmeanings of Han characters and the unique nuances of concepts in TRM must be incorporated. For example, it tookover 10 years just to achieve a consensus on nomenclature for the meridians and acupuncture points and it is generallyacknowledged that it would be more difficult to achieve an internationally acceptable nomenclature for TRM other thanmeridians and points. The following general issues have been considered in developing the international standardterminology of TRM.Abundance of English terminologyIn recent decades, the rapidly growing interest in TRM all over the world has promoted the writing of many books andnumerous papers on TRM and its various branches in English. The present problem is not a lack of English equivalentsfor terms commonly used, but on the contrary, there are now a large number of cases where various English words areavailable as equivalents for a single TRM term, or a single Han character. This not only causes confusion to readers,but also points to the urgent need for unification and standardization. <strong>On</strong> the other hand, this abundance alsoprovides a rich source for selecting the most appropriate English terms to be used as the standard.Selecting terms for inclusionThe major TRM system in the Western Pacific Region originated in ancient China and was established in the HuangdiNeijing (Huangdi’s Internal Classic) and Zhang Zhongjing’s works. Most of the terms used in those texts date backover two thousand years and many are still used in their original sense today. However, TRM is not static; it has alsoevolved over time with the modification of old terms and the incorporation of new terms, especially in recent decades.Although the classical conceptual foundations of the ancient foundation texts still appeal to those seeking an alternativeto Western modes of thinking, increasing numbers of people seek direct access to the conceptual content and clinical


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 3applications of TRM, primarily through studying contemporary publications. In view of the purposes of this document,which are for present day education, training, practice and research, and for information exchange, the technical termswere chiefly selected from recent publications.Number of proposed termsAchieving an international consensus on terminology is by no means an easy task. A step-by-step approach seems tobe most feasible; giving priority to commonly used technical terms. The number of commonly used terms in TRM isestimated to be more than 4000, most of which are included in this document.Source of the terms and selection process1. 1st Informal Consultation on Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine(20–21 October 2004)Given the need to standardize general traditional medicine terminology, the <strong>WHO</strong> Regional Office for theWestern Pacific convened in October 2004 the 1st Informal Consultation on Development of International<strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine, in Beijing, China. The main objective of the meeting wasto identify the willingness of Member States to develop an international standard for TRM terminology, toselect materials and references, and to decide working procedures to this end. During the meeting, it wasestablished that there is a need for standard TRM terminology. To expedite the process of term selection, theZhongyiyao Changyong Mingci Shuyu Yingyi ( 中 醫 藥 常 用 名 詞 述 語 英 譯 : English Translation of CommonTerms in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Xie Zhufan, China TCM Pub. Co., Beijing, 2004) was adopted byvoting through the main reference for the development of the international standard terminology. The lists ofthe temporary advisers and their presentations are shown in Annex 1.2. 2nd Informal Consultation on Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine(27–29 June 2005)In June 2005, the 2nd Informal Consultation on Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies onTraditional Medicine was held in Tokyo, Japan. At this meeting, there were comprehensive and detaileddiscussions, after which the terms were selected.The selection of terms was made by following a step-by-step method:Step 1: Each expert reviewed a suite of suggested terms and voted on the terms forselection. The terms agreed by two countries out of three countries werebasically adopted.Step 2: Rationale for the selection of other terms were discussed and included whenso agreed.Also, there were discussions about the basic issues involved in English translation, i.e. whether translationshould be literal or free. The temporary advisers and their presentations relevant to standard terminology arelisted in Annex 2.The outcome of the 2nd Informal Consultation on Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies onTraditional Medicine was that 4200 terms were selected for inclusion in the proposed international standardterminologies for the Western Pacific Region.


4Introduction3. Meeting on the Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine(18–20 October 2005)In October 2005, the Meeting on the Development of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies for TraditionalMedicine was held in Daegu, Republic of Korea, with 22 experts from eight Member States in attendance. Themajor objective of the meeting was to review the draft terminologies and decide on the English equivalents forthe selected terms. The lists of the temporary advisers and their presentations are introduced in Annex 3.After the Daegu meeting, the number of terms selected was reduced by deleting the names of herbal medicinesand also eliminating duplications – largely by agreement of attendeees. At the request of the 2nd InformalConsultaton and also the Daegu meeting, the definitions for the selected terms have been prepared. Therehave been two rounds of reviews of the draft IST among the international experts group. The list of reviewersis shown in Annex 4.Principles for English expression selection1. Accurate reflection of the original concept of Chinese terms.In this context, it should be stressed that each term is a unit of meaning, which is not necessarily equal tothe summation of meanings of the constituent original Han characters. According to Chinese philology,a character may have several different meanings and is often more like a syllable in English. Generallya compound word, consisting of two or more characters, provides the specific meaning. However, themeaning of a compound word is different from the separate meanings of its components. Furthermore, theappropriateness of an English equivalent should be judged primarily by its accuracy in reflecting the medicalconcept of the Chinese original.2. No creation of new English words.All the English terms included in this document are those that have been collected in universally recognizedEnglish dictionaries. If there are exceptions, they are derived from available English words with somegrammatical modifications.3. Avoidance of pinyin (Romanized Chinese) use.For certain TRM terms, it is extremely difficult to determine English equivalents, and many publications usepinyin. However, it should be stressed that Romanized Chinese is still Chinese and pinyin is not a realtranslation. In addition, Han characters are similar in Chinese, Japanese and Korean, but the pronunciationdiffers greatly. The titles and author names of classical texts are described in the original pronunciation.4. Consistency with <strong>WHO</strong>’s <strong>Standard</strong> Acupuncture Nomenclature.Especially for the terms of acupuncture and moxibustion, IST followed the English translation in <strong>Standard</strong>Acupuncture Nomenclature, Part 1 and 2 revised edition which was published by the <strong>WHO</strong> Regional Officefor the Western Pacific in 1991.Use of Western medical termsSince both traditional and modern medicines aim at maintaining health and treating diseases, there must be someoverlap between the two systems of medicine in concept and hence in terminology. <strong>On</strong> such occasions, the only


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 5difference exists in wording. When a traditional term in Han character has a corresponding Western medical termexpressing the same concept, use of that Western medical term is not only reasonable but also necessary. Otherwise,creation of a new English term from the original term in Han character would cause confusion. <strong>On</strong> the other hand,improper use of Western medical terms is misleading and therefore is excluded from this document.<strong>Standard</strong> terminology versus literal translationIn this document, most terms in English correspond well to the primary translation of the Chinese original, but thereare exceptions.1. Because of historical backgrounds, many terms have alternative names. Even in the State <strong>Standard</strong> promulgatedby the Chinese Government some alternative names are still retained, for there are many classical worksusing different terminology in Chinese, which are still of practical significance. When translating these terms,particularly from a literal approach, each alternative name should have its rendering, and as a result, onesingle concept may have several expressions in English. In fact, this diversity in English equivalents is of notechnical significance.2. Because of the Chinese custom of word formation, some characters are added or deleted simply for linguisticor rhetoric purpose. Since the addition or deletion is of no technical significance, it is unnecessary to reflectthe change of wording in the international standard terminology.3. Because of the evolution of TRM, the original concepts of some traditional medical terms have been changedor only one of the multiple concepts has been adopted at present. In this case, the English expression of thecontemporary concept should be regarded as the standard.In short, the international standard terminology is closely related to the appropriate translation, but it is not a simpleconversion of the translation.Contents of standard terminologyThe technical terms included in this document are classified into eight categories:1. General2. Basic theories3. Diagnostics4. Disease5. Therapeutics6. Acupuncture & Moxibustion7. Medicinal Treatment8. ClassicsStructure of standard terminologyThe main body of standard terminology consists of the following four elements, including a temporary (accommodation)code for convenient indexing.


6Introduction1) Code2) Term (English)3) Chinese (Han) Character4) Definition/DescriptionIn the Classics part, the contents are formatted in the order of Code, Chinese (Han), Pronunciation, Author/Editor,Year Issued, Country and Preferred English title/Annotation. The Year Issued is for the readers’ convenience forunderstanding streams of development in the field of traditional medicine. Since the Year Issued for some classics canbe controversial, each mother country of original classics has responsibility to determine the Year Issued.Notes on the standard terminologyThe words before and after the symbol / are interchangeable, as they come from the same Chinese original. Forexample, “pattern/syndrome”, “pattern identification/syndrome differentiation”, “meridian/channel” and “network/collateral” can be written either as pattern or syndrome, pattern identification or syndrome differentiation, meridian orchannel, and network or collateral.English is chosen as the main language for the international standard terminology for TRM in the Western PacificRegion, because it is the most commonly and internationally used language. Following each term in English, Hancharacters are attached as the given original terms. In doing so, the original complex form of a Han character isemployed rather than the simplified characters, because some countries may simplify Han characters differently.The International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies project has been conducted in parallel with information standardizationprojects like international classification for traditional medicine (ICTM), thesaurus and clinical ontology in traditionalmedicine. The outcome of IST is the bases for each of these information standardization projects. This 1st IST version,however, still does not fully satisfy all the needs of the three countries; therefore, further efforts will be required inthe future. The Regional Office for the Western Pacific and key countries such as China, Japan, and Republic ofKorea should make every effort for continuous revision. During the 2nd Informal Consultation on Development ofInternational <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine held in Tokyo, Japan from 27 to 29 June 2005, therewere discussions regarding the inclusion of herbal drugs and formulas. Participants concluded that those sets of termscan be included in future editions in appropriate ways. In the same manner, other traditional medicine terminologiesin our Region will be added to this ongoing series of <strong>WHO</strong> IST.The compilation process of IST also has revealed that terminology standardization is a very challenging task due tovarieties of meanings and the historical background for TRM concepts. Therefore the conventional way to compilea standard nomenclature has some limitations. In order to overcome such limitations, The Regional Office for theWestern Pacific and the key countries should be responsible for developing new tools, such as ontology in TRM,describing the complicated relations of traditional medical concepts in machine readable language.The philosophical background of this suite of standard terminology is Taoism. The first chapter of Laozi, the “bible”of Taoism, starts with “ 道 可 道 , 非 常 道 . 名 可 名 , 非 常 名 ” and the latter sentence can be translated as “A name thatcan be named is not the constant name.” This shows Laozi’s scepticism on artificial ways, including languages. Thevarious and subjective expressions used in traditional Chinese medicine have proven his insightfulness in this field.However, without languages, how can we communicate with each other? Just as an idea may be inferred from itsshadow, though not fully grasping “ 常 ”, at least we are expecting “ 可 ” for readers to understand traditional medicinein our Region by using this international standard terminology.


TERMINOLOGIES


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 9Code Term Chinese Definition/Description0.0.0 GENERAL 總 類0.0.1 traditional medicine 傳 統 醫 學the sum total of knowledge, skills and practice ofholistic care for maintenance of health and treatmentof disease based on indigenous theories, beliefsand experiences handed down from generation togeneration0.0.2traditional Chinesemedicine中 醫 學 ;中 醫the traditional medicine that originated in China, andis characterized by holism and treatment based onpattern identification/syndrome differentiation0.0.3 Oriental medicine 東 洋 醫 學a general term for traditional medicine practiced inEast Asian countries, e.g., Japan and Korea0.0.4 Kampo medicine漢 方 ;漢 方 醫 學the medicine traditionally practiced in Japan, basedon ancient Chinese medicine0.0.5traditional Koreanmedicine韓 醫 學the medicine traditionally practiced in Korea, based onancient Chinese medicine, which focuses principallyon constitutional approaches0.0.6traditionalVietnamese medicine越 醫 學the medicine traditionally practiced in Vietnam, basedon ancient Chinese medicine0.0.7 Tibetan medicine 藏 醫 學 the medicine traditionally practiced in Tibet0.0.8Mongolian traditionalmedicine蒙 醫 學the medicine traditionally practiced in Mongolia0.0.9 Uyghur medicine 維 醫 學 the medicine traditionally practiced by the Uyghur0.0.10integration oftraditional Chineseand Western medicine中 西 醫 結 合a process of ongoing development of traditionalChinese medicine involving the incorporation ofmodern scientific knowledge and measures as wellas blending of key aspects of traditional Chinesemedicine and modern Western medicine0.0.11basic theory oftraditional Chinesemedicine中 醫 基 礎 理 論the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealing withthe basic concepts, theories, rules and principles0.0.12traditional Chinesediagnostics中 醫 診 斷 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealingwith the procedure and practice of examining patients,determining diseases and differentiating syndromes/identifying patterns of signs and symptoms of diseases,also called traditional Chinese medical diagnostics


10GeneralCode Term Chinese Definition/Description0.0.13traditional Chinesepharmacy中 藥 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealing withthe source, nature, collection, processing, dispensing,actions, effects and uses of Chinese medicines0.0.14 formula study 方 劑 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine concernedwith therapeutic principles, combination of medicinalingredients, composition of prescriptions and theclinical uses of herbal medicines, also called Chineseherbal formula study0.0.15processing of herbalmedicinals中 藥 炮 製 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealing withthe theory, technology, specifications and standards ofprocessing herbal medicine, also called preparationand processing of Chinese herbal medicine0.0.16meridian andcollateral (study)經 絡 學the branch of acupuncture concerned with the studyof structural connection, physiology, pathology,diagnostics and therapeutic principles, on the basisof meridian phenomena, also known as channel andnetworks study0.0.17acupuncture points(study)輸 穴 學 ;經 穴 學the branch of acupuncture dealing with the study ofthe location, action and indication of acupuncturepoints and their related theories0.0.18traditional Chinesetuina中 醫 推 拿 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine concernedwith the principles and clinical use of tuina (massage)therapy0.0.19traditional Chineselife nurturing中 醫 養 生 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine concernedwith promotion of health, prevention of disease andlongevity, also called traditional Chinese healthcultivation0.0.20traditional Chineserehabilitation中 醫 康 復 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine concernedwith the restoration of function after injury or illness, alsocalled traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation0.0.21traditional Chinesenursing中 醫 護 理 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealingwith the study, methods and clinical application ofnursing care0.0.22 warm disease (study) 溫 病 學the branch of traditional Chinese medicine dealingwith the study of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatmentand prevention of warm pathogen diseases, alsoknown as warm pathogen disease (study)


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 11Code Term Chinese Definition/Description0.0.23 life nurturing 養 生0.0.24 rehabilitation 康 復0.0.25 conduction exercise 導 引0.0.26 classicist school 考 證 學 派0.0.27 Gosei school 後 世 派0.0.28 Koho school 古 方 派0.0.29 Sechu school 折 衷 派traditional health-care to promote health, preventdisease and enhance longevity, also called healthpreservation/cultivationthe treatment of an ill, injured, or disabled patientwith the aim of restoring normal health and functionor to prevent a disability from deterioratingpromotion of health and prevention of disease byspecially designed physical movements and breathingexercises, also called guiding and conductingexercisea Kampo school which bases its study on ancientphilological theories in classic textbooksa Kampo school in Japan, mainly relies on the fivephaseand meridian theory, the same as the latterdayschoola Kampo school advocating the practical type ofmedicine of the Shanghanlun, emphasizes abdominalsigns and formula-pattern coupling, the same as theantiquity schoola Kampo school which blends traditions from the Kohoand Gosei schools, the same as the eclectic school0.0.30 Li-Zhu medicine 李 朱 醫 學 the medicine of Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi0.0.31 constitution 體 質 ; 稟 賦the characteristics of an individual, including structuraland functional characteristics, temperament,adaptability to environmental changes andsusceptibility to disease. It is relatively stable, being inpart, genetically determined and in part, acquired0.0.32constitutionalmedicine體 質 醫 學the branch of medicine based on assessment ofan individual’s constitution involving physiology,pathology, diagnosis, treatment and maintenance ofhealth0.0.33Four-ConstitutionMedicine四 象 醫 學the branch of traditional Korean medicine initiatedby Lee Je-ma, which stresses the theory of the fourconstitutions: physiology, pathology, diagnosis,and maintenance of health, also called SasangConstitutional Medicine


12Basic TheoriesCode Term Chinese Definition/Description0.0.34 four constitution types 四 象 人0.0.35 greater yang person 太 陽 人0.0.36 lesser yang person 少 陽 人0.0.37 greater yin person 太 陰 人0.0.38 lesser yin person 少 陰 人four types of constitution: a greater yang person: alesser yang person: a greater yin person: and a lesseryin personone who has strong lung and weak liver in the contextof Four-Constitution Medicine, also called a Tai-yangpersonone who has strong spleen and weak kidney in thecontext of Four-Constitution Medicine, also called aSo-yang personone who has strong liver and weak lung in the contextof Four-Constitution Medicine, also called a Tai-eumpersonone who has strong kidney and weak spleen in thecontext of Four-Constitution Medicine, also called aSo-eum person


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 13Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.0.0 BASIC THEORIES 基 礎 理 論1.1.0Essential Qi Theory,Yin-yang Theory,and Five PhaseTheory精 氣 學 說 , 陰陽 學 說 , 五 行學 說1.1.1correspondencebetween nature andhuman天 人 相 應one of the basic concepts in traditional Chinesemedicine which emphasizes that humans are inadaptive conformity with the natural environment1.1.2 holism 整 體 觀 念one of the philosophical ideas regarding the humanbody as an organic whole, which is integrated withthe external environment1.1.3pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation andtreatment辨 證 論 治diagnosis of the pattern/syndrome, throughcomprehensive analysis of symptoms and signs, whichhas implications for determining the cause, natureand location of the illness and the patient’s physicalcondition, and their treatment1.1.4 essential qi theory 精 氣 學 說1.1.5 yin-yang theory 陰 陽 學 說1.1.6 yin and yang 陰 陽1.1.7 yin 陰1.1.8 yang 陽one of the basic theories in traditional Chinesemedicine about qi, the essential part of whichconstitutes the body and maintain the activities of life,visceral function and metabolisman ancient Chinese philosophical concept, dealingwith two opposite aspects of matters in nature whichare interrelated with each other. Its principle is widelyapplied to traditional Chinese medicinethe general descriptive terms for the two opposite,complementary and inter-related cosmic forces foundin all matter in nature. The ceaseless motion of bothyin and yang gives rise to all changes seen in theworldIn Chinese philosophy, the feminine, latent andpassive principle (characterized by dark, cold,wetness, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the twoopposing cosmic forces into which creative energydivides and whose fusion in physical matter brings thephenomenal world into beingIn Chinese philosophy, the masculine, active andpositive principle (characterized by light, warmth,dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic


14Basic Theories - Essential Qi Theory, Yin-yang Theory, and Five-Phase TheoryCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionforces into which creative energy divides and whosefusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal worldinto being1.1.9 yang within yin 陰 中 之 陽1.1.10 yin within yin 陰 中 之 陰1.1.11 yang within yang 陽 中 之 陽1.1.12 yin within yang 陽 中 之 陰the yang aspect of the yin category, for example,the night is regarded as yin in relation to daytime, theperiod between midnight and dawn is the yang partwithin yinthe yin aspect of the yin category, for example, thenight is regarded as yin in relation to daytime, theperiod from nightfall to midnight is the yin part withinyinthe yang aspect of the yang category, for example, thedaytime is regarded as yang in relation to night, andthe period between dawn and noon is the yang partwithin yangthe yin aspect of the yang category, for example, thedaytime is regarded as yang in relation to night, andthe period between midday and nightfall is the yinpart of yang1.1.13opposition of yin andyang陰 陽 對 立the mutually opposing, repelling and contendingrelationship between yin and yang1.1.14mutual rooting of yinand yang陰 陽 互 根the mutually dependent relationship between yin andyang, the same as interdependence between yin andyang1.1.15waxing and waning ofyin and yang陰 陽 消 長alternation of strength and prevalence between thepaired yin and yang, the same as natural flux of yinand yang or inter-consuming-supporting relationshipof yin and yang1.1.16 yin-yang balance 陰 陽 平 衡 the state in which yin and yang are balanced1.1.17 yin-yang harmony 陰 陽 調 和1.1.18 yin-yang conversion 陰 陽 轉 化the state in which yin and yang are in harmoniouscoordinationthe property of the same thing can be transformedbetween yin and yang, also called inter-transformationof yin and yang1.1.19extreme yinresembling yang陰 極 似 陽a pathological change in which yang qi is extremelyweakened while yin is exuberant in the interior,


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 15Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionforcing the yang qi to float on the surface, forming atrue cold and false heat pattern/syndrome1.1.20extreme yangresembling yin陽 極 似 陰a pathological change in which extremely exuberantpathogenic heat makes yang qi depressed and deeplyhidden in the interior, with yin restricted to the outside,giving rise to a true heat and false cold pattern/syndrome1.1.21 five phase theory 五 行 學 說1.1.22 five phases 五 行1.1.23 wood 木1.1.24 fire 火1.1.25 earth 土1.1.26 metal 金1.1.27 water 水one of the philosophical theories of medical practicein ancient China, concerning the composition andevolution of the physical universe, epitomized by thenature and the inhibition-generation relationships ofthe five phases, wood, fire, earth, metal and water,serving as the guiding ideology and methodologyof physiology, pathology, clinical diagnosis andtreatment, also known as five elements theorythe five phases: wood, fire, earth, metal and water,and their movements and changes, also known as fiveelementsone of the five phases, with which the season spring,the color blue or green, the taste sourness, and theliver and gallbladder in the body are associatedone of the five phases, with which the season summer,the color red, the taste bitterness, and the heart andsmall intestine in the body are associatedone of the five phases, with which the season of latesummer, the color yellow, the taste sweetness, and thespleen and stomach in the body are associatedone of the five phases, with which the season autumn,the color white, the taste acridity-pungent, and thelung and large intestine in the body are associated(1) one of the five phases, with which the seasonwinter, the color black, the taste saltiness, and thekidney and bladder in the body are associated; (2)pathologic aspect of body fluid1.1.28categorizationaccording to the fivephases五 行 歸 類classification of material things and phenomenainto five categories by comparing their structures,properties and actions with the five phases


16Basic Theories - Essence, Spirit, Qi, Blood, Fluid and HumorCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.1.29 engendering ( 相 ) 生1.1.30 wood engenders fire 木 生 火1.1.31 fire engenders earth 火 生 土the relationship in which each phase and its associatedphenomena give rise to or promote another sequentialphase, also the same as generatingthe category of wood generates or promotes thecategory of fire, also the same as wood generatingfirethe category of fire generates or promotes the categoryof earth, also called fire generating earth1.1.32earth engendersmetal土 生 金the category of earth generates or promotes thecategory of metal, also called earth generating metal1.1.33metal engenderswater金 生 水the category of metal generates or promotes thecategory of water, also called metal generating water1.1.34water engenderswood水 生 木the category of water generates or promotes thecategory of wood, also called water generatingwood1.1.35 restraining ( 相 ) 克1.1.36 wood restrains earth 木 克 土1.1.37 fire restrains metal 火 克 金1.1.38 earth restrains water 土 克 水1.1.39 water restrains fire 水 克 火1.1.40 metal restrains wood 金 克 木1.1.41 overwhelming ( 相 ) 乘1.1.42 rebellion ( 相 ) 侮the relationship in which each phase and its associatedphenomena restrict/check/control another phasethe category of wood restricts or checks the categoryof earth, also called wood controlling earththe category of fire restricts or checks the category ofmetal, also called fire controlling metalthe category of earth restricts or checks the categoryof water, also called earth controlling waterthe category of water restricts or checks the categoryof fire, also called water controlling firethe category of metal restricts or checks the categoryof wood, also called metal controlling woodabnormally severe restraining of the five phases in thesame sequence as normal restraining, also known asover-actingrestraining opposite to that of the normal restrainingsequence of the five phases, also known as insulting


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 17Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.1.43 five constants 五 常a collective term referring to wood, fire, earth, metaland water in normal movement1.1.44inhibition andgeneration制 化the engendering and restraining relationshipsfor maintaining a relative balance and normalcoordination in the five phase theory1.1.45harmful hyperactivityand respondinginhibition亢 害 承 制one of the principles of the five phase theory indicatingthat hyperactivity of any phase is harmful, and itsrestriction will restore the normal balance1.1.46 mother qi 母 氣1.1.47 child qi 子 氣qi of the viscus that engenders in the engenderingsequential relationship of the five phasesqi of the viscus that is engendered in the engenderingsequential relationship of the five phases1.1.48mother and childaffecting each other母 子 相 及influence of one phase exerted on the phase that itengenders or that engenders it sequentially1.2.0Essence, Spirit, Qi,Blood, Fluid andHumor精 , 神 , 氣 , 血 ,津 液1.2.1 essence 精1.2.2 innate essence 先 天 之 精1.2.3 acquired essence 後 天 之 精(1) the fundamental substance that builds up thephysical structure and maintains body function; (2)reproductive essence stored in the kidneythe original substance responsible for construction ofthe body and generation of offspring, often referringto the reproductive essence, also called prenatalessencethe essential substance acquired from the food afterdigestion and absorption, and used to maintain thevital activities and metabolism of the body, the sameas postnatal essence1.2.4 kidney essence 腎 精 the original essence stored in the kidney1.2.5 mind 神mental activities, referring to mentality, consciousness,thinking and feeling1.2.6 spirit 神 spiritual activities1.2.7 vitality 神 manifestations of vital functioning


18Basic Theories - Essence, Spirit, Qi, Blood, Fluid and HumorCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.2.8 essence-spirit 精 神state of mind or mood, reflection of the strength ofessence, also called spirit or mind1.2.9 ethereal soul 魂 the moral and spiritual part of the human being1.2.10 corporeal soul 魄 the animating part of one’s mind1.2.11 ideation 意 act or power of thinking and forming ideas1.2.12 will 志1.2.13 life gate 命 門mental power by which a person can direct histhoughts and actions(1) the place where qi transformation of the humanbody originates, serving as the root of life; (2) rightkidney; (3) acupuncture point (GV4)1.2.14 life gate fire命 門 之 火 ;先 天 之 火innate fire from the life gate, a synonym of kidneyyang1.2.15 sovereign fire 君 火1.2.16 ministerial fire 相 火1.2.17 qi 氣1.2.18 innate qi 先 天 之 氣1.2.19 acquired qi 後 天 之 氣1.2.20 healthy qi 正 氣another name for heart fire, in contrast to theministerial firea kind of physiological fire originating in the kidney andattached to the liver, gallbladder and triple energizer,which, in cooperation with the sovereign fire from theheart, warms the viscera and promotes their activities.If this fire is hyperactive, it is also harmful to the bodythe basic element that constitutes the cosmos and,through its movements, changes and transformations,produces everything in the world, including the humanbody and life activities. In the field of medicine, qirefers both to the refined nutritive substance that flowswithin the human body as well as to its functionalactivitiesthe qi that exists from birth and is stored in the kidney,also the same as prenatal qithe qi that is acquired after birth and is formed fromthe food in combination with the fresh air inhaled inthe lung, also the same as post-natal qia collective designation for all normal functions ofthe human body and the abilities to maintain health,including the abilities of self-regulation, adaptation


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 19Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionto the environment, resistance against pathogensand self-recovery from illness, the same as normal/genuine qi1.2.21 genuine qi 眞 氣1.2.22 source qi 原 氣 ; 元 氣1.2.23 ancestral qi 宗 氣1.2.24 defense qi 衛 氣1.2.25 nutrient qi 營 氣the combination of the innate qi and the acquired qi,serving as the physical substrata and dynamic force ofall vital functions, also known as true qithe combination of the innate qi and the acquiredqi, serving as the most fundamental qi of the humanbody; the same as original/primordial qithe combination of the essential qi derived from foodwith the air inhaled, stored in the chest, and servingas the dynamic force of blood circulation, respiration,voice, and bodily movements, the same as pectoralqithe qi that moves outside the vessels, protecting thebody surface and warding off external pathogens, thesame as defensive qithe qi that moves within the vessels and nourishes allthe organs and tissues, the same as nutritive qi1.2.26 fluid qi 津 氣 (1) the same as fluid; (2) the qi carried by fluid1.2.27 visceral qi 臟 氣1.2.28 bowel qi 腑 氣1.2.29 heart qi 心 氣1.2.30 liver qi 肝 氣1.2.31 spleen qi 脾 氣1.2.32 lung qi 肺 氣(1) the qi that enables the viscera to perform theiractivities; (2) the functional activities of viscera(1) the qi that enables the bowels to perform theiractivities; (2) the functional activities of bowelsessential qi of the heart, the physical substrata anddynamic force of the functional activities of the heartessential qi of the liver, the physical substrata anddynamic force of the functional activities of the liveressential qi of the spleen, the physical substrataand dynamic force of the functional activities of thespleenessential qi of the lung, the physical substrata anddynamic force of the functional activities of the lung


20Basic Theories - Viscera and BowelsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.2.33 kidney qi 腎 氣essential qi of the kidney, the physical substrataand dynamic force of the functional activities of thekidney1.2.34stirring qi of thekidney region腎 間 動 氣that part of genuine qi stored between the kidneys,as the motive force necessary for all the activities ofthe body, also known as motive force of the kidneyregion1.2.35 gallbladder qi 膽 氣1.2.36 stomach qi 胃 氣1.2.37 middle qi 中 氣essential qi of the gallbladder, the physical substrataand dynamic force of the functional activities of thegallbladderessential qi of the stomach, the physical substrataand dynamic force of the functional activities of thestomach. Also used to denote a state of basic vitalitydetected by examination of the radial pulseqi of the middle energizer, the physical substrata anddynamic force of the functional activities of the spleen,stomach and small intestine, including digestion,absorption, transportation, upbearing of the clearand downbearing of the turbid1.2.38 meridian qi經 氣 ;經 絡 之 氣the qi that flows through the meridians, the same ascollateral qi1.2.39 yin qi 陰 氣1.2.40 yang qi 陽 氣1.2.41 qi transformation 氣 化1.2.42 qi movement 氣 機the yin aspect of qi, particularly referring to that aspectof qi as physical substratathe yang aspect of qi, particularly referring to thataspect of qi as functional activitiesa general term referring to various changes throughthe activity of qi, namely the metabolism and mutualtransformation between essence, qi, blood and fluidsmovement of qi, including ascending, descending,exiting and entering as its basic forms, also known asqi dynamic/qi mechanism1.2.43upward, downward,inward and outwardmovement升 降 出 入the basic forms of qi movement, that is, ascending,descending, exiting and entering1.2.44 blood 血the red fluid circulating through the blood vessels,and nourishing and moistening the whole body


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 21Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.2.45 nutrient and blood 營 血 a collective term for nutrient and blood1.2.46 fluid 津1.2.47 humor 液1.2.48 fluid and humor 津 液the liquid substance that circulates with qi and blood,also known as thin fluidthe thick fluid stored in body cavities such as bowels,viscera, articular and cranial cavities, also known asthick fluida general term for all kinds of normal fluid in the body,except the blood, also known as body fluids1.2.49homogeny of fluidand blood津 血 同 源the physiological phenomenon that body fluid andblood share a common source, the essential qi offood1.2.50homogeny of essenceand blood精 血 同 源the physiological phenomenon that essence and bloodshare a common source, the essential qi of food1.2.51 sweat 汗1.2.52 tears 淚the fluid that exudes from sweat glands; the humor ofthe heartthe fluid secreted by the lacriminal glands; the humorof the liver1.2.53 drool 涎 thinner saliva; the humor of the spleen1.2.54 snivel 涕the fluid that exudes from the nose; the humor of thelung1.2.55 spittle 唾 thicker saliva; the humor of the kidney1.2.56 nutrient and defense 營 衛 a collective term for nutrient qi and defense qi1.2.57 qi, blood and water 氣 血 水the three vital substances of the human body, any ofwhich, when overwhelmed by toxin, causes disease1.2.58 water and food 水 穀 a term referring to food and drink; diet1.3.0 Viscera and Bowels 臟 腑1.3.1 visceral manifestation 臟 象the outward manifestation of internal organs throughwhich physiological functions as well as pathologicalchanges can be detected and the state of healthappraised


22Basic Theories - Viscera and BowelsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.2visceral manifestationtheory臟 象 學 說the theory dealing with the study of physiologicalfunctions and pathological changes of the internalorgans as well as their interrelationship and externalmanifestation1.3.3 viscus 臟1.3.4 bowel 腑1.3.5 viscera and bowels 臟 腑1.3.6 five viscera 五 臟1.3.7 six bowels 六 腑1.3.8 yang viscus 陽 臟1.3.9 yin viscus 陰 臟1.3.10 heart 心1.3.11 liver 肝1.3.12 spleen 脾1.3.13 lung 肺an internal organ where essence and qi are formedand stored, viscera in pluralan internal organ where food is received, transportedand digesteda collective term for internal organs, also called zangorgansand fu-organsa collective term for the heart, liver, spleen, lung andkidneya collective term for the gallbladder, stomach, largeintestine, small intestine, urinary bladder and tripleenergizersviscera of yang nature, referring to the heart and theliverviscera of yin nature, referring to the spleen, the lungand the kidneythe organ located in the thoracic cavity above thediaphragm, which controls blood circulation andmental activitiesthe organ located in the right hypochondrium belowthe diaphragm, which stores blood, facilitates thecoursing of qi, and is closely related to the function ofthe sinews and eyesthe organ located in the middle energizer below thediaphragm, whose main function is to transport andtransform food, upbear the clear substances, keep theblood flowing within the vessels, and is closely relatedto the limbs and flesha pair of organs located in the thoracic cavity abovethe diaphragm, which control respiration, dominateqi, govern diffusion and depurative downbearing,regulate the waterways, and are closely related to thefunction of the nose and skin surface


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 23Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.14 kidney 腎a pair of organs located in the lumbar region, whichstore vital essence, promote growth, development,reproduction, and urinary function, and also have adirect effect on the condition of the bone and marrow,activities of the brain, hearing and inspiratory functionof the respiratory system1.3.15 pericardium心 包 ;心 包 絡the outer covering of the heart, including thepericardium collateral1.3.16 gallbladder 膽1.3.17 stomach 胃1.3.18 small intestine 小 腸1.3.19 large intestine 大 腸1.3.20 bladder 膀 胱 ; 胞1.3.21 triple energizers 三 焦1.3.22 upper energizer 上 焦1.3.23 middle energizer 中 焦1.3.24 lower energizer 下 焦1.3.25 extraordinary organs 奇 恒 之 腑one of the six bowels, which, connecting with the liver,stores and discharges bileone of the six bowels, whose main function is toreceive and initiate food digestionone of the six bowels, whose main function is toreceive food content of the stomach, further digest itand absorb nutrients and waterone of the six bowels, which receives waste passeddown from the small intestine and then forms it intostool before discharging it from the bodyone of the six bowels, which stores and dischargesurinea collective term for the three portions of the bodycavity, through which the visceral qi is transformed,also widely known as triple burnersthe chest cavity, i.e., the portion above the diaphragmhousing the heart and lung, also known as upperburnerthe upper abdominal cavity, i.e., the portion betweenthe diaphragm and the umbilicus housing the spleen,stomach, liver and gallbladder, also known as middleburnerthe lower abdominal cavity, i.e., the portion belowthe umbilicus housing the kidneys, bladder, small andlarge intestines, also known as lower burnera collective term for the brain, marrow, bones, bloodvessels, gallbladder and uterus. They are called


24Basic Theories - Viscera and BowelsCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionextraordinary because their morphological andphysiological properties are different from the ordinarybowels and viscera1.3.26 brain 腦one of the extraordinary organs enclosed within theskull where the marrow converges, and the spirit,mental activities as well as thinking take place1.3.27house of the originalspirit元 神 之 府another name for the brain,being the source ofmental activities1.3.28 sea of marrow 髓 海1.3.29 marrow 髓1.3.30 bone 骨another name for the brain, being where the marrowassemblesan extraordinary organ including bone marrow andspinal marrow, both of which are nourished by thekidney essenceone of the extraordinary organs that forms theframework of the body, protects the internal organsand facilitates movement1.3.31 vessel 脈 the conduit through which qi and blood pass1.3.32 placenta 胞one of the extraordinary organs lining the uterusduring pregnancy by which the fetus is nourished, andfrom which it is expelled at birth1.3.33 uterus胞 ; 胞 宮 ;女 子 胞(in women) organ in which offspring is carried andnourished while it develops before birth1.3.34 blood chamber 血 室 another name for the uterus1.3.35 vagina 陰 道1.3.36 heart blood 心 血1.3.37 heart yin 心 陰1.3.38 heart yang 心 陽genital canal in the female, leading from the uterusto the vulvathe blood governed by the heart, which flows all overthe body, particularly that part of blood serving asthe basis for the physiological activities of the heart,including mental activitiesyin essence of the heart, the opposite of heart yang, thequiescent and moistening aspect of heart functionyang qi of the heart, which stimulates the activities ofthe heart and mind, and has a warming action


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 25Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.39 liver blood 肝 血1.3.40 liver yin 肝 陰1.3.41 liver yang 肝 陽1.3.42 spleen yin 脾 陰1.3.43 spleen yang 脾 陽1.3.44 lung yin 肺 陰1.3.45 lung yang 肺 陽1.3.46 kidney yin 腎 陰1.3.47 kidney yang 腎 陽1.3.48 stomach yin 胃 陰1.3.49 stomach yang 胃 陽the blood that is stored in the liver and nourishes theliver system, including the liver itself, liver meridian,eyes, tendons and nails, as well as the whole bodythe opposite of liver yang, the liver essence-blood andthe quiescent and nutritive aspect of liver function,which also inhibits overactivity of liver yangyang qi of the liver, opposite to liver yin, referringchiefly to the warming, upbearing and coursingfreeingfunction of the liveryin fluid of the spleen, in opposition to spleen yang,referring to the moistening, nourishing and astringingaspect of the spleenthe yang aspect of the spleen, which refers to thepromotion of spleen functions including transporting,transforming, upbearing and warming actionsthe opposite of lung yang, the yin fluid that moistensthe lung, in coordination with lung qithe yang aspect of the lung, referring to the warming,moving, ascending and diffusing functions of thelungthe yin aspect of the kidney, which has a moistening,nourishing and cooling effect on all organsthe yang aspect of the kidney, which warms andactivates all organsthe opposite of stomach yang, the fluids of thestomach necessary for maintaining normal foodintake and preliminary digestion in coordination withstomach yangthe opposite of stomach yin, the yang qi of thestomach, referring to the activity or function of thestomach in food intake and preliminary digestion1.3.50 stomach fluid 胃 津 fluid of the stomach, the same as stomach yin1.3.51 bright spirit 神 明all the human life activities including mind, will, moodand thinking, governed by the heart


26Basic Theories - Viscera and BowelsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.52 blood vessel 血 脈 the vessels in which blood circulates1.3.53separation of theclear and turbid泌 別 淸 濁the small intestine’s function, by which the clear (thefood essence and water) is absorbed while the turbid(the waste matter) is passed to the large intestine1.3.54upbearing andeffusion升 發the upward and outward movement of qi, a functiongoverned by the liver, the same as sending the qiupwards, outwards and throughout the body1.3.55 unyielding viscus 剛 臟1.3.56 free coursing 疏 泄1.3.57 sea of blood 血 海1.3.58 upbearing the clear 升 淸an internal organ that has a tendency to hyperactivityand counterflow of qi, referring to the liver, also knownas resolute viscusreferring to the function of the liver that ensures thefree movement of qi and prevents qi stagnation, alsoknown as soothinga term referring to: (1) the thoroughfare vessel; (2)the liverreferring to the function of spleen that sends the foodessence to the heart and lung, the same as sendingthe clear upward1.3.59downbearing theturbid降 濁referring to the function of the stomach that sendsthe partially digested food down to the intestines, thesame as sending the turbid downward1.3.60transportation andtransformation運 化the function of the spleen by which the essence istransformed from food and drink, absorbed, anddistributed to all parts of the body1.3.61engenderingtransformation生 化referring to formation of qi and blood from foodessence that is closely related to the spleen function,also known as generation and transformation1.3.62 delicate viscus 嬌 臟an expression referring to the lung which is the viscusmost susceptible to invasion by external pathogens1.3.63receptacle that holdsphlegm貯 痰 之 器the organ where phlegm collects, referring to thelung1.3.64 upper source of water 水 之 上 源an expression referring to the lung, which is situated inthe upper energizer regulating water metabolism


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 27Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.65 breathing 呼 吸drawing air into the lung and expelling it to performgas exchange, the same as respiration1.3.66management andregulation治 節the function of the lung to keep the physiologicalactivity of the whole body in balance1.3.67purification anddown-sending肅 降the downward movement and purifying action of lungqi in contrast to its diffusing action1.3.68 diffusion 宣 發the upward and outward movement of lung qi, alsoknown as dispersion1.3.69 waterways 水 道 the pathway of water metabolism in the body1.3.70regulate thewaterways通 調 水 道dredge and regulate the pathway of watermetabolism1.3.71 heavenly tenth 天 癸that upon which development of the reproductiveorgans and maintenance of reproductive functiondepends, derived from the kidney essence when itis abundant, also called (female) sex-stimulatingessence/menstruation1.3.72 reproduction 生 殖 the process by which humans give rise to offspring1.3.73 qi absorption 納 氣1.3.74 innate 先 天the action of the kidney in connection with normalrespiration. The lung sends the qi down to the kidney,which holds the qi down, and then absorbs itpossessed from birth, relating to the naturalendowment, in contrast to acquired after birth, thesame as inborn1.3.75root of innateendowment先 天 之 本that which is inherited at conception1.3.76bladder qitransformation膀 胱 氣 化the function of the bladder in storing and dischargingurine, based on qi transformation of the kidney1.3.77heart-kidneyinteraction心 腎 相 交superior-inferior, ascending-descending, water-fireand yin-yang coordination between the heart andkidney1.3.78heart opens at thetongue心 開 竅 于 舌the heart opens into the tongue, reflecting itsphysiological and pathological conditions


28Basic Theories - Meridian and CollateralCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.3.79lung opens at thenose肺 開 竅 于 鼻the lung opens into the nose, reflecting its physiologicaland pathological conditions1.3.80spleen opens at themouth脾 開 竅 于 口the spleen opens into the mouth, reflecting itsphysiological and pathological conditions1.3.81liver opens at theeyes肝 開 竅 于 目the liver opens into the eyes, reflecting its physiologicaland pathological conditions1.3.82kidney opens at theears腎 開 竅 于 耳the kidney opens into the ears, reflecting itsphysiological and pathological conditions1.3.83homogeny of liverand kidney肝 腎 同 源the liver and the kidney are intimately related, as theynourish and support each other, the blood stored inthe liver and the essence stored in the kidney are ofthe same origin, and the ministerial fire present in boththe liver and the kidney is from a common source1.4.0Meridian andCollateral經 絡1.4.1meridian andcollateral經 絡a system of conduits through which qi and bloodcirculate, connecting the bowels, viscera, extremities,superficial organs and tissues, making the body anorganic whole, the same as channels and networks;meridians or channels, in short1.4.2meridian andcollateral theory經 絡 學 說a theory concerned the meridians and collaterals, thesame as channels and networks theory1.4.3 meridian vessel 經 脈the main pathways of qi and blood coursing vertically,composed of the twelve regular meridians and theeight extra meridians, the same as channel vessel1.4.4three yin meridians ofthe hand手 三 陰 經the meridians/channels running through the anterioraspect of the upper limbs from the chest to the hands,namely, the lung meridian, the heart meridian and thepericardium meridian1.4.5three yang meridiansof the hand手 三 陽 經the meridians/channels running through the posterioraspect of the upper limbs from the hands to the head,namely, the large intestine meridian, the small intestinemeridian and the triple energizer meridian1.4.6three yang meridiansof the foot足 三 陽 經the meridians/channels running from the head throughthe back downward to the feet, namely, the


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 29Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionstomach meridian, the bladder meridian and thegallbladder meridian1.4.7three yin meridians ofthe foot足 三 陰 經the meridians/channels running through the medialside of the lower limbs from the feet to the abdomenand chest, namely, the spleen meridian, the kidneymeridian and the liver meridian1.4.8 fourteen meridians1.4.9 twelve meridians十 四 經 ;十 四 經 脈十 二 經 ;十 二 正 經 ;十 二 經 脈a collective term for the twelve regular meridians plusthe governor and conception vesselsa collective term for the three yin meridians and threeyang meridians of each hand and foot, also the sameas twelve regular meridians1.4.10 lung meridian (LU) 手 太 陰 肺 經one of the regular twelve meridians which beginsinternally in the middle energizer, descends to connectwith the large intestine, then ascends to the lung andthroat, courses laterally and exits superficially atzhongfu (LU1), and then descends along the lateralside of the arm and forearm, terminates at shaoshang(LU11), with 11 acupuncture points on either side1.4.11large intestinemeridian (LI)手 陽 明 大 腸 經one of the regular twelve meridians which originatesat shangyang (LI1) and ascends the dorsal surfaceof the hand and forearm, the lateral side of thearm, the dorsal side of the shoulder to jugu (LI16)where the meridian/channel enters internally andtravels posteriorly to dazhui (GV14), and thencourses anteriorly to the supraclavicular fossa whereit descends past the diaphragm to connect with thelarge intestine. The superficial supraclavicular branchascends the anterior lateral neck and the mandible,connects internally with the lower teeth, encircles thelips and terminates at the opposite yingxiang (LI20).There are 20 acupuncture points on either side of thebody1.4.12 stomach meridian (ST) 足 陽 明 胃 經one of the regular twelve meridians which originatesinternally at the lateral edge of the nose, then continuesto ST1 at the inferior border of the orbit, descends tothe upper gum, courses around the mouth, and travelsup to ST8 at the hairline of the temple. From here itcontinues internally to terminate at GV24. The facialbranch descends from ST5 where it turns internallyand descends past the diaphragm to connect with


30Basic Theories - Meridian and CollateralCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionthe stomach and spleen. The supraclavicular fossabranch descends along the midclavicular line to ST30in the inguinal region, then anteriorly along the lateralmargin of the femur to the patella, terminating at ST45on the lateral side of the tip of the second toe. Thegastric branch descends internally past the umbilicusand terminates at ST30. The tibial branch leavesST36 and descends along the fibula, terminating atthe lateral side of the tip of the middle toe. The dorsalfoot branch leaves ST42 and descends to the medialside of the great toe at SP1. There are 45 acupuncturepoints on either side of the body1.4.13 spleen meridian (SP) 足 太 陰 脾 經1.4.14 heart meridian (HT) 手 少 陰 心 經one of the twelve regular meridians which runsfrom yinbai (SP1) at the medial side of the greattoe, ascends along the medial side of the foot andtibia and anteromedial side of the thigh to the lowerabdomen. It then enters the abdomen and connectswith the spleen and stomach. The meridian ascendsat a distance of 4.0 cun lateral to the conceptionvessel, and terminates superficially at dabao (SP21) inthe sixth intercostal space on the midaxillary line. Themeridian continues internally past the supraclavicularfossa and terminates at the base of the tongue. Thegastric branch leaves the stomach and ascendsinternally past the diaphragm and connects with theheart. There are 21 acupuncture points on either sideof the bodyone of the twelve regular meridians which originates inthe heart, descends internally past the diaphragm andconnects with the small intestine. The cardiac branchascends internally paralateral to the esophagus andterminates at the eye. The main branch leaves theheart, traverses the lung and emerges superficiallyin the midaxilla at jiquan (HT1) and descends alongthe ulnar side of the forearm medially, terminating atshaochong (HT9) on the radial side of the tip of thesmall finger, with 9 acupuncture points on either side1.4.15small intestinemeridian (SI)手 太 陽 小 腸 經one of the twelve regular meridians which originatesat shaoze (SI1) at the ulnar side of the little finger,ascends the ulnar side of the forearm, the arm, overthe scapula to dazhui (GV14) between the spinousprocesses of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracicvertebrae. The meridian then descends internally to


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 31Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionthe heart, and follows the esophagus past thediaphragm, to connect with the small intestine. Thesupraclavicular fossa branch ascends superficiallyalong the lateral side of the neck, past the cheek to thelateral corner of the eye, and terminates at tinggong(SI19). the buccal branch leaves the main meridian atthe cheek, and ascends to the medial canthus of theeye. There are 19 acupuncture points on either sideof the body1.4.16 bladder meridian (BL) 足 太 陽 膀 胱 經1.4.17 kidney meridian (KI) 足 少 陰 腎 經one of the twelve regular meridians which runs fromjingming (BL1) at the medial canthus of the eye,ascends the forehead to the vertex and then enters thebrain and exits at the nape of the neck where it dividesinto two parallel branches: the first branch descendsthe back at a distance of 1.5 cun from the spine,and during its course it connects with the kidney andbladder, and continues along the posterior thigh tothe popliteal crease; the second branch descends theback at a distance of 3 cun from the spine, continuesalong the latero-posterior side of the thigh to poplitealfold where it meets the first branch. The meridiancontinues to descend along the posterior calf to thelateral malleolus, terminating at zhiyin (BL67) on thelateral side of the tip of the small toe. There are 67acupuncture points on either side of the bodyone of the twelve regular meridians which begins onthe plantar tip of the small toe and travels to yongquan(KI1) in the center of the sole, continues along themedial side of the lower limb to the symphysis pubis,turns internally to the kidney and bladder, and back tothe symphysis pubis, ascending along the abdomenand chest up to shufu (KI27) in the depression betweenthe first rib and the lower border of the clavicle, with27 acupuncture points on either side1.4.18pericardium meridian(PC)手 厥 陰 心 包 經one of the twelve regular meridians which originates inthe center of the thorax, connects with the pericardium,and descends to the lower abdomen, linking all thethree energizers. The thoracic branch exits superficiallyat tianchi (PC1) near the nipple, and descends alongthe midline of anterior side of the arm to zhongchong(PC9) at the midpoint of the tip of the middle finger,with 9 acupuncture points on either side


32Basic Theories - Meridian and CollateralCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.4.19triple energizermeridian (TE)手 少 陽 三 焦 經one of the twelve regular meridians which runs fromguanchong (TE1) at the ulnar side of the ring finger,travels along the midline of the posterior side of thearm and through the regions of the shoulder, neck,ear and eye, and terminates at sizhukong (TE23) atthe lateral aspect of canthus. A branch is sent fromthe supraclavicular fossa to the pericardium anddown through the thorax and abdomen, linking theupper, middle and lower energizers. There are 23acupuncture points on either side of the body1.4.20gallbladder meridian(GB)足 少 陽 膽 經one of the twelve regular meridians which runsfrom tongziliao (GB1) at the lateral canthus of theeye, through the regions of the temple, ear, neck,shoulder, flank, and the outer side of the lower limb,terminating at zuqiaoyin (GB44) on the lateral sideof the tip of the 4th toe. The post-auricular branchtravels into the ear and down to the supraclavicularfossa where it joins the original branch. It continuesdown into the chest, past the diaphragm, connectingwith the gallbladder and liver, and travels down tothe lower abdomen into the inguinal canal. Thedorsal foot branch leaves the main meridian at zulinqi(GB41) and descends between the first and secondmetatarsals, terminating at the base of the great toenail. There are 44 acupuncture points on either sideof the body1.4.21 liver meridian (LR) 足 厥 陰 肝 經1.4.22 main meridian 正 經one of the twelve regular meridians which runsfrom dadun (LR1) on the medial aspect of the bigtoe just behind the nail, through the inner side ofthe lower limb, external genitalia and abdomen, toqimen (LR14), a point about 2 cun below the nipple.From qimen (LR14) the meridian/channel entersthe abdomen, traverses through the stomach paralaterallyto connect with the liver and gallbladder.From the liver, the meridian/channel ascends pastthe diaphragm along the trachea, larynx, sinus cavity,connecting with the eye, and then ascends to thevertex where it meets the governor vessel at baihui(GV20). There are 14 acupuncture points on eitherside of the bodyanother name of twelve meridians, also called regularmeridian1.4.23 extra meridian 奇 經 an abbreviation for eight extra meridians


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 33Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.4.24 eight extra meridians 奇 經 八 脈1.4.25 governor vessel (GV) 督 脈a collective term for governor vessel, conceptionvessel, thoroughfare vessel, belt vessel, yin heel vessel,yang heel vessel, yin link vessel, and yang link vesselone of the eight extra meridians which originates inthe lower abdomen and exits at changqiang (GV1),a point at the back of the anus, sending one branchforward to huiyin (CV1). The main portion of themeridian/channel ascends along the midline of theback to the top of the head and then descends alongthe midline of the face down to yinjiao (GV28), apoint between the upper lip and the upper gum in thelabia frenum, also called governing vessel1.4.26conception vessel(CV)任 脈one of the eight extra meridians which originates inthe lower abdomen, exists at huiyin (CV1), a pointin the center of perineum, and ascends the midlineof the abdominal wall and chest to chengjiang(CV24), midpoint of the mentolabial sulcus. Theinternal portion of this meridian/channel ascendsfrom chengjiang (CV24), encircling the mouth andtraveling to the eyes. Another branch travels internallyfrom the pelvic cavity and ascends the spine to thethroat, also called controlling vessel1.4.27 thoroughfare vessel 衝 脈1.4.28 belt vessel 帶 脈1.4.29 yin heel vessel 陰 蹻 脈1.4.30 yang heel vessel 陽 蹻 脈one of the eight extra meridians which originates inthe lower abdomen, exits at the perineum, and comesinto confluence with kidney meridian and then runsupward along the two sides of the abdomen to thechestone of the eight extra meridians which originates fromthe lower part of hypochondrium and passes aroundthe waistone of the eight extra meridians which originates fromthe medial side of the heel, running upward alongthe medial side of the lower limb, through the frontexternal genitalia, the abdomen, chest, neck, eitherside of the nose and terminating in the eyeone of the eight extra meridians which originates fromthe lateral side of the heel, running upward along theouter ankle, the lateral side of the lower limb, throughthe abdomen, chest, shoulder and cheek, terminatingat the back of the neck


34Basic Theories - Body Constituents and Orifices of Sense OrganCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.4.31 yin link vessel 陰 維 脈1.4.32 yang link vessel 陽 維 脈one of the eight extra meridians which originates fromthe upper part of the inner ankle, running upwardalong the medial side of the lower limb, through theabdomen, chest and throat, terminating at the backof the neckone of the eight extra meridians which originates fromthe lower part of the outer ankle running upwardalong the lateral side of the lower limb, through theside of the trunk, the shoulder, neck and terminatingat the top of the head1.4.33twelve meridiandivergences十 二 經 別the divergent passages of the twelve main meridiansgoing deep in the body1.4.34 meridian divergence 經 別the divergent passage of a regular meridian goingdeep in the body1.4.35twelve meridiansinews十 二 經 筋the sinew systems attributed to the twelve meridians1.4.36 meridian sinew 經 筋the sinew system attributed to a certain meridian/channel1.4.37twelve cutaneousregions十 二 皮 部the regions of the skin reflecting the functionalcondition of the twelve meridians respectively1.4.38 cutaneous region 皮 部1.4.39 collateral vessel 絡 脈the region of the skin reflecting the functional conditionof a certain meridianthe small branches of the meridians, serving as anetwork linking the various aspects of the body1.4.40fifteen collateralvessels十 五 絡 脈a collective term referring to the main collateralsderived from the fourteen meridians and together withthe great collateral of the spleen, fifteen in all1.4.41great collateral vesselof the spleen脾 之 大 絡the collateral that emerges from dabao (SP21) andspread over the thoracic and hypochondriac regions1.4.42tertiary collateralvessel孫 絡small branches of the collateral/network, also knownas grandchild collateral vessel1.4.43superficial collateralvessel浮 絡collateral/network vessels in the superficial layers ofthe body


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 35Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.5.0Body Constituentsand Orifices ofSense Organ形 體 和 官 竅 ;身 體 構 造1.5.1 body constituent 形 體a collective term for skin, vessels, flesh, sinews andbones1.5.2 skin and (body) hair 皮 毛 a collective term for the skin and its fine hair1.5.3 interstices 腠 理1.5.4 mysterious mansion 玄 府a term referring to the striae of the skin, muscles andviscera, and also to the tissue between the skin andmusclesanother name for sweat pore. It is so named becauseit is too minute to be visible1.5.5 qi gate 氣 門 another name for sweat pore1.5.6border between thered and white flesh赤 白 肉 際the skin boundary between the palm or sole (redin color) and the back of the hand or foot (white incolor), respectively1.5.7 sinew 筋tough band or cord of tissue that joins muscle tobone1.5.8 ancestral sinew 宗 筋 a collective term for sinews/male external genitalia1.5.9 muscle interspace 溪 谷 the gap junction or depression between two muscles1.5.10 chest center 膻 中 the center of the chest between the nipples1.5.11 stomach duct 胃 脘(1) stomach cavity and adjoining section of theesophagus; (2) epigastrium1.5.12chest andhypochondrium胸 脇the portion of the body between the neck and theabdomen and the superolateral regions of theabdomen, overlying the costal cartilages1.5.13 membrane source 募 原 ; 膜 原(1) pleurodiaphragmatic interspace; (2) interiorexteriorinterspace where the pathogens of epidemicfebrile disease tends to settle1.5.14cardiodiaphragmaticinterspace膏 肓the space inferior to the heart and superior to thediaphragm1.5.15 lower abdomen 小 腹 ; 少 腹the part of abdomen between the umbilicus and theupper margin of pubic bone


36Basic Theories - Body Constituents and Orifices of Sense OrganCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.5.16 para-umbilical region 臍 傍 that part of abdomen lateral to the umbilicus1.5.17 infra-umbilical region 臍 下 that part of abdomen inferior to the umbilicus1.5.18 cinnabar field 丹 田three regions of the body to which one’s mind isfocused while practicing qigong: the lower cinnabarfield – the region located in the upper 2/3 of the linejoining the umbilicus and symphysis pubis; the middlecinnabar field – the xiphoid area; and the uppercinnabar field – the region between the eyebrows1.5.19 skeleton 骸 ; 百 骸 the supportive structure or framework of the body1.5.20 eyebrow bone 眉 稜 骨 the upper ridge of the orbital bone1.5.21 cervical vertebrae 頸 骨 a collective term for the cervical vertebrae1.5.22 vertebrae 脊a collective term of the thoracic, lumbar and sacralvertebrae, the same as spine1.5.23 lumbar vertebrae 腰 骨 lumbar bone1.5.24 assisting bone 輔 骨1.5.25 high bone 高 骨1.5.26 prominent muscle 胂the bony prominences on the sides of the knee,namely, the condyles of femur and the condyles oftibiaany bony process of the body surface, particularlyreferring to the styloid process of the radius(1) paravertebral muscle (2) the muscle below theiliac crest1.5.27house of brightessence精 明 之 府an expression referring to the head1.5.28 back of the head 腦 戶 the occipital region1.5.29 temple 太 陽 ; 太 陽 穴1.5.30 orifice of sense organ 官 竅1.5.31 five sense organs 五 官(1) the area on each side of the forehead abovethe cheek bones, lateral to and slightly superior tothe outer canthus of the eye; (2) an non-meridianacupuncture point on the temporal part of the heada general term for the external opening of senseorgansa collective term of the nose, eyes, mouth, tongueand ears, associated with five phase theory


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 37Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.5.32 seven orifices 七 竅a collective term of the two ears, two eyes, two nostrilsand the mouth1.5.33 upper orifices 上 竅 the eyes, ears, mouth and nose1.5.34 lower orifices 下 竅 the anus and genito-urinary openings1.5.35 sprout orifices 苗 竅1.5.36 five wheels 五 輪the sense organs that reflect the change of qi, blood,yin and yang, also known as signaling orifices/senseorgansfive regions of the eye from the outer to the inner: theflesh wheel, blood wheel, qi wheel, wind wheel andwater wheel, also the same as five orbiculi1.5.37 eight belts 八 廓 a collective term of the eight external ocular regions1.5.38 qi wheel 氣 輪the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera, also the same asqi orbiculus1.5.39 water wheel 水 輪 the pupil, also the same as water orbiculus1.5.40 blood wheel 血 輪 the canthus, also the same as blood orbiculus1.5.41 wind wheel 風 輪 the cornea, also the same as wind orbiculus1.5.42 flesh wheel 肉 輪 the eyelids, also the same as flesh orbiculus1.5.43 inner canthus 大 眥1.5.44 outer canthus 銳 眥 ; 小 眥the canthus closer to the nose, the same as greatercanthusthe canthus closer to the temple, the same as lessercanthus1.5.45 lacrimal orifice 淚 堂 the opening from which tears flow1.5.46 white of the eye 白 睛1.5.47 dark of the eye 黑 睛1.5.48 pupil 瞳 神the white opaque part of the outer surface of theeyeballthe transparent membranous structure forming thecentral anterior part of the eye, i.e. the corneathe opening at the center of the iris, posterior to thecornea, through which light enters the eye


38Basic Theories - Cause of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.5.49 aqueous humor 神 水1.5.50 vitreous humor 神 膏the fluid produced in the eye, occupying the spacebetween the crystalline lens and corneathe clear colorless transparent jelly that fills theeyeball1.5.51 eye connector 目 系 the cord connecting the eye with the brain1.5.52 eye socket 目 眶 ; 目 眶 骨 the bony cavity that contains the eye1.5.53sinew mesh above theeyes目 上 網upper palpebral musculature1.5.54sinew mesh below theeyes目 下 網lower palpebral musculature1.5.55 bright hall 明 堂1.5.56 tip of the nose 鼻 準1.5.57 root of the nose 山 根1.5.58 bridge of the nose 頞 ; 鼻 莖an ancient term for nose, especially the apex of thenosethe most distal portion of the nose, the same as apexnasithe upper portion of the nose, which is situatedbetween the eyes, the same as radix nasithat part of the nose formed by the junction of itslateral surfaces, the same as dorsum nasi1.5.59 wisdom tooth 眞 牙 the third molar tooth1.5.60 uvula 蒂 丁 ; 小 舌1.5.61 throat node 喉 核1.5.62 throat pass 喉 關1.5.63 pharynx 喉 嗌the pendular fleshy lobe in the middle of the posteriorborder of the soft palate, usually referring to uvulapalatinafaucial or palatine tonsil, a pair of prominent massesthat lie one on each side of the throatthat part of the throat formed by the tonsils, uvula andback of the tonguethe part of the throat through which food or drink isswallowed1.5.64 retropharynx 喉 底 the posterior part of the pharynx


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 39Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.5.65 nasopharynx 頏 顙1.5.66 essence chamber 精 室1.5.67 essence orifice 精 竅1.5.68 testicle 睾1.5.69 anterior yin 前 陰the upper part of the pharynx continuous with thenasal passagesthe part of the body where the semen is stored in amalethe external orifice of the male urethra, from whichthe semen is dischargedthe male reproductive organ where the sperms areproducedthe external genitalia including the external orifice ofthe urethra1.5.70 posterior yin 後 陰 the anus, the posterior opening of the large intestine1.5.71 defense aspect 衛 分1.5.72 qi aspect 氣 分1.5.73 nutrient aspect 營 分1.5.74 blood aspect 血 分the most superficial stratum of the body apt to beinvaded at the initial stage of an acute febrile disease,often referring to the lungthe second stratum of the body deeper than the defenseaspect, often referring to the lung, gallbladder, spleen,stomach and large intestinethat stratum of the body between the qi and bloodaspectsthe deepest stratum of the body involved in theseverest stage of an acute febrile disease1.6.0 Cause of Disease 病 因1.6.1 cause of disease 病 因 pathogenic factor1.6.2theory of causes ofdisease病 因 學 說the theory dealing with the classification of pathogenicfactors and their properties, and pathogeniccharacteristics and processes, the same as etiology1.6.3 pathogen病 邪 ; 邪 氣 ;邪an agent causing disease, also called pathogenicfactor or pathogenic qi1.6.4 external pathogen 外 邪 ; 客 邪 any pathogen originating outside the body1.6.5 seasonal pathogen 時 邪a general designation for the pathogenic factorscausing seasonal diseases


40Basic Theories - Cause of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.6 yang pathogen 陽 邪 pathogen of yang nature1.6.7 yin pathogen 陰 邪 pathogen of yin nature1.6.8 combined pathogen 合 邪 any combination of more than one pathogen1.6.9 external contraction 外 感1.6.10 six excesses 六 淫1.6.11 wind 風 ; 風 邪1.6.12 cold 寒 ; 寒 邪1.6.13 summerheat 暑 ; 暑 邪1.6.14 dampness 濕 ; 濕 邪1.6.15 dryness 燥 ; 燥 邪1.6.16 fire 火 ; 火 邪1.6.17 heat 熱 ; 熱 邪1.6.18 external wind 外 風disease or morbid condition produced by any of thesix excesses (external etiological factors) or othernoxious factors, the same as exopathic diseasea collective term for the six excessive or untimelyclimatic influences as external pathogenic factors:wind, cold, summerheat, dampness, dryness and fire,also the same as six climatic pathogenic factorswind as a pathogenic factor characterized by itsrapid movement, swift changes, and ascending andopening actions, also called pathogenic windcold as a pathogenic factor characterized by thedamage to yang qi, deceleration of activity, congealingand contracting actions, also called pathogenic coldsummerheat as a pathogenic factor, only occurring insummer, characterized by hotness and evaporation,also called pathogenic summerheatdampness as a pathogenic factor characterized by itsimpediment to qi movement and its turbidity, heaviness,stickiness and downward flowing properties, alsocalled pathogenic dampnessdryness as a pathogenic factor characterized bydryness and is apt to injure the lung and consumefluid, also called pathogenic drynessfire as a pathogenic factor characterized by intenseheat that is apt to injure fluid, consume qi, engenderwind, inducing bleeding, and disturb the mentalactivities, also called pathogenic fireheat as a pathogenic factor that causes heat pattern/syndrome, also called pathogenic heatwind as one of the six excesses that causes externalwind pattern/syndrome


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 41Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.19 external cold 外 寒1.6.20 external dampness 外 濕1.6.21 external dryness 外 燥1.6.22 internal wind 內 風1.6.23 internal cold 內 寒1.6.24 internal dampness 內 濕1.6.25 internal dryness 內 燥cold as one of the six excesses that causes externalcold pattern/syndromedampness as one of the six excesses that causesexternally contracted dampness pattern/syndromedryness as one of the six excesses that causes externaldryness pattern/syndromethe same as liver wind, wind in the interior due toabnormal movement of body’s yang qicold in the interior due to deficiency of yang qi orpreponderance of yin colddampness produced in the body due to yangdeficiency of the spleen and kidney with decreasedfluid transportation and transformation and resultantwater stagnationdryness in the interior due to consumption of bodyfluid1.6.26 wind-cold 風 寒 a combined pathogen of external wind and cold1.6.27 wind-heat 風 熱 a combined pathogen of external wind and heat1.6.28 wind-dampness 風 濕(1) a combined pathogen of external wind anddampness; (2) arthritis with soft tissue inflammation1.6.29 wind-dryness 風 燥 a combined pathogen of external wind and dryness1.6.30 wind-phlegm 風 痰 a combined pathogen of wind and phlegm1.6.31 cold-dampness 寒 濕 a combined pathogen of cold and dampness1.6.32 wind-cold-dampness 風 寒 濕 a combined pathogen of wind, cold and dampness1.6.33 dampness-heat 濕 熱 a combined pathogen of dampness and heat1.6.34 dampness-fire 濕 火1.6.35 dampness turbidity 濕 濁depressed dampness transforming into fire thatdamages spleen-stomach yinthe same as dampness. It describes the heavy, viscidand turbid nature of dampness


42Basic Theories - Cause of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.36 turbid pathogen 濁 邪1.6.37 foul turbidity 穢 濁pathogenic dampness-turbidity or phlegm-turbidity,usually impeding the movement of yang qiputrid and filthy qi that causes disease, includingmiasma1.6.38 summerheat qi 暑 氣 summerheat as a pathogenic factor1.6.39 summerheat-heat 暑 熱summerheat as a pathogen that gives rise to diseasecharacterized by heat symptoms1.6.40summerheatdampness暑 濕a combined pathogen of summerheat and dampness1.6.41 dryness qi 燥 氣 dryness as a pathogenic factor1.6.42 dryness-heat 燥 熱 a combined pathogen of dryness and heat1.6.43 cool dryness 凉 燥1.6.44 warm dryness 溫 燥1.6.45 warm pathogen 溫 邪1.6.46 pestilence 疫 癘1.6.47 latent qi 伏 氣 ; 伏 邪the pathogenic factor that causes cool drynesspattern/syndromethe pathogenic factor that causes warm drynesspattern/syndromea collective term for various pathogens causing acutefebrile diseasesa collective term for various highly infectious epidemicdiseasesthe pathogen that induces the onset of disease after alatent period, also called incubative pathogen1.6.48 epidemic pathogen時 行 戾 氣 ;癘 氣 ; 疫 毒pathogen that cause an epidemic infectious diseases,also called pestilential qi1.6.49 toxin 毒1.6.50 heat toxin 熱 毒1.6.51 fire toxin 火 毒any virulent pathogen that causes a fulminatingdiseasea virulent pathogen arising from accumulatedpathogenic heat(1) pathogenic agent formed in the course ofsmoldering of pathogenic fire; (2) burns or scaldscomplicated with infection


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 43Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.52 dampness toxin 濕 毒noxious pathogenic factor formed by stagnation ofdampness, which may cause hematochezia when itoccurs in the intestine, or ulcer of the shank when inthe muscles and skin of the lower limbs1.6.53 cold toxin 寒 毒 a cold pathogen with virulent coldness1.6.54 seasonal toxin 時 毒(1) virulent pathogens prevalent in a particular seasonor seasons; (2) painful swelling in the neck, cheek andjaw, caused by epidemic seasonal pathogens whichinvades the three yang meridians1.6.55 measles toxin 麻 毒 the pathogen that causes measles1.6.56 internal toxin 內 毒 heat toxins dormant in the body1.6.57 fetal toxin 胎 毒1.6.58 parasitic toxin 蠱 毒(1) toxic heat affecting the fetus; (2) any congenitalpathogenic factor; also known as fetal toxicosisa pathogenic factor that may cause diseases markedby abdominal lumps, tympanites and ascites, alsoknown as worm toxin1.6.59 miasmic toxin瘴 毒 ; 瘴 氣 ;山 嵐 瘴 氣noxious mountainous vapor alleged to be the causeof certain kinds of malaria, also known as miasma1.6.60 malign qi 惡 氣1.6.61 internal damage 內 傷1.6.62 five minds 五 志(1) a general term for the pathogenic qi, including sixexcesses and pestilential factors; (2) a pathologicalproduct derived from stagnation of qi and blood; alsocalled evil qiany detrimental effect on visceral qi produced byintemperance of the seven emotions, overexertion andfatigue, improper diet and sexual overindulgencea collective term for joy, anger, thought, anxiety, andfear, the same as five emotions1.6.63excess among the fiveminds五 志 過 極excessive anger, joy, grief, thought and fear, whichmay disturb the normal flow of qi and blood of theinternal organs, the same as five excessive emotions1.6.64transformation of thefive minds into fire五 志 化 火transformation of the five emotions (anger, joy, grief,thought and fear) into heat with fire symptoms, thesame as transformation of the five emotions into fire


44Basic Theories - Cause of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.65 seven emotions 七 情1.6.66 joy 喜1.6.67 anger 怒1.6.68 anxiety 憂1.6.69 thought 思1.6.70 sorrow 悲1.6.71 fear 恐1.6.72 fright 驚a collective term for joy, anger, thought, anxiety,sorrow, fear and fright, taken as endogenous factorscausing diseases if in excessone of the seven emotions that in excess may makethe heart qi sluggish, resulting in absentmindedness,palpitations, insomnia and even mental disturbanceone of the seven emotions that in excess may causethe liver qi to ascend together with blood, resultingin headache, flushed face, blood-shot eyes, orhematemesis, even sudden faintingone of the seven emotions that in excess may causedamage to the lung, and in combination with thoughtmay injure the spleenone of the seven emotions that in excess may causestagnation of the spleen qi, and even damage to thetransporting and transforming function of the spleenone of the seven emotions that in excess may consumethe lung qi, resulting in shortness of breath, listlessnessand fatigueone of the seven emotions that in excess may causethe kidney qi to sink, resulting in incontinence of urineand stools, or even syncopeone of the seven emotions that occurs suddenly, maydisturb the heart qi, resulting in palpitations or mentalconfusion1.6.73overexertion andfatigue勞 倦abnormal degree of fatigue brought about byexcessive activity, the same as overstrain1.6.74 sexual overindulgence 房 勞 exhaustion due to sexual overindulgence1.6.75 flavor predilection 五 味 偏 嗜1.6.76 dietary irregularities 飮 食 不 節habitual preference for a particular flavor or taste thatmay give rise to disease, the same as flavor craving/preferencediet harmful to health, including ingestion of raw, coldor contaminated food, voracious eating or excessivehunger, predilection for a special food, alcoholaddiction, etc.


46Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.6.89cause neither internalnor external不 內 外 因one of the three causes of disease, including dietaryirregularities, overexertion and fatigue, traumaticinjuries, and insect and animal bites1.7.0Mechanism ofDisease病 機1.7.1 mechanism of disease 病 機the mechanism by which disease arises and develops,the same as pathogenesis1.7.2theory of mechanismof disease病 機 學 說the theory that deals with the mechanism by whichdisease arises and develops1.7.3 location of disease 病 位 the part of the body affected by a disease1.7.4 nature of disease 病 性1.7.5 disease pattern 病 證the heat, cold, excess or deficiency quality of adiseasesummarization of the cause, nature and location of thepathological change at a certain stages of disease1.7.6struggle betweenthe healthy qi andpathogenic qi正 邪 相 爭the basic mechanism of disease in which any diseaseis considered as the process of struggle between thehealthy qi and pathogenic qi1.7.7exuberance anddebilitation ofthe healthy qi orpathogenic qi邪 正 盛 衰 ;邪 正 消 長the key factor that determines the process of diseaseand prognosis, namely, rise of the healthy qi withdecline of the pathogenic qi leading to improvementand cure, while exuberance of the pathogenic qi withdebilitation of the healthy qi resulting in deteriorationand even death1.7.8 sudden onset 卒 發 the rapid appearance of symptoms after contraction1.7.9 gradual onset 徐 發the gradual appearance of symptoms aftercontraction1.7.10 taxation relapse 勞 復 relapse of disease due to over-fatigue1.7.11relapse due to dietaryirregularity食 復relapse of disease due to improper diet1.7.12sexual taxationrelapse女 勞 復relapse of disease due to intemperance in sexualactivity1.7.13dissociation of yinand yang陰 陽 離 決divorce of yin and yang, indicating the end of life


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 47Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.14 yin-yang disharmony陰 陽 失 調 ;陰 陽 不 和a general term for all kinds of pathological changesdue to imbalance and incoordination of yin andyang1.7.15abnormal exuberanceof yin or yang陰 陽 偏 盛any pathological change marked by yin or yanghigher than the normal level due to yin pathogens oryang pathogens1.7.16abnormal debilitationof yin or yang陰 陽 偏 衰any pathological change marked by yin or yang lowerthan the normal level due to deficiency of yin or yangof the human body1.7.17spontaneousharmonization of yinand yang陰 陽 自 和spontaneous recovery from imbalance of yin and yangby its own natural regulatory function, also known asspontaneous restoration of yin-yang equilibrium1.7.18 damage to yang 傷 陽1.7.19 damage to yin 傷 陰a general term for various kinds of pathologicalchanges marked by impairment of yang qia general term for various kinds of pathologicalchanges marked by consumption of yin qi1.7.20detriment to yangaffects yin陽 損 及 陰a pathological change in which weakness of yang qiimpedes the generation of yin, resulting in deficiencyof both yin and yang with a preponderance of yangdeficiency1.7.21detriment to yinaffects yang陰 損 及 陽a pathological change in which consumption of yinweakens yang qi, resulting in deficiency of both yinand yang with a preponderance of yin deficiency1.7.22 yin deficiency 陰 虛a pathological change marked by deficiency of yinwith diminished moistening, calming, downbearingand yang-inhibiting function, leading to relativehyperactivity of yang qi; in Kampo medicine, “yin”and “deficiency” are independently understood1.7.23yin deficiency withinternal heat陰 虛 內 熱insufficient yin failing to counterbalance yang, causingdeficiency-heat to arise internally1.7.24yin deficiency withyang hyperactivity陰 虛 陽 亢insufficient essence, blood and fluid failing to restrainyang, causing increased activity of yang1.7.25yin deficiency witheffulgent fire陰 虛 火 旺insufficient yin failing to restrain yang, causingexuberant fire of the deficiency type


48Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.26 deficiency fire 虛 火consumption of yin fluid failing to restrain yang fire,giving rise to fire of the deficiency type1.7.27deficiency fire flamingupward虛 火 上 炎a pathological change occurring in yin deficiencywhich is unable to inhibit yang, causing upflaming ofthe deficiency fire1.7.28frenetic stirring of theministerial fire相 火 妄 動deficiency of liver-kidney yin leading to hyperactivityand upsurge of ministerial fire1.7.29 yin exuberance 陰 盛a pathological state in which yin pathogen is exuberantwhile the healthy qi has not been damaged, giving riseto an excess-cold syndrome, the same as yin excess1.7.30yin exuberance withyang debilitation陰 盛 陽 衰exuberant yin cold with resultant debilitation of yangqi, the same as yin excess with yang deficiency1.7.31 yang deficiency 陽 虛a pathological state characterized by deficiency ofbody’s yang qi that leads to diminished functions,decreased metabolic activities, reduced body reactionsas well as deficiency-cold manifestations; in Kampomedicine, “yang” and “excess” are independentlyunderstood1.7.32yang deficiency withyin exuberance陽 虛 陰 盛insufficient yang failing to counterbalance yin,resulting in relative exuberance of yin, the same asyang deficiency with yin excess1.7.33 yang exuberance 陽 盛a pathological state in which yang is exuberant whileyin has not been debilitated, giving rise to an excessheatsyndrome, the same as yang excess1.7.34yang exuberance withyin debilitation陽 盛 陰 衰a pathological state characterized by simultaneouspresence of exuberance of yang and debilitation ofyin, also the same as yang excess with yin deficiency1.7.35 yin-yang repulsion 陰 陽 格 拒a serious pathological state in which extremelyexcessive yin in the interior forces the asthenic yangto spread outward or extremely exuberant yang in theinterior keeps insufficient yin on the outside, formingpseudo-heat or pseudo-cold phenomena1.7.36exuberant yinrepelling yang陰 盛 格 陽 ;格 陽a pathological state in which extremely excessive yinentrenched in the exterior forces the asthenic yangto float on the body surface, leading to pseudo-heatsymptoms, the same as excessive yin repelling yang,and also known as repelled yang


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 49Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.37exuberant yangrepelling yin陽 盛 格 陰 ;格 陰a pathological state in which extremely exuberantyang trapped in the interior keeps insufficient yin inthe exterior, leading to pseudo-cold symptoms, thesame as excessive yang repelling yin, and also knownas repelled yin1.7.38 upcast yang 戴 陽a pathological state characterized by exuberant yincold in the lower part of the body which forces theasthenic yang to stay at the upper surface of thebody1.7.39dual deficiency of yinand yang陰 陽 兩 虛a pathological state characterized by deficiency ofboth yin and yang1.7.40deficiency yangfloating upward虛 陽 上 浮 ;孤 陽 上 越a pathological change in which consumption ofessence and blood deprives yang of its base, causingyang to float at the upper surface1.7.41 yin collapse1.7.42 yang collapse亡 陰 ; 脫 陰 ;陰 脫亡 陽 ; 脫 陽 ;陽 脫a pathological change caused by sudden massiveloss of fluid leading to collapsea pathological change where yang qi is suddenlyexhausted, resulting in abrupt failure of bodilyfunctions1.7.43collapse of yang andexhaustion of yin陽 亡 陰 竭collapse of both yin and yang, indicating the moribundstate of a critically ill patient1.7.44exhaustion of yin andcollapse of yang陰 竭 陽 脫exhaustion of yin fluid and collapse of yang qi withresultant functional failure, indicating that the patientis critically ill1.7.45internal block andexternal collapse內 閉 外 脫a pathological change characterized by depression/stagnation of excessive pathogenic qi in the interiorwith expulsion of the debilitated original qi1.7.46 binding in yin 結 陰 pathogenic qi binding in the yin meridians/channels.1.7.47 binding in yang 結 陽1.7.48 exterior and interior 表 裏sluggish flow of yang qi in the limbs, leading toretention of water and edema(1) the outer part of the body (the skin, body hair, fleshand superficial meridians/channels) and the inner partof the body (the bowels and viscera, qi, blood, andbone marrow); (2) two of the eight principles of patternidentification/syndrome differentiation, indicating thedepth of penetration of external pathogens


50Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.49half-exterior halfinterior半 表 半 裏location between the exterior and the interior1.7.50 exterior cold 表 寒1.7.51 exterior heat 表 熱1.7.52 exterior deficiency 表 虛1.7.53 exterior excess 表 實1.7.54 interior cold 裏 寒1.7.55 interior heat 裏 熱1.7.56 interior deficiency 裏 虛1.7.57 interior excess 裏 實attack on the exterior part of the body by windcold,chiefly manifested by severe aversion to windand cold, headache and stiff neck, soreness of thelimbs and joints, thin white coating of the tongue andfloating tense pulseattack on the exterior part of the body by wind-heat,chiefly manifested by slight aversion to wind and cold,moderate fever, headache, slight thirst, thin white orthin yellowish coating of the tongue, or red tip of thetongue and floating rapid pulsedeficiency of defense qi in the superficial part of thebody, marked by spontaneous sweating or sweatingaccompanied by aversion to wind and floating feeblepulseinvasion of external pathogens that causes gatheringof defense qi in the skin and flesh and blockage of theinterstices and pores marked by absence of sweating,chills and a floating forceful pulsea pathological state characterized by preponderanceof yin cold or decline of yang qi in the interiora pathological state characterized by heat in theinterior, either due to exuberance of pathogenic heator due to yin deficiency with endogenous heata general term for deficiency of qi, blood, yin andyang of the internal organs(1) a pathological change resulting from an externalpathogen transforming into heat and entering theinterior to bind in the stomach and intestines; (2) ageneral term denoting accumulation of pathologicalproducts in the body, such as phlegm, retained fluid,stagnant qi and blood, intestinal parasites, andundigested food1.7.58exterior cold andinterior heat表 寒 裏 熱a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior cold and interior heat


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 51Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.59exterior heat andinterior cold表 熱 裏 寒a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior heat and interior cold1.7.60exterior deficiencyand interior excess表 虛 裏 實a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior deficiency and interior excess1.7.61exterior excess andinterior deficiency表 實 裏 虛a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior excess and interior deficiency.1.7.62cold in both exteriorand interior表 裏 俱 寒a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior cold and interior cold1.7.63heat in both exteriorand interior表 裏 俱 熱a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior heat and interior heat1.7.64dual excess of theexterior and interior表 裏 俱 實a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior excess and interior excess1.7.65dual deficiency of theexterior and interior表 裏 俱 虛a pathological state characterized by the simultaneouspresence of exterior deficiency and interior deficiency1.7.66dual disease of theexterior and interior表 裏 同 病coexistence of diseases both in the exterior andinterior1.7.67insecurity of exteriorqi表 氣 不 固 ;衛 氣 不 固failure of insufficient defense qi to protect thesuperficies of the body against external pathogens,the same as insecurity of defense qi1.7.68inward invasion ofexterior pathogen表 邪 內 陷penetration of an externally contracted pathogen fromthe exterior into the interior1.7.69pathogenic heatpassing into theinterior熱 邪 傳 裏process of a disease where external heat pathogensenter the interior to cause an interior heat pattern/syndrome1.7.70exterior pathogenentering the interior表 邪 入 裏the process of a disease whereby the external pathogenattacks the exterior first, and then enters the interior,impairing visceral functions1.7.71interior diseasemoving out to theexterior裏 病 出 表the process of a disease turning from the interior tothe exterior through the struggle of the healthy qiagainst pathogens1.7.72 cold and heat 寒 熱(1) a pair of principles for differentiating the natureof disease: when yin is exuberant, there is cold; whenyang prevails, there is heat; (2) chills and fever


52Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.73 excess cold 實 寒1.7.74 deficiency cold 虛 寒a pathological change arising from contraction of yincold pathogena pathological change arising when yang qi becomesinsufficient and fails to provide adequate warmth1.7.75heat binding in thelower energizer熱 結 下 焦accumulation of heat in the intestines and bladderthat causes lower abdominal distention and pain,constipation, short voidings of dark urine or evenhematuria, and sometimes rigidity and tenderness ofthe lower abdomen accompanied by restlessness1.7.76lower energizerdampness-heat下 焦 濕 熱 ;濕 熱 下 注a pathological change characterized by dampnessheatpouring down into the lower energizer, includinglarge intestinal dampness-heat, bladder dampnessheat,dampness-heat obstructing the essence chamber,and morbid leukorrhea, pudental itch, and painfulswelling of the lower limb joints caused by dampnessheat,the same as downward flow of dampness-heat1.7.77exuberant heatdamaging fluid熱 盛 傷 津the process by which excess heat dissipates body fluids,also the same as excessive heat damaging fluid1.7.78 cold enveloping fire 寒 包 火1.7.79 cold-heat complex 寒 熱 錯 雜a pathological change characterized by contractionof wind-cold with accumulated internal heata pathological change that causes complicated heatand cold conditions such as heat in the upper bodywith cold in the lower body, and cold in the exteriorand heat in the interior1.7.80upper body heat andlower body cold上 熱 下 寒a complex condition characterized by the simultaneouspresence of heat in the upper body and cold in thelower body, the same as heat above and cold below1.7.81upper body cold andlower body heat上 寒 下 熱a complex condition characterized by the simultaneouspresence of cold in the upper body and heat in thelower body, the same as cold above and heat below1.7.82cold and heatrepulsion寒 熱 格 拒a form of pathological change in which extremelyexcessive cold forces heat to the extremities, and viceversa1.7.83true cold with falseheat眞 寒 假 熱a pathological change marked by abundant yin-coldin the interior with pseudo-heat manifestations


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 53Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.84true heat with falsecold眞 熱 假 寒a pathological change marked by excessive heat inthe interior with pseudo-cold manifestations1.7.85 deficiency and excess 虛 實1.7.86 deficiency 虛1.7.87 excess 實one of the guiding principles for analyzing thecondition of the body’s resistance to pathogenicfactors, in which deficiency refers to deficiency of thehealthy qi and excess refers to excessiveness of thepathogenic qi(1) deficiency of the healthy qi; (2) weak constitution;(3) weak reaction against pathogens(1) excessiveness of the pathogenic qi; (2) strongconstitution; (3) strong reaction against pathogens1.7.88deficiency-excesscomplex虛 實 夾 雜a pathological state in which both excess of pathogenicqi and debilitation of healthy qi occur in the diseaseprocess1.7.89excess with deficiencycomplication實 中 夾 虛excess condition complicated by deficiency symptomswith the former dominant1.7.90deficiency with excesscomplication虛 中 夾 實deficiency condition complicated by excess symptomswith the former dominant1.7.91upper deficiency andlower excess上 虛 下 實deficiency of healthy qi in the upper body and excessof pathogenic qi in the lower body, the same asdeficiency above and excess below1.7.92upper excess andlower deficiency上 盛 下 虛 ;上 實 下 虛exuberance of pathogenic qi in the upper body anddeficiency of healthy qi in the lower body, the same asexcess above and deficiency below1.7.93true or falsedeficiency-excess虛 實 眞 假false appearance of deficiency-excess manifestationsopposite to the true nature of the disease1.7.94true excess with falsedeficiency眞 實 假 虛excess pattern/syndrome with pseudo-deficiencysymptoms1.7.95true deficiency withfalse excess眞 虛 假 實deficiency pattern/syndrome with pseudo-excesssymptoms1.7.96conversion of excessinto deficiency由 實 轉 虛the process of a disease turning from excess ofpathogenic qi into deficiency of healthy qi1.7.97conversion ofdeficiency into excess由 虛 轉 實the process of a disease turning from deficiency ofhealthy qi into excess of pathogenic qi


56Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.122blood stasis due to qistagnation氣 滯 血 瘀a pathological change in which a long-standing orsevere stagnation of qi impedes the flow of blood, acondition characterized by coexistence of qi stagnationand blood stasis1.7.123qi disease affectingthe blood氣 病 及 血a pathological change in which diseased conditionsof qi tend to induce blood disorders1.7.124blood failing to stay inthe meridians血 不 歸 經 ;血 不 循 經a pathological change that causes extravasation ofblood1.7.125frenetic movement ofblood due to heat血 熱 妄 行a pathological change in which heat forcesextravasation of blood1.7.126qi collapse followingbleeding氣 隨 血 脫 ;血 脫 氣 脫a pathological change in which massive loss of bloodleads to collapse of qi1.7.127dual deficiency of qiand blood氣 血 兩 虛simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and blooddeficiency1.7.128dual deficiency of qiand yin氣 陰 兩 虛simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and yindeficiency1.7.129 damage to fluid 傷 津1.7.130 fluid collapse 津 脫 ; 亡 津 液1.7.131 fluid-humor depletion 津 液 虧 損a general term for various impairments and loss ofbody fluida severe form of damage to fluid, usually due toprofuse sweating, excessive vomiting or diarrheaa pathological change marked by insufficiency of bodyfluid-humor that fails to moisten the body tissues1.7.132fluid consumptionand blood dryness津 枯 血 燥a pathological change in which insufficiency of fluidgives rise to blood dryness with endogenous heat1.7.133fluid depletion andblood stasis津 虧 血 瘀a pathological change in which fluid deficiency causesstagnation of blood flow1.7.134qi collapse due tohumor depletion氣 隨 液 脫a pathological change in which qi collapse occursfollowing massive loss of fluid1.7.135 qi failing to form fluid 氣 不 化 津insufficient yang qi with reduced vaporizing actionfailing to induce the formation of body fluid1.7.136water retention dueto obstruction of qi水 停 氣 阻a pathological change in which retention of water inthe body causes obstruction of qi movement


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 57Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.137upper body reversaland lower bodyexhaustion上 厥 下 竭a pathological change marked by exhaustion ofgenuine yin and yang in the lower part of the bodywith syncope1.7.138lower body reversalwith upper bodyveiling下 厥 上 冒a pathological change in which the spleen fails tosend the clear up while the stomach qi rises to thehead adversely, resulting in dizziness, blurred visionaccompanied by nausea, vomiting, and epigastricdistension and pain1.7.139 exuberant heart qi 心 氣 盛a pathological change in which pathogenic factorsmake the heart qi exuberant, resulting in anxiety orother mental abnormalities1.7.140 heart qi deficiency心 氣 虛 ;心 氣 不 足a pathological state showing hypofunction of theheart qi, usually manifested by palpitations, shortnessof breath, oppressed feelings in the precordial region,spontaneous sweating and weak irregular pulse1.7.141 disquieted heart qi 心 氣 不 寧a pathological change characterized by a feelingof uneasiness together with severe palpitations,susceptibility to fright, vexation and insomnia, thesame as restless heart qi1.7.142non-contraction ofheart qi心 氣 不 收 ;心 氣 不 固a pathological condition in which the heart qi floatsastray, characterized by dissipated spirit, heartpalpitations, and susceptibility to fright; the same asinsecurity/dispersion of heart qi1.7.143 heart blood deficiency心 血 虛 ;心 血 不 足a pathological change of the heart that causesdizziness, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep,palpitation and thready weak pulse1.7.144heart blood stasis(obstruction)心 血 瘀 阻a pathological change of the heart in which the bloodflow in the heart vessels is impeded, causing a feelingof suffocation and precordial pain1.7.145 heart yin deficiency1.7.146 heart yang deficiency心 陰 虛 ;心 陰 不 足心 陽 虛 ; 心 陽不 足a pathological change of the heart in which deficiencyof yin fails to check yang and results in relativepreponderance of heart yang with such manifestationsas mental unsteadiness, insomnia, night sweats, andfeverish sensation in the palms of the hands and solesof the feeta pathological change referring to diminution of theheart function in controlling blood and vessels and


58Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionin governing the mental activities associated withdeficiency of yang qi that causes cold manifestations1.7.147heart fire flamingupward心 火 上 炎a pathological change in which fire flares upwardalong the heart meridian, causing mental restlessnessand oral or lingual erosion1.7.148 hyperactive heart fire 心 火 亢 盛a pathological change marked by exuberant fire ofthe heart that causes mental disturbances, damage tofluid, and bleeding1.7.149internal blazing ofheart fire心 火 內 熾 ;心 火 內 焚a pathological change marked by exuberant heartfire that disturbs mental activities, causing vexation,insomnia, throbbing palpitation, restlessness, or evenmania1.7.150overconsumption ofheart nutrient心 營 過 耗a pathological change in which the nutrient of theheart is excessively consumed by heat or a chronicdeficiency conditions, causing emaciation, night fever,and vexation1.7.151spirit failing to keepto its abode神 不 守 舍mental derangement when the spirit is made to leavethe heart1.7.152heat damaging brightspirit熱 傷 神 明mental disturbance such as coma, unconsciousness,delirium caused by high fever in febrile disease1.7.153heat entering thepericardium熱 入 心 包a morbid condition occurring in the nutrient and bloodaspect of an epidemic febrile disease, manifested ashigh fever, coma, delirium, cold limbs or convulsion1.7.154reverse transmissionto the pericardium逆 傳 心 包the impairment of consciousness or coma occurringsoon after the onset of an acute febrile disease,whereby the warm pathogen directly enters thepericardium without passing through the qi aspect1.7.155phlegm clouding thepericardium痰 蒙 心 包 ;痰 迷 心 竅a pathological change in which phlegm causesmental confusion; the same as phlegm confoundingthe orifices of the heart1.7.156phlegm-fire harassingthe heart痰 火 擾 心a pathological change in which fire-heat and phlegmturbidityharassing the heart-spirit, lead to mentaldisturbance1.7.157water qi intimidatingthe heart水 氣 凌 心a pathological change in which upsurge of retainedwater causes disturbances of the heart


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 59Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.158effulgent heart-liverfire心 肝 火 旺a pathological change in which exuberant liverfire and heart fire disturb mental activity, or causevascular damage and frenetic blood flow, the sameas hyperactive heart-liver fire1.7.159heart-liver blooddeficiency心 肝 血 虛a pathological change in which deficiency of heartblood and liver blood deprives the mental activities,head, eyes, sinews and nails of nourishment1.7.160heart-stomach fireablaze心 胃 火 燔a pathological change arising when intense heartheat gives rise to mental disquiet and stomach firecauses damage to fluids1.7.161dual deficiency of theheart-spleen心 脾 兩 虛a pathological change in which deficiency of bothheart blood and spleen qi leads to disordered heartfunction and disquietness together with failure of thespleen in transportation and transformation1.7.162non-interactionbetween the heartand kidney心 腎 不 交a disorder of the normal relationship between theheart and kidney ascribed to deficiency of kidney yinand stirring of heart fire1.7.163heart-lung qideficiency心 肺 氣 虛a pathological change characterized by deficiency ofboth heart qi and lung qi with impairment of bloodcirculation and qi diffusion1.7.164heart deficiency withtimidity心 虛 膽 怯a pathological change characterized by simultaneousdeficiency of heart qi and gallbladder qi, marked bydisquietness and susceptibility to fright and fear1.7.165small intestinal excessheat小 腸 實 熱a pathological change of excess heat ascribed toshifting of heart fire to the small intestine1.7.166small intestinaldeficiency cold小 腸 虛 寒impairment of the small intestine by insufficient yangqi with endogenous cold, affecting the separation ofthe clear and turbid1.7.167 excess of liver qi肝 氣 實 ;肝 氣 盛presence of excessive pathogenic qi in the liver or livermeridian; the same as exuberance of liver qi1.7.168liver qi ascendingcounterflow肝 氣 上 逆the hyperactive liver qi attacking the upper part ofthe body, manifested as dizziness, headache, flushedface, tinnitus, deafness, fullness and pain of the chestand hypochondrium, belching, acid regurgitation,and even hematemesis, and a taut and forceful pulse


60Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.169 constrained liver qi 肝 氣 不 舒1.7.170 disharmony of liver qi 肝 氣 不 和a disorder leading to functional disturbances of theliver, manifested as irritability, distension and painof the chest, hypochondrium, and lower abdomen,distending pain of the breast and abnormalmenstruation in the femalea pathological change of the liver in its smoothingand discharging function, causing irritability,hypochondriac, mammary or lower abdominaldistension and pain, and irregular menstruation1.7.171transverse invasion ofliver qi肝 氣 橫 逆a pathological change in which the depressed liver qiruns transversely, impairing the spleen and stomach1.7.172liver qi invading thestomach肝 氣 犯 胃a pathological change in which the depressed liver qirunning transversely impairs the stomach function infood intake and digestion1.7.173liver qi invading thespleen肝 氣 犯 脾a pathological change in which the depressed liverqi running transversely impairs the spleen function intransportation and transformation1.7.174 liver deficiency 肝 虛1.7.175 liver qi deficiency 肝 氣 虛1.7.176 liver blood deficiency 肝 血 虛1.7.177 liver yin deficiency 肝 陰 虛a general term for deficiency conditions of the liver,including deficiency of liver qi, liver blood, liver yin,and liver yanga morbid condition characterized by deficiency of qiresulting in impaired function of the liver in smoothingthe flow of qia morbid condition characterized by depletion ofblood in the livera pathological change characterized by insufficientyin fluid of the liver that fails to nourish the head, eyes,sinews and nails, and produces deficiency-heat1.7.178 liver yang deficiency肝 陽 虛 ;肝 虛 寒a pathological change characterized by insufficientyang qi of the liver that reduces the function of freecoursing and storing blood, and produces deficiencycold, also called liver deficiency cold1.7.179ascendanthyperactivity of liveryang肝 陽 上 亢 ;肝 陽 偏 旺a pathological change in which deficient liver-kidneyyin lets liver yang get out of control and stir upward


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 61Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.180liver yangtransforming into fire肝 陽 化 火ascendant hyperactivity of liver yang giving rise tofire1.7.181liver yangtransforming intowind肝 陽 化 風hyperactivity of liver yang stirring the internal wind1.7.182 liver fire 肝 火a pathological change of exuberant liver qi with heatmanifestations1.7.183liver fire flamingupward肝 火 上 炎a pathological change characterized by exuberantliver fire flaming upward to the head and eyes1.7.184liver fire invading thelung肝 火 犯 肺a pathological change characterized by exuberantliver fire ascending counterflow to invade the lung1.7.185 liver wind肝 風 ;肝 風 內 動 ;風 氣 內 動abnormal movement of the body’s yang qi turningto internal wind, a general term for liver yangtransforming into wind, extreme heat engenderingwind, yin deficiency with stirring wind, and blooddeficiency engendering wind, also called internalstirring of liver wind1.7.186extreme heatengendering wind熱 極 生 風a pathological change characterized by convulsionsthat arise when exuberant pathogenic heat scorchesthe liver meridian and deprives the sinews ofnourishment1.7.187 liver cold 肝 寒(1) a morbid condition characterized by cold due toinsufficient liver yang that causes congealing of liverqi with depression, timidity, lassitude, cold limbs,sunken thready pulse; (2) the same as cold stagnatingin the liver vessel1.7.188cold stagnating in theliver vessel寒 滯 肝 脈a pathological change marked by cold pathogencongealing in the liver meridian1.7.189 liver heat 肝 熱1.7.190 liver excess heat 肝 實 熱a general term for various heat syndromes of the liversuch as liver fire and ascendant hyperactivity of liveryanga pathological state characterized by presence ofexuberant fire-heat in the liver1.7.191dampness-heat in theliver meridian肝 經 濕 熱a pathological change attributable to dampnessheataccumulated in the liver and pouring downwardalong the liver meridian


62Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.192liver-gallbladderdampness-heat肝 膽 濕 熱accumulation of dampness-heat in the liver andgallbladder resulting in impaired bile flow anddownward pouring of dampness-heat1.7.193excess heat in theliver meridian肝 經 實 熱accumulation of exuberant fire-heat in the livermeridian1.7.194dual excess of theliver-gallbladder肝 膽 俱 實accumulation of excessive pathogen (such as stagnantqi, impeded dampness, accumulated heat, staticblood or calculi) in the liver and gallbladder1.7.195liver-gallbladder qidepression肝 膽 氣 鬱stagnation of qi in the liver and gallbladder withimpaired function of free coursing and bile discharge,the same as liver-gallbladder qi stagnation1.7.196 liver qi depression肝 氣 鬱 結 ;肝 鬱stagnation of qi in the liver resulting from impairmentof free coursing, also called liver depression1.7.197liver depression andspleen deficiency肝 鬱 脾 虛a pathological change in which depressed liver qiimpairs the transporting and transforming function ofthe spleen, the same as liver stagnation and spleendeficiency1.7.198 liver-kidney depletion 肝 腎 虧 損a pathological change in which insufficient essenceand blood of the liver and kidney fail to nourish therelated body constituents and organs, but do notproduce deficiency-fire1.7.199liver-kidney yindeficiency肝 腎 陰 虛a pathological change in which insufficient yin fluid ofthe liver and kidney fails to nourish the related bodyconstituents and organs, and gives rise to deficiencyfiresymptoms1.7.200 gallbladder heat 膽 熱a morbid condition ascribed to attack on thegallbladder and gallbladder meridian by pathogenicheat1.7.201gallbladder excessheat膽 實 熱a pathological change characterized by excess heat inthe gallbladder and gallbladder meridian1.7.202insufficiency ofgallbladder qi膽 氣 不 足 ;膽 虛 氣 怯a pathological change ascribed to insufficiency of thegallbladder qi that makes the mind disquieted andsusceptible to fright1.7.203 spleen cold 脾 寒a general term for various cold conditions of thespleen


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 63Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.204 spleen heat 脾 熱1.7.205 spleen deficiency 脾 虛1.7.206 spleen qi deficiency 脾 氣 虛1.7.207 spleen yin deficiency 脾 陰 虛a general term for various heat conditions of thespleena general term for deficiency condition of the spleen,such as spleen qi deficiency, spleen yang deficiency,and spleen yin deficiencya pathological change characterized by qi deficiencywith impaired transporting and transforming functionof the spleena pathological change ascribed to deficiency of yinin the spleen with inadequate distribution of essenceto the body1.7.208spleen yangdeficiency脾 陽 虛 ;脾 虛 寒a pathological change characterized by deficiency ofyang in the spleen resulting in deficiency-cold1.7.209 spleen excess 脾 實 ; 脾 氣 實1.7.210 spleen excess heat 脾 實 熱a pathological state ascribed to accumulation ofexcessive pathogenic qi in the spleen, also the sameas spleen qi excessa pathological condition characterized by exuberantpathogenic heat in the spleen1.7.211spleen failing tocontrol the blood脾 不 統 血a pathological change characterized by failure ofthe spleen to keep the blood flowing in the vessels,resulting in hemorrhage, the same as spleen failing tokeep the blood within the vessel1.7.212dampness damagingspleen yang濕 傷 脾 陽a pathological change characterized by stagnantcold-dampness causing damage to spleen yang1.7.213dampness damagingspleen yin濕 傷 脾 陰a pathological change in which the depresseddampness transforms into heat causing damage tospleen yin1.7.214cold-dampnessencumbering thespleen寒 濕 困 脾a pathological change in which excessive colddampnessimpairs spleen yang, the same as colddampnessaccumulating in the spleen1.7.215spleen deficiencywith dampnessencumbrance脾 虛 濕 困a complex condition of deficiency and excess whereinspleen deficiency leads to accumulation of dampnessturbidity,the same as spleen deficiency with dampnessaccumulation


64Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.216spleen deficiencyengendering wind脾 虛 生 風a pathological change characterized by stirring ofwind internally due to spleen deficiency1.7.217spleen-stomachdampness-heat脾 胃 濕 熱a pathological condition ascribed to accumulationof dampness-heat which impairs the functions of thespleen and stomach, the same as dampness-heat inthe middle energizer1.7.218spleen-stomachdeficiency cold脾 胃 虛 寒a pathological change characterized by decline ofyang qi of the spleen and stomach with diminishedfunctions and endogenous deficiency-cold1.7.219dual deficiency of thespleen-stomach脾 胃 俱 虛a deficiency condition of both the spleen and stomach,marked by a feeling of emptiness in the stomach,shortness of breath, reversal cold of the limbs andincessant watery diarrhea1.7.220spleen-stomachweakness脾 胃 虛 弱a pathological change characterized by diminishedspleen and stomach function of food intake anddigestion1.7.221dual excess of thespleen-stomach脾 胃 俱 實a pathological change marked by presence of excessivepathogenic qi in both the spleen and stomach1.7.222spleen-stomach yindeficiency脾 胃 陰 虛a pathological change in which deficiency of yin fluidof the spleen-stomach results in impaired food intakeand digestion1.7.223spleen-kidney yangdeficiency脾 腎 陽 虛a pathological change characterized by insufficientyang qi of the spleen and kidney with endogenouscold and flooding of water1.7.224spleen failing intransportation脾 失 健 運dysfunction of the spleen in transporting the essenceof food and water1.7.225 constrained spleen qi 脾 氣 不 舒a pathological change marked by dysfunction of thespleen with impaired digestion and absorption1.7.226spleen qi failing tobear upward脾 氣 不 升dysfunction of the spleen in upbearing nutrients, thesame as spleen qi failing to ascend1.7.227 sunken spleen qi 脾 氣 下 陷a pathological change characterized as sinking ofspleen qi induced by weakness of the spleen withdiminished upbearing function1.7.228insufficiency of middleqi中 氣 不 足deficiency of qi in the middle energizer, marked bydiminished function of the spleen and stomach


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 65Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.229devitalized middleyang中 陽 不 振weakness of yang qi in the middle energizer, markedby diminished function of the spleen and stomach indigestion and absorption1.7.230excessiveness in thestomach- intestines胃 家 實a pathological change characterized by presence ofpathogens deep in the yang brightness meridian thatcauses exuberant dryness-heat in the gastrointestinaltract1.7.231 stomach excess 胃 實1.7.232 stomach deficiency 胃 虛1.7.233 stomach qi deficiency 胃 氣 虛a morbid condition due to consumption of body fluidand stagnation of stomach qi, caused by excessiveheat accumulated in the stomacha general term for deficiency conditions of thestomach,including qi deficiency, yin deficiency andyang deficiency of the stomacha pathological change characterized by weakness ofstomach qi with impaired appetite and digestion1.7.234stomach yindeficiency胃 陰 虛a pathological change characterized by deficiency offluid in the stomach with impaired function attributableto intense stomach fire or exuberant heat in a warmdisease1.7.235stomach yangdeficiency胃 陽 虛a pathological change characterized by decline ofyang qi which leads to deficiency-cold of the stomachwith markedly impaired appetite and digestion1.7.236 stomach cold 胃 寒1.7.237 stomach heat 胃 熱a pathological change either due to deficiency ofstomach yang or caused by direct attack of pathogeniccold, the former being deficiency-cold of the stomach,and the latter, excess-cold in the stomacha pathological change due to impairment of thestomach by pathogenic heat or caused by overeatingof hot pungent food1.7.238stomach heat withswift digestion胃 熱 消 穀a pathological change in which stomach heat or fireleads to abnormally rapid digestion1.7.239stomach fire bearingupward胃 火 上 升a pathological change in which exuberant fire inthe stomach flares up along the meridian/channel,causing toothache, gum swelling or bleeding, orhematemesis


66Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.240 intense stomach fire 胃 火 熾 盛presence of excessive pathogenic heat in the stomachwith upward flaming of stomach fire1.7.241stomach qi failing tobear downward胃 氣 不 降impaired downbearing of stomach qi, causinganorexia, nausea, vomiting, belching, and a feeling offullness in the epigastric region, the same as stomachqi failing to descend1.7.242stomach qi ascendingcounterflow胃 氣 上 逆a pathological change characterized by counterflowascent of stomach qi that causes belching, hiccups,acid regurgitation and vomiting1.7.243 stomach disharmony 胃 不 和a general term referring to various functional disordersof the stomach, i.e., dysfunction in receiving anddigesting food as well as in conducting the contentsto the intestines1.7.244dual deficiency of thelung-spleen肺 脾 兩 虛 ;脾 肺 兩 虛 ;肺 脾 氣 虛qi deficiency of both the lung and spleen markedby failure of the spleen in transportation andtransformation and the lung in diffusion and depurativedownbearing; the same as lung-spleen qi deficiency1.7.245damage to the lungvessels肺 絡 損 傷a pathological change marked by expectoration ofblood, caused by severe or enduring cough or byheat pathogen1.7.246lung-kidney yindeficiency肺 腎 陰 虛a pathological change characterized by deficiency ofyin fluid of the lung and kidney with engendering ofinternal heat1.7.247lung-kidney qideficiency肺 腎 氣 虛a pathological change characterized by dual deficiencyof lung qi and kidney qi with impaired function ofdepurative downbearing and qi absorption1.7.248lung failing todistribute fluid肺 津 不 布failure of the lung to distribute fluid, leading toproduction of phlegm and causing cough anddyspnea1.7.249impaired lungdepuration肺 失 淸 肅a pathological change of lung that gives rise to cough,dyspnea, expectoration of sputum and fullness in thechest1.7.250phlegm turbidityobstructing the lung痰 濁 阻 肺a pathological change characterized by impairment ofdiffusion and downbearing of lung qi due to phlegmdampnessobstruction


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 67Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.251wind-cold fetteringthe lung風 寒 束 肺a pathological change characterized by attack ofwind-cold which impairs the normal flow of lung qi1.7.252lung qi failing todiffuse肺 氣 不 宣disordered diffusion of lung qi generally attributableto external pathogens invading the lung or fetteringthe exterior, and manifesting in cough, hoarse voice,and nasal congestion, the same as lung qi failing todisperse1.7.253 inhibited lung qi 肺 氣 不 利any disturbance of depurative downbearing of lung qiand the lung’s governing of the waterways1.7.254lung qi ascendingcounterflow肺 氣 上 逆a pathological change characterized by counterflowascending of lung qi instead of depurativedownbearing1.7.255 lung deficiency 肺 虛1.7.256 lung yin deficiency 肺 陰 虛1.7.257 lung qi deficiency 肺 氣 虛1.7.258 lung cold 肺 寒1.7.259 lung excess 肺 實 ; 肺 氣 實1.7.260 lung fire 肺 火a general term for deficiency conditions of the lung,including lung qi deficiency and lung yin deficiencya pathological change characterized by insufficientlung yin with endogenous heata pathological change characterized by deficiency ofqi with diminished function of the lunga term either referring to external cold invading thelung or to deficiency-cold of lung qiany excess condition of the lung, attributable to attackof the lung by external wind, cold, dryness, and heatpathogens or obstruction of the lung by phlegm-heat,phlegm-dampness, etc.a pathological change characterized by presence ofintense heat in the lung, either of excess type or ofdeficiency type1.7.261 lung heat 肺 熱 a general term for heat conditions of the lung1.7.262excess heat in thelung肺 實 熱a pathological change characterized by presence ofexcessive pathogenic heat in the lung1.7.263dryness qi damagingthe lung燥 氣 傷 肺a pathological change characterized by damage ofthe lung fluid by pathogenic dryness that impairs thediffusion and depurative downbearing function


68Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.264fire heat distressingthe lung火 熱 迫 肺a pathological change characterized by pathogenicfire-heat accumulating in the lung or intense fire-heatscorching lung yin1.7.265broken metal failingto sound金 破 不 鳴an expression figuratively referring to hoarseness dueto deficiency of lung qi1.7.266excess metal failing tosound金 實 不 鳴an expression figuratively referring to hoarseness orloss of voice due to excessiveness of lung qi1.7.267large intestinal coldbind大 腸 寒 結a pathological change characterized by retention ofcold in the large intestine with constipation, the sameas large intestinal cold accumulation1.7.268large intestinaldampness-heat大 腸 濕 熱a pathological change characterized by accumulationof dampness-heat in the large intestine which impairsthe qi movement, damages the intestinal bloodvessels, and causes abnormal bowel evacuations1.7.269insufficiency of thelarge intestinal humor大 腸 液 虧a pathological change ascribed to insufficient fluid inthe large intestine1.7.270large intestinaldeficiency cold大 腸 虛 寒a pathological change in which debilitation of yangqi in the large intestine leads to endogenous cold andcauses abnormal bowel evacuations1.7.271large intestinal excessheat大 腸 實 熱a pathological change characterized by exuberantpathogenic heat obstructing the bowel qi1.7.272heat distressing thelarge intestine熱 迫 大 腸a pathological change in which pathogenic heatimpairs the function of the large intestine, leadingto acute diarrhea with abdominal pain, burningsensation in the anus, scanty dark urine, and dryyellow tongue coating1.7.273large intestinal heatbind大 腸 熱 結a pathological change characterized by exuberantheat in the large intestine that causes dryness andconstipation, the same as large intestinal heataccumulation1.7.274large intestinaldeficiency大 腸 虛deficiency of the large intestinal qi with abnormalbowel evacuations1.7.275 large intestinal excess 大 腸 實 excess of pathogens in the large intestine1.7.276 large intestinal heat 大 腸 熱 excess of pathogenic heat in the large intestine


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 69Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.277 kidney deficiency 腎 虛a general term for deficiency conditions of the kidney,including kidney yin deficiency, kidney yang deficiency,insufficiency of kidney essence, and insecurity ofkidney qi1.7.278insufficiency of kidneyessence腎 精 不 足a pathological change of the kidney with insufficiencyof its essence and impaired function1.7.279kidney deficiency withwater flood腎 虛 水 泛a pathological change characterized by deficiencyof kidney yang with impaired water metabolism andresultant retention of fluid1.7.280hyperactive kidneyfire腎 火 偏 亢relative excess of kidney fire due to deficiency ofkidney yin1.7.281 insecurity of kidney qi 腎 氣 不 固a pathological change characterized by diminishedessence-storing and astringing function of the kidney1.7.282kidney failing toreceive qi腎 不 納 氣deficiency of the kidney qi preventing the receptionof lung qi1.7.283 kidney yin deficiency 腎 陰 虛a pathological change characterized by deficiency ofyin to nourish the kidney, leading to deficiency-fire ordeficiency-heat1.7.284kidney yangdeficiency腎 陽 虛 ;腎 陽 虛 衰a pathological change characterized by deficiency ofkidney yang with diminished warming function andfailure in qi transformation1.7.285debilitation of the lifegate fire命 門 火 衰a pathological change characterized by impairedreproductive function due to insufficiency of kidneyyang1.7.286 kidney qi deficiency 腎 氣 虛1.7.287 collapse of essence 精 脫1.7.288 kidney heat 腎 熱a pathological change characterized by depletionof the kidney qi with diminished essence-storing andastringing functiona pathological change characterized by depletion andloss of kidney essence that leads to impaired hearinga pathological change characterized by kidney yindepletion with endogenous heat1.7.289 kidney qi excess腎 氣 實 ;腎 氣 盛repletion of the essential qi of the kidney1.7.290 kidney excess 腎 實 excessive pathogenic qi in the kidney


70Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.291heat scorching kidneyyin熱 灼 腎 陰damage to kidney yin by pathogenic heat, usuallyoccurring in the advanced stage of warm heat disease,the same as heat damaging kidney yin1.7.292 inhibited bladder 膀 胱 不 利1.7.293 bladder qi block 膀 胱 氣 閉a pathological change of the bladder’s function inurinationimpairment of bladder qi transformation resulting ininhibited and difficult urination or anuria1.7.294bladder dampnessheat膀 胱 濕 熱accumulation of dampness-heat in the bladder1.7.295bladder deficiencycold膀 胱 虛 寒impaired activity of the urinary bladder with coldmanifestations due to consumption of kidney yang1.7.296bladder retentionfailure膀 胱 失 約impaired bladder function resulting in urinaryincontinence1.7.297cold entering theblood chamber寒 入 血 室the pathogenic cold entering the uterus, congeals theliver meridian and impedes blood flow1.7.298heat entering theblood chamber熱 入 血 室the pathogenic heat exploiting deficiency duringmenstruation or after childbirth to enter the bloodchamber and contend with the blood1.7.299hidden heat in thethoroughfare andconception vessels熱 伏 衝 任a morbid condition in which pathogenic heat stays inthe thoroughfare and conception vessels1.7.300disharmony of thethoroughfare andconception vessels衝 任 不 調impeded flow of qi and blood in the thoroughfareand conception vessels causing dysfunction of thesevessels1.7.301insecurity of thethoroughfare andconception vessels衝 任 不 固loss of function to control menstruation and preventuterine bleeding and abortion by the thoroughfareand conception vessels1.7.302damage to thethoroughfare andconception vessels衝 任 損 傷a pathological change arising when sexualoverindulgence, frequent pregnancy or externalpathogens cause damage to the thoroughfare andconception vessels1.7.303dysfunction ofmeridians經 隧 失 職a pathological change characterized by impaired flowof qi and blood in the meridians/channels


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 71Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.304derangement ofmeridian qi經 氣 逆 亂a pathological change of meridians/channels inwhich the adverse flow of meridian/channel qi leadsto disordered blood circulation1.7.305wind striking theblood vessels風 中 血 脈deviated eyes and mouth, hemiplegia, or numbnessof limbs attributed to wind that strikes the weakenedblood vessel, the same as wind attacking the bloodvessels1.7.306wind-fire whirlinginternally風 火 內 旋a pathological change of extreme heat engenderingwind1.7.307wind-cold fetteringthe exterior風 寒 束 表a pathological change attributed to external windcoldattacking the superficial aspect of the body1.7.308mutual contention ofwind and dampness風 濕 相 搏a pathological change resulting in muscle aches andjoint pains, occurring in wind-dampness contraction,the same as wind and dampness attack1.7.309 wind stroke中 風 ;卒 中 ( 風 );中 風 病sudden appearance of hemiplegia, deviated eyes andmouth, and impeded speech attributed to contractionof wind1.7.310 cold in the middle 中 寒(1) middle energizer deficiency-cold arising frominsufficiency of yang qi; (2) internal cold remaining inthe middle energizer causing damage to yang qi andstagnation of qi and blood1.7.311 cold stroke 中 寒 attack of cold directly to the stomach and intestines1.7.312 dampness stroke 中 濕(1) a pathological change attributed to dampnessattack, either from without or from within; (2) a typeof apoplexy related to contraction of dampness, thesame as dampness attack1.7.313dryness affecting theclear orifices燥 乾 淸 竅a pathological change characterized by dryness-heataffection of the upper part of the body impairing thefunction of sense organs1.7.314 dryness accumulation 燥 結a pathological change characterized by lack of fluidin the gastrointestinal tract resulting in constipation1.7.315heat damaging thesinews熱 傷 筋 脈a pathological change characterized by intenseheat scorching nutrient yin, depriving the sinewsof nourishment and thereby causing contracture,flaccidity or paralysis of limbs


72Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.316 heat block 熱 閉1.7.317 trapped heat 熱 遏1.7.318 heat accumulation 熱 結1.7.319 heat depression 熱 鬱1.7.320 six depressions 六 鬱pathogenic heat congests in the visceral organs andmeridians/channelspathogenic heat is kept in the interior and cannot bedischargeda pathological change characterized by gatheringand binding of pathogenic heat in the interior suchas in the bladder, in the blood aspect, or in thegastrointestinal tracta pathological change that arises when persistentdepression transforms into heat, the same as heatstagnationa collective term for stagnation of qi, blood, damp,fire, phlegm and food, the same as six stagnations1.7.321obstruction of defenseyang衛 陽 被 遏a pathological change characterized by the depresseddefense qi which fails to warm and protect the bodysurface1.7.322nutrient-defensedisharmony營 衛 不 和the pathological state of spontaneous sweating inan exterior pattern/syndrome, as the defense aspectregulates the excretion of sweat while the nutrientaspect provides fluid for the formation of sweat1.7.323weak defense withstrong nutrient衛 弱 營 强the pathological state of spontaneous sweatingwithout fever in an exterior pattern/syndrome1.7.324strong defense withweak nutrient衛 强 營 弱the pathological state of sweating that occurs onlyduring fever in an exterior pattern/syndrome1.7.325 qi aspect cold 氣 分 寒1.7.326 qi aspect heat 氣 分 熱a pathological change characterized by cold in the qiaspect, either due to spleen-stomach yang deficiencywith preponderance of yin cold or due to coldpathogen invading the qi aspecta pathological change characterized by heat in the qiaspect, mostly excess in nature1.7.327disease of bothdefense and qiaspects衛 氣 同 病coexistence of diseases in both the defense and qiaspects


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 73Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.328disease of bothdefense and nutrientaspects衛 營 同 病coexistence of diseases in both the defense andnutrient aspects1.7.329heat entering theblood aspect熱 入 血 分a pathological change characterized by the pathogenicheat entering the blood aspect, causing hemorrhages,mental disturbances, and even convulsions1.7.330blood aspect heattoxin血 分 熱 毒a pathological change characterized by the heat toxinpenetrating deeply in the blood aspect, causing highfever with macular eruption, hemorrhages and evenmental clouding1.7.331blazing of both qi andblood氣 血 兩 燔a pathological change characterized by the presenceof exuberant pathogenic heat in both the qi andblood aspects causing damage to body fluids andhemorrhages1.7.332blazing of both qi andnutrient氣 營 兩 燔a pathological change characterized by simultaneousexistence of exuberant pathogenic heat in the qi andnutrient aspects1.7.333 depressed nutrient-yin 營 陰 鬱 滯a pathological change marked by inhibited movementof nutrient-yin qi, the same as stagnated nutrient-yin1.7.334(transmission and)transmutation傳 變development of a disease: transmission from onemeridian/channel to another with change in themanifestations1.7.335(transmission and)transformation傳 化development of disease: transmission from onemeridian/channel to another with shift of pathologicalchanges1.7.336constitutionallyinfluencedtransformation從 化the process of developing a pattern/syndrome inconformity with the patient’s constitution, e.g., heatpattern/syndrome in a patient of yang constitution, andcold pattern/syndrome in a patient of yin constitution1.7.337 transform into heat 化 熱1.7.338 heat formation 熱 化1.7.339 transform into fire 化 火transformation into a heat pattern/syndrome in thecourse of diseasethe process of forming a heat pattern/syndrome in thecourse of diseasetransformation into a fire pattern/syndrome in thecourse of disease


74Basic Theories - Mechanism of DiseaseCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.340 fire formation 火 化1.7.341 transform into wind 化 風1.7.342 wind formation 風 化1.7.343 transform into dryness 化 燥1.7.344 dryness formation 燥 化1.7.345 transform into cold 化 寒1.7.346 cold formation 寒 化the process of forming a fire pattern/syndrome in thecourse of diseasetransformation into a wind pattern/syndrome in thecourse of diseasethe process of forming a wind pattern/syndrome inthe course of diseasetransformation into a dryness pattern/syndrome dueto consumption of body fluidsthe process of forming a dryness pattern/syndromedue to fluid consumptiontransformation into a cold pattern/syndrome in thecourse of diseasethe process of forming a cold pattern/syndrome in thecourse of disease1.7.347transform intodampness化 濕transformation into a dampness pattern/syndrome inthe course of disease1.7.348 dampness formation 濕 化the process of forming a dampness pattern/syndromein the course of disease1.7.349lesser yin coldtransformation少 陰 寒 化a pathological change characterized by debilitationof heart-kidney yang with exuberance of yin cold, andusually manifested by aversion to cold with no fever,listlessness and sleepiness, reversal cold of the limbs,lienteric diarrhea and faint fine pulse1.7.350lesser yin heattransformation少 陰 熱 化a pathological change characterized by depletion ofheart-kidney yin with exuberance of yang heat, andusually manifested by fever, vexation, insomnia, drymouth and throat, reddened tongue and rapid finepulse1.7.351summerheat enteringyang brightness暑 入 陽 明penetration of summerheat into yang brightness,giving rise to intense heat involving the body surface,the heart and the head, and forcing the dischargeof sweat, manifested by high fever, thirst, vexation,headache, dizziness, and sweating


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 75Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.7.352 normal transmission 順 傳1.7.353 reverse transmission 逆 傳transmission of a febrile disease following normalsequence, e.g., from the defense aspect to the qiaspect, the same as sequential transmissiontransmission of a febrile disease contrary to the normalsequence, e.g., from the defense aspect directly tothe nutrient aspect and blood aspect, instead of byway of the qi aspect, the same as non-sequentialtransmission1.7.354 non-transmission 不 傳 no further development of febrile disease1.7.355 ceasing to transmit 經 盡exogenous febrile disease stops progressing andbegins recovering when it reaches a certain meridian/channel or certain stage of development1.7.356transmit to anothermeridian再 經the process of a cold-damage disease in which onemeridian/channel syndrome passes into anothermeridian/channel syndrome while the former persists1.7.357skipping meridianstransmission越 經 傳transmission of a cold-damage disease from onemeridian/channel to another with skipping of oneor more meridians/channels, e.g., transmission fromgreater yang to lesser yang with yang brightnessskipped over1.7.358sequential meridianstransmission循 經 傳transmission of a cold-damage disease from onemeridian/channel to another, by the order of greateryang, yang brightness, lesser yang, greater yin, lesseryin and reverting yin1.7.359 direct strike/stroke 直 中1.7.360 overlap of diseases 並 病attack of an exogenous pathogen directly on the threeyin meridians instead of transmission from the yangmeridians, the same as direct attackoverlapping of two meridian/channel diseases, inwhich they appear in succession and then coexist1.7.361combination ofdiseases合 病combination of two or more meridian/channeldiseases appearing at the same time1.7.362favorable pattern/syndrome順 證a pattern/syndrome which indicates a positiveprognosis1.7.363unfavorable pattern/syndrome逆 證a pattern/syndrome which indicates a negativeprognosis


76Basic Theories - OthersCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.8.0 Others 其 他1.8.1theory of five circuitsand six qi運 氣 學the doctrine that aims at studying the rule of climaticchanges and its relation to the occurrence of diseasein terms of the five circuits and six qi1.8.2 five circuits 五 運1.8.3 six qi 六 氣1.8.4 circuit of year 歲 運a collective name for wood, fire, earth, metal andwater circuitssix normal climatic phenomena: wind, cold,summerheat, dampness, dryness and fire (heat)the circuit qi that controls the meteorologicalfeatures and changes of a given year as well as thecorresponding prevalence of disease1.8.5(qi) controllingheaven司 天the guest qi that controls the climatic changes in thefirst half of the year1.8.6 terrestrial effect 在 泉1.8.7 midnight 合 陰1.8.8 sixty-year cycle 甲 子1.8.9 stems and branches 干 支1.8.10 dominant qi 主 氣1.8.11 guest qi 客 氣1.8.12 intermediate qi 間 氣1.8.13 annual congruence 歲 會the guest qi that controls the climatic changes in thelatter half of the yearthe time when nutrient qi and defense qi meet in thevisceral organscombination of the heavenly stems and earthlybranches used to designate years, months, days andhoursa collective name for the ten heavenly stems and thetwelve earthly branches, both used as serial numbersthe qi that controls the regular seasonal changes ofthe climatethe qi that controls the seasonal changes of the climatein a particular yearthat part of guest qi, other than the qi controllingthe heaven and the qi with terrestrial effect, calledintermediate qi because of its existence between theheaven and earthcoincidence of the circuit qi of the year with the earthlybranch in terms of the five phases, happening in eightyears of a sixty-year cycle


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 77Code Term Chinese Definition/Description1.8.14coincidence ofheavenly qi天 符coincidence of the circuit qi of the year with the qicontrolling the heaven in terms of the five phases,occurring in a cycle of sixty years1.8.15 normal circuit qi 平 氣the circuit qi that is neither excessive nor insufficient,rarely causing disease1.8.16 natural life span 天 年 human life expectancy1.8.17three yin and threeyang三 陰 三 陽a collective term for reverting yin, lesser yin, greateryin, lesser yang, yang brightness and greater yang1.8.18opening, closing andpivot開 闔 樞the functional characteristics of three yin and threeyang: opening referring to outward actions, closingreferring to inward actions, while pivot referring to thecentral role1.8.19 greater yang 太 陽1.8.20 yang brightness 陽 明1.8.21 lesser yang 少 陽1.8.22 greater yin 太 陰1.8.23 lesser yin 少 陰1.8.24 reverting yin 厥 陰(1) referring to cold qi in the theory of five circuits andsix qi; (2) referring to the bladder meridian and smallintestine meridian in the meridian theory(1) referring to dryness qi in the theory of five circuitsand six qi; (2) referring to the large intestine meridianand stomach meridian in the meridian theory(1) referring to fire qi in the theory of five circuits andsix qi; (2) referring to the triple energizer meridian andgallbladder meridian in the meridian theory(1) referring to dampness qi in the theory of fivecircuits and six qi; (2) referring to the lung meridianand spleen meridian in the meridian theory(1) referring to heat qi in the theory of five circuits andsix qi; (2) referring to the heart meridian and kidneymeridian in the meridian theory(1) referring to wind qi in the theory of five circuits andsix qi; (2) referring to the pericardium meridian andliver meridian in the meridian theory1.8.25principals of lifepreservation保 命 之 主the main principals for the maintenance of healthand enhancement of life expectancy for individualconstitutions


78DiagnosticsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description1.8.26 inhale-gathering qi 吸 聚 之 氣1.8.27 yin-cool qi 陰 淸 之 氣the qi that promotes health for the greater yangpersonthe qi that promotes health for the lesser yangperson1.8.28 exhale-dispersing qi 呼 散 之 氣 the qi that promotes health for the greater yin person1.8.29 yang-warm qi 陽 煖 之 氣 the qi that promotes health for the lesser yin person1.8.30water-foodmetabolism水 穀 代 謝the processes by which food and water are taken in bythe spleen and passed out by the kidney1.8.31 qi-humor metabolism 氣 液 代 謝processes by which qi and humor are inhaled by theliver and exhaled by the lung1.8.32ascendingdescendingcongesteduncongested升 降 緩 束movement of qi to control water-grains metabolismand qi-humor metabolism1.8.33 healthy state 完 實 無 病1.8.34 ordinary symptom 素 證healthy state without diseases or symptoms, a singularexpression in Four Constitution Medicinesymptoms occurring in association with the individualconstitution1.8.35 temperament 性 情 the distinct nature and character of an individual1.8.36 skill and talent 性 質 材 幹special aptitude or faculty, expertness or ability toenhance social relationships1.8.37appearance and styleof talking容 貌 詞 氣one of the criteria for identifying the type of constitution,e.g., neat appearance, natural speech and shrewdbehavior of a lesser yin person1.8.38 physical appearance 體 形 氣 像one of the criteria for identifying the type of constitution,e.g., developed hips for the sitting posture and a weakchest for the self-embracing posture in the lesser yinperson1.8.39activity-mind-bodymatter事 心 身 物basic factors of Four Constitution Medicine tounderstand all nature


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 79Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.0.0 DIAGNOSTICS 診 斷 學2.0.1 diagnosis 診 斷2.0.2 diagnostic method 診 法2.0.3 symptom 症 狀2.0.4 sign 體 徵 ; 徵 候2.0.5 disease 疾 病determination of the nature of a diseased condition;identification of a disease by careful investigation ofits symptoms and history; also, the opinion (formallystated) resulting from such investigationthe basic method of collecting data to determine thedisease conditiona (bodily or mental) phenomenon, circumstance, orchange of condition arising from and accompanyinga disease or other pathological condition, andconstituting an indication or evidence of it; acharacteristic sign of a particular disease. Especially,in modern use, a subjective indication, perceptible tothe patientan objective evidence or indication of disease,especially observed by the physiciana condition of being (more or less seriously) out ofhealth; illness, sickness2.0.6disease identificationand treatment辨 病 論 治identification of the category of a disease and itstreatment2.0.7 pattern/syndrome 證(1) diagnostic conclusion of the pathological changesat a certain stage of a disease, including the location,cause, and nature of the disease as well as the trendof development; (2) conditions suggesting appropriatetreatment; (3) condition specific to the individual2.0.8pattern/syndrometype證 型a common pattern/syndrome mode with a standardname2.0.9 case record 診 籍traditionally used record of a patient’s medical history,diagnosis and treatment2.0.10assessment of thenormal and abnormal揆 度 奇 恒determining the extent to which an individual isexhibiting abnormal characteristics which may beindicative of a disease or pathological condition2.0.11judging the insidefrom observation ofthe outside司 外 揣 內making judgment on the condition inside the bodybased on the signs observed from the outside


80Diagnostics - InspectionCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.0.12correlation of all fourexaminations四 診 合 參comprehensive consideration of the data obtainedfrom the four examinations (inspection, listeningand smelling, inquiry, and palpation) for making thediagnosis2.0.13pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation辨 證the process of overall analysis of clinical data todetermine the location, cause and nature of apatient’s disease and achieving a diagnosis of apattern/syndrome, also called pattern differentiation2.0.14 four examinations 四 診2.0.15 eight principles 八 綱a collective term for inspection, listening and smelling,inquiry, and palpationguiding principles of pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation, that is, yin and yang, exterior andinterior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess2.1.0 Inspection 望 診2.1.1 inspection 望 診one of the four diagnostic examinations, includingobserving the patient’s mental state, facial expression,complexion, physical condition, condition of thetongue, secretions and the distribution of superficialvenules of the infant’s fingers2.1.2inspection of thevitality望 神inspection of the state and vitality, especially mentaland physical activities such as consciousness, thinking,facial expression, speech, and response to externalstimuli2.1.3 presence of vitality 得 神2.1.4 loss of vitality 失 神2.1.5 lack of vitality 少 神2.1.6 false vitality 假 神the general state marked by high spirit and mentaland physical exuberance with prompt and appropriateresponses, indicating that the healthy qi is not damagedand improvement from a pathological condition canbe expectedthe general state marked by indifference, low spiritand impaired mental and physical functions withsluggish and inappropriate responses, indicating theexistence of a serious pathological conditionthe general state marked by indifference, listlessnessand low spirittransient improvement in spirit in a critical case, oftenindicating approaching death


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 81Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.7 mental confusion 昏 蒙2.1.8 fainting 昏 厥2.1.9 delirium 譫 妄2.1.10 agitation 煩 躁clouding of consciousness with sleepiness, butresponsive to callingsudden loss of consciousness, usually of shortduration, sometimes accompanied by cold limbs,also called syncopea mental disturbance characterized by confusion,disordered speech and hallucinationsvexation followed by irritability, irascibility, andrestlessness2.1.11inspection of thecomplexion望 色observation of the patient’s skin color, particularly thecolor of the face2.1.12 (facial) complexion 面 色 color and luster of the face2.1.13pale whitecomplexion面 色 淡 白a colorless complexion, often indicating blooddeficiency or profuse loss of blood2.1.14 pale complexion 面 色 蒼 白a white complexion with a hint of blue or gray,a complexion often caused by yang collapse orexuberance of cold2.1.15bright palecomplexion面 色 晄 白a white complexion with puffiness, often seen in casesof yang deficiency2.1.16 darkish complexion 面 黑2.1.17 reddened complexion 面 紅2.1.18 bluish complexion 面 靑2.1.19 yellow complexion 面 黃2.1.20 sallow complexion 面 色 萎 黃dark discoloration of the face, often occurring inkidney deficiency, cold pattern/syndrome, waterretention or blood stasisa complexion redder than normal, indicating thepresence of heatbluish discoloration of the face, often occurring incold pattern/syndrome, pains, qi stagnation, bloodstasis or convulsionsyellow discoloration of the face, generally suggestingspleen deficiency or accumulation of dampness thatcauses dysfunction of the spleenyellowish withered complexion, which usually occursin cases of spleen qi deficiency


82Diagnostics - InspectionCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.21 puffy face 面 浮a soft swollen face, usually indicating a deficiencycondition2.1.22 governing complexion 主 色 normal natural color of the skin2.1.23 visiting complexion 客 色a normal complexion influenced by a change ofclimate2.1.24 morbid complexion 病 色 abnormal color of the face caused by disease2.1.25 benign complexion 善 色2.1.26 malign complexion 惡 色2.1.27 true visceral color 眞 臟 色2.1.28 pitting edema 胕 腫2.1.29 encrusted skin 肌 膚 甲 錯2.1.30 convulsions 抽 搐 ; 瘛 瘲bright and lustrous complexion indicating a favorableprognosis, also the same as healthy complexiondark and gloomy complexion indicating anunfavorable prognosis, also the same as unhealthycomplexioncolor reflected in the face indicating exhaustion of thegenuine qi of internal organsedema associated with pitting of the skin, whichresolves only slowly, usually occurring on the instepdried, roughened and scaling skin, indicating chronicblood stasissudden, violent uncontrollable movements of thelimbs caused by contraction of muscles2.1.31 bloody stool 便 血 ; 圊 血 loss of blood through anus, with stool2.1.32 distal bleeding 遠 血2.1.33 proximal bleeding 近 血bleeding far from the anus, generally referring tobleeding from upper digestive tractpassing fresh blood before or during defecation,indicating anal or rectal hemorrhage2.1.34inspection of fingervenules望 指 紋a diagnostic method for infants, based on observationof the superficial venules on the palmar side of theindex finger2.1.35 three bars 三 關a collective term for the three segments of the indexfinger used for measuring the extension of the visiblevenules, i.e., “wind bar”, “qi bar” and “life bar”, alsoknown as three gates


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 83Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.36 wind bar 風 關2.1.37 qi bar 氣 關2.1.38 life bar 命 關2.1.39 tongue diagnosis 舌 診the proximal segment of the index finger in theinspection of venules, also known as wind gatethe middle segment of the index finger in the inspectionof venules, also known as qi gatethe distal segment of the index finger in the inspectionof venules, also known as life gateinspection of the size, shape, color and moisture ofthe tongue proper and its coating2.1.40inspection of thetongue望 舌examination of the tongue body and its coating2.1.41 tongue manifestation 舌 象changes in the appearance of the tongue, relatingto changes in the color and form of the tongue bodyand its coating2.1.42 tip of the tongue 舌 尖 the anterior end of the tongue2.1.43 margins of the tongue 舌 邊 the lateral borders of the tongue2.1.44 center of the tongue 舌 中 ; 舌 心 the central part of the tongue2.1.45 root of the tongue 舌 根 ; 舌 本2.1.46 tongue body 舌 體 ; 舌 質2.1.47 tongue color 舌 色2.1.48 tongue spirit 舌 神the part of the tongue that is attached basally to thebonethe musculature and vascular tissue of the tongue,also referring to tongue substancecolor of the tongue body, which reflects the conditionof qi, blood and the visceral organsthe general vitality of the tongue manifest in itsluxuriance or witheredness2.1.49luxuriant, withered,tough and tender-soft榮 枯 老 嫩a luxuriant tongue is moistened and fresh red in color;a withered tongue is dull, dark, dry and shriveled; atough tongue is firm with rough texture; a tender-softtongue is delicate with fine texture2.1.50 pale tongue 淡 白 舌a tongue less red than normal, indicating qi andblood deficiency or presence of deficiency-cold2.1.51 pale red tongue 淡 紅 舌 a tongue of normal color


84Diagnostics - InspectionCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.52 red tongue 紅 舌2.1.53 blue tongue 靑 舌2.1.54 purple tongue 紫 舌2.1.55 bluish purple tongue 靑 紫 舌a tongue redder than normal, indicating presence ofheata tongue of bluish color, indicating congealing coldand static blooda tongue purple in color, indicating stagnant circulationof qi and blooda cyanotic tongue, indicating blood stasis or heattoxin in the nutrient-blood2.1.56 crimson tongue 絳 舌 a tongue deep red in color, indicating intense heat2.1.57 enlarged tongue 胖 大 舌2.1.58 swollen tongue 腫 脹 舌a tongue that is larger than normal, pale in color anddelicate, usually bearing dental indentations on themargina large and bulging tongue that makes the mouth fullor difficult to open2.1.59 thin tongue 瘦 薄 舌 a tongue thinner than normal2.1.60 spotted tongue 點 刺 舌a tongue with red, white or black spots as well asthorn-like protrusions on its surface2.1.61 prickly tongue 芒 刺 舌 a tongue with thorn-like protrusions on its surface2.1.62 teeth-marked tongue 齒 痕 舌 a tongue with dental indentations on its margin2.1.63 fissured tongue 裂 紋 舌 a tongue with fissures on its surface2.1.64 peeled tongue 光 剝 舌2.1.65 mirror tongue 鏡 面 舌2.1.66 geographical tongue 地 圖 舌a tongue that has lost its normal coating, giving theappearance of having been peeleda completely smooth tongue free of coating, like amirrora tongue with irregular shedding of the coating anddistinct demarcation between the shed and unshedareas, looking like a map2.1.67spontaneous bleedingof the tongue舌 衄bleeding from the tongue not due to traumatic injury


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 85Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.68 stiff tongue 强 硬 舌a tongue that is stiff, moves sluggishly, and inhibitsspeech2.1.69 limp wilting tongue 痿 軟 舌 a tongue that is flabby and cannot move easily2.1.70 trembling tongue 顫 動 舌 a tongue that involuntarily trembles as it moves2.1.71 deviated tongue 歪 斜 舌 a tongue that inclines to one side when extended2.1.72 contracted tongue 短 縮 舌a tongue that cannot be fully extended from the mouthand appears to be contracted2.1.73protruded agitatedtongue吐 弄 舌a pathological condition in which the tongue hangsout of the mouth and moves in a circular motionwhereby the tip is extended from and retracted backinto the mouth, or licks the lips2.1.74 protracted tongue 舌 縱a tongue that is habitually extended out of the mouthand cannot be retracted2.1.75 dry tongue 舌 乾 a tongue lacking moisture and rough to the touch2.1.76 paralyzed tongue 麻 痹 舌 a numb tongue unable to move2.1.77 motility of the tongue 舌 態 the ability of the tongue to move spontaneously2.1.78 form of the tongue 舌 形2.1.79 tongue fur 舌 苔2.1.80 fur color 苔 色2.1.81 texture of fur 苔 質referring to the shape, luxuriance and witheredness,toughness and softness, thinness and swelling, spots,fissures, and dental indentationsa layer of moss-like material covering the tongue,also called tongue coatingcolor of the tongue coating, white, yellow, gray orblack, and in rare cases, greencharacters of tongue coating, including thickness,moisture, sliminess, roughness etc.2.1.82 white fur 白 苔 tongue coating white in color2.1.83 white sandy fur 白 砂 苔white dry and thick tongue coating like a layer ofsand2.1.84 yellow fur 黃 苔 tongue coating yellow in color


86Diagnostics - Listening and Smelling ExaminationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.85 black fur 黑 苔2.1.86 gray fur 灰 苔tongue coating black in color, indicating eitherexcessive cold or extreme heat in the interiortongue coating gray in color with similar clinicalsignificance as black fur2.1.87 greenish fur 綠 苔 tongue coating green in color2.1.88 thin fur 薄 苔2.1.89 thick fur 厚 苔2.1.90 rotten-curdy fur 霉 醬 苔a tongue coating through which the underlying tonguesurface is faintly visiblea tongue coating through which the underlying tonguesurface is not visiblea reddish thick tongue coating with black and yellowtinge2.1.91 moist fur 潤 苔 a moderately moistened tongue coating2.1.92 dry fur 燥 苔2.1.93 dry and cracked fur 燥 裂 苔2.1.94 slippery fur 滑 苔2.1.95 slimy fur 膩 苔2.1.96 sticky slimy fur 粘 膩 苔2.1.97 curdy fur 腐 苔a tongue coating that looks dry and feels dry to thetoucha tongue coating that lacks moisture and developscracksa moist tongue coating with excessive fluid, feelsslipperya dense, turbid, slimy tongue coating, sticking on thetongue, hard to wipe off, also known as greasy fura dense, turbid, slimy tongue coating, covered with alayer of thick turbid mucusa tongue coating consisting of coarse granules likebean dregs, easy to wipe off2.1.98 peeling fur剝 苔 ;舌 苔 脫 落complete or partial peeling of the tongue coating2.1.99 exfoliated fur 類 剝 苔2.1.100 stained fur 染 苔peeling of the tongue coating leaving an unsmoothtongue surface as if covered with regeneration ofcoating granulesa tongue coating that is stained, often by food ormedicine


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 87Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.1.101 curled tongue 舌 卷a tongue formed into a curved shape and drawnback, inhibiting speech2.1.102curled tongue andretracted testicles舌 卷 囊 縮the formation of the tongue into a curl and thewithdrawing of the testicles into the body, seen incritical cases2.1.103sublingual collateralvessels舌 下 絡 脈the vein under the tongue on either side of thefrenulum2.2.0Listeningand SmellingExamination聞 診2.2.1listening and smellingexamination聞 診one of the four diagnostic examinations, specificallylistening and smelling2.2.2 listening to sounds 聞 聲 音listening to the patient’s voice, sounds of breathing,cough, vomiting, etc. for determining the cold, heat,deficiency or excess nature of disease as a diagnosticmethod2.2.3 deep turbid voice 語 聲 重 濁 a voice that is deep and muffled or otherwise unclear2.2.4 faint low voice 語 聲 低 微 a voice that is faint and low, scarcely audible2.2.5 sluggish speech 語 言 謇 澁 speech distorted by sluggish movement of the tongue2.2.6 sluggish tongue 舌 謇 a tongue lacking normal agility2.2.7 loss of voice 失 音 hoarseness of the voice or total failure of the voice2.2.8 hoarseness 嘶 嗄 a low harsh or husky quality of the voice2.2.9 muttering 鄭 聲unconscious murmuring haltingly with frequentrepetitions2.2.10 delirious speech 譫 語 disordered speech in delirium2.2.11 soliloquy 獨 語2.2.12 disordered speech 錯 語talking to oneself regardless of the presence ofothersa type of dysphasia in which the patient frequentlyemploys wrong words or uses words in incorrect andsenseless combinations


88Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.2.13 sleep talking 囈 語 talking in one’s sleep, the same as somniloquy2.2.14 manic raving 狂 言 mentally-deranged wild talk2.2.15 sighing 太 息 taking deep breaths with long, audible expiration2.2.16 sneezing 噴 嚏2.2.17 yawning 呵 欠sudden violent audible expulsion of breath when thenose is stimulatedinvoluntary intake of breath through the open mouth,usually as a reaction to fatigue2.2.18 panting 喘 促 rapid and difficult breathing2.2.19 wheezing dyspnea 喘 鳴 difficult breathing with a whistling sound2.2.20 phlegm rale 痰 鳴an abnormal breathing sound produced by thepresence of phlegm in the airways2.2.21 cough with dyspnea咳 逆 ;咳 逆 上 氣cough with counterflow of qi in the airways, alsoknown as cough with qi reflux2.2.22 borborigmus 腸 鳴2.2.23 splashing sound 振 水 音a rumbling sound made by the movement of gas inthe intestinessounds heard on succussion over a distendedstomach2.2.24 fecal qi 矢 氣 gas expelled from the anus, the same as flatus2.2.25 snoring 鼻 鼾 rough and noisy breathing while sleeping2.2.26 mouth odor 口 氣 smell emitted from the mouth2.2.27 fetid mouth odor 口 臭 bad smell from the mouth, the same as halitosis2.3.0 Inquiry 問 診2.3.1 inquiry 問 診one of the four diagnostic examinations, a way ofgaining information for diagnosis by asking the patientabout the complaint and the history of the illness2.3.2inquiry about coldand heat問 寒 熱asking the patient about sensations of heat and cold


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 89Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.3 fever 發 熱 ; 身 熱2.3.4 aversion to cold 惡 寒2.3.5 fear of cold 畏 寒2.3.6 aversion to wind 惡 風elevation of the body temperature above the normalor subjective feeling of feverishnesssensation of cold which cannot be relieved by warmth,also known as chillssensation of cold which can be relieved by warmth,the same as intolerance of coldstrong dislike of wind, also known as windintolerance2.3.7 aversion to heat 惡 熱 strong dislike of heat, also known as heat intolerance2.3.8 shivering 寒 戰 violent chills with trembling2.3.9aversion to cold withfever惡 寒 發 熱 ;發 熱 惡 寒simultaneous appearance of aversion to cold togetherwith fever2.3.10 fever without chills 但 熱 不 寒elevation of the body temperature with no feeling ofcold2.3.11 chills without fever 但 寒 不 熱 feeling of cold with no fever2.3.12 high fever 壯 熱2.3.13 tidal fever 潮 熱persistent high fever with aversion to heat but nochillsfever with periodic rise and fall of body temperatureat fixed hours of the day like the morning and eveningtides2.3.14 mild fever 微 熱 low-grade fever, mostly due to interior heat2.3.15late afternoon tidalfever日 晡 潮 熱fever more marked at 3-5 p.m. daily, as if the tidecomes regularly2.3.16 afternoon tidal fever 午 後 潮 熱 fever more marked in the afternoon2.3.17 unsurfaced fever 身 熱 不 揚a persistent fever in which heat is not easily felt onthe body surface and can be felt only by prolongedpalpation, a sign of dampness-heat2.3.18fever worsening atnight身 熱 夜 甚fever more marked at night than at daytime


90Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.19 steaming bone 骨 蒸2.3.20 bone-steaming fever 骨 蒸 熱a subjective feeling of fever deep in the body, whichappears to emanate from the bone or marrowfever which is felt to emanate from the bone ormarrow2.3.21bone-steaming tidalfever骨 蒸 潮 熱tidal fever in which the heat is felt to emanate fromthe bones2.3.22vexing heat in thechest, palms andsoles五 心 煩 熱feeling of heat in the palms of hands, soles of feetand in the chest, accompanied by uneasiness orrestlessness, also called five center heat2.3.23 heat vexation 煩 熱fever accompanied by uneasiness or restlessness, alsoknown as irritable heat sensation2.3.24vexing heat in theextremities手 足 煩 熱uncomfortable heat sensation in the extremities2.3.25heat in the palms andsoles手 足 心 熱subjective feverish feeling in the palms and soles2.3.26reversal cold of theextremities手 足 厥 冷 ;厥 冷 ; 厥 逆pronounced cold in the extremities up to the knees andelbows or beyond, also the same as cold extremities2.3.27 reversal of qi 厥reverse flow of qi characterized by (1) sudden loss ofconsciousness, usually of short duration or (2) coldextremities up to the elbows and knees or beyond;also known as syncope or severe coldness2.3.28alternating chills andfever寒 熱 往 來 ;往 來 寒 熱 ;寒 熱 交 作chills without fever and fever without chills occurringin alternating succession2.3.29external cold andinterior heat外 寒 內 熱a complex condition characterized by the simultaneouspresence of cold in the exterior portion of the bodyand heat in the interior2.3.30internal cold andexternal heat內 寒 外 熱a complex condition characterized by the simultaneouspresence of heat in the exterior portion of the bodyand cold in the interior2.3.31inquiry aboutsweating問 汗asking the patient about his/her condition ofsweating2.3.32 profuse sweating 多 汗 ; 大 汗excessive sweating not related to a hot environment,physical exertion or taking diaphoretics


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 91Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.33 spontaneous sweating 自 汗excessive sweating during the daytime with noapparent cause such as physical exertion, hot weather,thick clothing or medication2.3.34 night sweating 盜 汗 sweating during sleep that ceases on awakening2.3.35 cold sweating 冷 汗2.3.36 expiry sweating 絶 汗profuse sweating accompanied by cold body andlimbsincessant profuse sweating of a patient in moribundstate2.3.37 shiver sweating 戰 汗 sweating following shivering2.3.38sweating from thehead頭 汗excessive sweating on the head, face or neck2.3.39sweating from thepalms and soles手 足 心 汗excessive local sweating from the palms and soles2.3.40sweating from thehands and feet手 足 汗excessive local sweating from the hands and feet2.3.41sweating from theheart region心 汗excessive sweating in the precordial region2.3.42sweating from thearmpits腋 汗excessive local sweating from the armpit2.3.43 genital sweating 陰 汗 localized sweating in the genital region2.3.44 absence of sweating 無 汗abnormal deficiency or absence of sweating, thesame as anhidrosis2.3.45 leaking sweat 漏 汗 incessant sweating2.3.46 half-body sweating 半 身 汗 出sweating only on the upper or lower, right or left halfof the body2.3.47half-body absence ofsweating半 身 無 汗no sweating on the upper or lower, right or left halfof the body2.3.48 oily sweat 油 汗 sticky sweat like oil2.3.49 great dripping sweat 大 汗 淋 漓 abnormal profuse sweat with continuous dripping


92Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.50 lassitude of spirit 神 疲 lack of mental vigor2.3.51 lack of strength 乏 力 lack of physical strength2.3.52 somnolence 嗜 睡 ; 嗜 臥 excessive sleepiness night and day2.3.53 inability to sleep失 眠 ; 不 寐 ;不 得 眠inability to sleep or abnormal wakefulness, the sameas insomnia2.3.54 profuse dreaming 多 夢2.3.55 sleep walking 夢 遊2.3.56 generalized pain 身 痛a condition in which sleep is frequently disturbed bydreamsrising out of bed and walking about or performingother behavior during an apparent state of sleeppain involving the whole body, the same as generalbody ache2.3.57 headache 頭 痛 pain in the head2.3.58 stiffness of the neck 項 强muscular contraction and rigidity of the neck and theupper back with impaired movement2.3.59headache and painfulstiff nape頭 項 强 痛headache accompanied by rigidity and pain of thenape2.3.60 heavy-headedness 頭 重 feeling of heaviness in the head2.3.61 supraorbital pain 眉 稜 骨 痛 pain felt in the eyebrow bone2.3.62 ear pain 耳 痛 pain in the ear2.3.63 chest pain 胸 痛 pain in the middle or lateral part of the chest2.3.64 breast pain 乳 房 疼 痛2.3.65 hypochondriac pain 脇 痛pain in the breast, usually accompanied by feeling ofdistensionpain in the area between the armpit and the lowestrib, unilateral or bilateral2.3.66 stomach pain 脘 痛 ; 胃 痛 the same as epigastric pain2.3.67 abdominal pain 腹 痛pain in the region between the hypochondrium andpubic hairline


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 93Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.68 lower abdominal colic 疝severe colicky pain in the lower abdomen usuallyaccompanied by constipation and ischuria2.3.69 back pain 背 痛 pain in the upper part of the back2.3.70 lumbago 腰 痛 pain in the lumbar region2.3.71 genital pain 陰 器 痛 pain in the genitals2.3.72 heel pain 足 跟 痛pain in either or both heels, worsened by standingand walking2.3.73 distending pain 脹 痛 pain accompanied by a distending sensation2.3.74 stabbing pain 刺 痛 a sharp pain as if caused by a stab2.3.75 cold pain 冷 痛2.3.76 scorching pain 灼 痛2.3.77 gripping pain 絞 痛pain accompanied by a cold sensation and relievedby warmthpain accompanied by a burning sensation, also calledburning painan acute pain in the chest or abdomen, often causedby spasm, obstruction or twisting, also called spasmand pain2.3.78 heavy pain 重 痛 a pain accompanied by heaviness sensation2.3.79 pulling pain 掣 痛 pain in one part involving other parts2.3.80 dull pain 隱 痛 a continuous pain not stabbing in nature2.3.81 empty pain 空 痛 a pain accompanied by feeling of emptiness2.3.82 scurrying pain 竄 痛 pain that repeatedly changes location2.3.83 oppressive pain 悶 痛 a pain accompanied by feeling of oppression2.3.84 aching pain 酸 痛2.3.85 wandering pain 遊 走 痛a continuous dull pain as the sensation produced byprolonged physical exertionpain in the joints of the extremities with repeatedchange of location2.3.86pain of unfixedlocation痛 無 定 處a pain whose location is not fixed


94Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.87 fixed pain 固 定 痛 a pain that is fixed in location2.3.88 severe pain 劇 痛 intense intolerable pain2.3.89 paroxysmal pain 陣 發 痛 pain recurring in paroxysms2.3.90 persistent pain 持 續 痛 pain continuing without interruption2.3.91 spasm 拘 攣 ; 攣 急2.3.92 contracture 拘 急stiffness and tension in the limbs inhibiting normalbending and stretchingabnormal tension of sinews that manifests in inhibitedbending and stretching of the limb2.3.93contracture of thenape and neck項 背 拘 急muscular spasm and rigidity of the nape and back2.3.94contracture of thelimbs四 肢 拘 急muscular contracture of the limbs with difficulty inbending and stretching, the same as acrocontracture2.3.95heavy head and lightfeet頭 重 脚 輕the subjective sensation whereby the head is heavierthan feet, accompanied by unsteady gait2.3.96 heavy body 身 重the subjective heaviness sensation of the body withdifficult movement2.3.97 generalized itching 身 癢 itching all over the body2.3.98 numbness of the skin 肌 膚 麻 木 local absence of normal sensation in the skin2.3.99 insensitivity 不 仁 no perception to touch, also known as numbness2.3.100muscular twitchingand cramp筋 惕 肉 瞤short spastic muscular contractions2.3.101 loss of blood 失 血 ; 奪 血a general term for various kinds of profuse bleeding,the same as hemorrhage2.3.102 hemoptysis 喀 血 ; 咳 血 the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum2.3.103 epistaxis 衄 血non-traumatic external bleeding, includingbleeding from the ear, nose, gum, and tongue, andsubcutaneous hemorrhage2.3.104 spitting of blood 唾 血 expulsion of blood with saliva


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 95Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.105 blood amassment 蓄 血 static blood accumulating in the interior2.3.106 itchy eyes 目 癢 itching of the eye2.3.107 eye pain 目 痛 pain of the eye2.3.108 dizzy vision 目 眩 blurred vision accompanied by vertigo2.3.109 blurred vision目 昏 ; 視 物模 糊 ; 視 瞻昏 渺clouded and unclear vision2.3.110 double vision 視 岐 seeing one object as two2.3.111 tinnitus 耳 鳴 ringing in the ear2.3.112 deafness 耳 聾 loss, complete or partial, of the sense of hearing2.3.113 nasal congestion 鼻 塞 ; 鼻 窒 blockage of the nasal passage2.3.114 loss of smell 鼻 不 聞 香 臭 partial or total inability to smell2.3.115 dry mouth 口 乾 lack of fluid in the mouth2.3.116 thirst 口 渴 feeling of dryness of the mouth with a desire to drink2.3.117 torpid intake 納 呆loss of appetite with no desire for food with decreasedintake, the same as poor appetite2.3.118swift digestion withrapid hungering消 穀 善 饑excessive appetite with increased food intake andrecurrence of hunger sensation shortly after eating2.3.119 taste in the mouth 口 味the taste experienced when there is nothing in themouth2.3.120bland taste in themouth口 淡diminished sensitivity of taste, with no pleasant flavorleft by eating2.3.121bitter taste in themouth口 苦a subjective bitter sensation in the mouth2.3.122sweet taste in themouth口 甜a subjective sweet sensation in the mouth2.3.123sour taste in themouth口 酸a subjective sour sensation in the mouth


96Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.124astringent taste in themouth口 澁a subjective feeling of astringency in the mouth2.3.125salty taste in themouth口 鹹a subjective salty sensation in the mouth2.3.126numbness in themouth口 麻numbness of the tongue with diminished tastesensitivity2.3.127sticky slimy sensationin the mouth口 粘 膩an unpleasant subjective sensation of stickiness in themouth2.3.128discomfort in thethroat咽 喉 不 利a mild sensation of blockage in the throat thathampers swallowing2.3.129 choke 噎 difficulty in swallowing2.3.130 nausea 惡 心 an unpleasant sensation with an urge to vomit2.3.131blockage whenswallowing呑 食 梗 塞difficulty or even inability to swallow2.3.132 vomiting 嘔 吐forcible expulsion of the stomach contents throughthe mouth2.3.133vomiting in theevening of food eatenin the morning朝 食 暮 吐a characteristic symptom of stomach reflux, usuallyoccurring together with vomiting in the morning offood eaten in the evening2.3.134vomiting in themorning of foodeaten in the evening暮 食 朝 吐a characteristic symptom of stomach reflux, usuallyoccurring together with vomiting in the evening offood eaten in the morning2.3.135 dry retching 乾 嘔2.3.136 retained food 宿 食a noisy involuntary effort to vomit, but without bringinganything up from the stomachfood and drink accumulating in the stomach andintestines, undigested overnight2.3.137 dietary predilection 嗜 偏 食 a liking for particular flavors or specific foods2.3.138 retching 噦2.3.139 belching 噯 氣 ; 噫 氣making the sounds and movements of vomitingbringing up little or nothing from the stomachthe casting up of gas from the stomach, accompaniedby a prolonged sound


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 97Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.140 acid regurgitation 呑 酸2.3.141 palpitations 心 悸swallowing of acid contents regurgitated from thestomach to the throata subjective sensation of rapid and forceful beatingof the heart2.3.142palpitations below theheart心 下 悸pulsations felt in the epigastric region below thexiphoid process2.3.143 flusteredness 心 慌 a nervous agitated state often with palpitations2.3.144 vexation 心 煩a feeling of restlessness, heat, and oppression in theregion of the heart2.3.145vexation of deficiencytype虛 煩vexation due to deficiency fire harassing the innerbody2.3.146 anguish in the heart 心 中 懊 憹heat vexation and oppression in the region of theheart and chest2.3.147distress below theheart心 下 急a feeling of distress associated with slight pain andfullness in the epigastric region, the same as epigastricdistress2.3.148rigidity below theheart心 下 堅 ;心 下 鞕abnormal stiffness in the epigastric region, the sameas epigastric rigidity2.3.149tightness below theheart心 下 支 結a feeling of obstruction associated with vexationand distension in the epigastric region, the same asepigastric tightness2.3.150stuffiness and rigiditybelow the heart心 下 痞 堅 ;心 下 痞 鞕a feeling of stuffiness associated with local rigidity inthe epigastric region, the same as epigastric stuffinessand rigidity2.3.151fullness below theheart心 下 滿a feeling of fullness in the epigastric region, the sameas epigastric fullness2.3.152 stuffiness 痞2.3.153 stuffiness and fullness 痞 滿2.3.154 hardness and fullness 鞕 滿 ; 硬 滿a localized subjective feeling of fullness andblockageunwell feeling of stuffiness and fullness in the chestand upper abdomenfeeling hard to touch with a subjective feeling offullness


98Diagnostics - InquiryCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.155stuffiness and rigidityin the chest胸 中 痞 硬 ;胸 下 痞 硬feeling of stuffiness and choking in the chest2.3.156oppression in thechest胸 悶feeling of oppression in the chest2.3.157fullness in the chestand hypochondrium胸 脇 滿 ;胸 脇 苦 滿a bloated feeling in the chest and hypochondriacregion2.3.158paraumbilical andhypochondriacaggregation痃 癖elongated masses located at the side of the umbilicusor in the hypochondriac region that occur intermittentlywith sharp pain2.3.159 abdominal fullness 腹 滿a subjective feeling of fullness in the abdomen withoutpronounced visible or palpable expansion2.3.160lower abdominalcramp小 腹 急 結subjective sensation of distention and fullness of thelower abdomen, usually with difficult urination2.3.161lower abdominalcontracture小 腹 拘 急 ;小 腹 弦 急cramping sensation of the lower abdomen2.3.162lower abdominalfullness小 腹 滿 ;小 腹 硬 滿a subjective feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen2.3.163lower abdominalnumbness小 腹 不 仁loss of sensation in the lower abdominal region2.3.164palpitations above theumbilicus臍 上 悸rapid pulsations felt in the region above the umbilicus,the same as supra-umbilical aortic pulsation2.3.165palpitations besidethe umbilicus臍 傍 悸rapid pulsations felt in the para-umbilical region, thesame as para-umbilical aortic pulsation2.3.166palpitations below theumbilicus臍 下 悸 ;臍 下 悸 動rapid pulsations felt in the region below the umbilicus,the same as sub-umbilical aortic pulsation2.3.167contracture below theumbilicus臍 下 拘 急muscular contracture in the region below theumbilicus2.3.168numbness below theumbilicus臍 下 不 仁loss of sensation in the region below the umbilicus2.3.169 diarrhea 泄 瀉abnormally frequent intestinal evacuations with soft orfluid stool2.3.170 spontaneous diarrhea 大 便 自 利 diarrhea not attributable to purgation


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 99Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.171 watery diarrhea 水 瀉 ; 注 泄2.3.172 ungratifying diarrhea 瀉 下 不 爽serious diarrhea with a forceful discharge of waterystool, also the same as outpour diarrheadiarrhea that leaves the patient with a feeling that thebowels have not been satisfactorily emptied2.3.173undigested food instool完 穀 不 化a condition in which the stool contains undigestedfood2.3.174 clear-food diarrhea下 利 淸 穀 ;完 穀 下 利frequent discharge of fluid stools containing undigestedfood, the same as undigested food diarrhea2.3.175 abdominal urgency 裏 急(1) urge to defecate; (2) contraction of male genitalorgan2.3.176 tenesmus 裏 急 後 重 ineffectual and painful straining at stool2.3.177 fifth-watch diarrhea 五 更 泄diarrhea occurring daily at dawn, usually due to kidneyyang deficiency, the same as early morning diarrhea2.3.178 efflux diarrhea 滑 泄 diarrhea with fecal incontinence2.3.179 throughflux diarrhea 洞 泄2.3.180 fulminant diarrhea 暴 瀉diarrhea after eating, with undigested food in thestoola pathological change characterized by sudden onsetof diarrhea with profuse discharge2.3.181 sloppy diarrhea 溏 泄 diarrhea with soft, unformed stool2.3.182 cold diarrhea 寒 泄2.3.183 soggy diarrhea 濡 泄2.3.184 swill diarrhea 飧 泄2.3.185 sloppy stool 便 溏diarrhea caused by attack of cold on the gastrointestinaltractdiarrhea due to damage to the spleen by exuberantdampnessdiarrhea marked by watery stool containing undigestedfooddischarge of soft, unformed stools, the same as loosestool2.3.186stool sometimessloppy and sometimesbound溏 結 不 調stool that varies greatly in consistency


100Diagnostics - PalpationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.3.187stool containing pusand blood便 膿 血passage of blood, pus and mucus together with stool,a symptom usually indicating dysentery2.3.188 hard bound stool 大 便 硬 結 hardened feces difficult to evacuate2.3.189 dry stool大 便 乾 燥 ;燥 屎feces lacking moisture content, difficult to evacuate2.3.190 fecal incontinence 大 便 滑 脫inability to control defecation, with involuntarypassage of feces2.3.191spontaneousurination小 便 自 利spontaneous discharge of urine2.3.192 difficult urination 小 便 難 ; 癃 閉 difficulty in urination or anuria2.3.193 inhibited urination 小 便 不 利difficult discharge of urine, usually scanty in amount,the same as dysuria2.3.194 urinary incontinence 小 便 失 禁 failure of voluntary control of urination2.3.195 frequent urination 小 便 頻 數 increased frequency of urination2.3.196difficult painfulurination小 便 澁 痛uneasy and painful voiding of urine2.3.197 turbid urine小 便 渾 濁 ;尿 濁murky urine like rice water or grease2.3.198 dribbling urination 小 便 淋 漓dribbling discharge of urine with inability to achievea full stream2.3.199 reddish yellow urine 小 便 黃 赤 dark yellow or even reddish urine2.3.200 enuresis 遺 尿 involuntary discharge of urine during sleep2.3.201 impotence 陽 痿 lack of copulative power in the male2.3.202 poor libido 性 欲 淡 漠lack of desire for sexual gratification, the same as lowlibido2.3.203dreaming ofintercourse夢 交dreaming of performing coitus2.4.0 Palpation 切 診


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 101Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.1 palpation 切 診one of the four diagnostic examinations, includingtouching and pressing the body surface with the handor fingers2.4.2 pulse diagnosis 脈 診 examination of the pulse for making diagnosis2.4.3 take the pulse 切 脈examine the pulsation of blood vessels by feeling withthe fingertips2.4.4 pulse condition 脈 象 the condition of the pulse felt on examination2.4.5diseasecorrespondences ofthe pulse脈 象 主 病a certain type of pulse indicates a particular disease2.4.6three positions andnine indicators三 部 九 候(1) the upper, middle and lower arteries of the head,and the upper and lower limbs for pulse examination;(2) three sections of the radial artery at the wristdesignated as inch, bar and cubit, each felt with light,moderate and heavy force to study the superficial,medium and deep pulses, respectively2.4.7 wrist pulse 寸 口 ; 氣 口 the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the wrist2.4.8wrist pulse-takingmethod寸 口 診 法method of taking pulse at the radial artery of thewrist2.4.9cun/inch, guan/barand chi/cubit寸 關 尺the three sections over the radial artery for feeling thepulse: The bar/guan is just central to the radial styloidat the wrist, where the tip of the physician’s middlefinger is placed, the inch/cun is next to it on the distalside where the tip of the physician’s index finger rests,and the cubit/chi is on the proximal side where the tipof the physician’s ring finger is placed2.4.10pulse on the back ofthe wrist反 關 脈an anatomical anomaly of the radial artery whichmakes the pulse beat felt on the back of the wrist2.4.11 oblique-running pulse 斜 飛 脈2.4.12 carotid pulsation 人 迎2.4.13 anterior tibial pulse 趺 陽 脈an anatomical anomaly of the radial artery whichmakes the pulse beat felt running outwards from thecubit/chi to the back of the handpulsation of the carotid artery, easily felt beside thelaryngeal prominencethe artery whose pulsation can be easily felt at theinstep


102Diagnostics - PalpationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.14 normal pulse 平 脈 the pulse of a normal person2.4.15 morbid pulse 病 脈 a pulse indicating pathological changes2.4.16stomach, vitality androot胃 , 神 , 根the three qualities for a normal pulse: A normal pulseis regular, smooth and harmonious, indicating thepresence of stomach qi. It is supple and powerful,indicating the presence of vitality. It can be felt ondeep palpation, indicating the presence of root2.4.17 finger technique 指 法 the finger manipulation used in pulse examination2.4.18pulse-taking withfinger-tips指 目a form of pulse examination using only the tips of thefingers in contact with the pulse2.4.19 finger positioning 布 指 positioning of fingers in pulse examination2.4.20lifting, pressing andsearching擧 , 按 , 尋the three manipulations in pulse taking2.4.21pushing andsearching推 尋pushing and moving the finger to examine the pulse2.4.22pressing with onefinger單 按taking the pulse at each of the three sectionsindividually2.4.23simultaneouspalpation總 按taking the pulse of the three sections with three fingerssimultaneously2.4.24 vessel qi 脈 氣 qi flowing in the vessel2.4.25 tranquil pulse 脈 靜2.4.26 agitated pulse 脈 躁2.4.27 fulminating pulse 脈 暴 出pulse that becomes gentle, in the course of an illness,usually indicating improvement of the conditionpulse that becomes rapid and rushing, usuallyindicating deterioration of the conditionsudden throbbing of a hardly perceptible pulse,usually indicating a critical condition2.4.28pulse bereft ofstomach qi脈 無 胃 氣a pulse that has lost its usual rhythm, frequency andevenness, indicating lack of stomach qi2.4.29 floating pulse 浮 脈a superficially located pulse which can be felt by lighttouch and grows faint on hard pressure


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 103Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.30 sunken pulse 沈 脈2.4.31 slow pulse 遲 脈2.4.32 rapid pulse 數 脈2.4.33 surging pulse 洪 脈2.4.34 fine pulse 細 脈a deeply located pulse which can only be felt whenpressing hard, also called deep pulsea pulse with less than four beats to one cycle of thephysician’s respiration, the same as bradycardiaa pulse with more than five or six beats to one cycle ofthe physician’s respiration, the same as tachycardiaa pulse beating like dashing waves with forceful risingand gradual decline, also called flooding pulsea pulse as thin as a silk thread, straight and soft,feeble yet always perceptible upon hard pressure,also called thin/thready pulse2.4.35 vacuous pulse 虛 脈 a general term for a feeble and void pulse2.4.36 replete pulse 實 脈2.4.37 long pulse 長 脈2.4.38 short pulse 短 脈2.4.39 slippery pulse 滑 脈2.4.40 rough pulse 澁 脈2.4.41 string-like pulse 弦 脈a general term for a pulse felt forceful at all the threesections, cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit, alsocalled forceful pulsea pulse with beats of long duration, exceeding cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit sectionsa pulse with beats of short duration, only felt at guan/bar sectiona pulse coming and going smoothly like beads rollingon a platea pulse coming and going unsmoothly with small,fine, slow joggling tempo like scraping bamboo witha knifea straight, long and taut pulse, like a musical stringto the touch2.4.42 tight pulse 緊 脈 a pulse feeling like a tightly stretched cord2.4.43 soggy pulse 濡 脈2.4.44 moderate pulse 緩 脈a thin and floating pulse which can be felt on lightpressure, but growing faint upon hard pressurea pulse with four beats to one cycle of the physician’srespiration, even and harmonious in its form2.4.45 relaxed pulse 緩 脈 a pulse with decreased tension


104Diagnostics - PalpationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.46 faint pulse 微 脈 a thready and soft pulse, scarcely perceptible2.4.47 weak pulse 弱 脈 a pulse that is deep, soft, thin and forceless2.4.48 dissipated pulse 散 脈a pulse that feels diffusing and feeble upon a lighttouch and faint upon hard pressure2.4.49 hollow pulse 芤 脈 a floating, large, soft, and hollow pulse2.4.50 drumskin pulse 革 脈2.4.51 firm pulse 牢 脈2.4.52 hidden pulse 伏 脈2.4.53 stirred pulse 動 脈a pulse felt hard and hollow as if touching the surfaceof a druma broad, forceful and taut pulse, deeply seated andfelt only by hard pressurea pulse which can only be felt upon pressing to thebone, located deeper than sunken pulse or eventotally hiddena quick, jerky pulse, like a bouncing pea, slippery,rapid and forceful2.4.54 intermittent pulse 代 脈 a moderate weak pulse, pausing at regular intervals2.4.55 bound pulse 結 脈 a moderate weak pulse, pausing at irregular intervals2.4.56 skipping pulse 促 脈 a rapid pulse with irregular intermittence2.4.57 large pulse 大 脈 a broad pulse with a bigger amplitude than normal2.4.58 soft pulse 軟 脈 a pulse felt softer than normal2.4.59 racing pulse 疾 脈 a pulse having more than seven beats per respiration2.4.60 strange pulse 怪 脈 special pulses signifying critical conditions2.4.61 true visceral pulse 眞 臟 脈 a pulse condition indicating exhaustion of visceral qi2.4.62pecking sparrowpulse雀 啄 脈an urgent rapid pulse of irregular rhythm that stopsand starts, like a sparrow pecking for food2.4.63seething cauldronpulse釜 沸 脈an extremely rapid floating pulse that is all outwardmovement and no inward movement, also known asbubble-rising pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 105Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.64 waving fish pulse 魚 翔 脈2.4.65 darting shrimp pulse 蝦 遊 脈2.4.66 leaking roof pulse 屋 漏 脈2.4.67 untwining rope pulse 解 索 脈2.4.68 flicking stone pulse 彈 石 脈2.4.69 upturned knife pulse 偃 刀 脈2.4.70 spinning bean pulse 轉 豆 脈a pulse that seems to be yet seems not to be present,like a fish waving in the watera pulse that arrives almost imperceptibly and vanisheswith a flick, like a darting shrimpa pulse that comes at long and irregular intervals, likewater dripping from a leaky roofa pulse, not loose, not tight, with an irregular rhythmlike an untwining ropea sunken replete pulse that feels like flicking a stonewith a fingera pulse like a knife with the blade pointing upward,i.e., fine, string-like, and extremely tighta pulse that comes and goes away, elusive like aspinning bean2.4.71confused skippingpulse麻 促 脈a pulse extremely fine and faint, and urgent, skippingand chaotic2.4.72 anomalous pulse 離 經 脈2.4.73 body palpation 按 診a sudden change of pulse condition in a pregnantwoman when she is about to give birthexamination of the body surface by touch with thehand or fingers2.4.74abdominalexamination腹 診examination of the chest and abdomen by touchingand pressing in combination with other examinationsfor the purpose of determining a morbid condition indiagnosis2.4.75 cubit skin examination 診 尺 膚examination of the forearm with the hand fordetermining the texture of the skin, development ofthe muscles, and temperature of the extremities2.4.76apical impulseexamination診 虛 裏examination of the apical pulsation for determiningthe condition of the stomach qi and ancestral qi2.4.77 tapping examination 叩 擊 法examination of bone fracture or bone diseases withthe longitudinal force induced by knocking gently onthe distal end of the limb


106Diagnostics - Eight-Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.4.78acupuncture pointpalpation按 腧 穴palpation of the body surface at the sites ofacupuncture points which reflect the condition of thecorresponding visceral organs2.4.79 seven malign signs 七 惡2.4.80 five benign signs 五 善seven signs indicating a poor prognosis of externallesions, i.e., poor heart, poor liver, poor spleen, poorlung, poor kidney, deteriorated viscera, and exhaustedqi and bloodfive signs indicating a good prognosis of externallesions, i.e., good heart, good liver, good spleen,good lung and good kidney2.5.0Eight PrinciplePatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation八 綱 辨 證2.5.1Yin-Yang PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation陰 陽 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according toyin-yang theory, e.g., interior, cold, and deficiencypatterns/syndromes pertaining to yin, and exterior,heat, and excess patterns/syndromes pertaining toyang2.5.2 yin pattern/syndrome 陰 證a collective term for interior, cold and deficiencypatterns/syndromes with inhibitory, hypofunctional,quiescent or dimmed manifestations, or inward anddownward symptoms, as well as morbid conditionscaused by pathogenic factors of yin nature2.5.3yang pattern/syndrome陽 證a collective term for exterior, heat and excess patterns/syndromes with excitatory, hyperfunctional, restlessor bright manifestations, or outward and upwardsymptoms, as well as morbid conditions caused bypathogenic factors of yang nature2.5.4pattern/syndrome ofyin-yang disharmony陰 陽 失 調 證any pattern/syndrome in which yin and yang are outof balance2.5.5yang damagepattern/syndrome傷 陽 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by damage to yangresulting from various causes such as exuberanceof yin-cold in the interior, excessive use of coldnaturedmedicinals, excessive sweating or diarrhea,usually manifested as fear of cold, pale complexion,spontaneous sweating, cold extremities and faint oreven hardly perceptible pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 107Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.6yin damage pattern/syndrome傷 陰 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by damage to yin,often resulting from invasion of heat pathogen or inadvanced cases of febrile disease with impairmentof the liver and kidney yin, usually manifested aslow fever, heat sensation in the palms and soles,emaciation, thirst, malar flush, dry and scarlet redtongue, and fine, feeble and rapid pulse2.5.7yin deficiency pattern/syndrome陰 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yinfluid and essence, incapable of restraining yang andusually manifested by emaciation, dizziness, tinnitus,dryness of the mouth and throat, constipation, darkcoloredurine, afternoon fever, malar flush, nightsweats, reddened tongue with scanty coating and rapidfine pulse; in Kampo medicine, it is understood as“yin pattern in combination with deficiency pattern”2.5.8yang deficiencypattern/syndrome陽 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yangqi with reduction in its warming and activating power,manifested by intolerance of cold, cold extremities,spontaneous sweating, loose bowel, long voidings ofclear urine, pale tongue, and deep and weak pulse;in Kampo medicine, it is understood as “yang patternin combination with excess pattern”2.5.9pattern/syndrome ofdual deficiency of yinand yang陰 陽 兩 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of bothyin fluid and yang qi of the bowels and viscera, usuallymanifested as dizziness, tinnitus, lassitude, aversion tocold with cold limbs or vexing heat in the chest, palmsor soles, palpitations, lumbar soreness, pale and drytongue, and rapid weak pulse2.5.10pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withinternal heat陰 虛 內 熱 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yinfluid with endogenous heat, usually manifested bypersistent low fever or afternoon tidal fever, heatsensation in the chest, palms and soles, malar flush,night sweats, dry mouth with desire for drink, shortvoidings of dark-colored urine, constipation, reddenedtongue lacking moisture and rapid fine pulse2.5.11pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency witheffulgent fire陰 虛 火 旺 證a pattern/syndrome of effulgent fire arising from yinfluid deficiency, manifested by vexation, insomnia,dry throat and mouth, night sweating, nocturnalemission flushed cheeks, bone-steaming tidal fever,dry and bound stool, short voidings of yellow urine,or hemoptysis, epistaxis, reddened tongue lackingmoisture, or ulceration on the tongue and rapid finepulse


108Diagnostics - Eight-Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.12pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withyang hyperactivity陰 虛 陽 亢 證a pattern/syndrome of yin fluid deficiency with yanghyperactivity, marked by tidal fever, night sweating,flushed cheeks, dizziness, blurred vision, agitation,insomnia, reddened tongue with scanty coating andrapid fine pulse2.5.13pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withfluid depletion陰 虛 津 虧 證a pattern/syndrome of yin fluid deficiency, manifestedby dire thirst, dry skin, sunken eyes, short voidings ofyellow urine, dry and bound stool, vexing heat in thechest, palms and soles, emaciation, night sweats,reddened tongue with scanty coating and rapid finepulse2.5.14pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withwater retention陰 虛 水 停 證a pattern/syndrome of yin fluid deficiency complicatedwith retention of water, manifested by localized edemaof limbs, reduced passage of urine, dry throat andmouth, vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles,constipation, reddened tongue with scanty coatingand rapid fine pulse2.5.15pattern/syndromeof yin deficiency anddampness-heat陰 虛 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome of yin-fluid deficiency complicatedwith dampness-heat obstruction, manifested by lowfever, night sweating, flushed cheeks in the afternoon,vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles, bitterand greasy taste in the mouth, cumbersome limbs,reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating, and rapidfine pulse2.5.16pattern/syndromeof yin deficiency andblood stasis陰 虛 血 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome of yin fluid deficiency complicatedwith blood stasis, manifested by vexing heat in thechest, palms and soles, dry throat and mouth, low feverin the afternoon, local stabbing pain, expectoration ofdark blood with clots, purple spots on the tongue, andfine rough (choppy) pulse2.5.17pattern/syndrome ofyang deficiency withqi stagnation陽 虛 氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome of qi stagnation arising fromyang deficiency, manifested by aversion to cold, coldlimbs, pale complexion, painful distention in thechest, epigastrium and abdomen, borborygmi, sloppystools, long voidings of clear urine, pale and enlargedtongue, and slow, sunken and weak pulse2.5.18pattern/syndrome ofyang deficiency withdampness obstruction陽 虛 濕 阻 證a pattern/syndrome of dampness obstruction attributedto insufficient yang qi with disordered qi transformation,manifested by aversion to cold, cumbersome limbs,edema, inhibited urine, sloppy stool, reduced foodintake and abdominal distension,


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 109Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionpale and plump tongue with white slimy or slipperycoating, and slow, sunken and weak pulse2.5.19pattern/syndrome ofyang deficiency withwater flood陽 虛 水 泛 證a pattern/syndrome arising when yang deficiency ofthe spleen and kidney leads to retention of water inthe body, usually manifested by generalized edema,inhibited urine, palpitation, dyspnea, aversion tocold with cold limbs, abdominal distension, soggydiarrhea, pale and plump tongue with white slipperycoating, and slow, sunken and weak pulse2.5.20pattern/syndrome ofyang deficiency withcongealing phlegm陽 虛 痰 凝 證a pattern/syndrome of insufficient yang qi complicatedwith congealing phlegm, manifested by aversion tocold, cold limbs, dizziness, somnolence, oppressionin the chest with profuse phlegm, obesity, or goiter,swollen inflamed lymph glands, breast nodules,swollen and stiff joints, slimy tongue coating andslippery pulse2.5.21pattern/syndrome ofyang deficiency withcongealing cold陽 虛 寒 凝 證a pattern/syndrome marked by aversion to cold, coldlimbs, pain in the chest, epigastrium, abdomen, waistand knees relieved by warmth, and in women, lateperiods, painful periods, menstrual discharge of darkblood and clots, pale and enlarged tongue with whiteslippery coating, and slow sunken pulse2.5.22yin-blood depletionpattern/syndrome陰 血 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by emaciation, sallowcomplexion, low fever, flushed cheeks, numb limbs,dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations, insomnia,reddened tongue with scanty coating and rapid finepulse2.5.23pattern/syndrome ofyin exuberance withyang debilitation陰 盛 陽 衰 證a pattern/syndrome arising when exuberant yincold leads to debilitation of yang qi, manifested byaversion to cold, cold limbs, long voidings of clearurine, diarrhea, or cold pain with preference forwarmth, pale tongue with white coating, and slowsunken pulse2.5.24pattern/syndromeof exuberant yinrepelling yang陰 盛 格 陽 證a pattern/syndrome in which exuberant internal coldforces yang qi to the outer body, giving rise to signs oftrue internal cold and false external heat2.5.25pattern/syndromeof detriment to yinaffecting yang陰 損 及 陽 證a pattern/syndrome arising when long-term depletionof yin fluid causes damage to yang, resulting indeficiency of both yin and yang, in which yin deficiencyis primary while yang deficiency secondary


110Diagnostics - Eight-Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.26pattern/syndromeof detriment to yangaffecting yin陽 損 及 陰 證a pattern/syndrome arising when long-termdebilitation of yang qi causes damage to yin, resultingin deficiency of both yin and yang, in which yangdeficiency is primary while yin deficiency secondary2.5.27pattern/syndrome ofyin exhaustion andyang collapse陰 竭 陽 脫 證a critical pattern/syndrome of yin-essence exhaustionfollowed by yang collapse2.5.28pattern/syndrome ofclear yang failing toascend淸 陽 不 升 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness, blurredvision, tinnitus and impaired hearing, aversion to coldwith lack of warmth in the extremities, lassitude andlack of strength, anorexia, sloppy stool, pale tonguewith white coating, and relaxed weak pulse2.5.29upcast yang pattern/syndrome戴 陽 證a critical pattern/syndrome of true lower body coldand false upper body heat characterized by palecomplexion with tidal reddening of the cheeks2.5.30yin collapse pattern/syndrome亡 陰 證a serious pattern/syndrome resulting from exhaustionof yin fluid, manifested by thirst and craving for colddrink, flushed face, restlessness, dry tongue and rapidfine pulse2.5.31yang collapsepattern/syndrome亡 陽 證 ;陽 脫 證a serious pattern/syndrome resulting from exhaustionof yang qi, manifested by pallor, dripping of coldsweats, cold limbs, pale and moistened tongue, andhardly perceptible pulse2.5.32Exterior-InteriorPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation表 裏 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according tothe location of the disease, in the exterior or in theinterior, superficially seated or deeply seated2.5.33exterior pattern/syndrome表 證a general term for patterns/syndromes that occurchiefly at the early stage of external contractionsaffecting the exterior part of the body, characterizedby a sudden onset, aversion to cold or to wind, fever,headache, generalized pain, thin tongue coating, andfloating pulse2.5.34interior pattern/syndrome裏 證a general term for patterns/syndromes that indicatethe existence of disease in the interior of the bodysuch as bowels and viscera, qi and blood, or bonemarrow


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 111Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.35half-exterior halfinteriorpattern/syndrome半 表 半 裏 證a variety of patterns/syndromes due to afflictionlocated between the exterior and interior of the body,marked by alternate fever and chills, fullness andchoking feeling in the chest and costal region, bittertaste in the mouth, dry throat, nausea and loss ofappetite, and string-like pulse2.5.36exterior cold pattern/syndrome表 寒 證 ; 風 寒束 表 證a pattern/syndrome arising when wind-cold invadesthe exterior and characterized by pronounced aversionto cold with mild fever, headache, generalized pain,absence of sweating, thin white tongue coating, andtight floating pulse, the same as the pattern/syndromeof wind-cold fettering the exterior2.5.37exterior heat pattern/syndrome表 熱 證 ;風 熱 犯 表 證 ;風 熱 襲 表 證a pattern/syndrome arising when wind-heat invadesthe exterior and characterized by marked fever withmild aversion to wind and cold, headache, sorethroat, sweating and thirst, thin yellow tongue coatingand rapid floating pulse, the same as the pattern/syndrome of wind-heat invading the exterior2.5.38exterior deficiencypattern/syndrome表 虛 證a type of exterior pattern/syndrome resulting fromattack by wind while the body’s resistance is lowered,manifested by intolerance of wind, persistent sweating,fever, headache, thin white tongue coating, andfloating relaxed pulse2.5.39exterior excesspattern/syndrome表 實 證an exterior pattern/syndrome with fever, aversion tocold, headache and generalized aching, forceful ortight floating pulse and absence of sweating, showingthe external part of the body being attacked by cold,yet the patient’s defense qi is not damaged2.5.40pattern/syndromeof wind-dampnessassailing the exterior風 濕 襲 表 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from wind-dampnessinvading the exterior part of the body, manifested byheavy cumbersome limbs, dizziness with heavy head,aversion to cold, fever not relieved after sweating,oppression in the chest, no desire to drink, white slimytongue coating and soggy relaxed pulse2.5.41pattern/syndromeof summerheatdampnessassailingthe exterior暑 濕 襲 表 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from summerheatdampnessattacking the exterior part of the body,manifested by fever, slight aversion to wind and cold,fatigued and cumbersome body, heavy head as ifswathed, grimy face, thirst and vexation, reddenedtongue with yellow slimy coating and rapid soggypulse


112Diagnostics - Eight-Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.42defense-exteriorinsecurity pattern/syndrome衛 表 不 固 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fear of cold,spontaneous sweating, shortness of breath, lack ofstrength, pale tongue and weak pulse2.5.43interior cold pattern/syndrome裏 寒 證a type of interior pattern/syndrome attributable todeficiency of yang qi of bowels and viscera or externalcold directly attacking on or passing to the interior,mainly manifested by intolerance of cold with coldlimbs, somber white complexion, absence of thirst orliking for hot drinks, long voidings of clear urine, paletongue with white moistened coating and slow sunkenpulse2.5.44interior heat pattern/syndrome裏 熱 證a type of interior pattern/syndrome with exuberantheat arising when external pathogens enter the internalorgans and transform into heat, mainly manifested byfever with sweating, thirst with intake of fluid, vexation,bitter taste in the mouth, short voiding of reddishurine, a reddened tongue with yellow coating, andrapid surging or rapid string-like pulse2.5.45interior deficiencypattern/syndrome裏 虛 證a type of interior pattern/syndrome attributable todeficiency of qi, blood, yin, and yang of the internalorgans with diminished function, usually manifestedby shortage of qi, reluctance to speak, listlessness,lassitude, palpitations, dizziness, tinnitus, decreasedfood intake, aching lumbus and limp knees, paletender-soft tongue and weak pulse2.5.46interior excesspattern/syndrome裏 實 證(1) any pattern/syndrome resulting from externalpathogen transforming into heat and enteringthe interior to bind in the stomach and intestines,manifested by high fever, vexing thirst, abdominalpain and constipation; (2) a general term for patterns/syndromes caused by retention of phlegm, bloodstasis, food stagnation or accumulation of parasiticworms2.5.47pattern/syndromeof dual exterior andinterior cold表 裏 俱 寒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when cold pathogenattacks the exterior and interior of the bodysimultaneously, usually manifested by aversion to coldwith cold limbs, headache and generalized pain, coldpain in the abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea, coughand dyspnea with whitish expectoration, pale tonguewith white coating and tight pulse, also called theexterior-interior cold pattern/syndrome


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 113Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.48pattern/syndromeof dual exterior andinterior heat表 裏 俱 熱 證a heat pattern/syndrome involving both the exterior andthe interior, caused either by heat pathogen enteringthe interior before the exterior pattern/syndrome isresolved or by superimposition of an exterior pattern/syndrome of newly contracted warm disease on a preexistinginterior pattern/syndrome, usually manifestedby fever, aversion to wind, headache, flushed face,thirst, vexation or even delirium, constipation, darkcoloredurine, reddened tongue with dry yellowcoating and rapid forceful floating pulse, also calledthe exterior-interior heat pattern/syndrome2.5.49pattern/syndromeof dual exterior andinterior excess表 裏 俱 實 證an excess pattern/syndrome involving both the exteriorand interior, usually manifested by fever withoutsweating, headache with stiff painful nape, irritability,abdominal distension and constipation2.5.50pattern/syndromeof dual exterior andinterior deficiency表 裏 俱 虛 證a deficiency pattern/syndrome involving both theexterior and the interior, usually manifested by sweatingwith aversion to wind, shortage of qi and reluctanceto speak, decreased food intake, loose bowels, paletongue and weak pulse2.5.51pattern/syndromeof exterior cold andinterior heat表 寒 裏 熱 證 ;外 寒 裏 熱 證(1) a pattern/syndrome in which cold pathogenfetters the exterior and depressed heat stays in theinterior, mainly manifested by fever without sweatand with aversion to cold, headache and generalizedpain, vexation, shortness of breath, fullness of thechest, thirst, reddened tongue with mixed yellow andwhite coating, and floating tight pulse; (2) a pattern/syndrome marked by true heat in the interior withexternal pseudo-cold manifestations2.5.52pattern/syndromeof exterior heat andinterior cold表 熱 裏 寒 證a pattern/syndrome with pre-existing insufficientyang qi complicated by contraction of wind-heat,manifested by fever, slight aversion to cold, headacheand generalized pain, cough, loose bowels, paleand flabby tongue with thin yellow coating and rapidfloating pulse2.5.53pattern/syndrome ofexterior deficiencyand interior excess表 虛 裏 實 證a pattern/syndrome in which insufficiency of defenseis complicated by pathogens bound in the interior,manifested by symptoms of exterior deficiency such asaversion to wind and spontaneous sweating, togetherwith symptoms of interior excess such as abdominalpain, constipation and yellow thick tongue coating


114Diagnostics - Eight-Principle Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.54pattern/syndrome ofexterior excess andinterior deficiency表 實 裏 虛 證a pattern/syndrome in which exterior excessand interior deficiency occurring simultaneously,manifested by aversion to cold, fever with absenceof sweating, listlessness and lassitude, shortness ofbreath, anorexia, palpitations, white tongue coatingand floating pulse2.5.55pattern/syndrome ofinternal block andexternal collapse內 閉 外 脫 證a pattern/syndrome in which excess pathogens aretrapped in the interior (as manifested by fever, coughand dyspnea, or by abdominal pain with tenesmus, orby constipation and urinary block, or by colicky painin the chest, epigastrium and abdomen) while thehealthy qi collapses (as manifested by pallor, reversalcold of limbs, cold dripping sweats, feeble breathingand scarcely perceptible pulse)2.5.56Cold-Heat PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation寒 熱 辨 證a method of pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation in which symptoms are categorized asheat or cold, thereby determining the nature of thedisease2.5.57cold pattern/syndrome寒 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused eitherby external cold pathogen or by insufficient yang withinthe body, commonly manifested by aversion to coldor fear of cold, cold pain with preference for heat,absence of thirst, thin clear sputum and nasal mucus,long voidings of clear urine, loose bowels, white facialcomplexion, pale tongue with white coating, and tightor slow pulse2.5.58heat pattern/syndrome熱 證a general term for patterns/syndromes resulting eitherfrom attack of external heat or from prevalence ofyang qi, usually manifested by fever, aversion to heatand liking for cold, thirst, flushed face, irritability andvexation, thick yellow sputum and nasal mucus, shortvoidings of dark-colored urine, constipation, reddenedtongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse2.5.59cold-heat complexpattern/syndrome寒 熱 錯 雜 證any pattern/syndrome characterized by complicatedheat and cold conditions such as heat in the upperpart with cold in the lower part of the body, cold in theupper part with heat in lower part of the body, heatin the exterior and cold in the interior of the body,or cold in the exterior and heat in the interior of thebody


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 115Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.60upper cold andlower heat pattern/syndrome上 寒 下 熱 證any pattern/syndrome with cold symptoms in the upperpart of the body and heat symptoms in the lower2.5.61upper heat andlower cold pattern/syndrome上 熱 下 寒 證any pattern/syndrome with heat symptoms in the upperpart of the body and cold symptoms in the lower2.5.62true cold withfalse heat pattern/syndrome眞 寒 假 熱 證a pattern/syndrome arising when exuberant internalcold forces yang qi to outer body, manifested bysubjective feverishness, flushing face, agitation, thirstand sore throat occurring simultaneously with coolnessof the chest and abdomen to touch, reversal cold ofthe limbs, long voidings of clear urine, diarrhea withundigested food, and pale tongue with white coatingand sunken string-like pulse2.5.63true heat withfalse cold pattern/syndrome眞 熱 假 寒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when exuberant pathogenicheat entraps yang qi in the interior, manifested by coldlimbs, aversion to cold or even shivering, impairedconsciousness, dark purple complexion, but on theother hand, high fever with the chest and abdomenhot to touch and hot breath exhaled from the mouthand nose, fetid mouth odor, coarse breathing, strongthirst, short voidings of yellow urine, reddened tonguewith yellow dry coating and rapid string-like pulse2.5.64heat block pattern/syndrome熱 閉 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when a heat pathogencongests in the bowels, viscera and meridians/channels, blocking normal movement out of thebody2.5.65pattern/syndromeof extreme heatengendering wind熱 極 生 風 證 ;熱 極 動 風 證a liver wind pattern/syndrome attributed to exuberantpathogenic heat, and marked by high fever withrestlessness, convulsions, opisthotonos, and impairedconsciousness2.5.66Deficiency-ExcessPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation虛 實 辨 證categorization of pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation in which the strength of the healthy qiand pathogenic qi are compared, thereby determiningthe nature of the disease2.5.67deficiency pattern/syndrome虛 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused bydeficiency of the healthy qi (including deficiency ofyin, yang, qi and blood)


116Diagnostics - Disease Cause Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.5.68excess pattern/syndrome實 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused byexternal pathogenic factors such as six excesses,pestilential pathogens, worms and toxins, or byaccumulated pathological products due to dysfunctionof internal organs, such as phlegm, retained fluid,water, dampness, pus, static blood and retained food2.5.69deficiency coldpattern/syndrome虛 寒 證a cold pattern/syndrome arising from deficiency ofyang qi, the same as the yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.70deficiency heatpattern/syndrome虛 熱 證a heat pattern/syndrome caused by deficiency of yin,qi, blood or fluids2.5.71deficiency-excesscomplex pattern/syndrome虛 實 挾 雜 證a pattern/syndrome arising from struggle between thehealthy and pathogenic qi while excessive pathogensand insufficient healthy qi exist simultaneously2.5.72upper exuberanceand lower deficiencypattern/syndrome上 盛 下 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by yin deficiency of theliver and kidney in the lower part of the body togetherwith accumulation of qi, static blood or phlegm in theupper part of the body, the same as the excess aboveand deficiency below pattern/syndrome2.5.73true deficiency withfalse excess pattern/syndrome眞 虛 假 實 證any pattern/syndrome deficient in nature showingsome deceptive symptoms of excess2.5.74true excess with falsedeficiency pattern/syndrome眞 實 假 虛 證any pattern/syndrome excess in nature showing somedeceptive symptoms of deficiency2.5.75essential qi deficiencypattern/syndrome精 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome arising from deficiency ofessential qi, marked by emaciation, dizziness, tinnitus,short and slight of stature, slow in movements, lowintelligence, or by infertility, sterility, impotence andpremature ejaculation2.6.0DiseaseCause PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation病 因 辨 證


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 117Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.1disease cause patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation病 因 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according topathological conditions attributable to different kindsof causal factors for making diagnosis2.6.2external wind pattern/syndrome外 風 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused byexternal wind pathogen alone or together with otherpathogenic factors such as dampness, heat, orpestilent toxin2.6.3internal wind pattern/syndrome內 風 證any pattern/syndrome of internal wind stirring in theinterior, manifested by dizziness and blurred vision,numbness of the limbs, tremors, convulsions orpruritus2.6.4wind-stroke blockpattern/syndrome中 風 閉 證a pattern/syndrome of wind-stroke characterized byblockage of the orifices manifested by sudden lossof consciousness, hemiplegia, clenched jaw andclenched hands2.6.5wind-stroke collapsepattern/syndrome中 風 脫 證a pattern/syndrome of wind-stroke characterized bydesertion of yang qi, manifested by sudden loss ofconsciousness, closed eyes with opened mouth, faintbreathing, flaccid paralysis of the limbs, profuse coldsweats, and incontinence of urine and feces2.6.6excess heat pattern/syndrome實 熱 證a pattern/syndrome caused by excessive pathogenicheat while the body resistance is still sufficient withintense reaction, marked by high fever with restlessness,constipation, large or slippery rapid pulse2.6.7excess cold pattern/syndrome實 寒 證any pattern/syndrome due to contraction of yin cold2.6.8pattern/syndrome ofcold in the middle中 寒 證a deficiency-cold pattern/syndrome of the middleenergizer arising from insufficiency of yang qi andimpaired splenic transportation and transformation,manifested by abdominal pain that can be relievedby warmth and pressure, cold limbs, reduced foodintake, loose stool, etc.2.6.9summerheat pattern/syndrome暑 證any pattern/syndrome resulting from contraction ofsummerheat and marked by high fever with sweating,thirst, shortness of breath, lassitude, cumbersomelimbs, short voidings of dark-colored urine, reddenedtongue and rapid vacuous pulse


118Diagnostics - Disease Cause Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.10dampness pattern/syndrome濕 證any pattern/syndrome resulting from contraction ofexternal dampness or from dampness arising within,marked by physical fatigue, heavy cumbersomelimbs, heavy-headedness, poor appetite, abdominaldistention, sloppy stool, slippery and slimy tonguecoating, and soggy relaxed pulse2.6.11external drynesspattern/syndrome外 燥 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused byclimatic dryness, commonly manifested by dry skin,dry nose, mouth and throat or dry cough2.6.12internal drynesspattern/syndrome內 燥 證any pattern/syndrome of dryness due to consumptionof body fluids, manifested by emaciation, withered skin,dry throat, parched lips, thirst, oliguria, constipation,furless reddened tongue and rapid fine pulse2.6.13cool dryness pattern/syndrome凉 燥 證pattern/syndrome due to coolness and dryness inautumn, marked by headache, more chills than fever,absence of sweating, dryness of the nasal cavity andlips, cough with scanty expectoration, thin and drywhitish tongue fur, and floating and tense pulse2.6.14warm drynesspattern/syndrome溫 燥 證pattern/syndrome caused by exopathic warmthand dryness in autumn, marked by fever with slightaversion to wind and cold, dryness of the nasal cavityand lips, thirst, dry cough with scanty expectoration,fidgetiness, thin yellowish tongue fur, and rapid andfloating pulse2.6.15pattern/syndrome ofdryness affecting theclear orifices燥 乾 淸 竅 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dry nose, mouth andeyes with lack of nasal mucus, saliva and tears2.6.16dryness bind pattern/syndrome燥 結 證a pattern/syndrome marked by constipation due todeficiency of fluids in the gastrointestinal tract2.6.17excess fire pattern/syndrome實 火 證a pattern/syndrome caused by intense pathogenic fire,most commonly affecting the stomach and intestinesor the liver and gallbladder, and characterized by highfever, headache, red eyes, bitter taste in the mouth,dry mouth and thirst for cold drink2.6.18fire-heat pattern/syndrome火 熱 證any pattern/syndrome of heat and fire, eithercontracted externally or engendered internally


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 119Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.19pattern/syndrome ofdeficiency fire flamingupward虛 火 上 炎 證a pattern/syndrome arising when insufficient yin failsto inhibit fire, marked by dry and sore throat, vexation,insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus, forgetfulness, heat in thepalms and soles, night sweating, or red eyes, ulcersof the tongue or mouth, reddened tender-soft tongueand rapid fine pulse2.6.20 pus pattern/syndrome 膿 證a pattern/syndrome marked by purulent dischargefrom an ulcerative lesion with stinking fetid smell,accompanied by fever, thirst, curdy and slimy tonguecoating, and rapid slippery pulse2.6.21food accumulationpattern/syndrome食 積 證a pattern/syndrome marked by epigastric andabdominal distention, vomiting of sour matter,anorexia, offensive odor of stools, curdy and slimytongue coating, the same as the food stagnationpattern/syndrome2.6.22worm accumulationpattern/syndrome蟲 積 證a general term for patterns/syndromes caused byintestinal accumulation of parasitic worms, oftenmarked by abdominal distention or pain, emaciation,lack of strength and sallow complexion2.6.23wind-phlegm pattern/syndrome風 痰 證a pattern/syndrome attributable either to externalwind with phlegm or to liver wind with phlegm,marked by expectoration of foamy sputum, fullnessand oppression in the chest, dizziness, and distendingpain of the head and eyes, or marked by phlegmaticsounds in the throat, numbness of limbs, and evenloss of consciousness with aphasia, and deviated eyeand mouth2.6.24cold-phlegm pattern/syndrome寒 痰 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cough with whitishexpectoration, dyspnea or wheezing, aversion to coldwith cold limbs, white slimy tongue coating, and wiryslippery or tense pulse2.6.25heat-phlegm pattern/syndrome熱 痰 證a pattern/syndrome arising when turbid phlegmcombined with pathogenic heat accumulates in thelung and harasses the heart, marked by cough withyellowish expectoration, vexing stuffiness in the chest,fever, thirst, palpitations, insomnia, short voidings ofdeep-colored urine, reddened tongue with yellowgreasy slimy coating and rapid slippery pulse


120Diagnostics - Disease Cause Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.26dryness-phlegmpattern/syndrome燥 痰 證a pattern/syndrome due to accumulation of drynessheatand phlegm-turbidity in the lung, marked bycough with scanty sticky sputum difficult to spit out,or blood streaked sputum, chest pain with oppressionfeeling, dry nose and mouth, tongue with scantymoisture but slimy coating, and thin choppy pulse2.6.27blood stasis-phlegmpattern/syndrome瘀 痰 證a pattern/syndrome arising when turbid phlegmcombined with static blood obstructs the qi movement,marked by formation of masses with local stabbingpain, or numbness and wilting of the limb, oppressionin the chest with expectoration of profuse sputum ordark bloody sputum, purple tongue or purple spots onthe tongue, slimy coating and string-like rough pulse2.6.28purulent phlegmpattern/syndrome膿 痰 證a pattern/syndrome marked by expectoration of pusor purulent sputum2.6.29dampness-phlegmpattern/syndrome濕 痰 證a pattern/syndrome due to accumulation of dampnessphlegm in the lung, marked by cough with profuseexpectoration, heaviness sensation of the limbs,feeling of stuffiness in the chest, reduced food intake,stickiness of the mouth, white slimy tongue coatingand slippery pulse2.6.30pattern/syndrome ofbinding of phlegmand qi痰 氣 互 結 證a pattern/syndrome marked by depressed mood,insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, a sensation ofa foreign body in the throat which can be neitherswallowed nor ejected, fullness and oppression in thechest, and profuse sputum; white and slimy tonguecoating, and slippery string-like pulse2.6.31pattern/syndrome ofinternal harassmentof phlegm-heat痰 熱 內 擾 證a pattern/syndrome arising when phlegm-heat disturbsthe spirit and impedes the qi movement, marked bycough with yellow thick expectoration, dyspnea, fever,thirst, vexation, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleeping,reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating and rapidslippery pulse2.6.32pattern/syndromeof internal block ofphlegm-heat痰 熱 內 閉 證a pattern/syndrome arising when phlegm-heat inthe interior obstructs and blocks the heart-spirit,manifested by impaired consciousness, deliriumor mania associated with fullness, oppression andscorching pain in the chest, cough, dyspnea andexpectoration of yellow thick sputum, fever, and thirst,or in some cases, sudden onset of unconsciousnesswith whizzing in the throat, reddened tongue withyellow slimy coating and slippery pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 121Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.33pattern/syndrome ofphlegm- heat stirringwind痰 熱 動 風 證a pattern/syndrome marked by convulsions orvertigo associated with fullness and oppression in thechest, cough, dyspnea and expectoration of yellowthick sputum, fever, thirst, or nausea and vomiting,reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating and rapidslippery pulse2.6.34pattern/syndromeof lingering phlegmnodule痰 核 留 結 證a pattern/syndrome marked by lumps below the skinparticularly of the neck, which are movable, round,firm and slippery under the finger, without redness,hotness or pain2.6.35pattern/syndromeof blood stasis withwind-dryness血 瘀 風 燥 證a pattern/syndrome arising when internally retainedstatic blood gives rise to dryness and wind, andmanifested by encrusted skin, desquamation anditching, associated with vertigo, numbness of the limb,purplish tongue or appearance of purple spots on thetongue, and fine choppy pulse2.6.36pattern/syndromeof blood stasis withwater retention血 瘀 水 停 證a pattern/syndrome marked by formation of massin the abdomen with stabbing pain, enlarged anddistended abdomen, inhibited urination, purplishtongue or appearance of purple spots on the tongue,and fine choppy pulse2.6.37pattern/syndrome ofinternal obstruction ofcold-dampness寒 濕 內 阻 證a pattern/syndrome marked by heaviness feeling ofthe head and body, joint pain with inhibited bendingand stretching, absence of sweat, or edema of theface and limbs, loose stools, and dysuria; white andmoistened tongue coating and slippery pulse2.6.38pattern/syndrome ofcongealing cold withblood stasis寒 凝 血 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome arising when pathogenic coldobstructs qi movement and blood flow, manifested bypain aggravated by cold and alleviated by warmth,cold and cyanotic limbs, and delayed menstruation,painful periods, menstrual discharge of dark purpleblood with clots, dark purple tongue with whitecoating, and sunken, slow and choppy pulse2.6.39blood cold pattern/syndrome血 寒 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when congealing coldand qi stagnation inhibit the movement of blood andgive rise to blood stasis, commonly manifested by coldpain of the extremities with dark purple skin or crampsin the lesser abdomen that are relieved by warmth andexacerbated by cold, delayed menstruation and darkpurple menstrual discharge with blood clots, whitetongue coating and sunken, slow and choppy pulse


122Diagnostics - Disease Cause Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.40pattern/syndrome ofretained dampnessheattoxin濕 熱 毒 蘊 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swelling,ulceration and exudation of the hand, foot, ear, nose,head, face or genital region, or by fever, jaundice,impaired consciousness, eruptions, reddened tongueand rapid soggy pulse2.6.41pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatpouring downward濕 熱 下 注 證a pattern/syndrome marked by frequent and painfulurination, or yellow fetid discharge from the vagina,or ulceration of the leg with purulent discharge2.6.42pattern/syndromeof pestilential toxinpouring downward瘟 毒 下 注 證a pattern/syndrome marked by downward pouring ofthe pestilential toxin, e.g., painful swelling of the testisin mumps2.6.43wind-toxin pattern/syndrome風 毒 證a pattern/syndrome due to wind-toxin attack on theskin and flesh, marked by sudden onset of edema,with numbness, itching and pain, or appearance ofwheals, redness and swelling of face, eyes, nose andmouth2.6.44wind-fire-heat toxinpattern/syndrome風 火 熱 毒 證a pattern/syndrome due to accumulation of wind-fireheattoxin in the skin and flesh, marked by formation ofboils, abscess or carbuncle accompanied by itching,numbness and scorching pain or suppuration andulceration accompanied by high fever, crimson tonguewith brownish yellow coating and rapid surging pulse2.6.45fire toxin pattern/syndrome火 毒 證a pattern/syndrome caused by toxin derivedfrom exuberant heat-fire retaining in the skin andsubcutaneous tissue, marked by local redness, swellingand burning pain, followed by abscess formation andaccompanied by fever, thirst, reddened tongue withyellow coating, and rapid pulse2.6.46pattern/syndrome ofinward invasion offire toxin火 毒 內 陷 證a syndrome arising when exuberant fire-heat toxinpenetrates into the internal organs, usually manifestedby high fever with thirst, delirium, constipation, darkcoloredurine, crimson tongue with yellow coatingand rapid sunken pulse2.6.47yin toxin pattern/syndrome陰 毒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when toxin derivedfrom yin-cold accumulates, usually manifested bylocal diffuse swelling with cold pain that is relievedby warmth and failure to suppurate and rupture, orcontains thin foul-smelling pus, accompanied byaversion to cold and cold limbs, white tongue coatingand sunken pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 123Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.48pattern/syndromeof inward attack ofsnake venom蛇 毒 內 攻 證a pattern/syndrome arising after snake-bite when thesnake venom invades the internal organs, markedby headache and dizziness, oppression in the chest,dyspnea, cold sweats and cold limbs, or loss ofconsciousness2.6.49calculus obstructionpattern/syndrome石 阻 證a pattern/syndrome caused by calculus obstruction,marked by distending pain or colicky pain in the righthypochondrium or in the lumbar region referring tothe lesser abdomen2.6.50wind-cold pattern/syndrome風 寒 證a pattern/syndrome caused by externally contractedwind and cold, and manifested by pronouncedaversion to cold with mild fever, headache, generalizedpain, absence of sweating, stuffy and runny nose withwatery discharge, thin white and moistened tonguecoating, and floating pulse2.6.51wind-heat pattern/syndrome風 熱 證a pattern/syndrome caused by externally contractedwind and heat, and manifested by pronounced feverand mild aversion to cold, cough, thirst, reddenedtongue margins and tip, slightly yellow coating andrapid floating pulse2.6.52wind-fire pattern/syndrome風 火 證a pattern/syndrome caused by externally contractedwind and fire in combination2.6.53wind-dampnesspattern/syndrome風 濕 證a pattern/syndrome caused by externally contractedwind and dampness in combination, manifested bygeneralized pain, heaviness feeling of the body, jointpain with inhibited articular movement2.6.54wind-dryness pattern/syndrome風 燥 證a pattern/syndrome caused by externally contractedwind and dryness in combination, and manifestedby headache, fever, aversion to wind, absence ofsweating, dry nose, lips, throat and skin, dry cough,thin and dry tongue coating2.6.55heat toxin pattern/syndrome熱 毒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when accumulatedpathogenic fire-heat is transformed into toxin andmanifesting in boils, sores, and eruptive diseases2.6.56dampness toxinpattern/syndrome濕 毒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when accumulateddampness turns into toxin and marked by a lingeringcourse difficult to cure, and presence of turbidsecretions


124Diagnostics - Qi-Blood Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.6.57cold-dampnesspattern/syndrome寒 濕 證(1) a pattern/syndrome that arises when the movementof qi and blood is impeded by cold and dampnessin combination, and is marked by joint, muscle andbone pains; (2) a pattern/syndrome that arises whendampness harasses the spleen and stomach and coldcauses damage to spleen yang, or water-fluidretained in a case of spleen-kidney yang deficiency,and is marked by aversion to cold, cold limbs,abdominal distension, diarrhea or edema2.6.58dampness-heatpattern/syndrome濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome caused by a combination ofdampness and heat, either of external or of internalorigin, with different manifestations accordingto location, e.g., jaundice when dampness-heataccumulates in the liver and gallbladder, leukorrheawhen dampness-heat pours down, and diarrhea fordampness-heat in the intestines2.6.59yin summerheatpattern/syndrome陰 暑 證a pattern/syndrome that results from exposure towind or drafts or to excessive consumption of colddrinks in the hot summer, and is manifested by fever,headache, aversion to cold, absence of sweating,and generalized pain; and in some cases, vomiting,diarrhea and abdominal pain2.6.60phlegm-dampnesspattern/syndrome痰 濕 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when dampnessgathers to form phlegm, with different manifestationsaccording to location: cough with profuse whitishexpectoration and oppression in chest if phlegmobstructs the lung, and epigastric stuffiness, reducedfood intake, and greasy taste in the mouth if phlegmaccumulates in the spleen. The general signs ofphlegm-dampness are white slimy tongue coatingand slippery pulse2.7.0Qi-Blood PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation氣 血 辨 證2.7.1qi-blood patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation氣 血 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according tothe state of qi and blood


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 125Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.7.2qi deficiency pattern/syndrome氣 虛 證a pattern/syndrome of deficiency of genuine qi withdiminished function of internal organs, marked byshortness of breath, lassitude, listlessness, spontaneoussweating, pale tongue and weak pulse2.7.3qi sinking pattern/syndrome氣 陷 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from failure in its lifting orholding function, marked by dizziness, blurred vision,shortage of qi, lassitude, prolapse of the anus,prolapse of the uterus or visceroptosis, pale tonguewith white coating and weak pulse2.7.4qi stagnation pattern/syndrome氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from stagnation of qi,marked by intermittent thoracic, hypochondriac,epigastric and abdominal distention or pain, oftenameliorated by sighing or belching2.7.5qi counterflowpattern/syndrome氣 逆 證a pattern/syndrome arising when qi moves abnormallyupward, manifested by cough and dyspnea, or nausea,vomiting, hiccup, belching or even hematemesis, orfeeling of gas ascending from the lesser abdomen tothe chest or throat with distension and oppression,headache and vertigo2.7.6qi block pattern/syndrome氣 閉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by sudden loss ofconsciousness with restlessness, trismus andcontracture of limbs, or by colicky pain in the chestand abdomen, or by sudden onset of panting withcyanosis, or by fecal retention and urinary block2.7.7qi collapse pattern/syndrome氣 脫 證a pattern/syndrome marked by sudden appearance ofprofuse sweating, somber pale complexion, cyanoticlips, cold extremities, feeble breathing, even faintingor loss of consciousness with incontinence of urine,pale tongue and hardly perceptible pulse2.7.8disordered qimovement pattern/syndrome氣 機 失 調 證a general term for a group of patterns/syndromesattributed to disorders of qi movement including qistagnation, qi counterflow, qi fall, qi block and qicollapse2.7.9inhibited qimovement pattern/syndrome氣 機 不 利 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when impeded,obstructed or stagnant qi flow impairs the functionsof viscera and meridians/channels and is markedby sensation of oppression, distension, and painassociated with frequent sighing, depressed moodand string-like pulse


126Diagnostics - Qi-Blood Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.7.10stagnant qi movementpattern/syndrome氣 機 鬱 滯 證a pattern/syndrome caused by stagnation of qimovement, marked by feeling of oppression,distension and pain with a tendency to sighing,emotional depression and string-like pulse2.7.11qi depression pattern/syndrome氣 鬱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by feeling of distension inthe chest, pain in the hypochondriac region, irritability,irascibility, anorexia and menstrual disorders in women,the same as the qi stagnation pattern/syndrome2.7.12pattern/syndromeof depressed qitransforming into fire氣 鬱 化 火 證a pattern/syndrome marked by emotional depression,irritability, irascibility, distention and burning pain inthe chest, and reddened tongue with yellow coating,the same as the pattern/syndrome of stagnated qitransforming into fire2.7.13pattern/syndrome ofcongealing cold withqi stagnation寒 凝 氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when pathogenic coldhampers the qi movement and qi transformation andis characterized by various pains, such as generalpain, headache, painful and rigid neck, back painand lumbago, epigastric and abdominal pain withcold feeling, pain of extremities and joints2.7.14sunken middle qipattern/syndrome中 氣 下 陷 證a pattern/syndrome marked by bearing-downsensation in the epigastrium and abdomen, protracteddiarrhea, even prolapse of rectum or visceroptosis2.7.15pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withfailure to constrain氣 虛 不 攝 證a pattern/syndrome arising when failure of insufficientqi in constraint leads to loss of liquid substances,marked by seminal emission, incontinence of urine,spontaneous sweating, hemorrhages, lusterlesscomplexion, lassitude, lack of strength, pale andplump tongue, and weak pulse2.7.16qi deficiency feverpattern/syndrome氣 虛 發 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by a low persistent feverexaggerated by physical exertion, associated withfatigue, lack of strength, shortness of breath, paletongue and weak pulse2.7.17pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withdampness obstruction氣 虛 濕 阻 證a pattern/syndrome marked by listlessness, lassitude,reduced food intake, shortness of breath, heavinessfeeling of the head and body, abdominal distension,diarrhea and soggy weak pulse2.7.18pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withwater retention氣 虛 水 停 證a pattern/syndrome marked by edema of limbs,inhibited urine, heaviness feeling of the head andbody, distension, pain and a feeling of pressure in


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 127Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionthe chest, epigastrium and abdomen, and pale tonguewith white slippery coating2.7.19pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withexternal contraction氣 虛 外 感 證a pattern/syndrome marked by aversion to cold,fever, spontaneous sweating, headache, stuffy nose,feeble voice, lassitude, lack of strength and shortnessof breath2.7.20pattern/syndrome ofdual deficiency of qiand yin氣 陰 兩 虛 證 ;氣 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by listlessness, lack ofstrength, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, drythroat and mouth, vexing thirst, flushed cheeks in theafternoon, short voidings of small amount of urine,constipation, emaciation, scanty dry tongue coatingand vacuous pulse2.7.21blood deficiencypattern/syndrome血 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by pale or sallowcomplexion, pale lips and nails, dizziness, dimmedvision, palpitations, numbness of extremities and finepulse2.7.22blood collapsepattern/syndrome血 脫 證a critical pattern/syndrome occurring in cases ofacute massive bleeding, marked by pallor, dizziness,palpitations, faint and short breathing, cold extremitiesand even mental confusion, pale tongue, hollow pulseor hardly perceptible pulse2.7.23blood stasis pattern/syndrome血 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome marked by formation of visiblepainful and tender purple mass, or abdominal masswith stabbing pain and tenderness, or bleeding ofdark purple blood with clots, dark purple tongue, andfine choppy or irregular pulse2.7.24blood amassmentpattern/syndrome蓄 血 證a pattern/syndrome caused by stagnated bloodaccumulated in a meridian/channel or an organ, e.g.,in the uterus, manifested by distention and pain inthe lower abdomen, chills and fever, delirium or othermental disorders at night, or in the middle energizer,manifested by pain and tenderness to touch over theepigastrium2.7.25blood heat pattern/syndrome血 熱 證a pattern/syndrome that occurs when exuberantpathogenic heat enters the blood aspect and ismanifested by fever, nose-bleeds, vomiting of blood,expectoration of blood, bloody stool, skin eruptions,or advanced periods with profuse bright-red menstrualdischarge, vexation, or even delirium and convulsions,deep crimson tongue and rapid string-like pulse


128Diagnostics - Fluid-Humor Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.7.26pattern/syndrome ofdual deficiency of qiand blood氣 血 兩 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by listlessness, lackof strength, shortness of breath, pale or sallowcomplexion, dizziness, dimmed vision, pale lips andnails, palpitation, insomnia, pale tongue and weakpulse2.7.27qi-blood disharmonypattern/syndrome氣 血 失 調 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from disharmony ofqi and blood with failure in mutual nourishing andcomplementing, and usually associated with persistentpain, reverse flow of qi, menstrual irregularities andchronic bleeding2.7.28pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withblood stasis氣 虛 血 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome of blood stasis resulting from qideficiency, marked by somber pale complexion, lackof strength, shortness of breath, local stabbing pain,purplish tongue or purple spots on the tongue andsunken choppy pulse2.7.29pattern/syndromeof qi stagnation andblood stasis氣 滯 血 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome marked by moving or stabbingpain in the thoracic, hypochondriac, epigastric orabdominal region with or without mass formation,purple tongue or purple-spotted tongue, and stringlikechoppy pulse2.7.30pattern/syndrome ofqi collapse followingbleeding氣 隨 血 脫 證a pattern/syndrome marked by pale complexion,reverse cold of limbs, profuse sweating, feeblebreathing, or even respiratory arrest, and hardlyperceptible pulse or vacuous rootless large pulse2.7.31pattern/syndrome ofqi failing to controlthe blood氣 不 攝 血 證a pattern/syndrome marked by hematochezia,bleeding through the pores, gum bleeding, uterinebleeding or excessive menstrual discharge, listlessness,lack of strength, shortness of breath, laziness to speak,lusterless complexion, pale tongue and weak pulse2.7.32pattern/syndromeof blood deficiencycomplicated by stasis血 虛 挾 瘀 證a pattern/syndrome marked by sallow or palecomplexion, dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations,dream-disturbed sleep, stabbing pain fixed in location,scanty menstrual discharge of dark purple blood withclots, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea, purple tongueor purple spots on the tongue, and fine choppy pulse2.7.33pattern/syndrome ofblood deficiency andcongealing cold血 虛 寒 凝 證a pattern/syndrome marked by purplish complexion,dizziness, blurred vision, dark purple lips and tongue,cold hands and feet, and localized cold, pain andnumbness; in women, late periods with scantymenstrual discharge of dark blood or clots, painfulperiods or amenorrhea


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 129Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.7.34pattern/syndrome ofblood deficiency andwind-dryness血 虛 風 燥 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dry, rough, itchy,shriveled skin with rhagades, withering and loss ofhair, numbness of body surface, contraction of handsand feet, lusterless complexion, pale nails, dizzinessand blurred vision, pale tongue and fine pulse2.7.35pattern/syndromeof blood deficiencyengendering wind血 虛 生 風 證a liver wind pattern/syndrome attributed to blooddeficiency that deprives the sinews of nourishment,and marked by numbness, tremor, contraction oflimbs, itching, vertigo, lusterless nails, pale tongueand fine weak pulse2.8.0Fluid-HumorPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation津 液 辨 證2.8.1fluid-humor patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation津 液 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according tothe condition of body fluids2.8.2phlegm pattern/syndrome痰 證a general term for a group of patterns/syndromesmarked by cough, dyspnea with profuse expectoration,or by nausea, vomiting and dizziness, or by formationof lumps or nodes2.8.3fluid retentionpattern/syndrome飮 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness, thoracic andepigastric stuffiness sensation, vomiting of clear fluid,slippery tongue coating and string-like pulse2.8.4water retentionpattern/syndrome水 停 證a pattern/syndrome marked by edema, oliguria, oraccompanied by ascites, pale plump tongue withwhite slippery coating and soggy relaxed pulse2.8.5humor collapsepattern/syndrome液 脫 證a severe case of fluid deficiency pattern/syndrome,marked by parched or cracked lips, withered skin,sunken eyes, tinnitus, oliguria and dry fecal binding,reddened tongue with no moisture and fine weakpulse2.8.6fluid-humor deficiencypattern/syndrome津 液 虧 虛 證 ;津 液 虧 損 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dry mouth and throat,parched or cracked lips, thirst with desire for drink,oliguria, constipation, reddened tongue lackingmoisture, and rapid fine weak pulse


130Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.8.7fluid-qi deficiencypattern/syndrome津 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome due to deficiency of both fluidand qi, manifested by listlessness, shortness of breath,vexing thirst, dry skin, reddened tongue with drycoating and fine weak pulse2.8.8pattern/syndromeof qi stagnation withwater retention氣 滯 水 停 證a pattern/syndrome marked by edema of limbs,oliguria, heaviness feeling of the head and body,distension, oppression and scurry pain in the chest,epigastrium and abdomen, pale tongue with whiteslippery coating and string-like relaxed pulse2.8.9pattern/syndromeof fluid retentionin the chest andhypochondrium飮 停 胸 脅 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by pain in the chestand hypochondrium, which is aggravated by twistingmovements or breathing, and particularly by coughing,and associated with thoracic distension, a feeling ofpressure in the chest and shortness of breath, whiteand slippery tongue coating, and string-like pulse2.8.10pattern/syndrome ofmutual contention ofwind and water風 水 相 搏 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when pathogenic windattacking the lung causes dysfunction in diffusionand depurative downbearing and leads to abnormalaccumulation of water under the skin, and ismanifested by acute onset of edema of the head andface, and then generalized, associated with aversionto cold, fever, absence of sweating, reduced amountof urine, thin white tongue coating and floating pulse2.9.0Visceral PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation臟 腑 辨 證2.9.1visceral patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation臟 腑 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according tothe pathological changes of viscera and bowels2.9.2Heart DiseasesPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation心 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with diseases of the heart2.9.3heart qi deficiencypattern/syndrome心 氣 虛 證 ;心 氣 不 足 證 ;心 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by palpitations, shortnessof breath, listlessness, spontaneous sweating, pallor,pale tongue, and weak or irregular pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 131Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.4heart blood deficiencypattern/syndrome心 血 虛 證 ;心 血 不 足 證 ;心 血 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of bloodto nourish the heart spirit, manifested by palpitations,dizziness, dream-disturbed sleep, forgetfulness, paleor sallow complexion, pale lips and tongue, and finepulse2.9.5pattern/syndromeof dual deficiency ofheart qi and blood心 氣 血 兩 虛 證a pattern/syndrome arising when deficiency of both qiand blood deprives the heart and spirit of nourishment,usually manifested by palpitations, shortness ofbreath, listlessness, fatigue, dizziness, forgetfulness,dream-disturbed sleep, pale complexion and tongue,and fine weak pulse2.9.6pattern/syndrome ofheart deficiency withtimidity心 虛 膽 怯 證a pattern/syndrome marked by palpitations, insomnia,timidity and susceptibility to fright, dizziness, a feelingof pressure in the chest, pale tongue, weak pulse orrapid stirred pulse2.9.7heart yin deficiencypattern/syndrome心 陰 虛 證 ;心 陰 不 足 證 ;心 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yinfluid to nourish the heart spirit, manifested by mentalirritability, palpitation, insomnia, low fever, nightsweating, malar flush, thirst and rapid fine pulse2.9.8heart yang deficiencypattern/syndrome心 陽 虛 證 ;心 陽 不 足 證 ;心 陽 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yangqi to warm and activate the heart, usually manifestedby palpitation, dyspnea, a feeling of pressure in thechest, aversion to cold with cold limbs, bright palecomplexion, dark lips and tongue with white coating,weak or irregular pulse2.9.9heart yang collapsepattern/syndrome心 陽 虛 脫 證a pattern/syndrome marked by sudden profusesweating and cold skin, reversal cold of limbs,feeble breathing, palpitations, clouding or lossof consciousness, pale complexion and hardlyperceptible pulse2.9.10pattern/syndromeof heart fire flamingupward心 火 上 炎 證a pattern/syndrome of up-flaring fire from the heart,marked by oral ulceration, mental irritability, insomnia,and a red tip of the tongue2.9.11intense heart firepattern/syndrome心 火 熾 盛 證a pattern/syndrome of exuberant fire disturbing theheart spirit, marked by fever, thirst, vexation, insomnia,and in severe cases, manic agitation, and deliriousspeech, reddened tongue tip and yellow coating, andrapid slippery pulse


132Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.12pattern/syndrome ofheat harassing theheart spirit熱 擾 心 神 證a pattern/syndrome caused by exuberant heat whichdisturbs the heart spirit, and marked by fever, thirst,vexation, insomnia, or even manic or deliriousspeech, flushed face, constipation, deep-coloredurine, reddened tongue tip, yellow tongue coatingand rapid slippery pulse2.9.13pattern/syndrome oftransmission of heartheat to the smallintestine心 移 熱 小 腸 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when heart fire isexuberant and spreads to the small intestine, and thatis characterized by fever, thirst, vexation, oral soreswith painful ulceration, rough painful voidings ofreddish urine or even hematuria, reddened tongue tipand yellow coating, and rapid pulse2.9.14heart blood stasis(obstruction) pattern/syndrome心 血 瘀 阻 證a pattern/syndrome arising when the blood flow in theheart vessels is impeded, marked by palpitations andstabbing pain in the precordial region2.9.15heart vesselobstruction pattern/syndrome心 脈 痹 阻 證a pattern/syndrome arising when the heart vessels areimpeded, marked by paroxysms of palpitations withfearful throbbing, pain and a feeling of pressure inthe heart and chest referring to the shoulder or upperarm2.9.16pattern/syndrome ofphlegm clouding theheart spirit痰 蒙 心 神 證a pattern/syndrome marked by impairment ofconsciousness, psychotic depression, or even coma,accompanied with phlegmatic sound in the throat2.9.17pattern/syndrome ofphlegm-fire harassingthe heart痰 火 擾 心 證 ;痰 火 擾 神 證a pattern/syndrome caused by phlegm-fire whichharasses the heart spirit, marked by restlessness,insomnia or even raving madness, reddened tonguetip, yellow dense and slimy tongue coating, and rapidslippery pulse2.9.18pattern/syndrome ofwater qi intimidatingthe heart水 氣 凌 心 證a pattern/syndrome arising when deficiency of yang qiof the heart and the kidney results in water flooding,marked by palpitations and shortness of breathassociated with general edema, especially in the legs,short voidings of scanty clear urine, associated withlistlessness, lassitude, cold extremities, pale or darkgloomy complexion, pale plump tongue with whiteslippery coating and sunken weak pulse2.9.19pattern/syndromeof (blood) stasisobstructing the braincollateral瘀 阻 腦 絡 證a pattern/syndrome arising when a brain collateralis obstructed by static blood, marked by dizziness,headache with fixed location, or forgetfulness,insomnia, or loss of consciousness, dull lusterless


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 133Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptioncomplexion, purple tongue or tongue with purplespots, and fine choppy pulse2.9.20pattern/syndrome ofqi block with syncope氣 閉 神 厥 證a pattern/syndrome arising when emotional stimulicause obstruction of qi movement involving theheart spirit, marked by fainting, aphasia or loss ofconsciousness, trismus, convulsions and string-like orhidden pulse2.9.21pattern/syndrome offluid retention in thepericardium飮 停 心 包 證a pattern/syndrome caused by fluid retention in thepericardium impeding the flow of qi and blood,marked by a forceful heart beat, fullness and a feelingof pressure in the chest, dyspnea with inability to lieflat, purplish tongue with white slippery coating, andsunken or hidden pulse2.9.22small intestinal qistagnation pattern/syndrome小 腸 氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome caused by qi stagnation in thesmall intestine, marked by abdominal pain withborborygmi2.9.23Lung DiseasesPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation肺 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with lung diseases2.9.24lung qi deficiencypattern/syndrome肺 氣 虛 證 ;肺 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by pale complexion,shortness of breath, feeble voice, intolerance of windand spontaneous sweating2.9.25lung yin deficiencypattern/syndrome肺 陰 虛 證 ;肺 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to yin deficiencyof the lung with endogenous heat, manifested byunproductive cough, afternoon fever, night sweating,flushed cheeks, dry throat, red and dry tongue, andrapid fine pulse2.9.26lung yang deficiencypattern/syndrome肺 陽 虛 證a pattern/syndrome resulting from deficiency of yangqi to warm the lung, usually manifested by cough,dyspnea and thin expectoration, fear of cold and coldextremities, spontaneous sweating, pale complexion,enlarged tongue with white slippery coating and weakpulse2.9.27pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold assailingthe lung風 寒 襲 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by chilliness, stuffy nose,sneezing, profuse watery nasal discharge, thin sputum,thin white tongue coating and floating tight pulse


134Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.28pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold fetteringthe lung風 寒 束 肺 證a pattern/syndrome arising when wind-cold invadesthe lung to cause nondiffusion of lung qi, manifestedby cough with thin white phlegm, aversion to coldwith possible mild fever, stuffy nose with clear nasaldischarge, itchy throat, oppression in the chest, whitetongue coating and floating tight pulse2.9.29pattern/syndrome ofwind-heat invadingthe lung風 熱 犯 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever with mildchilliness, headache, sore throat, cough, reddenedtip of the tongue with thin yellowish coating, and rapidfloating pulse2.9.30pattern/syndrome ofdryness invading thelung燥 邪 犯 肺 證 ;燥 邪 傷 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dry cough withoutsputum or with scanty sticky sputum difficult toexpectorate, chest pain, mild chills and fever, thirst,dry lips, mouth, throat and nose, and floating pulse2.9.31lung heat pattern/syndrome肺 熱 證a general term for heat patterns/syndromes of thelung2.9.32intense lung heatpattern/syndrome肺 熱 熾 盛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever, thirst, cough,dyspnea or chest pain, constipation, dark urine,reddened tongue with yellow coating2.9.33pattern/syndromeof phlegm- heatobstructing the lung痰 熱 閉 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cough, dyspnea,expectoration of thick, yellow or blood-stainedsputum, chest pain, reddened tongue with yellowishslimy coating and rapid slippery pulse2.9.34pattern/syndromeof phlegm turbidityobstructing the lung痰 濁 阻 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cough withexpectoration of copious whitish sputum, feeling ofstuffiness in the chest, whitish slimy coating of thetongue and soggy pulse2.9.35pattern/syndromeof cold- phlegmobstructing the lung寒 痰 阻 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cough with profusephlegm easy to expectorate and a feeling of pressurein the chest, or phlegmatic wheezing, aversion tocold and cold limbs, pale tongue with white slimy orslippery coating, and string-like slippery pulse2.9.36pattern/syndromeof summerheatdamaging the lungvessel暑 傷 肺 絡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever, thirst, cough,expectoration of fresh blood, reddened tongue withyellow fur and rapid weak pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 135Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.37pattern/syndrome ofheat toxin blockingthe lung熱 毒 閉 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever, reversal coldof limbs, cough, dyspnea, a feeling of pressure inthe chest with coarse breath, reddened tongue withyellow coating and rapid sunken pulse2.9.38pattern/syndromeof lung dryness withintestinal obstruction肺 燥 腸 閉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cough, dyspnea,thirst, constipation, abdominal distension, yellow drycoating of the tongue and sunken replete pulse2.9.39Spleen DiseasesPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation脾 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with spleen diseases2.9.40spleen deficiencypattern/syndrome脾 虛 證any deficiency pattern/syndrome of the spleen,including deficiency of spleen qi, yin and yang2.9.41spleen qi deficiencypattern/syndrome脾 氣 虛 證 ;脾 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness, fatigue,sallow face, indigestion, abdominal distension,lassitude, anorexia and loose bowels2.9.42pattern/syndromeof spleen failing intransportation脾 失 健 運 證a pattern/syndrome that occurs in any deficiencycondition of the spleen and that is often characterizedby anorexia, abdominal distention, diarrhea,borborygmi, and in chronic cases, emaciation, lackof strength, and edema of limbs2.9.43spleen yin deficiencypattern/syndrome脾 陰 虛 證 ;脾 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to deficiency of yin fluidwith impaired splenic transportation, and marked byhunger with inability to eat, emaciation and lassitude2.9.44spleen yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome脾 陽 虛 證 ;脾 陽 虧 虛 證 ;脾 虛 寒 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficient yangqi failing to warm and activate the spleen, usuallymanifested by cold limbs, coldness and pains in theabdomen, anorexia, abdominal fullness, chronicdiarrhea, lassitude, emaciation and edema, the sameas the spleen deficiency cold pattern/syndrome2.9.45pattern/syndromeof spleen failing tocontrol the blood脾 不 統 血 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when weak spleenqi fails to control blood, resulting in various kindsof chronic bleeding such as purpura, floodingand spotting in women, accompanied by sallowcomplexion, anorexia, loose bowels, lassitude, lackof strength, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak,pale tongue and weak pulse


136Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.46sunken spleen qipattern/syndrome脾 虛 氣 陷 證 ;脾 氣 下 陷 證a pattern/syndrome marked by epigastric bearingdownsensation, more prominent after meals, orurgency of defecation at short intervals with bearingdownfeeling of the anus, or chronic persistent diarrhea,or prolapse of the rectum or uterus, associated withshortness of breath, lassitude, reluctance to speak,dizziness, pale tongue with white coating, and relaxedweak pulse, the same as the pattern/syndrome ofspleen deficiency with sunken qi2.9.47pattern/syndromeof spleen deficiencywith dampnessencumbrance脾 虛 濕 困 證a pattern/syndrome marked by epigastric distension,poor appetite, borborygmi, diarrhea, nausea, thirst butno desire to drink, lassitude, and dense and slipperytongue coating, the same as the pattern/syndrome ofspleen deficiency with dampness accumulation2.9.48pattern/syndrome ofspleen deficiency withstirring of wind脾 虛 動 風 證a pattern/syndrome marked by tremor of the limbsor convulsions associated with reduced food intake,abdominal distension, loose bowels, lassitude, lackof strength, pale complexion, pale tongue and weakpulse2.9.49pattern/syndrome ofspleen deficiency withwater flood脾 虛 水 泛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by edema of the faceand limbs or together with ascites, associated withreduced food intake, abdominal distension, sloppystools, lassitude, lack of strength, pale complexion,pale plump tongue with white slippery coating, andsoggy or weak pulse2.9.50pattern/syndromeof cold-dampnessencumbering thespleen寒 濕 困 脾 證 ;濕 困 脾 陽 證a pattern/syndrome marked by epigastric andabdominal distention, stickiness and tastelessness inthe mouth, nausea, loose bowels, heaviness sensationof the head and body, or jaundice with dull yellowdiscoloration, pale plump tongue with white slimycoating and soggy relaxed pulse2.9.51pattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in thespleen濕 熱 蘊 脾 證a pattern/syndrome marked by abdominal distention,nausea, vomiting, anorexia, heaviness sensation inthe limbs, or jaundice, reddened tongue with yellowslimy coating and rapid soggy pulse2.9.52pattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in thespleen and stomach脾 胃 濕 熱 證 ;中 焦 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by epigastric or abdominaldistention, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lassitude,heaviness sensation of the body, or jaundice withbright yellow discoloration of the skin and the white ofthe eyes, yellow dense and slimy tongue coating, thesame as the pattern/syndrome of dampness-heat inthe middle energizer


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 137Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.53spleen-stomachdeficiency coldpattern/syndrome脾 胃 虛 寒 證 ;脾 胃 陽 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficient yang qito warm the spleen and stomach with endogenouscold, and manifested by cold and pains over thestomach, accompanied by anorexia, abdominalfullness, belching, vomiting thin fluid, chronicdiarrhea, lassitude and cold limbs, the same as thespleen-stomach yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.54spleen-stomachweakness pattern/syndrome脾 胃 虛 弱 證a combined pattern/syndrome of spleen qi deficiencyand stomach qi deficiency2.9.55spleen-stomach yindeficiency pattern/syndrome脾 胃 陰 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficient yin fluidto moisten the spleen and stomach, and manifestedby dry mouth and throat, hunger but no desire forfood, gastric upset, abdominal distension and dullpain, retching and hiccough, leanness, constipation,reddened tongue lacking moisture and fine rapidpulse2.9.56spleen-stomachdisharmony pattern/syndrome脾 胃 不 和 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to stagnation of qimovement that causes dysfunction of the spleen andstomach, and manifested by epigastric stuffinessand distension, anorexia, sloppy stool, belching,borborygmi and string-like pulse2.9.57GastrointestinalPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation胃 腸 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with diseases of the stomach and intestines2.9.58stomach deficiencypattern/syndrome胃 虛 證a collective term for various deficiency patterns/syndromes of the stomach, including deficiency ofstomach qi, yang and yin2.9.59stomach qi deficiencypattern/syndrome胃 氣 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dull epigastric painrelieved by pressure, anorexia, pale tongue and weakpulse2.9.60stomach yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome胃 陽 虛 證 ; 胃虛 寒 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficiency of yangqi to warm the stomach and marked by continuousepigastric pain, ameliorated by warmth and pressure,reduced food intake, stuffiness sensation in thestomach, aversion to cold with cold limbs, pale tonguewith whitish coating and sunken slow weak pulse


138Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.61stomach yindeficiency pattern/syndrome胃 陰 虛 證 ; 胃陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficiency of yinfluid to moisten the stomach and marked by drynessin the mouth, thirst, anorexia, constipation, retchingand reddened peeled tongue2.9.62stomach cold pattern/syndrome胃 寒 證a pattern/syndrome of stomach cold, either of excesstype or of deficiency type2.9.63stomach excess coldpattern/syndrome胃 實 寒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when the stomach isattacked by pathogenic cold, usually manifested byacute severe epigastric pain with cold sensation,vomiting of watery fluid, aversion to cold with coldlimbs and white tongue coating2.9.64stomach heat pattern/syndrome胃 熱 證 ;胃 火 證 ;胃 熱 壅 盛 證 ;胃 火 熾 盛 證a pattern/syndrome due to impairment of the stomachby pathogenic heat or caused by overeating of hotpungent food, mainly manifested by thirst, foul breath,hyperorexia, oliguria with dark urine, constipation,and ulceration of the mouth or gingivitis, reddenedtongue with yellow coating and rapid pulse, the sameas the (intense) stomach fire pattern/syndrome2.9.65pattern/syndrome of(blood) stasis in thestomach collateral瘀 阻 胃 絡 證a pattern/syndrome arising when static blood obstructsthe stomach collateral, marked by epigastric stabbingpain that is aggravated by pressure or palpable massin the epigastric region, or vomiting of dark-coloredblood with clots, purple spots on the tongue andstring-like choppy pulse2.9.66pattern/syndrome ofintestinal dryness andfluid depletion腸 燥 津 虧 證 ;腸 燥 津 傷 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dry feces difficult toevacuate, infrequent bowel movement, abdominaldistension and pain, or palpable mass in the lowerabdomen, thirst, reddened tongue with scanty moistureand yellow dry coating, and string-like choppy pulse2.9.67pattern/syndrome ofblood deficiency andintestinal dryness血 虛 腸 燥 證a pattern/syndrome caused by deficiency of blooddepriving the intestines of moisture, and marked bydry stool difficult to defecate or accompanied byhematochezia, pale complexion and tongue, and finechoppy pulse2.9.68pattern/syndromeof cold stagnatingin stomach andintestines寒 滯 胃 腸 證a pattern/syndrome arising when pathogenic coldinvades the gastrointestinal tract and gives rise todisordered transmission and transformation, usuallymanifested by sudden pain in the epigastric regionand abdomen aggravated by cold and alleviated bywarmth, nausea, vomiting, bland taste in the mouth


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 139Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionwith no thirst, watery diarrhea, aversion to cold withcold limbs, white tongue coating and string-like tightpulse2.9.69intestinal dampnessheatpattern/syndrome腸 道 濕 熱 證a syndrome marked by discharge of purulent andbloody stools, accompanied by abdominal pain,tenesmus, scanty dark urine, yellow and slimy tonguecoating, and rapid slippery pulse2.9.70pattern/syndrome ofintestinal heat andbowel excess腸 熱 腑 實 證a pattern/syndrome marked by high fever or lateafternoon fever, abdominal fullness, pain, tendernessand refusal of pressure, constipation or heat bind withcircumfluence, thirst, or impaired consciousness anddelirium, short voidings of reddish urine, reddenedtongue with thick yellow and dry coating, and sunkenrapid forceful pulse2.9.71gastrointestinal qistagnation pattern/syndrome胃 腸 氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome marked epigastric and abdominaldistending pain or moving pain, belching, borborygmialleviated by the passing of flatus, nausea, ungratifyingdiarrhea, thick tongue coating and string-like pulse2.9.72pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withstirring wind陰 虛 動 風 證a pattern/syndrome arising when deficiency of yinfluid deprives the meridians/channels of nourishmentand stirs up the internal wind, marked by twitchingof extremities, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus,flushed cheeks and dry reddened tongue2.9.73pattern/syndromeof fluid retention inthe stomach andintestines飮 留 胃 腸 證a pattern/syndrome caused by retention of fluid inthe stomach and intestines, and marked by epigastricdistension and fullness with splashing sounds in thestomach, rumbling noises in the intestines, blandtaste in mouth with no thirst, white and slimy tonguecoating, and sunken slippery pulse2.9.74pattern/syndrome ofworms accumulatingin the intestines蟲 積 腸 道 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to intestinal parasitosis,especially ascariasis, and marked by paroxysms ofabdominal pain, sometimes accompanied by massformation or discharge of ascaris with stool, grindingof teeth during sleep, or appearance of white miliaryspots on the inside of the lips2.9.75large intestinal fluiddeficiency pattern/syndrome大 腸 津 虧 證a pattern/syndrome marked by constipation ordifficulty in defecation accompanied by dry throat andreddened tongue with scanty coating


140Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.76large intestinalheat bind pattern/syndrome大 腸 熱 結 證a pattern/syndrome marked by constipation withabdominal pain and tenderness, yellow and drycoating of the tongue, and sunken forceful pulse2.9.77large intestinaldampness-heatpattern/syndrome大 腸 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by discharge of purulentand bloody stools, abdominal pain, tenesmus, scantydark urine, yellow and slimy tongue coating, andrapid slippery pulse2.9.78Liver-gallbladderDiseases PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation肝 膽 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with liver and gallbladder diseases2.9.79liver qi depressionpattern/syndrome肝 氣 鬱 結 證 ;肝 鬱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by depression, frequentsighing, hypochondriac or lower abdominaldistention or moving pain, and string-like pulse; andin women, distending pain of the breast and irregularmenstruation, the same as the liver qi stagnation/constraint pattern/syndrome2.9.80liver blood deficiencypattern/syndrome肝 血 虛 證 ;肝 血 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by sallow complexion,impaired vision, insomnia, deficient amount orabsence of menstruation, pale tongue and lips2.9.81liver yin deficiencypattern/syndrome肝 陰 虛 證 ;肝 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficient yin fluidthat fails to moisten and nourish the liver, marked bydizziness, headache, blurred vision, dryness of eyes,insomnia, thirst, dry throat, scanty tongue coating andfine pulse2.9.82liver yang deficiencypattern/syndrome肝 陽 虛 證a pattern/syndrome due to weakened yang qi withdiminished function of the liver, marked by depressionand susceptibility to fright, distension and oppressionin the hypochondriac regions, fear of cold with coldlimbs, dizziness, blurred vision, pale tongue with whitecoating and sunken slow weak pulse2.9.83pattern/syndromeof internal stirring ofliver wind肝 風 內 動 證 ;肝 風 證a pattern/syndrome marked by convulsion, tremoror spasm, also known as the liver wind pattern/syndrome2.9.84pattern/syndromeof liver yangtransforming intowind肝 陽 化 風 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness with tendencyto fall or even sudden attack of syncope, shaking ofhead, tremor of limbs, irritability, irascibility, flushingof face, reddened tongue and string-like pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 141Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.85pattern/syndrome ofliver depression andqi stagnation肝 鬱 氣 滯 證a pattern/syndrome marked by depressed mood,frequent sighing, feeling of a foreign body in thethroat, distension, oppression and scurrying pain inthe chest or lesser abdomen, distending pain of thebreast and menstrual irregularities in women, whitetongue coating and string-like pulse2.9.86pattern/syndrome ofliver depression andblood stasis肝 鬱 血 瘀 證 ;肝 血 瘀 滯 證a pattern/syndrome arising when stagnant liver qicauses blood stasis in the liver, marked by depressedmood, hypochondriac distending or stabbing pain,or formation of mass in the hypochondriac region orlesser abdomen, purple tongue or purple spots on thetongue, and string-like choppy pulse2.9.87pattern/syndromeof depressed liver qitransforming into fire肝 鬱 化 火 證a pattern/syndrome marked by distension, pain andburning sensation in the hypochondriac region,irritability, irascibility, bitterness and dryness in themouth, reddened tongue with yellow coating and rapidstring-like pulse, the same as the pattern/syndrome ofstagnated liver qi transforming into fire2.9.88pattern/syndromeof liver fire flamingupward肝 火 上 炎 證a pattern/syndrome marked by headache, dizziness,tinnitus with buzzing in the ears, impairment of hearing,blood-shot eyes, mental irritability, bitter taste in themouth, yellow coating of the tongue, rapid stringlikepulse, and hematuria, hemoptysis or epistaxis insevere cases2.9.89intense liver firepattern/syndrome肝 火 熾 盛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by hypochondriac pain,dryness and bitterness in the mouth, vomiting ofbitter fluid, irritability, irascibility, insomnia or dreamdisturbedsleep, flushed face, blood-shot eyes,constipation, dark urine, reddened tongue with yellowcoating and rapid string-like pulse2.9.90pattern/syndromeof ascendanthyperactivity of liveryang肝 陽 上 亢 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness, headache,flushed face, blurred vision, tinnitus, bitter taste in themouth and string-like pulse2.9.91liver-gallbladderdampness-heatpattern/syndrome肝 膽 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever and chills,jaundice, hypochondriac and abdominal pain, bittertaste in the mouth, nausea and rapid slippery pulse2.9.92pattern/syndrome ofcold stagnating in theliver meridian寒 滯 肝 脈 證a pattern/syndrome marked by spasmodic symptomsin the area related to the liver meridian, such asstretching pain with cold sensation in the lowerabdomen and testicles


142Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.93pattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in theliver meridian肝 經 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by distending pain inthe hypochondriac region, or itching and painfulswollen genitalia, or ear pain with purulent discharge,reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating and rapidslippery pulse2.9.94gallbladder heatpattern/syndrome膽 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by irritability, irascibility,hypochondriac distension, bitterness in the mouth, orear pain, tinnitus, insomnia, reddened tongue withyellow coating2.9.95pattern/syndrome ofdepressed gallbladderwith harassingphlegm膽 鬱 痰 擾 證a pattern/syndrome marked by timidity, susceptibilityto fright, insomnia and dreamful sleep, vexation,oppression and distension in the chest andhypochondriac region, frequent sighing, dizziness,bitter taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, white slimytongue coating and string-like pulse, the same asthe pattern/syndrome of stagnated gallbladder withharassing phlegm2.9.96gallbladder qideficiency pattern/syndrome膽 氣 虛 證 ;膽 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by panic, suspicion,sighing, nervousness, irritability, lassitude, dizzinessand insomnia2.9.97pattern/syndrome ofworms harassing thegallbladder蟲 擾 膽 腑 證a pattern/syndrome marked by paroxysms ofunbearable abdominal pain associated with palecomplexion, reversal cold of limbs, vomiting of bitterfluid or ascarides2.9.98Kidney-bladderDiseases PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation腎 膀 胱 病 辨 證visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiationdealing with diseases of the kidney and bladder2.9.99kidney deficiencypattern/syndrome腎 虛 證any deficiency pattern/syndrome of the kidney,including deficiency of kidney qi, yin and yang2.9.100kidney essenceinsufficiency pattern/syndrome腎 精 不 足 證a pattern/syndrome marked by retarded developmentin children, premature senility, decreased reproductivefunction, tinnitus, loosening of teeth, loss of hair andforgetfulness in adults2.9.101kidney qi deficiencypattern/syndrome腎 氣 虛 證 ;腎 氣 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness, forgetfulness,tinnitus, backache, lack of libido and weak pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 143Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.102kidney qi insecuritypattern/syndrome腎 氣 不 固 證a pattern/syndrome marked by frequent urination,dribbling of urine after voiding, incontinence of urineor feces, nocturnal emission or premature ejaculationin men, continuous dribbling of menstrual dischargeor liability to abortion in women, aching back andknees, and weak pulse2.9.103kidney yin deficiencypattern/syndrome腎 陰 虛 證 ;腎 陰 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by lumbago, lassitude,dizziness, tinnitus, nocturnal emission in men andoligomenorrhea in women, emaciation, dry throat,thirst, flushed cheeks, hot sensation in the palmsand soles, afternoon fever, night sweating, reddenedtongue with little or no coating, and rapid fine pulse2.9.104pattern/syndrome ofkidney yin deficiencywith fire effulgence腎 陰 虛 火 旺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by tidal fever, nightsweating, flushed cheeks, vexing heat in the chest,palms and soles, nocturnal emission, prematureejaculation, hypersexuality, lumbar pain, tinnitus,reddened tongue with yellow coating lacking moistureand rapid fine pulse2.9.105kidney yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome腎 陽 虛 證 ;腎 陽 虧 虛 證a pattern/syndrome arising when declined kidney yangfails to warm the body, marked by aversion to cold,cold limbs, listlessness, weakness and soreness of theloins and knees, premature ejaculation or impotencein men and frigidity or infertility in women, nocturia,whitish tongue coating and weak pulse at cubit (chi)section2.9.106pattern/syndromeof kidney failing toreceive qi腎 不 納 氣 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dyspnea with prolongedexhalation, asthenic cough and feeble voice2.9.107pattern/syndrome ofkidney deficiency withwater flood腎 虛 水 泛 證a pattern/syndrome arising when insufficient kidney qifails in qi transformation and leads to water flooding,marked by edema, particularly of the lower extremities,accompanied by oliguria, tinnitus, aching of the backand knees, pale tongue with whitish slippery coatingand weak pulse2.9.108kidney meridian colddampnesspattern/syndrome腎 經 寒 濕 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to deficiency of kidneyyang with infusion of cold-dampness, and marked byfeeling of heaviness, cold and pain in the lumbus andknees with limitation of movement, aversion to coldand cold limbs, white slimy tongue coating and soggyrelaxed pulse


144Diagnostics - Visceral Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.109bladder deficiencycold pattern/syndrome膀 胱 虛 寒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when kidney yangdeficiency causes impaired bladder qi transformation,marked by frequent urination, incontinence of urine ordribbling of urine, cold feeling in the lower abdomen,whitish moist tongue coating and weak pulse2.9.110bladder dampnessheatpattern/syndrome膀 胱 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to dampness-heatattacking on and accumulating in the bladder, markedby frequency and urgency of urination, strangury,turbid urine or hematuria, reddened tongue withyellow slimy coating and rapid pulse2.9.111pattern/syndrome ofheat accumulating inthe bladder熱 積 膀 胱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by distension and fullnessof the lower abdomen, strangury, frequent urinationand fever without chills2.9.112Combined VisceralPattern Identification/SyndromeDifferentiation臟 腑 兼 病 辨 證pattern identification/syndrome differentiation dealingwith diseases in which two or more visceral organs aresimultaneously involved2.9.113heart-kidney noninteractionpattern/syndrome心 腎 不 交 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to deficiency of yin fluidof the heart and the kidney with relative preponderanceof yang, marked by restlessness, insomnia, palpitation,dizziness, tinnitus, aching of the lower back and knees,seminal emission, vexing heat in the chest, palms andsoles, night sweating, reddened tongue with scantycoating and rapid fine pulse2.9.114heart-kidney yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome心 腎 陽 虛 證a pattern/syndrome arising when insufficient yangqi fails to warm and activate both the heart and thekidney, marked by palpitations, aversion to cold, lackof warmth in the extremities, inhibited urination, edemaof the legs, aching and cold lumbus and knees, whiteslimy tongue coating and weak sunken pulse2.9.115heart-lung qideficiency pattern/syndrome心 肺 氣 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by palpitations, a feelingof pressure in the chest, cough, dyspnea and shortnessof breath aggravated on exertion, thin expectoration,dizziness, listlessness and lack of strength, feeblevoice, spontaneous sweating, pale tongue and weakpulse2.9.116pattern/syndrome ofdual deficiency of theheart and spleen心 脾 兩 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by palpitation, amnesia,insomnia or dream-disturbed sleep, loss of appetite,abdominal distention, loose bowels, lassitude, sallowface, pale tender-soft tongue and fine weak pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 145Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.117heart-liver blooddeficiency pattern/syndrome心 肝 血 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by palpitations,forgetfulness, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep,dizziness, blurred vision, pale complexion, numbnessof the limbs, lusterless nails, scanty volume of palemenstrual flow or even amenorrhea in women, paletongue and fine pulse2.9.118lung-kidney qideficiency pattern/syndrome肺 腎 氣 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dyspnea withprolonged exhalation, spontaneous sweating, lack ofstrength, aching lumbus and limp legs, and coughwith thin sputum2.9.119lung-kidney yindeficiency pattern/syndrome肺 腎 陰 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to deficiency of yinfluid of the lung and the kidney with harassmentof endogenous heat, marked by cough with scantyexpectoration, dryness of the mouth and throat orhoarseness of voice, aching lumbus and limp legs,bone-steaming tidal fever, flushed cheeks, nightsweats, nocturnal emission in men and menstrualirregularities in women, reddened tongue with scantycoating and rapid fine pulse2.9.120lung-kidney yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome肺 腎 陽 虛 證 ;水 寒 射 肺 證a pattern/syndrome arising when debilitated kidneyyang causes water flood harassing the lung, marked byaversion to cold with cold limbs, cough and dyspneawith expectoration of profuse white thin sputum,edema of legs, oliguria, pale enlarged tongue withwhitish slippery coating and weak pulse2.9.121spleen-lung qideficiency pattern/syndrome脾 肺 氣 虛 證 ;脾 肺 兩 虛 證a pattern/syndrome marked by anorexia, loosestools, abdominal distension, protracted cough withdyspnea and shortness of breath, expectoration oflarge amount of thin sputum, feeble voice, laziness tospeak, pale lusterless complexion, pale tongue withwhite slippery coating and weak fine pulse2.9.122pattern/syndrome ofliver fire invading thelung肝 火 犯 肺 證a pattern/syndrome marked by bitter taste in themouth, dizziness and red eyes, irritability, irascibility,moving pain in the chest and hypochondriac region,cough with thick expectoration or even hemoptysis,reddened tongue and rapid tight string-like pulse2.9.123pattern/syndrome ofliver qi invading thestomach肝 氣 犯 胃 證 ;肝 胃 不 和 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dizziness,hypochondriac pain, irritability, epigastric distensionand pain, anorexia, belching, nausea, vomiting andstring-like pulse, also known as the liver-stomachdisharmony pattern/syndrome


146Diagnostics - Various Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.9.124pattern/syndrome ofliver depression andspleen deficiency肝 鬱 脾 虛 證 ;肝 脾 不 調 證a pattern/syndrome marked by hypochondriac andabdominal painful distension, depressed mood,frequent sighing, anorexia, uncomfortable loosebowels or alleviation of abdominal pain afterdefecation, borborygmi with flatus and white slimytongue coating, the same as the pattern/syndrome ofliver stagnation and spleen deficiency, also known asthe liver-spleen disharmony pattern/syndrome2.9.125liver-kidney yindeficiency pattern/syndrome肝 腎 陰 虛 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficiency of yinfluid of the liver and the kidney with harassment ofendogenous heat, marked by dizziness, blurred vision,tinnitus, forgetfulness, insomnia and dream-disturbedsleep, hypochondriac pain, aching lumbus and poormuscle tone in legs, flushed cheeks, heat sensation inthe chest, palms and soles, night sweating, nocturnalemission in men and scant menstruation in women,reddened tongue with scanty coating, and rapid finepulse2.9.126spleen-kidney yangdeficiency pattern/syndrome脾 腎 陽 虛 證 ;脾 腎 虛 寒 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to insufficient yang qiof the spleen and the kidney with endogenous cold,marked by bright pale complexion, aversion to coldwith cold limbs, coldness and pain in the loins andlower abdomen, chronic diarrhea, or edema withinhibited urination, pale enlarged tongue with whiteslippery coating, and slow, sunken and forcelesspulse2.10.0Various PatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation各 科 辨 證2.10.1pattern/syndromeof insecurity ofthoroughfare andconception vessels衝 任 不 固 證a pattern/syndrome marked by continuous dribblingof menstrual discharge, profuse uterine bleeding orthreatened abortion2.10.2pattern/syndromeof disharmony ofthoroughfare andconception vessels衝 任 失 調 證a pattern/syndrome marked by irregular menstruationand lower abdominal distention and pain2.10.3pattern/syndrome ofcold congealing in theuterus寒 凝 胞 宮 證a pattern/syndrome marked by cold and pain in thelower abdomen, dysmenorrhea or delayed periodswith dark menstrual discharge, white tongue coatingand sunken tight pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 147Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.4pattern/syndromeof (blood) stasisobstructing the uterus瘀 阻 胞 宮 證a pattern/syndrome marked by stabbing lowerabdominal pain, fixed in location and tender totouch, or accompanied by mass formation, or lateperiods with scanty discharge of dark purple bloodand clots, or cessation of menstruation, or abnormaluterine bleeding, dark purple tongue or purple spotson the tongue, and string-like rough pulse2.10.5uterine deficiency coldpattern/syndrome胞 宮 虛 寒 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to deficiency of kidneyyang that fails to warm the uterus, and manifested byaversion to cold with cold limbs, aching and coldnessof the lumbus and knees, dull pain in the lowerabdomen which is alleviated by warmth and pressure,pale-colored and thin menstrual flow, or clear thinleukorrhea, or infertility, or abortion, accompanied bypale complexion, pale tongue with white coating andsunken weak pulse2.10.6uterine dampnessheatpattern/syndrome胞 宮 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by large amount ofyellowish leukorrhea, thick, fetid, associated withpudental itching and erosion, reddened tongue withyellow slimy coating and rapid slippery pulse2.10.7pattern/syndrome ofaccumulated heat inthe uterus胞 宮 積 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by scorching pain in thelower abdomen, early periods and large amount ofbright red menstrual discharge, or yellowish thick andfetid leukorrhea, reddened tongue with yellow coatingand rapid pulse2.10.8pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatobstructing theessence chamber濕 熱 阻 滯 精室 證a pattern/syndrome marked by heat and pain inthe perineum, scrotal itching and erosion, seminalemission or pus in the seminal fluid, difficult andpainful urination, reddened tongue with yellow slimycoating and rapid slippery pulse2.10.9pattern/syndrome ofphlegm obstructingthe essence chamber痰 阻 精 室 證a pattern/syndrome marked by impotence, thinseminal fluid, lack of libido, obesity, lack of strength,pale tongue with white slimy coating and slipperypulse2.10.10pattern/syndromeof (blood) stasisobstructing theessence chamber瘀 阻 精 室 證a pattern/syndrome marked by stabbing pain thatrefuses pressure in the perineal region with fixedlocation or mass formation or oligospermia andimpotence or painful ejaculation or hematospermia


148Diagnostics - Various Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.11pattern/syndromeof wind strikingthe meridians andcollaterals風 中 經 絡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by numbness, itching orsudden onset of deviation of eye and mouth2.10.12pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold assailingthe collaterals風 寒 襲 絡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by aversion to cold,pain and cold feeling of the limbs with contractureor numbness and purple or pale discoloration of theskin, white tongue coating and string-like tight pulse2.10.13pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold obstructingthe collaterals風 寒 阻 絡 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to impeded blood flowin superficial meridians/channels and collaterals/networks by pathogenic cold, and manifested byaversion to cold, coldness, pain, contracture ornumbness of limbs with dark purple or pale skin, paletongue coating and string-like tight pulse2.10.14pattern/syndromeof wind-prevailingmigratory arthralgia風 勝 行 痹 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to stagnation ofpathogenic wind-cold-dampness (with predominanceof wind) in sinews, bones and joints, and manifestedby wandering arthralgia with inhibited movementof the joint, thin white tongue coating and floatingpulse2.10.15pattern/syndromeof cold-prevailingagonizing arthralgia寒 勝 痛 痹 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to stagnation ofpathogenic wind-cold-dampness (with predominanceof cold) in sinews, bones and joints, and manifestedby joint cold pain with fixed location, white tonguecoating and string-like tight pulse, the same asthe pattern/syndrome of cold-prevailing painfularthralgia2.10.16pattern/syndrome ofdampness-prevailingfixed arthralgia濕 勝 着 痹 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to stagnation ofpathogenic wind-cold-dampness (with predominanceof dampness) in sinews, bones and joints, andmanifested by pain, feeling of heaviness and swellingin the joint with fixed location, local skin numbness,white slimy tongue coating, and slippery or soggypulse2.10.17pattern/syndromeof heat-obstructingarthralgia熱 邪 阻 痹 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to stagnation ofpathogenic wind-dampness-heat (with predominanceof heat) in sinews, bones and joints, and manifestedby joint pain with local scorching hotness, redness andswelling, yellow tongue coating and rapid slipperypulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 149Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.18pattern/syndrome ofstasis and stagnationdue to traumaticinjury外 傷 瘀 滯 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to traumatic injurycausing local stagnation of qi and blood, manifestedby local ecchymosis, pain and tenderness2.10.19pattern/syndrome ofdamage to sinew andbone損 傷 筋 骨 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to traumatic injurycausing damage to the tendons and bones, markedby local swelling, pain and impaired movement2.10.20pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold invadingthe head風 寒 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome marked by headache with painof the nape and back, aggravated by wind and cold,thin white tongue coating and floating tight pulse2.10.21pattern/syndromewind-heat invadingthe head風 熱 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome marked by headache with adistention sensation, fever or aversion to wind, thirst,flushing of face, reddened tongue tip and edges,thin and yellowish tongue coating, and rapid floatingpulse2.10.22pattern/syndromeof wind-dampnessinvading the head風 濕 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome marked by headache as if thehead were tightly swathed, slight aversion to windand cold, heaviness feeling of the body and limbs,stuffiness sensation in the chest, anorexia, whiteslippery tongue coating and soggy pulse2.10.23pattern/syndrome ofstatic blood invadingthe head瘀 血 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome arising when static bloodobstructs the vessels of the head due to traumaticinjury, manifested by persistent sharp pain with fixedlocation, dizziness, forgetfulness, gloomy complexion,purple tongue or purple spots on the tongue, andstring-like rough pulse2.10.24pattern/syndromeof phlegm turbidityinvading the head痰 濁 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome marked by headache associatedwith mental clouding, tinnitus, impaired hearing,blurred vision, stuffiness and a feeling of pressurein the chest and epigastrium, vomiting of phlegm/mucus, white slimy tongue coating and string-likeslippery pulse2.10.25pattern/syndrome ofliver fire invading thehead肝 火 犯 頭 證a pattern/syndrome marked by severe headacheassociated with flushing face, red eyes, irritability,irascibility, bitter taste in the mouth, reddened tonguewith yellow coating and rapid string-like pulse2.10.26pattern/syndrome ofwind-fire attackingthe eyes風 火 攻 目 證a pattern/syndrome marked by reddened, swollenand painful eye and lacrimination associated withfever, aversion to wind and floating rapid pulse


150Diagnostics - Various Pattern Identification/ Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.27pattern/syndromeof wind-dampnessinsulting the eyes風 濕 凌 目 證a pattern/syndrome marked by swelling of the eyelid,reddened and itchy eye with lacrimination, andphotophobia2.10.28pattern/syndrome oftraumatic injury ofocular vessel外 傷 目 絡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by swollen and painfuleyelid dark purple in color, or the white of the eyeturning into red or dark purple, or pain of the eye withfundus bleeding2.10.29pattern/syndrome ofworm accumulationtransforming intomalnutrition蟲 積 化 疳 證a pattern/syndrome that arises when intestinalparasites deprive the eyes of nourishment, and thatmanifests in impaired vision, night blindness, drynessof the eyes and photophobia2.10.30pattern/syndrome ofliver fire blazing theear肝 火 燔 耳 證a pattern/syndrome marked by painful distensionin the ear, congestion or perforation of tympanicmembrane, or discharge of pus and blood from themeatus, associated with tinnitus, dizziness, bitter tastein the mouth, reddened face and eyes, vexation,irascibility, reddened tongue with yellow coating andrapid string-like pulse2.10.31pattern/syndrome ofwind-heat invadingthe ear風 熱 犯 耳 證a pattern/syndrome marked by distension andobstruction in the ear, congestion of the tympanicmembrane or a feeling of pressure in the ear,associated with tinnitus, headache, fever with slightaversion to wind and cold, thin yellow tongue coatingand rapid floating pulse2.10.32pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatinvading the ear濕 熱 犯 耳 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swelling,pain, erosion, exudation, incrustation of the meatusor auricle, or discharge of thick yellow pus from theear, or distension of the ear with tinnitus, yellow slimytongue coating and rapid slippery pulse2.10.33pattern/syndrome ofphlegm- dampnessattacking the ear痰 濕 犯 耳 證a pattern/syndrome marked by distension and pressurein the ear associated with dizziness, tinnitus, heavinessfeeling of the head and nausea; or thin purulentdischarge from the ear, impaired hearing and visiblefluid horizon through the drum membrane; slipperyslimy tongue coating and string-like slippery pulse2.10.34pattern/syndromeof qi deficiency withhearing loss氣 虛 耳 竅 失充 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to weakened healthy qiwith the clear yang qi failing in ascending, and markedby tinnitus like the sound of cicadas, impairment ofhearing, associated with dizziness, lack of strength,shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, pale tongue


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 151Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionand weak pulse, the same as the pattern/syndrome ofhearing loss due to qi deficiency2.10.35pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold invadingthe nose風 寒 犯 鼻 證a pattern/syndrome marked by stuffy runny nose ornasal itching with sneezing, pale mucous membraneof the nose with thin clear secretion, associated withaversion to wind and cold, thin white tongue coatingand floating tight pulse2.10.36pattern/syndrome ofwind-heat invadingthe nose風 熱 犯 鼻 證a pattern/syndrome marked by nasal obstructionand discharge, swollen conchae and congestedmucous membrane with thick secretion, impairmentof the sense of smell, associated with fever and slightaversion to wind and cold, thin yellow tongue coatingand floating rapid pulse2.10.37pattern/syndrome ofqi deficiency with lossof smell氣 虛 鼻 竅 失充 證a pattern/syndrome marked by nasal obstructionwith clear discharge and frequent sneezing, and paleswollen conchae, associated with dizziness, lack ofstrength, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak,pale tongue and weak pulse, the same as the pattern/syndrome of loss of smell due to qi deficiency2.10.38pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withdryness of the nose陰 虛 鼻 竅 失濡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by enlarged nasalcavity with feeling of scorching hotness, dried nasalmembrane, atrophied conchae and discharge of alittle mucus with crusts or blood, or even epistaxis,dry throat and mouth, tidal fever with malar flush, drytongue with dry coating and rapid fine pulse2.10.39pattern/syndrome ofwind-cold assailingthe throat風 寒 襲 喉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by painful, itchy andslightly swollen throat dark red in color associatedwith hoarseness, fever, aversion to cold, absence ofsweat, stuffy nose and floating tight pulse2.10.40pattern/syndrome ofwind-heat invadingthe throat風 熱 侵 喉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by painful swollen throator enlarged congested tonsils, with discomfort inswallowing and hoarseness of voice, fever, slightaversion to wind and cold, mild thirst, thin yellowtongue coating and rapid floating pulse2.10.41pattern/syndrome oftoxic heat attackingthe throat毒 熱 攻 喉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swelling andpain of the throat with difficulty in swallowing or evenulceration and suppuration with fetid mouth odor,intense fever, thirst, reddened tongue with yellowcoating and rapid forceful pulse


152Diagnostics - Six-Meridian Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.42pattern/syndromeof qi stagnating andphlegm congealing inthe throat氣 滯 痰 凝 咽喉 證a pattern/syndrome marked by depressed mood,discomfort sensation of a foreign body present in thethroat, swelling of the pharyngeal mucous membrane,slimy tongue coating and string-like slippery pulse2.10.43pattern/syndrome ofstomach fire blazingthe gums胃 火 燔 齦 證a pattern/syndrome marked by red, swollen and painfulgums with exudation of blood and pus between theteeth, thirst, fetid mouth odor, constipation, reddenedtongue with yellow coating and rapid pulse2.10.44pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatsteaming the teeth濕 熱 蒸 齒 證a pattern/syndrome marked by toothache or dentalcaries with pain aggravated by heat, sweetness andsourness, or red swollen gums, fetid mouth odor,reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating and rapidslippery pulse2.10.45pattern/syndromeof deficiency firescorching the gums虛 火 灼 齦 證a pattern/syndrome marked by dried and atrophiedgums with exposure of the dental roots, looseness ofthe teeth with dull pain, associated with vexing heat inthe chest, palms and soles, flushed cheeks, reddenedtongue with little moisture and rapid fine pulse2.10.46pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency withdryness of the throat陰 虛 咽 喉 失濡 證a pattern/syndrome marked by a scorching feeling inthe throat with itching, mild pain and hoarseness, orsensation of presence of a foreign body in the throat,dry and slightly reddened pharynx or local ulceration,reddened tongue with little moisture and rapid finepulse2.10.47pattern/syndrome oftoxic fire attacking thelips毒 火 攻 脣 證a pattern/syndrome marked by a red swollen lip withsevere pain or local ulceration with discharge of fetidpus, intense fever, thirst, reddened tongue with yellowcoating and rapid pulse2.10.48pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatsteaming the mouth濕 熱 蒸 口 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swellingand pain of the mucous membrane of the mouth, orulceration in the oral cavity with discharge of fetid pus,or reddened, swollen and ulcerated lip with inflamedangular rhagades, reddened tongue with yellow slimycoating and rapid soggy pulse2.10.49pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatsteaming the tongue濕 熱 蒸 舌 證a pattern/syndrome marked by a reddened, swollenand painful tongue, even with festering ulceration andyellow slimy tongue coating


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 153Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.10.50pattern/syndrome ofheat toxin attackingthe tongue熱 毒 攻 舌 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swellingand pain of the tongue or a part of the tongue withimpaired lingual movement, fever, thirst and rapidforceful pulse2.10.51sublingual bloodstasis pattern/syndrome血 瘀 舌 下 證a pattern/syndrome marked by the development of asublingual dark purple mass, purple tongue or purplespots on the tongue, and impaired motility of thetongue2.11.0Six-MeridianPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation六 經 辨 證2.11.1six-meridian patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation六 經 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according to thetheory of the six meridians/channels, applied to thediagnosis of acute febrile diseases at different stages,but also useful for the pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation of other diseases2.11.2greater yang diseasepattern/syndrome太 陽 病 證 ;太 陽 病a general term for greater yang meridian pattern/syndrome and greater yang bowel pattern/syndrome,occurring at the onset of the febrile disease, chieflymanifested by headache, painful stiff nape, aversionto cold and floating pulse, also called the greateryang disease2.11.3greater yang meridianpattern/syndrome太 陽 經 證one of the patterns/syndromes of the six meridiansdue to attack of pathogenic wind-cold on the greateryang meridian of the body surface, usually seen in theinitial stage of the contraction, marked by chills andfever, headache and painful stiff nape, and floatingpulse2.11.4greater yang bowelpattern/syndrome太 陽 腑 證a pattern/syndrome in which the urinary bladder(greater yang bowel) is attacked by the pathogen inan unrelieved greater yang meridian2.11.5greater yang colddamage pattern/syndrome太 陽 傷 寒 證 ;太 陽 傷 寒a pattern/syndrome caused by pathogenic coldattacking the greater yang meridian, chiefly manifestedby fever, chills, absence of sweat and floating pulse,also called the greater yang cold damage


154Diagnostics - Six-Meridian Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.11.6greater yang waterretentionpattern/syndrome太 陽 蓄 水 證 ;太 陽 蓄 水a type of greater yang bowel pattern/syndrome markedby disordered water metabolism, chiefly manifested byimpaired urination and thirst but vomiting immediatelyafter the ingestion of water, also called the greateryang water-retention2.11.7yang brightnessdisease pattern/syndrome陽 明 病 證 ;陽 明 病a pattern/syndrome marked by exuberant yang anddryness-heat in the stomach and intestines occurringin the course of an externally contracted disease,manifested by abdominal distention with constipation,tidal fever and deep and replete pulse, also called theyang brightness disease2.11.8yang brightnessmeridian pattern/syndrome陽 明 經 證a pattern/syndrome caused by exuberant pathogenicheat flooding in the yang brightness meridianand spreading over the body but not yet inducingconstipation, characteristically manifested by highfever without chills, profuse sweating, strong thirst andlarge surging pulse2.11.9yang brightnessbowel pattern/syndrome陽 明 腑 證a pattern/syndrome caused by accumulation ofpathogenic heat in the stomach and large intestine,manifested by tidal fever, abdominal distension,fullness and pain, constipation, agitation or evendelirium2.11.10lesser yang diseasepattern/syndrome少 陽 病 證 ;少 陽 病a pattern/syndrome in which the pathogen existsbetween the exterior and interior of the body, markedby alternate fever and chills, fullness and chokingfeeling in the chest and hypochondriac region, drythroat and string-like pulse, also called the lesseryang disease2.11.11lesser yang meridianpattern/syndrome少 陽 經 證a lesser yang pattern/syndrome involving thegallbladder meridian, marked by alternating chills andfever, chest and hypochondriac pain and fullness, nodesire for food and drink, irritable disposition, desireto vomit, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizzyvision, white tongue coating and string-like pulse2.11.12lesser yang bowelpattern/syndrome少 陽 腑 證a lesser yang pattern/syndrome associated withheat binding in the gastrointestinal tract, marked byalternating chills and fever, chest and hypochondriacpain and fullness, incessant vomiting, epigastriccramp, irritable disposition, constipation or heat bindwith circumfluence, reddened tongue with yellow drycoating and forceful string-like pulse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 155Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.11.13greater yin diseasepattern/syndrome太 陰 病 證 ;太 陰 病a pattern/syndrome characterized by decline ofspleen yang with production of cold-dampness, andmanifested by anorexia, vomiting, abdominal fullnessand dull pain, diarrhea and weak pulse, also calledthe greater yin disease2.11.14greater yin windstroke pattern/syndrome太 陰 中 風 證a pattern/syndrome of greater yin deficiency coldcombined with exterior wind-cold, marked by aversionto wind, fever, sweating, abdominal fullness andpain alleviated by warmth and pressure, and waterydiarrhea2.11.15lesser yin diseasepattern/syndrome少 陰 病 證 ;少 陰 病a pattern/syndrome occurring at the late stage of anexternally contracted disease, marked by deficiencycold of the heart and kidney, and manifested byaversion to cold, listlessness, irritable disposition,insomnia, cold limbs, diarrhea with undigested foodand fine pulse, also called the lesser yin disease2.11.16lesser yin exterior coldpattern/syndrome少 陰 表 寒 證a pattern/syndrome arising when pathogeniccold invades the lesser yin and then the greateryang concurrently in a patient with yang deficiencyconstitution, and manifested by fever, aversion tocold, headache, absence of sweating, cold limbs,listlessness, white tongue coating and sunken pulse2.11.17lesser yin coldtransformationpattern/syndrome少 陰 寒 化 證a lesser yin pattern/syndrome with cold transformationof the pathogen which invades the heart and kidney,usually manifested as aversion to cold, cold limbs,sleepiness, lienteric diarrhea, pale tongue and sunkenfaint pulse2.11.18lesser yin heattransformationpattern/syndrome少 陰 熱 化 證a lesser yin pattern/syndrome with heat transformationof the pathogen, manifested by irritable disposition,insomnia, dry mouth and throat, reddened tongue tipand fine rapid pulse2.11.19reverting yin diseasepattern/syndrome厥 陰 病 證 ;厥 陰 病a pattern/syndrome occurring at the latest stage ofthree yin disease characterized by interweaving ofcold and heat or yin and yang in a critically ill case,also called the reverting yin disease2.11.20reverting yin heatreversal pattern/syndrome厥 陰 熱 厥 證a pattern/syndrome occurring at the latest stage ofan externally contracted disease when the pathogenprevents the extremely exuberant yang heat fromreaching the exterior, and manifested by coldextremities, flushed face and congested eyes,


156Diagnostics - Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood Pattern Identification / Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionscorching hotness of the chest and abdomen, thirst,irritable disposition, restlessness and inability to sleep,short voidings of reddish urine, constipation, reddenedtongue with yellow coating and rapid slippery pulse2.11.21reverting yin coldreversal pattern/syndrome厥 陰 寒 厥 證a pattern/syndrome occurring at the latest stage ofan externally contracted disease characterized byreversal cold of the extremities and hardly perceptibleor skipping pulse2.11.22greater yang bloodamassment pattern/syndrome太 陽 蓄 血 證 ;太 陽 蓄 血a type of greater yang bowel pattern/syndrome inwhich the pathogen combines with blood and remainsin the lower abdomen, marked by lower abdominalcramps or fullness with rigidity, polyuria, delirium,amnesia, dark stool, and sunken choppy or sunkenbound pulse, also called the greater yang bloodamassment2.11.23pattern/syndrome ofheat entering bloodchamber熱 入 血 室 證a pattern/syndrome marked by penetration of heat intothe uterus, which causes abdominal pain, menstrualdisturbances, alternate fever and chills, and deliriumat night2.12.0Defense, Qi,Nutrient andBlood PatternIdentification/ SyndromeDifferentiation衛 氣 營 血 辨 證2.12.1defense, qi, nutrientand blood patternidentification/syndromedifferentiation衛 氣 營 血 辨 證categorization of epidemic febrile diseases patterns/syndromes according to the theory of defense, qi,nutrient and blood which indicate the stages of theclinical course with corresponding pathologicalchanges2.12.2defense aspectpattern/syndrome衛 分 證the initial stage of an epidemic febrile disease whenonly the superficial part of the defense qi is involved,marked by fever, slightly aversion to wind and cold,headache, reddened tongue tip and rapid floatingpulse2.12.3qi aspect pattern/syndrome氣 分 證the second stage of an epidemic febrile diseaseshowing intrusion of pathogenic heat on the yangbrightness meridian or the lung, gallbladder, spleen,stomach or large intestine, marked by high feverwithout chills, strong thirst, flushed face, dark urine,


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 157Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionreddened tongue with yellow coating and rapidforceful pulse2.12.4nutrient aspectpattern/syndrome營 分 證serious development of an epidemic febrile diseasecharacterized by pathogenic heat entering the nutrientaspect and disturbing the heart (mind), manifested byfever higher at night, restlessness or delirium, faintskin rashes and crimson tongue2.12.5blood aspect pattern/syndrome血 分 證epidemic febrile disease at its severest stage,characterized by severe damage of yin blood, withvarious forms of bleeding such as hemoptysis,epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, in addition tohigh fever, coma or convulsions2.12.6pattern/syndromeof both defense-qiaspects disease衛 氣 同 病 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by coexistenceof pathogenic heat in the defense and qi aspects,manifested by high fever, slight aversion to wind andcold, thirst, irritability, reddened tongue and rapidfloating pulse2.12.7pattern/syndrome ofboth defense-nutrientaspects disease衛 營 同 病 證a pattern/syndrome of epidemic febrile diseasecharacterized by coexistence of pathogenic heat inthe defense and nutrient aspects, manifested by highfever and delirium together with chills, headache andgeneral aching2.12.8pattern/syndromeof dual blaze of qinutrientaspects氣 營 兩 燔 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by simultaneousexistence of syndromes of qi and nutrient aspects,manifested by high fever, thirst, mental irritability,delirium and barely visible skin eruption2.12.9pattern/syndrome ofdual blaze of qi-bloodaspects氣 血 兩 燔 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by coexistence ofsyndromes of qi and blood aspects, manifested byhigh fever, thirst, delirium, skin eruptions, and variousbleeding symptoms2.12.10pattern/syndromeof heat entering theblood aspect熱 入 血 分 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever, impairedconsciousness, bleeding and deep crimson tongue2.12.11pattern/syndromeof heat enteringnutrient-blood aspects熱 入 營 血 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever higher at night,vexing insomnia or impaired consciousness, barelyvisible skin rashes or bleeding, constipation, crimsontongue and rapid fine pulse


158Diagnostics - Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood Pattern Identification / Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.12.12pattern/syndromeof exuberant heatstirring wind熱 盛 動 風 證a pattern/syndrome marked by high fever, coma,convulsions with rigid neck, opisthotonos, lockjaw,crimson tongue with yellow coating and rapid stringlikepulse2.12.13pattern/syndrome ofexuberant heat withbleeding熱 盛 動 血 證a pattern/syndrome marked by high fever, thirst,delirium, flushed face, red eyes, hematochezia,hematuria, epistaxis, distinct skin eruption, crimsontongue with yellow coating and rapid surging pulse2.12.14pattern/syndromeof heat entering thepericardium熱 入 心 包 證 ;熱 閉 心 包 證a pattern/syndrome marked by high fever, thirst,delirium, red face, coarse breath, reddened tonguewith yellow coating and slippery rapid pulse2.12.15residual heat pattern/syndrome餘 熱 未 淸 證a pattern/syndrome characterized by lingeringof residual heat with damage to body fluids, andmanifested by persistent low fever, irritable disposition,thirst, constipation, deep-colored urine, reddenedtongue lacking moisture and rapid fine pulse2.12.16pattern/syndrome oftoxin congesting theupper energizer毒 壅 上 焦 證a pattern/syndrome marked by chills and fever atthe onset, with reddened and swollen head andface, itching and sore throat, and then by high fever,thirst, hot and swollen head and face, skin eruption,agitation, inflamed and infected throat, associatedwith cough and dyspnea2.12.17pattern/syndromeof wind-heat withepidemic toxin風 熱 疫 毒 證a pattern/syndrome marked by chills and fever, rednessand swelling of the head and face, painful swollenthroat, skin eruption, agitation, thirst, headache,nausea, crimson tongue and rapid surging pulse2.12.18pattern/syndrome ofdampness obstructingdefense yang濕 遏 衛 陽 證a pattern/syndrome marked by aversion to cold, lackof sweat, unsurfaced fever, headache as if swathed,cumbersome body and limbs, oppression in the chest,no feeling of hunger, absence of thirst, white slimytongue coating and soggy relaxed pulse2.12.19pattern/syndromeof pathogenhidden in thepleurodiaphragmaticinterspace邪 伏 膜 原 證a pattern/syndrome marked by episodes of chills andfever at fixed hours, severe headache and generalizedpain, distension and oppression in the chest andhypochondriac regions, vomiting of phlegmaticsubstance, and white powdered coating of thetongue


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 159Code Term Chinese Definition/Description2.12.20qi aspect dampnessheatpattern/syndrome氣 分 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome arising when pathogenicdampness-heat invades qi aspect, marked byunsurfaced fever, oppression in the chest anddistension in the abdomen, jaundice, cumbersomelimbs, nausea and vomiting, reddened tongue withyellow slimy coating and rapid slippery pulse2.12.21pattern/syndromeof dampness-heatobstructing qimovement濕 熱 鬱 阻 氣機 證a pattern/syndrome arising when the dampness-heatpathogen obstructs qi movements, marked by fever,lassitude, aching limbs, thoracic oppression andabdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, reddishurine, and white slimy or slimy turbid tongue coating2.12.22pattern/syndromeof dampnesspredominating overheat濕 重 於 熱 證a pattern/syndrome marked by unsurfaced fever, thirstwithout appreciable intake of fluid, heavy feeling ofthe head and cumbersome limbs, impaired urination,diarrhea, reddened tongue with yellowish slimycoating, and slightly rapid and slippery pulse2.12.23pattern/syndrome ofheat predominatingover dampness熱 重 於 濕 證a pattern/syndrome marked by fever, thirst, reddenedface and eyes, cumbersome limbs and head,ungratifying loose bowels, short voidings of littleurine, reddened tongue with yellow slimy coating andrapid slippery pulse2.12.24spreading dampnessheatpattern/syndrome濕 熱 浸 淫 證a pattern/syndrome marked by redness, swelling,itching, ulceration and exudation of the eyelid, ear,nose, mouth angle, fingers or toes2.12.25pattern/syndromeof summerheat withcold-dampness暑 兼 寒 濕 證a pattern/syndrome arising when a combination ofsummerheat and cold-dampness attacks the exteriorof the body, marked by headache, fever, aversion tocold, absence of sweating, epigastric oppression,irritable disposition and thin slimy tongue coating2.12.26pattern/syndromeof summerheatdampnessencumbering themiddle energizer暑 濕 困 阻 中焦 證a pattern/syndrome arising when a combination ofsummerheat and dampness harasses the spleen andstomach, marked by intense fever, persistent thirst,profuse sweating, short voidings of urine, epigastricstuffiness, heaviness of the body and large surgingpulse2.12.27summerheat-heatpattern/syndrome暑 熱 證a pattern/syndrome of summerheat marked byfever, thirst, listlessness, shortness of breath, irritabledisposition, dizziness, sweating, short voidings ofyellow urine, reddened tongue with dry yellow coatingand large surging pulse


160Diagnostics - Triple Energizer Pattern Identification/Syndrome DifferentiationCode Term Chinese Definition/Description2.12.28summerheatdampnesspattern/syndrome暑 濕 證a pattern/syndrome caused by a combinationof summerheat and dampness, marked by fever,vexation, sensation of pressure in the chest, nauseaand vomiting, reddened tongue with yellow slimycoating, and rapid slippery pulse2.12.29pattern/syndrome ofsummerheat enteringyang brightness暑 入 陽 明 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to exuberantsummerheat that enters yang brightness, i.e., the qiaspect, marked by intense fever, profuse sweating,irritable disposition, headache with dizziness,reddened face, coarse breathing, thirst, dry teeth,yellow dry tongue coating, large surging pulse orlarge surging hollow pulse2.12.30pattern/syndromeof summerheatdamaging fluid and qi暑 傷 津 氣 證a pattern/syndrome caused by summerheat whichconsumes qi and damages fluids, and manifested byfever with sweating, strong thirst, irritable disposition,flushed face, listlessness, lack of strength, shortness ofbreath, short voidings of deep-colored urine, reddentongue with dry yellow coating, and large floatingweak pulse2.12.31pattern/syndromeof summerheat-heatstirring wind暑 熱 動 風 證a pattern/syndrome of summerheat marked by highfever, loss of consciousness, convulsion, opisthotonosand trismus2.12.32pattern/syndrome ofsummerheat blockingqi movement暑 閉 氣 機 證a pattern/syndrome of summerheat marked by suddenfainting, fever without much sweating, reversal coldof limbs, dyspnea, lockjaw, or nausea, vomiting andabdominal pain2.13.0Triple EnergizerPatternIdentification/SyndromeDifferentiation三 焦 辨 證2.13.1triple energizerpattern identification/syndromedifferentiation三 焦 辨 證categorization of patterns/syndromes according tothe theory of the triple energizer2.13.2upper energizerdisease pattern/syndrome上 焦 病 證a pattern/syndrome arising when the pathogeninvades the lung meridian at the early stage ofepidemic febrile disease, marked by chills and fever,sweating, headache, cough, thirst, reddened tonguetip and edges, and rapid floating pulse; or marked


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 161Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionby high fever without chills, cough, dyspnea,sweating, delirium and even loss of consciousness ifthe pathogen adversely passes to the pericardium2.13.3middle energizerdisease pattern/syndrome中 焦 病 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to invasion of thepathogen on the stomach meridian at the middle stageof epidemic febrile disease, either marked by drynessheatin the stomach with yin damage, or marked bydampness-heat in the spleen with yin damage2.13.4lower energizerdisease pattern/syndrome下 焦 病 證a pattern/syndrome due to impairment of liver-kidneyyin at the later stage of epidemic febrile disease2.13.5triple energizerdampness-heatpattern/syndrome三 焦 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to invasion of thepathogenic dampness-heat on the whole bodyinvolving all three energizers2.13.6upper energizerdampness-heatpattern/syndrome上 焦 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome occurring at the initial stage ofdampness-heat disease, generally manifested by chillsand fever, heaviness feeling of the head and body,oppression in the chest, cough, absence of sweat andrapid soggy pulse2.13.7lower energizerdampness-heatpattern/syndrome下 焦 濕 熱 證a pattern/syndrome attributed to invasion of thepathogenic dampness-heat on the large intestine orbladder


162Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.0.0 DISEASE 臨 床 各 科3.1.0 Internal Medicine 內 科3.1.1 yin disease 陰 病3.1.2 yang disease 陽 病3.1.3 cold damage 傷 寒3.1.4 miscellaneous disease 雜 病3.1.5 new contraction 新 感(1) disease of yin meridians; (2) a general designationfor deficiency patterns/syndromes and/or coldpatterns/syndromes of the viscera, also called yinstages of disease transformation(1) disease of yang meridians; (2) a generaldesignation for excess patterns/syndromes and/orheat patterns/syndromes, also called yang stages ofdisease transformation(1) a general term for various externally contractedfebrile diseases; (2) a condition caused by cold,manifested as chills and fever, absence of sweating,headache and floating tense pulsevarious internal diseases other than cold-induceddiseases and warm diseasesimmediate onset of the febrile diseases after invasionby the exopathogen, marked by exterior syndrome ofaversion to wind-cold at the beginning3.1.6 seasonal epidemic 時 疫 epidemic infectious disease in a certain season3.1.7 common cold 感 冒3.1.8 influenza 時 行 感 冒3.1.9 dampness damage 傷 濕3.1.10 dysentery 痢 疾affliction of the lung-superficies by pathogenic wind,mainly manifested as fever, chills, headache, generalaching, congested nose, sneezing, itching throat andcougha disease attributable to invasion of the lung-superficiesby an epidemic pathogen that causes acute fever, sorethroat, headache and general achinga disease due to external contraction of dampnessor obstruction of the stomach and intestines bydampness-turbiditya disease characterized by abdominal pain, tenesmus,diarrhea with stool containing mucus and blood3.1.11epidemic toxindysentery疫 毒 痢severe case of dysentery characterized by acute onsetof high fever, headache, severe abdominal pain,frequent stools containing blood and mucus,


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 163Code Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionand even loss of consciousness with convulsions orreversal cold of the limbs and cyanosis3.1.12 intermittent dysentery 休 息 痢 chronic dysentery with frequent relapse3.1.13food-denyingdysentery噤 口 痢severe case of dysentery with utter loss of appetite andvomiting upon eating and drinking3.1.14 cholera 霍 亂3.1.15 dry cholera 乾 霍 亂3.1.16 malaria 瘧 ; 瘧 疾 ( 病 )3.1.17 dampness malaria 濕 瘧3.1.18 warm malaria 溫 瘧3.1.19 cold malaria 寒 瘧3.1.20 taxation malaria 勞 瘧a disease characterized by sudden onset ofsimultaneous vomiting and diarrhea with thevomitus and stool like rice water, referring to acutegastroenteritis, food poisoning and choleraan acute illness characterized by sudden onsetof abdominal colic and epigastric oppressionaccompanied by desire but failure to vomit and desirebut failure to defecatea disease attributed to contraction of malarialparasites, marked by paroxysms of shivering chills,high fever and sweating, also known as malaria-likediseasemalaria complicated by dampness, manifested asparoxysms of chills and unsurfaced fever, accompaniedby impaired sweating, nausea, vomiting, anorexia,slimy tongue coating and relaxed pulsemalaria with higher fever and lower chills than anordinary attack,accompanied by inhibited sweatingand dire thirstmalaria with higher chills and lower fever or even nofever, no sweating, and absence of thirstchronic malaria with mild chills and fever, and withattacks being brought on by fatigue3.1.21 miasmic malaria 瘴 瘧 severe malaria with loss of consciousness or jaundice3.1.22 miasma 瘴 氣 noxious effluvium that is alleged to cause malaria3.1.23 pestilence 瘟 疫3.1.24 erysipelas facialis 大 頭 瘟a general term for virulent infectious epidemicdiseasesan acute infection of the face marked by high feverand local redness, swelling, hotness and pain


164Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.25 warm toxin 溫 毒3.1.26 warm disease 溫 病(1) warm pathogen combined with heat toxin; (2) anyacute inflammatory disease attributable to contractionof such pathogena general terms for acute externally contracteddiseases caused by warm pathogens, with fever as thechief manifestation, also known as warm pathogendisease3.1.27 spring warmth 春 溫 a warm disease contracted in spring3.1.28 wind-warmth 風 溫3.1.29 summerheat stroke 中 暑 ; 暍a warm disease attributable to contraction of windheatpathogenan acute febrile disease attributable to contraction ofsummerheat, the same as heatstroke3.1.30 summerheat affliction 冒 暑 common cold in summer3.1.31 summerheat damage 傷 暑3.1.32 latent summerheat 伏 暑a general term for various conditions caused bysummerheat, especially for mild cases of heatstrokeand sunstrokean acute febrile disease caused by latent summerheator summerheat-dampness pathogen, occurring inautumn or winter3.1.33summerheatconvulsions暑 癎a type of severe summerheat stroke in summer withloss of consciousness and convulsions3.1.34 summerheat-warmth 暑 溫3.1.35 summerheat-wind 暑 風3.1.36 dampness-warmth 濕 溫3.1.37 yin toxin 陰 毒3.1.38 yang toxin 陽 毒a warm disease attributable to contraction ofsummerheat pathogena disease marked by sudden onset of opisthotonosand convulsions caused by summerheata warm disease attributable to contraction ofdampness-heat pathogena disease characterized by erythema and bluish facialcomplexion, accompanied by generalized pain andsore throata disease characterized by erythema bright in color,accompanied by sore throat and spittle with bloodypus


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 165Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.39 cough 咳 嗽(1) the expelling of air from the lungs suddenly withan explosive noise or expectoration of sputum; (2) anydisease mainly manifested by cough3.1.40 dry cough 乾 咳 cough with no or little expectoration3.1.41 fifth-watch cough 五 更 咳cough occurring or exaggerated daily just beforedaybreak3.1.42 lung cough 肺 咳 cough due to ascending counterflow of lung qi3.1.43wheezing anddyspnea哮 喘a diseased state characterized by paroxysmal laboredbreathing accompanied by a whistling sound, such asin asthma3.1.44 wheezing 哮 difficult and labored breathing with a whistling sound3.1.45 cold wheezing 寒 哮 ; 冷 哮3.1.46 heat wheezing 熱 哮a type of asthma due to cold-phlegm obstructing theairway, marked by dyspnea with wheezing, cough withthin mucous expectoration, fullness and oppression inthe chest, whitish and slippery tongue coating, andfloating tight pulsea type of asthma due to retention of heat-phlegm inthe lung, marked by dyspnea, wheezing, thick andyellowish expectoration, flushed face, thirst, reddenedtongue with yellow slimy coating and rapid slipperypulse3.1.47 dyspnea 喘 difficult and labored breathing3.1.48dyspnea of excesstype實 喘dyspnea caused by external contraction, marked byrapid, forceful and coarse breathing with acute onsetand short duration3.1.49dyspnea of deficiencytype虛 喘dyspnea due to insufficient lung and kidney qi, markedby shortness of breath and dyspnea upon exertion,usually gradual on onset and chronic in nature3.1.50 shortness of breath 短 氣 rapid labored breathing3.1.51 shortage of qi 少 氣3.1.52 lung distention 肺 脹weak or faint breathing, also known as shallowbreathinga disease of the lung characterized by persistentdistension of the lung, manifested by a sensation of


166Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionpressure in the chest, chronic cough and expectoration,shortness of breath or dyspnea, cyanotic lips andtongue3.1.53 lung abscess 肺 癰3.1.54 lung consumption 肺 癆3.1.55 plum-pit qi 梅 核 氣abscess occurring in the lung due to heat toxin,marked by sudden onset of fever, cough, chestpain, expectoration of foul-smelling bloody purulentsputuma consumptive disease due to overstrain, characterizedby cough, hemoptysis, tidal fever, night sweating andemaciationa disease characterized by a sensation of a foreign bodypresent in the throat which can be neither swallowednor ejected, also known as globus hystericus3.1.56 fright palpitations 驚 悸 palpitation ascribed to being frightened3.1.57 fearful throbbing 怔 忡 a severe case of palpitation3.1.58 chest impediment 胸 痹3.1.59 chest bind 結 胸3.1.60 heart pain 心 痛3.1.61 sudden heart pain 卒 心 痛3.1.62 true heart pain 眞 心 痛a disease characterized by paroxysms of pectoral pain,sometimes accompanied by a feeling of oppressiona diseased state attributable to accumulation ofpathogens (such as heat or cold in combinationwith retained fluid or phlegm or stagnant food) inthe chest and abdomen, often manifested by localrigidity, fullness and tenderness, also the same aschest constrictiona general term for pain in the precordial and epigastricregionssudden attack of heart pain due to contraction ofpathogenic heata disease characterized by sudden occurrence ofsevere heart pain accompanied by sweating, palecomplexion, cyanotic lips, cold limbs with the handsand feet turning blue up to the joints, and hardlyperceptible pulse3.1.63 dizziness眩 暈 ; 頭 暈 ;瞑 眩a diseased state characterized by a whirling sensationin the head with visual distortion


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 167Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.64 loss of consciousness 神 昏3.1.65 apoplectic wind stroke 類 中 風any diseased state characterized by loss ofconsciousness with no response to stimulationcerebral stroke caused by endogenous pathogenicwind3.1.66prodrome of windstroke中 風 前 兆 症symptoms indicating the onset of wind stroke, such asheadache and dizziness, numbness and weakness ofthe limb3.1.67sequela of windstroke中 風 後 遺 症functional disturbances following an attack of windstroke, such as hemiplegia, dysphasia and dementia3.1.68 collateral stroke 中 絡3.1.69 meridian stroke 中 經3.1.70 bowel stroke 中 腑3.1.71 visceral stroke 中 臟mildest form of wind stroke with slight distortion of theface and numbness of limbsmild form of wind stroke with hemiplegia, paralysis ofthe face and limbs, dysphasia, but no impairment ofconsciousnessserious form of wind stroke with onset of fainting,hemiplegia, distortion of the face and dysphasiavery serious form of wind stroke with sudden loss ofconsciousness, aphasia, and paralysis of lips withsalivation3.1.72 hemiplegia半 身 不 隨 ;偏 枯paralysis of one side of the body3.1.73 numbness 麻 木 reduced sensitivity to touch3.1.74 insomnia 不 得 臥 ; 失 眠 prolonged inability to obtain normal sleep3.1.75 forgetfulness 健 忘3.1.76 dementia 痴 呆3.1.77 yang epilepsy 陽 癎3.1.78 yin epilepsy 陰 癎poor memory; tendency to forget matters, the sameas amnesiadiseases characterized by marked decline of cognitiveand intellectual functions, usually progressive, withoutloss of perception or consciousnessepilepsy of yang nature, characterized by paroxysmaltransient loss of consciousness, seizures, upwardstaring of the eyes often preceded by vocalizationsepilepsy of yin nature characterized by transientclouding of consciousness without convulsions


168Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.79 depressive psychosis 癲 病3.1.80 manic psychosis 狂 病3.1.81 lily disease 百 合 病3.1.82 stomach duct pain 胃 脘 痛3.1.83 gastric stuffiness 脘 痞 ; 心 下 痞a psychotic disorder characterized by severedepressiona psychotic disorder characterized by mental andphysical hyperactivity, disorganization of behavior,and elevation of moodancient term for neurosis characterized by mentalstrain, listlessness, sleeplessness, anorexia, pseudoheat and pseudo cold, bitterness in the mouth, yellowurine and rapid pulsea diseased state characterized by pain in the epigastricregion, the same as epigastric paina diseased state characterized by discomfort in theepigastric region with feelings of fullness and pressurebut without local rigidity and tenderness3.1.84stuffiness of excesstype實 痞sensation of stuffiness caused by accumulation ofpathogenic factors3.1.85stuffiness of deficiencytype虛 痞sensation of stuffiness occurring in deficiencyconditions3.1.86 vomiting 嘔 吐3.1.87 acid vomiting 吐 酸3.1.88 gastric upset 嘈 雜3.1.89 hiccup 呃 逆 ; 噦3.1.90 dysphagia-occlusion 噎 膈3.1.91 stomach reflux 反 胃 ; 胃 反a diseased state characterized by forcible expulsion ofthe stomach contents through the mouthexpulsion through the mouth of sour fluid that flowsup from the stomacha diseased state characterized by a disturbedfeeling in the stomach, often accompanied by acidregurgitationupward reversion of stomach qi with an involuntarymovement of the diaphragm, causing a characteristicsounddifficulty in swallowing caused by narrowing orobstruction of the esophagusflowing back of the stomach contents into theesophagus and mouth a long time after eating, alsoknown as gastro esophageal reflux


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 169Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.92block and repulsion(disease)關 格a diseased state characterized by urinary stoppageand vomiting3.1.93 constipation 便 秘 infrequent or difficult evacuation of the feces3.1.94 diarrhea泄 瀉 ; 下 利 ;泄 瀉 病a diseased condition characterized by abnormalfrequency and liquidity of fecal discharge3.1.95 chronic diarrhea 久 泄3.1.96 splenic constipation 脾 約3.1.97 visceral bind 藏 結 ; 臟 結3.1.98 food damage 傷 食3.1.99 sallow disease 黃 胖 病3.1.100 jaundice 黃 疸3.1.101 acute jaundice 急 黃3.1.102 yang jaundice 陽 黃3.1.103 yin jaundice 陰 黃diarrhea lasting for a long time or continuallyrecurringinfrequent passage of dry hardened feces as aconsequence of dysfunction of the spleena diseased state arising when excess cold boundin the internal organs and manifested by epigastricdistension, fullness and pain or tender massaccumulated in the hypochondriac regionany disease of damage to the spleen and stomachby fooda diseased state characterized by withered-yellowishdiscoloration of the skin and swelling of the face andanklesa diseased condition characterized by yellowdiscoloration of the skin and scleraa critical case of jaundice with sudden onset, rapiddeterioration and poor prognosis, accompanied byhigh fever, dire thirst, impairment of consciousnessand delirium, indicating inward invasion of dampnessheatwith toxin into the blood and nutrient aspectsa type of jaundice characterized by bright yellowdiscoloration of the skin and sclera, accompanied bydamp-heat symptoms such as fever, thirst and yellowslimy tongue coatinga type of jaundice characterized by dim yellowdiscoloration of the skin and sclera, usually chronicand accompanied by cold-dampness symptoms suchas listlessness, fear of cold, white slimy tongue coatingand soggy relaxed pulse


170Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.104 dietary jaundice 穀 疸3.1.105 alcoholic jaundice 酒 疸3.1.106 liver fixity 肝 著3.1.107 gallbladder distention 膽 脹3.1.108 tympanites 鼓 脹3.1.109 cutaneous distention 膚 脹a type of jaundice characterized by dizzinessimmediately after meal, and painful fullness in thestomach due to indigestiona type of jaundice due to excessive consumption ofliquora diseased condition arising when qi and blood of theliver meridian become depressed and stagnanta diseased condition arising when the gallbladder qiis stagnant, and manifested by recurrent right upperabdominal pain with stuffiness and distensiona disease characterized by the severely distendedabdomen like a drum accompanied by a somberyellow discoloration of the skin and prominent veinson the abdominal walla type of distension disease due to contraction of coldpathogen, arising when the pathogen stays in the skintogether with the defense qi3.1.110distention andfullness脹 滿distension without and fullness within, a diseasedcondition in which damage to the spleen and stomachresults in qi stagnation3.1.111 water distention 水 脹edema due to insufficiency of yang qi that leads toaccumulation of water-dampness, marked initiallyby abdominal distension, and then swelling of theextremities3.1.112 edema水 腫 ; 水 氣( 病 )any disease characterized by subcutaneous fluidretention3.1.113 yang edema 陽 水3.1.114 yin edema 陰 水edema due to attack of wind or immersion ofwater-dampness involving the lung and the spleenrespectively, usually with an acute onset and a shortcourse, accompanied by exterior, heat and excesssymptomsedema due to deficiency of the spleen and the kidneywith inhibited qi movement, usually with a gradualonset and a long course, accompanied by interior,cold and deficiency symptoms


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 171Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.115 wind edema 風 水3.1.116 skin edema 皮 水 ; 裏 水3.1.117 regular edema 正 水3.1.118 stony edema 石 水3.1.119 yellow sweat 黃 汗3.1.120 strangury disease 淋 病3.1.121 heat strangury 熱 淋3.1.122 stone strangury 石 淋3.1.123 qi strangury 氣 淋3.1.124 blood strangury 血 淋3.1.125 unctuous strangury 膏 淋3.1.126 fatigue strangury 勞 淋3.1.127 white ooze 白 淫a type of edema especially of the face and head,ascribed to attack on the lung by pathogenic wind,manifested by sudden onset of edema accompaniedby fever with aversion to wind, aching joints, andoliguriapitting edema accompanied by abdominal distensionand floating pulsea type of edema accompanied by abdominal fullnessand dyspneaa type of edema marked by stony hardness of thelower abdomena disease mainly caused by the interior accumulationof dampness-heat, and characterized by edema, feverand yellow-colored sweata variety of diseases characterized by frequent, painfuland dripping urinationstrangury ascribed to dampness-heat, marked byurgency and frequency of painful urination withacute onset, and accompanied by chills and fever,lumbar pain and cramps, and distension in the lowerabdomenpainful and difficult urination due to the passage ofurinary calculistrangury due to bladder qi disorders, characterizedby painful voiding of urine and lower abdominaldistension and fullnessstrangury characterized by painful discharge of bloodyurinepainful discharge of turbid, milky urine like ricewatera type of strangury characterized by recurrent drippingof urine ascribed to taxing fatigue, usually seen inchronic casesseminal fluid in the urine or persistent vaginaldischarge


172Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.128 white turbidity 白 濁3.1.129 turbid urine (disease) 尿 濁(1) murky urine white in color; (2) discharge of amurky white substance from the urethradischarge of turbid urine, white like rice water, withno difficulty or pain in urination, a condition differentfrom unctuous strangury3.1.130dribbling urinaryblock (disease)癃 閉dribbling urination or complete blockage of urineflow3.1.131seminal emission(disease)遺 精a diseased state characterized by involuntary emissionof semen3.1.132dream emission(disease)夢 遺involuntary emission of semen during sleep associatedwith dreaming3.1.133 spermatorrhea 滑 精involuntary and frequent discharge of semen withoutcopulation3.1.134premature ejaculation(disease)早 泄ejaculation of semen immediately after or even priorto penetration3.1.135 impotence 陽 痿3.1.136 persistent erection 陽 强3.1.137 seminal cold 精 冷an abnormal state of a male characterized byinability to initiate or maintain an erection in sexualintercourseabnormal persistent erection accompanied bytenderness of the penisa diseased state characterized by cold thin seminalfluid which leads to sterility3.1.138seminal turbidity(disease)精 濁an inflammatory disease of male genital organ markedby frequent discharge of white turbid secretion fromthe urethra, generally referring to prostatitis3.1.139 yin-yang transmission 陰 陽 易3.1.140 running piglet 奔 豚 ; 奔 豚 氣the disease contracted by a healthy person aftersexual intercourse with one who has not yet recoveredfrom an external contraction, also known as yin-yangexchangean ancient name for the morbid condition characterizedby a feeling of masses of gas ascending within theabdomen like running piglets, also known as runningpiglet qi


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 173Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.141 depression 鬱 病3.1.142 blood disease 血 病3.1.143 nosebleed 鼻 衄a general term for diseased states characterizedby a depressed mood with feelings of despair oruneasinessa general term for diseases involving the blood,including bleeding, blood stasis and blood heathemorrhage from the nose irrelevant to trauma, alsocalled epistaxis3.1.144 gum bleeding 齒 衄 bleeding from the gums irrelevant to trauma3.1.145 hematemesis 吐 血 vomiting of blood3.1.146 hematochezia 便 血 passage of blood in the stool3.1.147 hematuria 尿 血3.1.148 purpura 紫 斑discharge of bloody urine or blood streaks in theurine, but with no pain during urinationany disease characterized by ecchymosis or smallhemorrhages in the skin and mucous membrane3.1.149blood amassment(disease)蓄 血a disease caused by stagnated blood accumulated ina meridian/channel or an organ, e.g., in the uterus,or in the middle energizer3.1.150phlegm-fluidretention痰 飮(1) a general term for retention of phlegm and fluidin any part of the body; (2) a particular designationfor retention of fluid in the gastrointestinal tract, e.g.,gastric retention in pyloric stenosis3.1.151 pleural fluid retention 懸 飮a disease characterized by excess fluid retained in theside of the thorax with stretching pain during cough3.1.152subcutaneous fluidretention溢 飮a disease characterized by excessive fluid of the bodyspilling outward to the body surface3.1.153thoracic fluidretention支 飮retention of excessive fluid in the lung and chest3.1.154recurrent fluidretention伏 飮a disease characterized by phlegm-fluid lying latentin the body with episodes brought on by externalcontractions3.1.155 mild fluid retention 微 飮a mild case of fluid retention mainly manifested byshortness of breath


174Disease - Internal MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.156persistent fluidretention留 飮a case of fluid retention with lingering course anddifficult to cure3.1.157 abnormal sweating 汗 證 ; 汗 病3.1.158 shock sweating 脫 汗3.1.159 wasting-thirst 消 渴 ; 消 渴 病3.1.160 upper wasting-thirst 上 消3.1.161 middle wasting-thirst 中 消any diseased state characterized by generalized orlocal abnormal sweatingprofuse sweating associated with listlessness, coldlimbs, and hardly perceivable pulse, usually occurringin a critical caseany diseased state characterized by polydipsia,polyphagia, and polyuria, similar to diabetesa wasting-thirst case characterized by polydipsia withexcessive drinkinga wasting-thirst case characterized by polyphagia andemaciation3.1.162 lower wasting-thirst 下 消 a wasting-thirst case characterized chiefly by polyuria3.1.163 consumptive disease 虛 勞a general term for chronic deficiency diseases due toconsumption of yin, yang, qi and blood3.1.164fatigue due tooverexertion勞 倦a diseased state caused by overexertion, manifested byfatigue, lassitude, shortness of breath upon exertion,and spontaneous sweating3.1.165aggregationaccumulation積 聚 ; 癥 瘕a general term referring to mass formation in the chestand abdomen, also called abdominal mass3.1.166 syncope 厥 ; 厥 證a morbid state characterized by temporary loss ofconsciousness with cold extremities up to the elbowsand knees or beyond, the same as collapse3.1.167 flopping syncope 薄 厥 an acute disease characterized by sudden fainting3.1.168 visceral syncope 藏 厥 ; 臟 厥 syncope due to yang debilitation of internal organs3.1.169 crapulent syncope 食 厥3.1.170 heat syncope 熱 厥 ; 煎 厥syncope due to eating and drinking too much at onesittingsyncope due to yin debilitation and excessive heat,also called scorching syncope3.1.171 cold syncope 寒 厥 syncope due to yang debilitation and excessive cold


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 175Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.172 wind syncope 風 厥 syncope due to transformation of liver qi into wind3.1.173 qi syncope 氣 厥3.1.174 blood syncope 血 厥3.1.175 phlegm syncope 痰 厥3.1.176 true headache 眞 頭 痛3.1.177 head wind 頭 風 ; 腦 風syncope induced by emotional upset with upwardcounterflow of qisyncope due to a fit of rage that causes an upwardreverse flow of qi and blood, marked by flushed faceand stringy forceful pulsesyncope due to exuberant phlegm that causes a qiblocka critical case of headache marked by sudden attackof severe pain in the head accompanied by nausea,vomiting, and counterflow cold of extremities up tothe elbows and knees(1) chronic headache with repeated recurrence; (2)a general term for affections of the head causedby pathogenic wind, including headache, dizziness,facial paralysis, and itching of the scalp with muchscurf3.1.178hemilateral headwind偏 頭 風chronic recurrent headache occurring on one side orone part of the head3.1.179 thunder head wind 雷 頭 風3.1.180 impediment disease 痹 病3.1.181 moving impediment 行 痹 ; 風 痹3.1.182 painful impediment 痛 痹 ; 寒 痹3.1.183 fixed impediment 着 痹 ; 濕 痹a diseased state characterized by pain with loud noisein the heada group of diseases caused by the invasion of wind,cold, dampness or heat pathogen on the meridian/channel involving muscles, sinews, bones and joints,manifested by local pain, soreness, heaviness, orhotness, and even articular swelling, stiffness anddeformities, also referring to arthralgiaan impediment disease characterized by migratoryjoint pains, also called wind impedimentan impediment disease with severe joint painexaggerated by cold, also called cold impedimentan impediment disease with fixed joint pain, alsocalled dampness impediment


176Disease - External MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.184 heat impediment 熱 痹3.1.185 joint-running wind 歷 節 風3.1.186 bone impediment 骨 痹3.1.187 flesh impediment 肌 痹3.1.188 blood impediment 血 痹3.1.189 vessel impediment 脈 痹3.1.190 heart impediment 心 痹3.1.191 intestinal impediment 腸 痹3.1.192 convulsive disease 痙 病an impediment disease with an acute onset of jointpain accompanied by local redness, swelling andhotnessa disease characterized by redness and swellingof multiple joints, with acute pain and difficulty inbending and stretching, and finally developing intoarticular deformitya type of impediment disease mainly involving thebones and jointsa type of impediment disease mainly involving theflesha type of impediment disease marked by localnumbness of extremitiesa type of impediment disease mainly involving thevesselsa type of impediment disease mainly involving thehearta type of impediment disease mainly involving theintestinesany diseased state marked by neck rigidity,convulsion of the limbs, and even clenched jaw andopisthotonos3.1.193febrile convulsionwithout chills柔 痙a type of pyretic convulsion associated with sweatingbut no chills3.1.194febrile convulsionwith chills剛 痙a type of pyretic convulsion associated with chills butno sweating3.1.195 wilting disease 痿 病3.1.196 lung atrophy 肺 痿weakness and limpness of the sinews that in severecases leads to muscular atrophy and prevents thelifting of the legs and arms, the same as atrophyflacciditya disease of the lung due to chronic cough, markedby atrophy of the lung with shortness of breath andexpectoration


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 177Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.1.197 bone wilting 骨 痿 ; 腎 痿3.1.198 vessel wilting 脈 痿 ; 心 痿3.1.199 fleshy wilting 肉 痿 ; 脾 痿3.1.200 sinew wilting 筋 痿 ; 肝 痿3.1.201 leg flaccidity 痿 躄3.1.202 tremor 顫 震3.1.203 lumbago 腰 痛3.1.204 genital disease 疝 ; 疝 氣3.1.205 hernia 疝 ; 小 腸 氣3.1.206 cold abdominal colic 寒 疝wilting attributed to heat in kidney qi, characterizedby limp aching lumbar spine and weak wilting lowerlimbs preventing the patient from getting up andstanding, the same as kidney atrophywilting attributed to heat in heart qi, characterized byarticular relaxation of the lower limbs preventing thepatient from standing, the same as heart atrophywilting attributed to heat in spleen qi, characterized bynumbness of the flesh, and in severe cases, inability tomove the limbs, the same as spleen atrophywilting attributed to heat in liver qi, characterizedby sinew contracture gradually giving way to wiltingthat prevents normal movements, the same as liveratrophyloss of muscle tone in the legs due to atrophy anddifficulty in legs movementa diseased state characterized by involuntary tremblingof the head or limbspain in the lumbar region caused by disordered qiand blood flow in the related collateral vessels inexogenous afflictions, traumatic injuries or kidneydeficiencya collective term for various diseases characterizedby pain and/or swelling of the lower abdomen orscrotumprotrusion of a part of an organ or tissue from a bodycavity through the tissues that normally contain itacute abdominal pain due to cold, also called coldinduced colic3.2.0 External Medicine 外 科3.2.1 sore and ulcer 瘡 瘍a general term for suppurative diseases of the bodysurface3.2.2 sore 瘡 an abbreviation of sore and ulcer


178Disease - External MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.3 ulcerating sore 潰 瘍3.2.4 swollen sore 腫 瘍3.2.5 hairline sore 髮 際 瘡a break in skin or mucous membrane with loss ofsurface tissue, disintegration and necrosisany swelling in external diseases that has notsuppurated and rupturedsore occurring at the back of the neck close to thehairline3.2.6 seat sore 坐 板 瘡 sore on the buttock3.2.7 shank sore 臁 瘡 chronic ulcer on the lower leg3.2.8 bedsore 褥 瘡3.2.9 furuncle 癤an ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in apatient lying in bed for a long period of timean acute localized inflammation of the skin, havinga hard central core, and forming pus, also known asboil3.2.10mole cricket boildisease螻 蛄 癤multiple abscesses of the scalp, referring to folliculitisabscedens et suffodiens3.2.11 furunculosis 癤 病 a condition of tending to develop multiple furuncles3.2.12 deep-rooted boil 疔 a boil with its central core deeply rooted3.2.13 snake-head whitlow 蛇 頭 疔3.2.14 cutaneous anthrax 疫 疔3.2.15 abscess 癰3.2.16 cervical abscess 頸 癰3.2.17 axillary abscess 腋 癰a swollen fingertip resembling the head of a snake,referring to digital pyogenic inflammationan infectious disease characterized by small pruriticpapular lesions of the head, face and limbs,which enlarge, ulcerate, discharge bloody serum,associated with severe systemic symptoms such assepticemia, high fever, vomiting, sweating, headacheand prostrationa pyogenic infection with localized collection of pusburied in tissues or organsa pyogenic infection with abscess formation at thelateral aspect of the necka pyogenic infection with abscess formation in theaxillary region


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 179Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.18 popliteal infection 委 中 毒3.2.19 umbilical abscess 臍 癰3.2.20 gluteal abscess 臀 癰3.2.21 intestinal abscess 腸 癰3.2.22 effusion 發an acute pyogenic inflammation in the poplitealregiona pyogenic infection with abscess formation in theumbilical regiona pyogenic infection with abscess formation in thegluteal regiona localized pyogenic inflammation of the intestine,referring to acute appendicitisacute, diffuse and suppurative inflammation of thesubcutaneous tissue3.2.23effusion of the backof the hand手 發 背acute pyogenic infection of the dorsum of the handwith diffuse swelling and inflammation3.2.24effusion of thedorsum of the foot足 發 背acute pyogenic infection of the dorsum of the footwith diffuse swelling and inflammation3.2.25 carbuncle 有 頭 疽a necrotizing infection of skin and subcutaneous tissuewith multiple openings for the discharge of pus andsloughing of dead tissue3.2.26suppurativeosteomyelitis附 骨 疽a suppurative inflammatory disease of bone, markedby local death and separation of tissue3.2.27 suppurative coxitis 環 跳 疽 suppurative inflammation of the hip joint3.2.28 digital gangrene 脫 疽3.2.29 deep multiple abscess 流 注3.2.30 suppurative parotitis 發 頤3.2.31 erysipelas 丹 毒 ; 火 丹3.2.32 wandering erysipelas 赤 遊 丹gangrene of the extremities, especially referring tothromboangiitisa secondary abscess, usually multiple, deeply located,and distant from the primary lesion, also calledmetastatic abscessinflammation of the parotid gland associated withsuppurationan acute infection of the skin marked by intense localrednessa type of erysipelas in the newborn characterized bychanging the location of the lesion either from thetrunk to the extremities or from the extremities to thetrunk


180Disease - External MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.33 flowing phlegm 流 痰 ; 骨 癆chronic pyogenic infection, especially tuberculosis,of bone and joint, also known as osteoarticulartuberculosis3.2.34 scrofula 瘰 癧 chronic inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes3.2.35 acute mastitis 乳 癰 acute pyogenic inflammation of the breast3.2.36mastitis duringpregnancy內 吹 乳 癰inflammation of the breast occurring duringpregnancy3.2.37 postpartum mastitis 外 吹 乳 癰 inflammation of the breast occurring after delivery3.2.38 phlegmonous mastitis 乳 發a serious suppurative inflammation of the breastleading to necrosis and abscess formation3.2.39 mammary phthisis 乳 癆 ; 乳 痰 tuberculosis of the breast3.2.40 gynecomastia 乳 癧3.2.41 mammary fistula 乳 漏excessive development of the breast in the childrenand male adultsan abnormal passage that leads to the cutaneoussurface of the breast or areola of the nipple andexudes pus3.2.42 thelorrhagia 乳 衄 bleeding from the mammary nipple3.2.43 mammary hyperplasia 乳 癖 benign hyperplasia of mammary gland3.2.44 cracked nipple 乳 頭 風 painful fissuring of the mammary nipple or areola3.2.45 goiter 癭3.2.46 qi goiter 氣 癭3.2.47 fleshy goiter 肉 癭3.2.48 stony goiter 石 癭3.2.49 tumor 瘤enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swellingin the front part of the necka goiter that is painless and soft to the touch and thatswells and shrinks with the patient’s moodsa benign goiter, soft or beefy, with a slow progress,mostly referring to adenomatous or cystic goiterenlarged thyroid, nodulated and as hard as stone,mostly referring to carcinoma of the thyroida neoplasm which persists and has no physiologicaluse


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 181Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.50 qi tumor 氣 瘤3.2.51 blood tumor 血 瘤a term for multiple pedunculated soft tumors arisingsuperficially under the skin, becoming flat on pressingand bulging again when the pressure is removedas if they were filled with air, mostly referring toneurofibromaa vascular tumor composed of dilated blood vesselsin the skin or subcutaneously3.2.52 sinew tumor 筋 瘤 a dilated and tortuous vein, usually in the leg3.2.53 fleshy tumor 肉 瘤 tumor of subcutaneous fatty tissue3.2.54 bone tumor 骨 瘤 tumor of the bone, either benign or malignant3.2.55 rocky mass/cancer 巖any malignant tumor occurring on body surface thatlooks and feels like rock3.2.56 cocoon lip 繭 脣 malignant tumor occurring in the labial region3.2.57cervical malignancywith cachexia失 榮advanced case of malignant tumor of the cervical lymphnode, either primary or metastatic, accompanied bycachexia3.2.58rocky mass in thebreast/breast cancer乳 巖malignant tumor occurring in the mammary region3.2.59 eruption 疹3.2.60 macula 斑 疹visible efflorescent lesions of the skin, resembling milletseeds, and marked by redness and prominencea general term for any spot or area distinguishable bycolor from the surrounding skin3.2.61 papule 丘 疹 small conical elevation of the skin3.2.62 pustule 膿 皰3.2.63 scab 痂3.2.64 subcutaneous node 結 核small circumscribed elevation of the skin, containingpusouter layer of wound formed by the drying of a bodilyexudatea general term for any round mass formed under theskin3.2.65 polyp 息 肉 a protruding growth from the mucous membrane


182Disease - External MedicineCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.66 fistula 漏3.2.67 herpes simplex 熱 瘡an abnormal passage leading from an abscess orhollow organ to the body surfacethe development of fluid-filled vesicles on the marginof skin and mucous membrane as a concomitant offever, usually referring to herpes simplex3.2.68 herpes zoster蛇 丹 ;蛇 串 瘡 ;纏 腰 火 丹 ;纏 腰 蛇 丹 ;火 帶 瘡an acute eruptive disease characterized by severe painalong the girdled distribution of clustered vesicles3.2.69 verruca 疣 a horny projection on the skin, also known as a wart3.2.70 verruca vulgaris 疣 目3.2.71 corn 鷄 眼 ; 肉 刺3.2.72 fat sore 肥 瘡3.2.73 tinea manuum 鵝 掌 風3.2.74 tinea versicolor 紫 白 癜 風a lobulated hyperplastic epidermal lesion with ahorny surface, usually occurring on the back of thehand, fingers or scalpa horny thickening of the skin, forming a conical masspointing down into the corium (dermis)a type of ringworm characterized by formation ofyellow cup-shaped crusts, referring to tinea favosaringworm affecting the hands, referring to chronicdermatitis with keratosisa non-inflammatory disorder characterized by multiplemacular patches of all sizes and shapes, varying fromwhite in pigmented skin to tan or brown in pale skin,usually seen on the neck, trunk and proximal ends oflimbs that are apt to sweat3.2.75 vitiligo白 癜 風 ;白 駁 風a skin disease manifested as smooth white spots onvarious parts of the body3.2.76 scabies 疥 瘡 ; 疥 癩 a contagious skin disease caused by mites3.2.77 urticaria 癮 疹 ; 風 癮 疹3.2.78 dry ringworm 乾 癬an allergic disorder of the skin, marked by red or palewheals, intermittent, associated with intense itchinga chronic skin disease characterized by clearlycircumscribed thickening of the skin, fissuring anditching that causes scaling, mostly referring to chroniceczema or neurodermatitis


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 183Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.79 oxhide lichen 牛 皮 癬3.2.80 psoriasis 白 疕 ; 松 皮 癬3.2.81 seborrheic dermatitis 面 遊 風3.2.82 acne 粉 刺 ; 酒 刺3.2.83 alopecia 油 風3.2.84 erythema multiforme 貓 眼 瘡3.2.85 erythema nodosum 瓜 藤 纏3.2.86 skin impediment 皮 痹3.2.87 hemorrhoid 痔3.2.88 internal hemorrhoid 內 痔3.2.89 external hemorrhoid 外 痔3.2.90 anal fistula 肛 漏 ; 肛 瘻chronic disorder of the skin characterized by patchesof itching lichenoid eruption resembling cattle hide,referring to neurodermatitisa chronic skin disease marked by rounded,circumscribed, erythematous, dry, scaling patches,covered by silvery white, lamellar scales, resemblingthe bark of a pine treea chronic inflammation of the skin marked by excessivesecretion of sebuma chronic inflammatory disease of the follicles andsebaceous glands, occurring on the face, chest andbacka disease marked by sudden patchy loss of hair, whichusually occurs in sharply defined areas, referring toalopecia areataan acute self-limited inflammatory skin diseasecharacterized by sudden onset of erythematousmacular, bullous, papular, or vesicular eruptiona skin disease which most often affects young womenand is characterized by the development of crops oftransient, inflammatory nodules that are usually tender,multiple, and bilateral, most commonly located onthe shinsa disease characterized by hardening and thickeningof the skin, followed by atrophy at the late stage,referring to sclerodermavaricose dilatation of a vein of the superior or inferiorhemorrhoidal plexusvaricose dilatation of a vein of the superiorhemorrhoidal plexus, situated proximal to thepectinate linevaricose dilatation of a vein of the inferior hemorrhoidalplexus, situated distal to the pectinate linea fistula opening on the cutaneous surface near theanus, which may communicate with the rectum


184Disease - Gynecology and ObstetricsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.2.91prolapse of therectum脫 肛protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane throughthe anus3.2.92 polyp of rectum 息 肉 痔3.2.93 abscess of the testicle 子 癰3.2.94 scrotal abscess 囊 癰a protruding growth from the mucous membrane ofthe rectuman inflammatory infection of the testis and epididymismarked by local pain and swelling, referring toepididymitis and orchitisan acute pyogenic inflammation of the scrotumexcluding the testis, marked by redness, swelling andpain of the scrotum associated with chills and fever,and followed by tightness and luster of the scrotal skinwith excruciating pain3.2.95 hydrocele 水 疝 an accumulation of fluid in the testicle3.2.96 frostbite 凍 瘡 ; 凍 風a lesion marked by swelling, numbness, cyanosis,blister or ulcerating sore attributed to exposure to coldthat causes local stagnation of qi and blood3.2.97 tetanus破 傷 風 ;金 瘡 痙a disease characterized by sustained muscularcontraction caused by pathogenic wind toxin whichenters the body through a puncture wound3.2.98green-blue snaketoxin sore靑 蛇 毒inflammation of a superficial vein associatedwith thrombus formation, referring to superficialthrombophlebitis3.2.99 thigh swelling 股 腫3.2.100 fox-creeper disease 狐 惑 ; 狐 惑 病thrombus formation and inflammation of a deeplocatedvein, referring to deep thrombophlebitisa disease characterized by erosion of the mouth, throatand genitalia, red eyes and black canthi, resemblingBehcet’s syndrome3.3.0Gynecology andObstetrics婦 産 科 ;産 婦 人 科3.3.1bimonthlymenstruation並 月menstruation occurring once every two months, butcausing no symptoms3.3.2trimonthlymenstruation居 經 ; 季 經menstruation occurring once every three months, butcausing no symptoms


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 185Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.3.3 annual menstruation 避 年menstruation occurring once a year, but causing nosymptoms3.3.4 five unwomanlinesses 五 不 女 five forms of female infertility3.3.5menstruation duringpregnancy激 經 ; 垢 胎regular menstruation during early pregnancy, whichstops spontaneously when the fetus is fully developed3.3.6 labor 臨 産3.3.7 testing labor 試 胎 ; 試 月3.3.8 false labor 弄 胎the process of giving birth to offspring, including theexpulsion of the fetus, placenta and membranes fromthe uterus through the vaginaabdominal pain that occurs for a short time and thenstops, occurring during the eighth or ninth month ofpregnancyintermittent abdominal pain that occurs toward theend of the term of pregnancy without backache, alsoknown as agitated fetus3.3.9early leakage ofamniotic fluid試 水the condition characterized by leakage of the amnioticfluid which is not followed by childbirth3.3.10 injured labor 傷 産 premature delivery due to traumatic injury3.3.11 puerperium 産 褥3.3.12 menstrual disease 月 經 病the period between childbirth and the return of theuterus to its normal conditiona collective term for diseases characterized byabnormal interval, duration, quantity, color, qualityof menses, non-physiological stoppage, as wellas manifest symptoms with the periods or aroundmenopause, the same as emmeniopathy3.3.13menstrualirregularities月 經 不 調a general term for irregular menstruation and othermenstrual complaints, such as abnormal duration,amount, color and quality of menstrual discharge3.3.14advancedmenstruation月 經 先 期 ;經 行 先 期 ;經 早periods that come one week or more ahead of duetime, for more than two successive periods3.3.15 delayed menstruation月 經 後 期 ;經 行 後 期 ;經 遲periods that come one week or more after due time,for more than two successive periods


186Disease - Gynecology and ObstetricsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.3.16menstruation atirregular intervals月 經 先 後 無 定期 ; 經 亂periods that come with an irregular cycle, more thanone week early or later3.3.17 scant menstruation3.3.18 profuse menstruation月 經 過 少 ;月 經 澁 少月 經 過 多 ;經 水 過 多 ;月 水 過 多menstrual discharge of less than the normal amountoccurring at regular intervalsexcessive uterine bleeding occurring at regularintervals, the same as menorrhagia3.3.19 flooding and spotting 崩 漏3.3.20 flooding 血 崩 ; 崩 中3.3.21 spotting 漏 下sudden onset of profuse uterine bleeding or incessantdripping of blood, occurring not in the regularmenstruation period, the same as metrorrhagiasudden massive uterine bleeding, the same asmetrorrhagiaslight but persistent leakage of blood from the uterus,the same as metrostaxis3.3.22prolongedmenstruation經 期 延 長excessively prolonged menstruation in regular cycles,the same as menostaxis3.3.23intermenstrualbleeding經 間 期 出 血uterine bleeding occurring not in the regularmenstruation period3.3.24 amenorrhea 閉 經 ; 經 閉failure of menstruation to occur at puberty or abnormalstoppage of the menses for more than three monthsafter menarche3.3.25 dysmenorrhea痛 經 ;月 經 痛 ;經 行 腹 痛lower abdominal pain or referring pain to the lowerback occurring around or during the menstrualperiod3.3.26 inverted menstruation 倒 經 ; 逆 經discharge of blood from some part other than thevagina during the menstrual period, such as bleedingfrom the nose or vomiting of blood3.3.27distending pain inthe breasts duringmenstruation經 行 乳 房 脹 痛distention or sensation of fullness and pain in thebreasts before, during, or after menstruation3.3.28moodiness duringmenstruation經 行 情 志 異 常depression, gloominess, irritability and other changesof mood occurring around each menstrual periodand returning to normal after the period


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 187Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.3.29 vaginal discharge 帶 下(1) normal discharge from the vagina; (2) diseasescharacterized by discharge from the vagina, the sameas leukorrhea3.3.30white vaginaldischarge白 帶(1) whitish discharge from the vagina; (2) a diseasemarked by white discharge from the vagina3.3.31yellow vaginaldischarge黃 帶yellowish viscous discharge from the vagina, usuallyindicating the presence of pathogenic damp-heat3.3.32 morning sickness3.3.33 uterine obstruction惡 阻 ;妊 娠 惡 阻胞 阻 ;妊 娠 腹 痛nausea and vomiting during early pregnancylower abdominal pain occurring in pregnancy, usuallydue to the impeded flow of qi and blood in uterinevessels3.3.34vaginal bleedingduring pregnancy胎 漏small amount of blood discharge through vaginaduring pregnancy, intermittent, but with no lumbarpain or abdominal pain3.3.35 threatened abortion 胎 動 不 安3.3.36 habitual abortion 滑 胎3.3.37 early abortion 墮 胎3.3.38 late abortion 小 産3.3.39 pseudopregnancy 鬼 胎continuous moving of the fetus with lumbar pain andabdominal pain or small amount of vaginal bleedingspontaneous abortion in three or more consecutivepregnanciesspontaneous abortion occurring within the first twelveweeks of pregnancyspontaneous abortion occurring after the twelfth weekand before the twenty-eighth week of pregnancyabnormal pregnancy resulting in a mass in theuterus resembling a bunch of grapes, referring tohydatidiform mole3.3.40 hydramnios3.3.41 pregnancy swelling3.3.42 pregnancy vexation子 滿 ;胎 水 腫 滿子 腫 ;妊 娠 腫 脹子 煩 ;妊 娠 心 煩that causing abnormally enlarged abdomen, sensationof fullness and dyspneaedema of the face and limbs occurring in the latestage of pregnancydepression or irritability occurring during pregnancy


188Disease - PediatricsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.3.43dizziness inpregnancy子 暈 ;妊 娠 眩 暈dizziness with blurred vision or even fainting occurringin pregnancy, the same as gravid vertigo3.3.44 pregnancy suspension子 懸 ;胎 氣 上 逆feeling of pressure in the abdomen and thorax, evenwith dyspnea and irritability, during pregnancy, thesame as gravid oppression or upward flow of fetus qi3.3.45eclampsia ofpregnancy子 癎 ;妊 娠 癎 證sudden onset of convulsions and loss of consciousnessoccurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman withheadache and vertigo3.3.46cough duringpregnancy子 嗽 ;妊 娠 咳 嗽persistent cough during pregnancy, the same asgravid cough3.3.47strangury ofpregnancy子 淋 ;妊 娠 小 便 淋 痛difficult and painful discharge of urine duringpregnancy3.3.48 post-term pregnancy 過 期 不 産pregnancy extended beyond the expected date ofdelivery3.3.49 difficult delivery 難 産 ; 産 難 slow and difficult delivery3.3.50 retention of placenta胞 衣 不 下 ;息 胞retarded delivery of the afterbirth3.3.51dead fetus in theuterus子 死 腹 中retention of a dead fetus in the uterus beyond theperiod of normal gestation3.3.52 lochia 惡 露 vaginal discharge in the puerperium3.3.53 retention of the lochia 惡 露 不 下 absence of postpartum vaginal discharge3.3.54persistent flow of thelochia惡 露 不 絶 ;惡 露 不 止abnormally prolonged discharge of lochia formore than 3 weeks after childbirth, the same aslochiorrhea3.3.55 oligogalactia 缺 乳deficiency of milk secretion during lactation, the sameas hypogalactia3.3.56 agalactia3.3.57 galactorrhea乳 汁 不 行 ;乳 汁 不 通乳 汁 自 出 ;乳 溢no milk secretion following childbirthspontaneous flow of milk irrespective of nursing3.3.58postpartumgalactorrhea産 後 乳 汁 自 出spontaneous flow of milk irrespective of nursingfollowing childbirth


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 189Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.3.59 infertility 不 孕 lack of capacity to produce offspring3.3.60lower abdominalmass (in woman)腸 覃formation of mass in the lower abdomen with regularmenstrual cycle3.3.61 stony conglomeration 石 瘕 a mass as hard as stone formed in the uterus3.3.62 shifted bladder 轉 胞3.3.63 prolapse of the uterus 陰 挺 ; 陰 脫a disease marked by acute pain below the umbilicusassociated with anuresisdownward displacement of the uterus, even with theentire uterus outside the vaginal orifice3.3.64 pudendal itch 陰 癢 itching of the female external genitalia or vagina3.3.65 pudendal swelling 陰 腫 painful swelling of the female external genitalia3.3.66 pudendal sore 陰 瘡 sore or ulcer in the female external genital region3.3.67 pudendal pain 陰 痛pain of the female pudendum, including the vestibuleof the vagina and vaginal orifice3.3.68 vaginal flatus 陰 吹 noisy expulsion of gas from the vagina3.3.69 hysteria 臟 躁a paroxysmal mental disease marked by depressionand melancholy, irritability, lack of control overemotions, sadness with an urge to weep, and sighingfor no apparent reason3.4.0 Pediatrics 兒 科 ; 小 兒 科3.4.1 fetal weakness 胎 怯 ; 胎 弱 congenital weak constitution3.4.2 fetal heat 胎 熱a group of diseases with heat manifestations occurringin the newborn due to contraction of heat toxin in thefetal stage3.4.3 depressed fontanel 囟 陷 sunken fontanel in an infant3.4.4 bulging fontanel 囟 塡 outward swelling of the fontanel in an infant3.4.5 growth fever 變 蒸a physiological phenomenon due to the growth anddevelopment of the child3.4.6 dribbling滯 頤 ; 小 兒多 涎salivation in an infant with wet cheeks


190Disease - PediatricsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.4.7 milk regurgitation 溢 乳 vomiting of milk due to improper feeding3.4.8 neonatal cough 百 晬 內 嗽3.4.9 infantile asthma 小 兒 哮 喘3.4.10 horse-spleen wind 馬 脾 風3.4.11 food accumulation 食 積3.4.12 (infantile) malnutrition 疳 ; 疳 癆cough with sputum and dyspnea occurring in anewborn within one hundred days after birthan infantile disease characterized by paroxysmallabored breathing accompanied by a whistlingsoundcritical case of asthma and lung distension in childrenwith a sudden attacka diseased state characterized by the accumulationof undigested food in the stomach and intestines,causing abdominal distension and pain, vomiting,diarrhea and anorexiaa chronic nutritional disorder of infants with emaciationand weakness3.4.13mild (infantile)malnutrition疳 氣a mild case of infantile malnutrition at the early stage3.4.14mild (infantile)malnutrition withaccumulation疳 積infantile malnutrition at the intermediate stage,accompanied by food accumulation and stagnationin the stomach and intestines3.4.15 T-shaped malnutrition 丁 奚 疳a severe case of infantile malnutrition with anemaciated T-shaped figure3.4.16dryness (infantile)malnutrition乾 疳a case of infantile malnutrition at the extreme stagewith drying up of fluid and blood, marked by a dryand shriveled body worn3.4.17blood (infantile)malnutrition血 疳a case of infantile malnutrition marked by blooddeficiency3.4.18spleen (infantile)malnutrition脾 疳 ; 食 疳a case of infantile malnutrition due to debilitationof the spleen and stomach with accumulation ofdampness-heat, the same as food malnutrition3.4.19heart (infantile)malnutrition心 疳 ; 驚 疳a case of infantile malnutrition due to debilitation ofthe spleen and stomach with depressed heat in theheart meridian, the same as fright malnutrition


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 191Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.4.20liver (infantile)malnutrition肝 疳 ; 筋 疳a case of infantile malnutrition due to debilitation ofthe spleen and stomach with depressed heat in theliver meridian, the same as sinew malnutrition3.4.21lung (infantile)malnutrition肺 疳 ; 氣 疳a case of infantile malnutrition due to debilitationof the spleen and stomach with depressed heatdamaging the lung, the same as qi malnutrition3.4.22kidney (infantile)malnutrition腎 疳 ; 骨 疳a case of infantile malnutrition ascribed to acongenital defect with weak constitution or chronicspleen disorder that involves the kidney, resulting indual deficiency of the spleen and kidney, the same asbone malnutrition3.4.23eye (infantile)malnutrition眼 疳attack of liver fire to the eyes in a malnourished child3.4.24ascaris (infantile)malnutrition蛔 疳malnutrition due to ascaris infestation3.4.25lactationalmalnutrition哺 乳 疳malnutrition of an infant due to improper breastfeeding3.4.26(infantile) nutritionaledema疳 腫 脹infantile malnutrition marked by edema andabdominal distention3.4.27 anorexia 厭 食3.4.28 thrush 鵝 口 瘡 ; 雪 口a diseased state in children characterized by loss ofappetite for fooda disease marked by white patches on the buccalmucosa and tongue3.4.29 aphtha 口 瘡 small painful oral ulcer3.4.30 gingival eruption 馬 牙3.4.31 wooden tongue 木 舌sporadic eruption of small yellowish spots on thegums in the newbornswollen, hardened tongue, stiff as a piece of wood,seen in glossitis of the newborn3.4.32 teeth grinding 齘 齒 noisy grinding of teeth during sleep3.4.33 infantile convulsion 驚 風infantile diseases marked by convulsions and loss ofconsciousness3.4.34convulsion withuplifted eyes天 釣infantile convulsion with high fever, tossed head andupward staring eyes


192Disease - PediatricsCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.4.35convulsion withabdominal pain內 釣infantile convulsion mainly manifested as visceralcontraction and abdominal colic3.4.36acute infantileconvulsion急 驚 風infantile convulsion of acute onset, accompanied byhigh fever and loss of consciousness3.4.37chronic infantileconvulsion慢 驚 風repeated infantile convulsion of gradual onset,associated with loss of consciousness or paralysis andpoor prognosis3.4.38 chronic spleen wind 慢 脾 風a critical case of chronic infantile convulsion markedby yang debilitation and yin exuberance, usuallyoccurring after protracted vomiting and diarrhea withspleen qi deficiency and stirring of liver wind3.4.39 epilepsy癲 癎 ; 癲 疾 ;癎 病a disease characterized by temporary loss ofconsciousness with foaming at the mouth andconvulsions of the limbs, and return to normal afterthe episode3.4.40 fright epilepsy 驚 癎 epileptic seizure induced by fright3.4.41 wind epilepsy 風 癎3.4.42 phlegm epilepsy 痰 癎epileptic seizure induced by liver wind stirringinternallyepileptic seizure induced by depressed qi and boundphlegm3.4.43 tortoise back 龜 背 back shaped like a tortoise-shell due to kyphosis3.4.44 pigeon chest 龜 胸 ; 鷄 胸3.4.45 ununited skull 解 顱3.4.46 five retardations 五 遲deformity of the chest in which the sternum isprominent, like the chicken breast, also known aspectus carinatumabnormal accumulation of excess fluid within theskull marked by enlargement of the head andretarded closure of the skull sutures, the same ashydrocephalusretarded development in infants covering standing,walking, hair-growth, tooth eruption and speaking3.4.47five limpnesses/flaccidity五 軟flaccidity of the neck, nape, extremities, muscles andmastication as striking features of delayed growth andmental retardation in infants


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 193Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.4.48 five stiffnesses 五 硬stiffness of the hand, foot, waist, flesh and neck in thenewborn due to a congenital defect3.4.49summer nonacclimatization疰 夏children’s disease usually occurring in summer, withsymptoms of lassitude, dyspepsia, and abnormalbowel movements3.4.50 smallpox 痘 瘡 ; 天 花3.4.51 measles 麻 疹3.4.52 exanthem 痧an acute highly contagious febrile disease characterizedby skin eruptions with pustules, sloughing, and scarformation, the same as variolaan acute epidemic eruptive disease marked by feverand generalized maculopapular rash preceded bycough, nasal discharge, profuse tearing, and whitespeckles inside the moutha general term for skin eruption or rash, but usuallyreferring to measles3.4.53 rubella3.4.54 scarlatina3.4.55 chickenpox風 疹 ; 風 痧( 病 )喉 痧 ;爛 喉 丹 痧 ;丹 痧 ; 疫 痧 ;爛 喉 風水 痘 ; 水 疱 ;水 花 ; 水 瘡a contagious eruptive disease caused by seasonalwind-heat or wind-heat toxin, and marked by mildfever, followed by enlargement of postauricular andsuboccipital lymph nodes, and the appearance ofpink maculo-papular rash that begins on the headand spreads to become generalizedan acute seasonal infectious disease marked byswelling and erosion of the throat, erythematous rashand raspberry tonguean acute contagious disease caused by seasonal toxinand manifested by fever and bursts of macular andpapular eruptions followed by incrustation but no scarformation, the same as varicella3.4.56 mumps 痄 腮 ; 腮 腫3.4.57 diphtheria 白 喉 ; 白 纏 喉3.4.58 whooping cough 頓 咳an epidemic disease caused by wind-heat toxin andcharacterized by painful swelling of one or bothparotid glandsan acute infectious disease characterized by fever,sore throat and the formation of white false membraneattached firmly to the pharynx, larynx and nosean acute contagious infection of the respiratory systemwith characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of adeep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short


194Disease - OphthalmologyCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptioncoughs which end with a long shrill and whoopinginspiration, referring to pertussis3.4.59 night crying 夜 啼 morbid night crying in babies, but quiet at daytime3.4.60night crying due tofright客 忤 夜 啼night crying in babies caused by fright3.4.61 fright seizure 客 忤3.4.62 neonatal jaundice 胎 黃 ; 胎 疸3.4.63 fetal redness 胎 赤3.4.64 umbilical wind 臍 風3.4.65 umbilical dampness 臍 濕3.4.66 umbilical sores 臍 瘡3.4.67 umbilical hernia 臍 疝 ; 臍 突a seizure of fright that causes vomiting, abdominalpain, and even convulsionsyellow discoloration of the skin and sclera seen in thenewbornabnormal redness of the skin in a newborn, often dueto affection by toxic heat at the fetal stage, the sameas erythroderma neonatoruma disease of the newborn characterized by cyanoticlips, lockjaw, generalized tonic spasm and tetanicconvulsions, referring to neonatal tetanusa condition of wetness of and possible exudation fromthe umbilicus after the umbilical cord has been shed,referring to omphalorrhearedness and swelling of the umbilicus or ulcerationspreading around the umbilicus with purulentexudationa type of abdominal hernia in which part of theintestine protrudes at the umbilicus and is coveredwith skin, sometimes red and swollen3.5.0 Ophthalmology 眼 科3.5.1 photophobia 羞 明abnormal fear of light or painful sensitiveness to lightwith lacrimination3.5.2 dim vision 目 暗 hazy and indistinct vision3.5.3 corneal opacity 翳 cloudy opacity of the cornea3.5.4 vision obstruction 障a general term for any eye disease with visualdisturbance3.5.5 blindness 目 盲 lack or loss of ability to see


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 195Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.5.6 sty 鍼 眼a small furuncle occurring on the eyelid, in the shapeand size of wheat grain3.5.7phlegm node of theeyelid胞 生 痰 核a small lump formed on the eyelid, without redness orpain, mostly referring to chalazion3.5.8 trachoma 椒 瘡3.5.9 conjunctival folliculitis 粟 瘡3.5.10 marginal blepharitis 瞼 弦 赤 爛3.5.11 wind red sore 風 赤 瘡 痍an eye disease marked by innumerable granulations,red and hard, shaped like Chinese prickly ash,accumulating on the conjunctival surfacesan eye disease marked by formation on the conjunctivalsurface of numerous follicles in the shape and size ofmilletinflammation and ulceration of the margin of theeyeliddisease of the eyelid characterized by redness of thepalpebral skin with vesicles which turn into erosionafter rupture3.5.12inflammatory swellingof the eyelid胞 腫 如 桃severe swelling of the eyelid with redness resemblinga ripe peach3.5.13non-inflammatoryedema of the eyelid胞 虛 如 球severe swelling of the eyelid resembling a soft ball,but with no change in the local skin color, and notpainful on touch3.5.14 blepharoptosis 上 胞 下 垂drooping of the upper eyelid, impairing the vision if itcovers the pupil3.5.15 drooping eyelid 瞼 廢 serious blepharoptosis3.5.16 twitching eyelid 胞 輪 振 跳 involuntary twitching of the eyelid3.5.17 trichiasis 倒 睫 拳 毛3.5.18 heat tearing 熱 淚3.5.19 cold tearing 冷 淚inversion of the margin of the eyelid with ingrowingeyelashes, causing pain of the eye, lacrimination andphotophobiadacryorrhea of heat type, occurring in inflammatoryeye diseasesdacryorrhea of cold type, with no redness, pain oropacity of the eye


196Disease - OphthalmologyCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.5.20 dacryopyorrhea漏 睛 ;漏 睛 膿 出 ;眥 漏chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac with frequentoutflow of fluid or pus from the inner canthus3.5.21 pterygium 胬 肉 攀 睛triangular fleshy mass occurring at the canthus andcovering a part of the cornea3.5.22sudden attack ofwind-heat on the eye暴 風 客 熱acute inflammation of the white of the eye with asudden onset, due to external contraction of windheat3.5.23epidemicconjunctivitis天 行 赤 眼a highly contagious eye disease characterized bysudden onset of inflammation of the white of the eye,usually bilateral, and quickly spreading among thecommunity3.5.24acute conjunctivitiswith nebula暴 赤 生 翳an acute epidemic inflammatory disease of theconjunctiva and cornea with redness, swelling, pain,photophobia and lacrimination, followed by clustersof nebula formation3.5.25phlyctenularconjunctivitis金 疳 ; 金 瘍a variety of conjunctivitis marked by the presence ofsmall vesicles, each surrounded by a reddened zone,also known as follicular conjunctivitis3.5.26 acute scleritis 火 疳 ; 火 瘍an eye disease caused by excessive fire which invadesthe inner surface of the white of the eye, resulting inbulging of localized dark violet patches, also referringto episcleritis3.5.27invasion of whitemembrane into thecornea白 膜 侵 睛a special type of phlyctenular conjunctivitis markedby presence of small vesicles close to the cornea withresultant white membranous substance entering thecornea3.5.28bluish discoloration ofsclera白 睛 靑 藍bluish discoloration of the bulbar conjunctivasurrounding the cornea after recurrent inflammationof the sclera with violet bulging3.5.29subconjunctivalhemorrhage白 睛 溢 血extravasations beneath the superficial membrane ofthe white of the eye3.5.30superficial punctatekeratitis聚 星 障an eye disease characterized by the appearance ofmultiple fine drops of opacity on the cornea3.5.31 corneal ulcer 花 翳 白 陷an eye disease characterized by ulceration of acorneal nebula looking like a flower


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 197Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.5.32 purulent keratitis 凝 脂 翳3.5.33 drooping pannus 赤 膜 下 垂severe keratitis with purulent disintegration of thecorneaa membranous vascular tissue extending downwardinto the cornea, most frequently occurring in cases oftrachoma3.5.34 keratic pannus 血 翳 包 睛 superficial vascularization covering the entire cornea3.5.35pupillarymetamorphosis瞳 神 乾 缺 ;瞳 人 乾 缺loss of the normal round shape of the pupil, usuallyseen in chronic iridocyclitis3.5.36 greenish glaucoma 綠 風 內 障3.5.37 cataract 圓 翳 內 障an acute eye disease characterized by hardening ofthe eyeball, drastic impairment of vision, dilation ofthe pupil with greenish discoloration,and severeheadache and eye paina chronic eye disease marked by opacity in the lens,impairing vision or causing blindness3.5.38 traumatic cataract 驚 震 內 障 cataract resulting from injury to the eye3.5.39 congenital cataract 胎 患 內 障 opacity of the lens capsule of the eye at birth3.5.40 hyalosis 雲 霧 移 睛3.5.41 sudden blindness 暴 盲3.5.42 bluish blindness 靑 盲presence of cloudy or star-shaped opacities in thevitreous humora severe eye disease characterized by sudden loss ofvision while no abnormal appearance of the eye canbe founda group of eye diseases characterized by increasingimpairment of vision to total blindness with noabnormal appearance of the external eye, referring tooptic nerve atrophy3.5.43 night blindness 雀 目 ; 雀 盲 failure of vision at night or in a dim light3.5.44retinopathypigmentosa高 風 內 障a progressive degenerative disease characterized bynight blindness, constriction of the visual field, andeventual blindness3.5.45foreign body in theeye異 物 入 目small foreign body attached to or embedded in thesurface of the eyeball3.5.46 collision eye injury 撞 擊 傷 目 eye injury due to a knock with no ruptured wound


198Disease - OtorhinolaryngostomatologyCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.5.47ruptured wound ofthe eyeball眞 睛 破 損penetrating injury to the eyeball or other eye injurywith a ruptured wound3.5.48(nutritional)keratomalacia疳 眼an eye disease resulting from infantile malnutrition,characterized by dryness of the eyeball, turbidness,softening and ulceration of the cornea3.5.49 paralytic strabismus 風 牽 偏 視3.5.50 fixed protruding eye 鶻 眼 凝 睛sudden onset of squint with impaired movement of theeye and double vision attributed to an attack of winda sign marked by fixation and protrusion of the eyeballlike a falcon’s eye3.5.51sudden protrusion ofthe eyeball突 起 睛 高an acute eye disease characterized by painfulprotrusion and distension of the eyeball, often referringto purulent ophthalmia3.5.52 distention of eyeball 睛 脹 a synonym for sudden protrusion of the eyeball3.5.53 eye discharge 眵secretion of the eye, thin or mucilaginous or evenpus-like3.5.54deviated eye andmouth口 眼 喎 斜deviation of one eye and the mouth to one sidewith the eye unable to close and salivation from thehomolateral corner of the mouth3.6.0Otorhinolaryngostomatology耳 鼻 喉 口 齒 科3.6.1 ear boil 耳 疔 boil of the external auditory meatus3.6.2 ear sore 耳 瘡 diffuse inflammation of the external auditory meatus3.6.3eczema of externalear旋 耳 瘡 ; 月蝕 瘡skin lesion characterized by redness, itching, exudation,oozing, vesiculation and crusting surrounding the ear3.6.4 impacted cerumen 耵 耳3.6.5 ear distension 耳 脹3.6.6 purulent ear 膿 耳accumulated cerumen forming a solid mass that clogsthe external auditory meatusa disease of the ear characterized by feeling ofdistension with pain in the ear and impaired hearing,often referring to acute non-suppurative otitis mediaa disease of the ear characterized by perforation of thetympanic membrane and discharge of pus, referringto otopyorrhea


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 199Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.6.7 postauricular infection 耳 根 毒a disease marked by pain and tenderness at themastoid region, local swelling and even rupture withdischarge of pus3.6.8 postauricular abscess 耳 根 癰 postauricular infection with formation of abscess3.6.9 ear pile 耳 痔 nodular papilloma of the external auditory meatus3.6.10 ear polyp 耳 菌 ; 耳 蕈 polyp of the external auditory meatus3.6.11 ear protuberance 耳 挺a long-stemmed papilloma of the external auditorymeatus3.6.12 ear fistula 耳 瘻 fistula anterior or posterior to the auricle of the ear3.6.13 hardness of hearing 重 聽 decreased sense of hearing or distorted hearing3.6.14 nasal boil 鼻 疔boil occurring at the nasal vestibule, or at the tip orwing of the nose3.6.15 dry nose 鼻 燥 ; 鼻 乾 dryness in the nose3.6.16 nasal sore 鼻 瘡 ; 鼻 疳3.6.17 atrophic rhinitis 鼻 槁3.6.18 allergic rhinitis 鼻 鼽 ; 鼽 嚏a disease marked by recurrent inflammation of thenasal vestibule with ulceration, crusting, itching andpain, the same as nasal vestibulitisa disease of the nose characterized by dry mucousmembrane with atrophy, enlarged nasal passagesand foul smella disease characterized by sudden and recurrentattacks of nasal itching, sneezing, thin discharge andstuffy nose3.6.19 nasal polyp鼻 痔 ; 鼻 息肉 ; 鼻 菌a pendulated growth in the nasal cavity3.6.20 sinusitis 鼻 淵 ; 腦 漏3.6.21 tonsillitis 乳 蛾 ; 喉 蛾3.6.22 chronic tonsillitis 石 蛾a nasal disease characterized by persistent excessiveflow of turbid nasal dischargeinflammation of the palatine tonsils, sometimescovered with a yellowish white secretion like milkhard hypertrophied palatine tonsils in children with noinflammation


200Disease - OtorhinolaryngostomatologyCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.6.23 throat impediment 喉 痹3.6.24 throat abscess 喉 癰redness, swelling and pain or itching of the throat,with impediment to swallowingabscess of the throat, including retropharyngealabscess and peritonsillar abscess3.6.25ominous abscess ofthe throat猛 疽a severe case of laryngopharyngeal abscess thatcauses obstruction of breathing and is often fatal ifnot properly treated in time3.6.26lichenoid erosion ofthe throat喉 癬the ulceration of the laryngopharyngeal mucosaresembling tinea, often referring to laryngealtuberculosis3.6.27 throat cancer 喉 菌 ; 喉 巖malignant tumor of the throat in the shape ofmushroom3.6.28bone stuck in thethroat骨 鯁a condition in which fish or splintered animal bonesbecome lodged in the throat3.6.29 tumor of the throat 喉 瘤 new growth of the throat3.6.30 throat wind 喉 風3.6.31 fulminant throat wind 緊 喉 風3.6.32 entwining throat wind 纏 喉 風a general term for acute conditions of swelling andpain in the throatan acute throat infection manifested as swellingand pain in the throat, difficulty in breathing andswallowinga severe throat infection with redness entwining thefauces in the interior and swelling surrounding theneck at the exterior3.6.33obstructive throatwind鎖 喉 風acute infection of throat with local pain and swelling,dyspnea, difficulty in speaking and swallowing, andlockjaw3.6.34 double tongue 重 舌3.6.35 ankyloglossia 絆 舌protruding sublingual swelling and redness, making ashape of doubled tonguerestricted movement of the tongue, often resultingfrom short lingual frenulum3.6.36 tongue abscess 舌 癰 suppurative inflammation of the tongue


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 201Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.6.37 tongue boil 舌 疔3.6.38 tongue sore 舌 瘡3.6.39 tongue cancer 舌 菌a pustule on the tongue characterized by localizedpainful and hard swelling, associated with chills andfevera sore occurring on the tongue with local cracking,swelling and discharge of blood, accompanied byfoul breath and constipationcancer of the tongue like a mushroom with a big headand thin stalk3.6.40 phlegm cyst痰 包 ;舌 下 痰 包a swelling beneath the tongue shaped like a pouch,smooth and soft to touch, containing thick yellowishfluid3.6.41 toothache 牙 痛 pain in a tooth or teeth3.6.42 dental caries 齲 齒a dental disease marked by decay of the tooth withlocalized destruction and cavity formation3.6.43 gum atrophy牙 宣 ;食 床 ; 齒 挺 ;齒 齦 宣 露exposure of the root surfaces of teeth due to thedrawing back of gingivae from the necks of teeth3.6.44 ulcerative gingivitis 牙 疳3.6.45 oral erosion 口 糜 ; 口 疳a disease marked by painful inflammation of the gumswith necrosis and fetid dischargea condition marked by multiple spots of erosion onthe buccal mucosa3.6.46maxillaryosteomyelitis骨 槽 風an inflammatory disease of the jaw bone characterizedby local death and separation of tissue with pusdischarge3.6.47 exfoliative cheilitis 脣 風 inflammation of the lip with cracks and exudation3.6.48 lip pustule 脣 疔furuncle on the lip or at the corner of the mouth, smallbut deep-rooted, with pustule formation3.6.49 lip cancer 脣 菌 a mushroom-like cancer occurring on the lip3.6.50 deviated mouth 口 僻a diseased state characterized by skewing of themouth to one side of the face with drooling from thecorner of the mouth and inability to close the eye


202Disease - OthersCode Term Chinese Definition/Description3.7.0Orthopedics andTraumatology骨 傷 科3.7.1 stiff neck 落 枕3.7.2 sinew injury 筋 傷 ; 傷 筋acute inflammation or sprain of the soft tissue of theneckinjury of the subcutaneous tissue, including muscle,sinew, tendon sheath, ligament, joint capsule, synovialbursa, intervertebral disc, peripheral nerve, and bloodvessel3.7.3 ruptured sinew 筋 斷 complete or partial disruption of muscle and tendon3.7.4 contracted sinew 筋 縮permanent shortening of muscle with deformity anddysfunction3.7.5 thickened sinew 筋 粗 thickening of muscle tendon after injury3.7.6hypertonicity of thesinews筋 攣muscular spasm and contracture of a limb, withdifficulty in relaxation and movement3.7.7impediment of thesinew筋 痹an impediment disease caused by wind-colddampnesschiefly involving the sinews3.7.8 sprain 扭 傷soft tissue injury attributed to a sudden or violent twistor wrench of a joint3.8.0 Others 其 他3.8.1disease produced byviscus所 生 病disease of a certain meridian/channel induced by thedisease or syndrome of the relevant visceral organ,also known as viscus-induced disease3.8.2disease transmittedby meridian是 動 病disease of a certain visceral organ induced by thedisease or syndrome of the relevant meridian/channel,also known as meridian/channel-induced disease3.8.3 six-meridian disease 六 經 病a general term for diseases of greater yang, yangbrightness, lesser yang, greater yin, lesser yin andreverting yin3.8.4exterior cold diseaseinduced from thespleen affected bycold脾 受 寒 表 寒 病exterior cold disease induced by cold affecting thespleen in a lesser yang person


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 203Code Term Chinese Definition/Description3.8.5interior febrile diseaseinduced from thestomach affected byheat胃 受 熱 裏 熱 病interior febrile disease induced by heat affecting thestomach in a lesser yang person3.8.6exterior febriledisease induced fromthe kidney affected byheat腎 受 熱 表 熱 病exterior febrile disease induced by heat affecting thekidney in a lesser yin person3.8.7interior cold diseaseinduced from thestomach affected bycold胃 受 寒 裏 寒 病interior cold disease induced by cold affecting thestomach in a lesser yin person3.8.8interior febrile diseaseinduced from the liveraffected by heat肝 受 熱 裏 熱 病interior febrile disease induced by heat affecting theliver in a greater yin person3.8.9exterior cold diseaseinduced from thestomach duct affectedby cold胃 脘 受 寒 表寒 病exterior cold disease induced by cold affecting thestomach duct in a greater yin person3.8.10lumbar vertebraedisease induced byexopathogen外 感 腰 脊 病lumbar vertebral disease induced by external pathogenin a greater yang person3.8.11small intestinedisease induced byendopathogen內 觸 小 腸 病small intestine disease induced by endogenouspathogen in a greater yang person


204Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.0.0 THERAPEUTICS 治 療 學4.1.0therapeuticprinciple治 則a general rule that should be followed in treatingdisease4.1.1 treat the root 治 本 ; 本 治 法 treat the primary aspect of a disease4.1.2 treat the tip 治 標 ; 標 治 法 treat the secondary aspect of a disease4.1.3 routine treatment 正 治 ; 正 治 法4.1.4 treat cold with heat 寒 者 熱 之use of medicines opposite in nature to the disease,e.g., treating heat syndrome with medicines cold innaturetreat cold conditions with warming or heatingmethod4.1.5 treat heat with cold 熱 者 寒 之 treat heat conditions with cold or cooling method4.1.6treat deficiency bytonification虛 則 補 之treat deficiency conditions by supplementation ortonification4.1.7treat excess bypurgation實 則 瀉 之treat excess conditions by purgation or reduction4.1.8 paradoxical treatment 反 治 ; 反 治 法 use of medicines similar in nature to the disease4.1.9 treating cold with cold 寒 因 寒 用treating pseudo-cold symptoms with medicines coolor cold in nature4.1.10treating heat withheat熱 因 熱 用treating pseudo-heat symptoms with medicines warmor hot in nature4.1.11treating theunstopped byunstopping通 因 通 用applying unstopping method to unstopped conditions, e.g., using purgation to treat diarrhea caused byfood stagnation4.1.12treating the stoppedby stopping塞 因 塞 用applying stopping method to stopped conditions ,e.g., using tonification to treat constipation due to qideficiency4.1.13reinforce the healthyqi and eliminate thepathogenic factors扶 正 祛 邪two general principles of treatment — to reinforce thepatient’s healthy qi and to eliminating the invadingpathogenic factors, which can be applied separatelyor in combination according to the particular conditionof the case


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 205Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.1.14treat with bothelimination andreinforcement攻 補 兼 施a principle of treatment with eliminating andreinforcing methods used in combination, suitablefor patients with a weak constitution suffering from anexcess syndrome4.1.15 erroneous treatment 誤 治incorrect treatment that may be ineffective and/or thatresults in harmful effects4.1.16same treatment fordifferent diseases異 病 同 治applying the same method of treatment to patientswith different kinds of disease but have the samepattern/syndrome4.1.17different treatmentsfor the same disease同 病 異 治applying different methods of treatment to the samekind of disease but have different patterns/syndromes4.1.18treating the acutebefore the chronic先 急 後 緩the acute condition should be treated prior to thechronic condition4.1.19treating the exteriorbefore the interior先 表 後 裏the exterior syndrome should be first treated and thenthe interior syndrome4.1.20 modified formula 加 減 方4.1.21 combined formula 合 方a formula derived from the original one with someaddition or reduction of ingredientsa compound formula composed of two or moreformulae in combination4.2.0Method ofTreatment治 法4.2.1 method of treatment 治 法4.2.2 eight methods 八 法any specific intervention derived from a principle oftreatmenta collective term for diaphoresis, emesis, purgation,mediation, warming, clearing, tonification andresolution4.2.3reinforce the healthyqi扶 正a general term for treating disease by strengtheningthe healthy qi of the body4.2.4eliminate thepathogenic factors祛 邪a general term for treating disease by dispelling thepathogenic factors from the body4.2.5 promoting sweating 汗 法one of the eight principal therapeutic methods usedfor releasing exterior pattern/syndrome, also calleddiaphoresis


206Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.6 release the exterior 解 表a general term for dispelling pathogenic factors fromthe exterior portion of the body4.2.7promote sweating torelease the exterior發 汗 解 表a therapeutic method to release exterior pattern/syndrome by using diaphoretics4.2.8release the exteriorwith pungent-warm辛 溫 解 表a therapeutic method to treat wind-cold exteriorpattern/syndrome by using pungent-warm exteriorreleasingmedicinals4.2.9release the exteriorwith pungent-cool辛 凉 解 表a therapeutic method to release wind-heat exteriorpattern/syndrome by using pungent-cool medicinals4.2.10 release the flesh 解 肌a general term for dispelling pathogens from thesuperficial flesh4.2.11outthrust through theexterior透 表a therapeutic method used to expel pathogens fromthe body in the treatment of externally contracteddisease at the early stage with an exterior pattern/syndrome4.2.12 outthrust rashes 透 疹4.2.13 dispel wind 祛 風4.2.14 disperse wind 疏 風4.2.15 dissipate cold 散 寒a therapeutic method used to promote skin eruptionin measles for preventing complications, the same aspromoting eruptiona general term for relieving external wind pattern/syndromea therapeutic method used to disperse external windpathogen for releasing exterior pattern/syndromea therapeutic method of dissipating external coldpathogen4.2.16disperse wind anddischarge heat疏 風 泄 熱a therapeutic method to treat externally contractedwind with interior heat by using exterior-releasingmedicinals and heat-clearing medicinals incombination4.2.17disperse from theexterior and moistendryness疏 表 潤 燥a therapeutic method of using exterior-releasingand dryness-moistening medicinals, indicated in thetreatment of wind-dryness attacking the exterior4.2.18 disperse wind-heat 疏 散 風 熱a therapeutic method to treat external wind-heatcontraction by using pungent-cool exterior-releasingmedicinals


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 207Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.19reinforce the healthyqi and release theexterior扶 正 解 表a therapeutic method of combined use of exteriorreleasingmedicinals and tonifying medicinals to treatexterior pattern/syndrome occurring in a deficiencycondition4.2.20 diffuse the lung 宣 肺a therapeutic method to diffuse the lung and restorethe normal qi movement of the lung4.2.21diffuse the lung tosuppress cough andto calm panting宣 肺 止 咳 平 喘restoring the normal qi movement of the lung tosuppress cough and to calm panting4.2.22diffuse the lung tosuppress cough宣 肺 止 咳restoring the normal qi movement of the lung tosuppress cough4.2.23diffuse the lung tocalm panting宣 肺 平 喘restoring the normal qi movement of the lung to calmpanting4.2.24diffuse the lung toresolve phlegm宣 肺 化 痰restoring the normal qi movement of the lung to expelthe phlegm4.2.25 relieve the stuffy nose通 鼻 ;通 ( 鼻 ) 竅a therapeutic method that relieves nasal obstruction4.2.26 soothe the throat 利 咽 a therapeutic method that relieves a sore throat4.2.27 clearing method 淸 法one of the eight principal therapeutic methods byadministering medicinals of cool or cold nature totreat fire or heat pattern/syndrome4.2.28 clear heat 淸 熱 a therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heat4.2.29 purge fire 瀉 火a therapeutic method of removing pathogenic fire byusing bitter-cold medicinals4.2.30 clear the qi aspect淸 氣 ;淸 氣 泄 熱a therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heatfrom the qi aspect4.2.31 clear the heart 淸 心4.2.32 clear the pericardium 淸 宮a therapeutic method to treat pathogen entering theheart or pericardium in a warm diseasea therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heatfrom the pericardium4.2.33clear the nutrientaspect淸 營a therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heatfrom the nutrient aspect


208Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.34 purge the heart 瀉 心4.2.35 purge the lung 瀉 肺4.2.36 purge the liver 瀉 肝a therapeutic method to remove intense pathogenicheat or fire from the heart by using purgativemedicinesa therapeutic method of purging the lung of fire byusing bitter-cold medicinalsa therapeutic method of purging the liver of fire byusing bitter-cold medicinals4.2.37clear the qi aspectand cool the nutrientaspect淸 氣 凉 營 ;氣 營 兩 淸combined use of qi-clearing and nutrient-clearingmethods to treat pathogenic heat in qi and nutrientaspects4.2.38clear the nutrientaspect and cool theblood aspect淸 營 凉 血combined use of therapeutic methods of nutrientclearingand blood-cooling methods to treatpathogenic heat in the nutrient and blood aspects4.2.39clear the nutrientaspect and promoteeruption淸 營 透 疹a combined therapeutic method of clearing thenutrient of heat and promoting skin eruption4.2.40clear heat to cool theblood淸 熱 凉 血 ;凉 血a therapeutic method of using heat-clearing andblood-cooling medicinals to treat blood heat pattern/syndrome4.2.41expel from thenutrient aspectthrough the qi aspect透 營 轉 氣 ;透 熱 轉 氣a therapeutic method of outthrusting pathogenic heatfrom nutrient aspect to qi aspect and then expelling itout of the body4.2.42clear the nutrientaspect and eliminatestasis淸 營 祛 瘀a therapeutic method of jointly using heat-clearingdetoxicating medicinals and blood-activating stasisresolvingmedicinals to treat pattern/syndrome of heattoxin contending with blood4.2.43clear heat andengender fluid淸 熱 生 津a therapeutic method of using heat-clearing medicinalstogether with fluid-producing medicinals for treatingfire or heat pattern/syndrome with fluid damage4.2.44 clear heart fire 淸 心 火4.2.45 clear liver fire 淸 肝 火a therapeutic method of clearing the heart fire to treatexuberant heart fire pattern/syndromea therapeutic method of clearing the liver fire to treatexuberant liver fire pattern/syndrome and pattern/syndrome of liver fire flaming upward4.2.46 clear the liver 淸 肝 a therapeutic method of clearing the liver heat or fire


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 209Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.47clear heat and draindampness淸 熱 利 濕a therapeutic method of clearing heat and removingdampness through diuresis to treat accumulation ofdampness-heat in the lower energizer by combineduse of heat-clearing medicinals and dampnessdrainingmedicinals4.2.48 clear stomach fire 淸 胃 火4.2.49 clear the stomach 淸 胃a therapeutic method of clearing fire from the stomachto treat exuberant stomach firea therapeutic method of clearing the stomach of heator fire4.2.50clear heat andharmonize thestomach淸 熱 和 胃a therapeutic method to treat exuberant stomach fireby clearing heat and harmonizing the stomach4.2.51inhibit acidity torelieve pain制 酸 止 痛a therapeutic method to relieve epigastric pain byusing acid-inhibiting medicinals4.2.52 clear lung fire 淸 肺 火 ; 淸 肺a therapeutic method to treat exuberant fire in thelung by using lung-heat-clearing medicinals4.2.53 clear ministerial fire淸 相 火 ;淸 腎 火a therapeutic method of clearing the kidney deficiencyfire4.2.54clear summerheatheat淸 暑 熱a therapeutic method for clearing pathogenicsummerheat-heat4.2.55 release summerheat 解 暑 a therapeutic method for releasing summerheat4.2.56clear summerheatand boost qi淸 暑 益 氣a therapeutic method to treat pattern/syndrome ofsummerheat damaging fluid and qi by using heatclearingand summerheat-resolving medicinals andqi-supplementing medicinals and fluid-engenderingmedicinals4.2.57discharge heat topreserve fluid泄 熱 救 津a therapeutic method of using heat-clearingmedicinals and fluid-engendering medicinals to treatpattern/syndrome of fire-heat damaging fluid4.2.58clear and dispersewith lightness輕 淸 宣 化a therapeutic method of using aromatic medicinalsto resolve pathogenic dampness, indicated in thetreatment of dampness stagnation pattern/syndrome4.2.59discharge fire withbitter-cold苦 寒 泄 火a therapeutic method to discharge fire by using bittercoldmedicinals


210Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.60clear heat with bittercold苦 寒 淸 熱a therapeutic method for clearing internal heat byusing bitter-cold medicinals4.2.61clear qi with thebitter-cold苦 寒 淸 氣a therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heatfrom the qi aspect by using bitter-cold medicinals4.2.62clear qi with thepungent-cold辛 寒 淸 氣a therapeutic method of clearing pathogenic heatfrom qi aspect by using pungent-cold medicinals4.2.63 downbear fire 降 火4.2.64 detoxify 解 毒a therapeutic method of using heat-clearing and firepurgingmedicinals to treat upward invasion of heatfire(1) measure to lessen the virulence of pathogens; (2) amethod of neutralizing the toxic property of poisons4.2.65relieve (infantile)malnutrition fever除 疳 熱a therapeutic method for treating malnutritional feverin children4.2.66 purgation4.2.67 cold purgation下 法 ;瀉 下 ( 法 )寒 下 ;瀉 下 泄 熱one of the eight principal therapeutic methods usedto relieve constipation, remove stagnant food, staticblood, internal heat or excessive fluid through thebowelsa therapeutic method of inducing purgation withcold-natured medicinals to treat excessive heat in theinterior4.2.68 warm purgation 溫 下4.2.69 drastic purgation 峻 下 ; 急 下4.2.70 mild purgation 輕 下 ; 緩 攻4.2.71 laxation 緩 下4.2.72 lubricant laxation 潤 下4.2.73 moisten the intestines 潤 腸a therapeutic method of inducing purgation anddissipating cold to treat interior excess pattern/syndrome due to internal cold bindinga therapeutic method of treating interior excesspattern/syndrome with drastic purgativesa therapeutic method of inducing bowel movementwith mild purgativesa therapeutic method of relieving constipation withlaxativesa therapeutic method of inducing laxation withfluid-nourishing and lubricating medicinals to treatconstipation due to intestinal drynessa therapeutic method for constipation due to intestinaldryness by using moistening medicinals


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 211Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.74 relax the bowels 通 便 therapeutic method for relieving constipation4.2.75soften hardness withpurgation瀉 下 軟 堅a therapeutic method of removing hard fecal massesin the intestines by using purgatives4.2.76remove accumulationwith purgation瀉 下 攻 積a therapeutic method of removing accumulatedundigested food by using purgatives4.2.77take away firewoodfrom under cauldron釜 底 抽 薪metaphorical expression for the method of dischargingheat with purgation4.2.78remove coldaccumulation withwarm purgation溫 下 寒 積a therapeutic method of administering warmingmedicinals with purgatives for treating interior excesspattern/syndrome due to internal cold binding4.2.79expel water bypurgation瀉 下 逐 水a therapeutic method of eliminating water retentionby using hydragogues4.2.80expel retained fluid bypurgation瀉 下 逐 飮 ;攻 逐 水 飮a therapeutic method of expelling retained fluid byusing hydragogues4.2.81increase humor torelax bowels增 液 潤 下 ;增 液 潤 腸a therapeutic method to promote bowel movementby using fluid-nourishing and intestine-moisteningmedicinals4.2.82 harmonizing method 和 法4.2.83 harmonize the blood 和 血one of the eight principal therapeutic methods toregulate the functions of visceral organs for restoringtheir normal correlation or to mediate the part betweenthe exterior and interior of the body for eliminating thepathogensa therapeutic method to relieve or cure blooddisorders4.2.84harmonize thenutrient和 營a therapeutic method to regulate the nutrient aspect4.2.85harmonize qi andblood調 和 氣 血a therapeutic method of using qi-regulating andblood-activating medicinals to treat disharmony of qiand blood4.2.86harmonize thenutrient and defense調 和 營 衛a therapeutic method to treat nutrient-defensedisharmony4.2.87 regulate qi 理 氣a general term for treating disordered flow of qi,including stagnant flow and counterflow


212Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.88 move qi 行 氣 a therapeutic method of relieving stagnation of qi4.2.89 regulate the middle 理 中a therapeutic method to tonify and regulate the spleenand stomach in deficiency-cold conditions4.2.90harmonize thestomach和 胃a therapeutic method to treat dysfunction of thestomach4.2.91harmonize the spleenand stomach調 和 脾 胃a therapeutic method of treating disharmony of thespleen and stomach by regulating their qi movement4.2.92harmonize the liverand stomach調 和 肝 胃a therapeutic method of soothing the liver andharmonizing the stomach to treat liver qi invading thestomach and liver-stomach disharmony4.2.93harmonize the liverand spleen調 和 肝 脾a therapeutic method of soothing the liver, invigoratingthe spleen and regulating the qi activity to treat liver qiinvading the spleen and liver-spleen disharmony4.2.94harmonize andrelease the exteriorand interior和 解 表 裏a therapeutic method of treating mild cases of dualexterior-interior pattern/syndrome4.2.95harmonize andrelease the lesseryang和 解 少 陽a therapeutic method of treating an externallycontracted febrile disease by administering medicinalsto combat the pathogens lingering at lesser yang(half-exterior and half-interior of the body)4.2.96coordinate the heartand kidney交 通 心 腎a therapeutic method of treating heart-kidney noninteractionby clearing heart fire and nourishingkidney yin4.2.97open onto thepleurodiaphragmaticinterspace開 達 膜 原a therapeutic method of eliminating filthy turbidpathogens hidden in the pleuro-diaphragmaticspace4.2.98release both theexterior and interior表 裏 雙 解a general term for therapeutic methods that eliminatepathogens from both the exterior and interior parts ofthe body, indicated in the treatment of dual disease ofthe exterior and interior4.2.99 dispel dampness 祛 濕a general term for various measures to treat dampnesspattern/syndrome, including resolving dampnessby using aromatics, eliminating dampness by usingbitter-cold medicinals, and removing dampnessthrough diuresis


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 213Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.100clear heat andeliminate dampness淸 熱 除 濕a therapeutic method of treating dampness-heat inthe upper and middle energizers by combined useof heat-clearing medicinals and dampness-resolvingmedicinals4.2.101purge the liver andeliminate dampness瀉 肝 除 濕a therapeutic method of treating dampness-heat inthe liver and its meridian4.2.102dissipate cold anddispel dampness散 寒 祛 濕a therapeutic method of treating cold-dampnessobstruction pattern/syndrome by using pungent-warmmedicinals to dispel cold and dry dampness4.2.103 resolve dampness 化 濕one of the measures to dispel dampness by usingaromatics with warm nature and drying effect4.2.104clear heat and resolvedampness淸 熱 化 濕a therapeutic method of treating dampness-heatpattern/syndrome by using heat-clearing medicinalsand dampness-resolving medicinals in combination4.2.105dispel summerheatand resolve dampness祛 暑 化 濕a therapeutic method of combined use of summerheatclearingmedicinals and dampness-resolvingmedicinals for treating summerheat dampnesspattern/syndrome4.2.106enliven the spleenand resolve dampness醒 脾 化 濕a therapeutic method to treat stagnancy of dampnessdue to spleen dysfunction4.2.107resolve dampnesswith aroma芳 香 化 濕a therapeutic method of using aromatics to treatdampness pattern/syndrome4.2.108resolve turbidity witharoma芳 香 化 濁a therapeutic method of using aromatics to treatdampness-turbidity pattern/syndrome4.2.109 dispel filth with aroma 芳 香 辟 穢a therapeutic method of using aromatics to removefilthy turbidity4.2.110direct repulsion withbitter-cold苦 寒 直 折a therapeutic method to directly purge heat anddownbear fire by using bitter-cold medicinals4.2.111resolve dampness tomove qi化 濕 行 氣a therapeutic method to treat qi stagnation by resolvingdampness-turbidity4.2.112 dry dampness 燥 濕one of the measures to dispel dampness by usingdesiccating medicinals4.2.113dry dampness withbitter-warm苦 溫 燥 濕a therapeutic method of treating cold-dampnesspattern/syndrome by using bitter-warm medicinals


214Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.114clear heat and drydampness淸 熱 燥 濕a therapeutic method for relieving accumulation ofdampness-heat4.2.115dry dampness tofortify the spleen燥 濕 健 脾a therapeutic method of administering pungentflavoreddrying medicinals to eliminate dampness forinvigorating the spleen, indicated in the treatment ofdampness encumbering spleen yang4.2.116 drain dampness 利 濕one of the measures to dispel dampness by promotingdiuresis4.2.117induce diuresis todrain dampness利 水 滲 濕a therapeutic method to treat internal retention ofdampness by using diuretics4.2.118drain dampness withbland淡 滲 利 濕 ;淡 滲 祛 濕a therapeutic method of removing pathogenic waterdampnessby using sweet- or bland-tasting diuretics4.2.119induce diuresis toalleviate edema利 水 消 腫a therapeutic method to treat edema by usingdiuretics4.2.120separate eliminationfrom upper and lower分 消 上 下 ;分 消 走 泄a therapeutic method of using medicinals to openthe upper, diffuse the middle and drain the lower fortreating the condition in which the triple energizer’s qimovement is obstructed by warm-heat and phlegmdampness4.2.121 resolve retained fluid 化 飮 any therapeutic method of dispelling retained fluid4.2.122 dispel phlegm 祛 痰4.2.123 resolve phlegm 化 痰a general term for therapeutic measures to treatphlegm pattern/syndrome, such as resolving phlegmor eliminating phlegmone of the measures to dispel phlegm in which thephlegm is disintegrated and dissolved4.2.124dry dampness toresolve phlegm燥 濕 化 痰a therapeutic method of treating dampness-phlegmpattern/syndrome by using medicinals bitter in tasteand drying in action4.2.125clear and resolveheat-phlegm淸 化 熱 痰a therapeutic method of combined use of heatclearingand phlegm-resolving medicinals for treatingheat- phlegm pattern/syndrome4.2.126warm and resolvecold-phlegm溫 化 寒 痰a therapeutic method of using yang-warming, colddispellingand phlegm-resolving medicinals to treatcold -phlegm pattern/syndrome


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 215Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.127warm the lung andresolve phlegm溫 肺 化 痰a therapeutic method to treat accumulation of coldphlegmin the lung by using warming and phlegmresolvingmedicinals4.2.128warm the lung andresolve fluid retention溫 肺 化 飮a therapeutic method to treat retention of cold fluidin the lung by using warming and fluid-resolvingmedicinals4.2.129extinguish wind andresolve phlegm熄 風 化 痰a therapeutic method to treat wind-phlegm pattern/syndrome by combined use of wind-extinguishing andphlegm-resolving medicinals4.2.130 dispel wind-phlegm 祛 風 痰a therapeutic method of treating pattern/syndromeof phlegm combined with pathogenic wind or windheat4.2.131moisten dryness toresolve phlegm潤 燥 化 痰a therapeutic method to treat dryness-phlegm pattern/syndrome4.2.132direct qi downward toresolve phlegm降 氣 化 痰 ;下 氣 消 痰a therapeutic method of combined use of qidownbearingmedicinals and phlegm-resolvingmedicinals to treat reverse flow of qi due to phlegmobstruction4.2.133downbearcounterflow tosuppress cough andto calm panting降 逆 止 咳 平 喘a therapeutic method for treating counterflow of lungqi with cough and dyspnea4.2.134promote qi absorptionto calm panting納 氣 平 喘a therapeutic method for treating dyspnea due tokidney failing to receive qi4.2.135eliminate phlegm andsoften hardness消 痰 軟 堅a therapeutic method to treat hard nodules due tophlegm-turbidity accumulation4.2.136soften hardness andresolve phlegm軟 堅 化 痰a therapeutic method to treat hard phlegmatic mass4.2.137clear dryness tomoisten the lung淸 燥 潤 肺a therapeutic method to treat dryness-heat damagingthe lung4.2.138moisten the lung tosuppress cough潤 肺 止 咳a therapeutic method of using yin-nourishing andlung-moistening medicinals to treat cough due tolung dryness4.2.139constrain the lung tosuppress cough斂 肺 止 咳a therapeutic method of using astringents to treatpersistent unproductive cough due to lung deficiency


216Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.140purge the lung tocalm panting瀉 肺 平 喘a therapeutic method to treat dyspnea caused byaccumulation of pathogens in the lung4.2.141 warming method 溫 法4.2.142 warm tonification 溫 補one of the eight principal therapeutic methods inwhich warming medicinals are used for treating coldpattern/syndromea therapeutic method to treat deficiency-coldconditions by using warm-tonifying medicinals4.2.143warm the interior todissipate cold溫 裏 散 寒 ;溫 裏 祛 寒a therapeutic method for treating interior-cold pattern/syndrome4.2.144 warm the interior 溫 裏4.2.145 warm the spleen 溫 脾4.2.146 warm the stomach 溫 胃4.2.147 warm the middle 溫 中a general term for the methods of treating interiorcoldpattern/syndromea therapeutic method to treat cold pattern/syndromeof the spleen by using yang-warming medicinalsa therapeutic method to treat cold pattern/syndromeof the stomach by using warm- or hot-naturedmedicinalsa therapeutic method to treat yang deficiency of thespleen and stomach with warm-tonifying medicinals4.2.148warm the middle anddissipate cold溫 中 散 寒 ;溫 中 祛 寒a therapeutic method to treat yang deficiency ofthe spleen and stomach by dispelling cold andharmonizing the middle energizer with warm-tonifyingmedicinals4.2.149warm the middleto harmonize thestomach溫 中 和 胃a therapeutic method of using middle-warming andcold-dissipating medicinals to treat cold stagnation inthe stomach4.2.150warm the middle tocheck vomiting溫 中 止 嘔a therapeutic method of warming the middle energizerto stop vomiting4.2.151 warm the lung 溫 肺a therapeutic method to treat cold pattern/syndromeof the lung by using warming medicinals4.2.152warm the lung anddissipate cold溫 肺 散 寒a therapeutic method to treat deficiency-cold of thelung by using warm-tonifying medicinals4.2.153 warm the kidney 溫 腎 ; 溫 腎 陽a therapeutic method of invigorating kidney yang byusing warm-tonifying medicinals


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 217Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.154 warm yang 溫 陽a therapeutic method of warming and unblockingyang qi4.2.155warm yang to movewater溫 陽 行 水a therapeutic method of using yang-warmingmedicinals and diuretics to treat water retention dueto spleen-kidney yang deficiency4.2.156 warm the uterus 暖 宮4.2.157 warm the meridian 溫 經a therapeutic method to treat cold congealing in theuterusa therapeutic method of warming and unblocking themeridian/channel4.2.158warm the meridian torelieve pain溫 經 止 痛a therapeutic method for relieving pain causedby stagnation of pathogenic cold in the meridian/channel4.2.159warm the meridian todissipate cold溫 經 散 寒a therapeutic method of using yang-warming, colddissipatingand collateral-opening medicinals to treatpattern/syndrome of cold congealing in the meridian/channel4.2.160warm the meridian torestore yang溫 經 回 陽 ;溫 經 扶 陽a therapeutic method to treat impending collapseby warming and tonifying yang qi in the meridian/channel4.2.161restore yang to savefrom collapse回 陽 救 逆 ;回 陽a therapeutic method of using a large dose of warmorhot-natured medicinals to prevent the patient fromcollapsing, the same as to restore yang4.2.162warm the meridian tomove stagnation溫 經 行 滯a therapeutic method of using meridian/channelwarmingmedicinals and blood-activating and stasisresolvingmedicinals to treat pattern/syndrome ofcongealing cold with blood stasis4.2.163warm the meridian tonourish blood溫 經 養 血a therapeutic method of using meridian/channelwarmingmedicinals and blood-nourishing medicinalsto treat pattern/syndrome of blood deficiency withcongealing cold4.2.164diffuse impedimentand free yang宣 痹 通 陽a therapeutic method of removing impediments tonormalize the flow of yang-qi, as in the treatment ofchest impediment4.2.165move qi to soothe themiddle行 氣 寬 中a therapeutic method of promoting the flow of qi toalleviate stuffiness in the spleen and stomach


218Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.166move qi to relievepain行 氣 止 痛a therapeutic method of promoting the flow of qi torelieve pain caused by stagnant qi movement4.2.167move qi to soothe thechest行 氣 寬 胸a therapeutic method of relieving stuffiness of thechest by promoting the flow of qi4.2.168regulate qi and fortifythe spleen理 氣 健 脾a therapeutic method to treat spleen failing intransportation by combined use of qi-moving andstagnation-relieving medicinals and qi-replenishingand spleen-invigorating medicinals4.2.169soothe the liver andregulate qi疏 肝 理 氣a therapeutic method to regulate liver qi and relievestagnation for treating liver qi stagnation pattern/syndrome4.2.170soothe the liver andnourish the blood疏 肝 養 血a therapeutic method with combined use of liversoothingmedicinals and blood-nourishing medicinalsfor treating liver qi stagnation with blood deficiency4.2.171soothe the liver andpurge fire疏 肝 瀉 火a therapeutic method used to treat pattern/syndromeof stagnated liver qi transforming into fire4.2.172soothe the liver andfortify the spleen疏 肝 健 脾a therapeutic method of regulating liver qi andstrengthening spleen qi to harmonize the liver andspleen for treating pattern/syndrome of liver qiinvading the spleen and pattern/syndrome of liverspleendisharmony4.2.173soothe the liver andregulate the spleen疏 肝 理 脾a therapeutic method of regulating the activities of theliver and spleen to restore their normal coordinationfor treating liver stagnation with spleen deficiency4.2.174soothe the liverand harmonize thestomach疏 肝 和 胃a therapeutic method of regulating the activities ofthe liver and stomach for treating liver-stomach qistagnation and liver-stomach disharmony4.2.175 soothe the liver 疏 肝a therapeutic method of restoring the normalfunctioning of stagnated liver qi4.2.176 direct qi downward降 逆 下 氣 ;降 氣 ; 下 氣a therapeutic method of treating upward counterflowof qi in the lung and stomach manifested as cough,asthma, hiccupping or vomiting4.2.177direct qi downward torelieve hiccup降 氣 止 呃 ;降 逆 止 呃a therapeutic method of treating hiccups


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 219Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.178 break qi 破 氣a therapeutic method of using drastic medicinals torelieve stagnation of qi4.2.179cool the blood to stopbleeding凉 血 止 血a therapeutic method of using blood-coolinghemostatics to treat bleeding due to heat in theblood4.2.180cool the blood anddissipate stasis凉 血 散 瘀a therapeutic method for treating blood heat withblood stasis4.2.181strengthenthoroughfare vesselto stop bleeding固 衝 止 血a therapeutic method of astringing the thoroughfareand conception vessels to treat abnormal uterinebleeding or excessive menstrual flow4.2.182 activate blood 活 血a general term for promoting blood flow in thetreatment of blood stasis4.2.183activate blood torelieve pain活 血 止 痛a therapeutic method for treating painful conditionscaused by blood stasis4.2.184activate blood andresolve stasis活 血 化 瘀a general term for various therapeutic methods withblood-activating and stasis-resolving effects indicatedin the treatment of blood stasis4.2.185activate blood andmove qi活 血 行 氣a therapeutic method to treat blood stasis with qistagnation4.2.186activate blood toregulate menstruation活 血 調 經a therapeutic method of activating blood, removingstasis and regulating menstruation to treat menstrualirregularities due to blood stasis4.2.187 regulate menstruation 調 經 a method used for treating menstrual irregularities4.2.188 unblock the meridian 通 經 a method to remove obstruction in meridian/channel4.2.189dissipate (blood)stasis散 瘀a general term for removing static blood in thetreatment of blood stasis4.2.190break blood andexpel stasis破 血 逐 瘀 ;破 瘀 ; 逐 瘀a therapeutic method to treat severe cases of bloodstasis with intact health qi by using drastic bloodactivatingmedicinals4.2.191relax sinews andactivate collaterals舒 筋 活 絡 ;舒 筋 和 絡a therapeutic method used to treat blockage ofmeridian/channel qi with muscle contraction4.2.192free the collateralvessels通 絡a therapeutic method used to relieve obstruction ofcollateral vessels


220Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.193dispel wind to free thecollateral vessels祛 風 通 絡a therapeutic method to treat numbness, paralysis ormuscle contracture due to wind-dampness impedingthe collateral/network vessels4.2.194 subdue yang 潛 陽a therapeutic method to treat ascendant hyperactivityof liver yang by administering heavy mineral and shellmedicinals4.2.195pacify the liver tosubdue yang平 肝 潛 陽a therapeutic method to treat ascendant hyperactivityof liver yang by using yin blood nourishing medicinalsand heavy mineral and shell medicinals4.2.196 extinguish wind 熄 風a therapeutic method of using wind-extinguishingmedicinals to relieve internal wind pattern/syndrome4.2.197extinguish wind toarrest convulsions熄 風 止 痙 ;熄 風 解 痙a therapeutic method of administering windextinguishingmedicinals to relieve internal windpattern/syndrome with convulsions4.2.198cool the liver toextinguish wind凉 肝 熄 風a therapeutic method of clearing and purging the liverof fire to calm and extinguish liver wind4.2.199nourish yin toextinguish wind滋 陰 熄 風a therapeutic method of nourishing yin fluid to treatyin deficiency with stirring wind4.2.200clear heat toextinguish wind淸 熱 熄 風a therapeutic method of treating internal wind due toserious impairment of yin fluid at the late stage of afebrile disease4.2.201calm the liver toextinguish wind鎭 肝 熄 風a therapeutic method of treating internal wind causedby hyperactivity of the liver4.2.202 tonifying method 補 法4.2.203 tonify qi 補 氣 ; 益 氣a general term for the methods to restore the healthyqi by using tonifying medicinals, one of the eightprincipal therapeutic methods, also called restoringmethoda therapeutic method to treat qi deficiency by usingqi tonifying medicinals, the same as to replenish orrestore qi4.2.204greatly tonify theoriginal qi大 補 元 氣a therapeutic method of using potent qi-tonifyingmedicinals to treat critical cases of qi deficiency withhardly perceptible pulse4.2.205tonify qi andinvigorate yang補 氣 壯 陽a therapeutic method of treating deficiency of yangqi, especially related to the heart and kidney


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 221Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.206tonify qi andengender blood補 氣 生 血a therapeutic method of treating deficiency of both qiand blood primarily due to qi deficiency4.2.207tonify qi and replenishblood補 益 氣 血a therapeutic method to treat deficiency of both qiand blood by using qi-tonifying and blood-nourishingmedicinals4.2.208 upraise the middle qi升 提 中 氣 ;升 擧 中 氣 ;升 陽 ; 升 提a therapeutic method to treat sunken middle qi byusing qi-tonifying medicinals with upraising actions4.2.209 tonify yang 補 陽4.2.210 invigorate yang 壯 陽a general term for the methods of treating yangdeficiency conditions with tonifying medicinalsa therapeutic method to strengthen yang qi of thebody with warm-tonifying medicinals4.2.211warm and tonify thelife gate溫 補 命 門a therapeutic method to treat kidney yang deficiency byusing yang-warming and kidney-tonifying medicinals4.2.212tonify and replenishthe middle qi補 益 中 氣a therapeutic method of tonifying qi, fortifying thespleen and replenishing the stomach for treatingspleen and stomach qi deficiency with sunken middleqi4.2.213 tonify blood 補 血 ; 養 血a therapeutic method to treat blood deficiency byusing blood-tonifying medicinals, the same as tonourish or restore blood4.2.214tonify and nourishheart blood補 養 心 血 ;養 心a therapeutic method to treat heart blood deficiencyby using blood-tonifying and heart-nourishingmedicinals, the same as to nourish heart4.2.215 tonify the spleen 補 脾4.2.216 fortify the spleen 健 脾a therapeutic method to treat diminished functionalactivities of the spleen by using tonifying medicinalsa therapeutic method of invigorating the transportingand transforming functions of the spleen4.2.217fortify the spleen andreplenish qi健 脾 益 氣a therapeutic method to treat spleen qi deficiency byusing spleen-fortifying and qi-replenishing medicinals4.2.218fortify the spleen andnourish blood健 脾 養 血a therapeutic method to treat pattern/syndrome ofspleen deficiency with blood depletion


222Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.219fortify the spleen andsupport yang健 脾 扶 陽a therapeutic method to treat spleen yang deficiencyby using spleen-fortifying and yang-reinforcingmedicinals4.2.220fortify the spleen anddrain dampness健 脾 利 濕a therapeutic method of using spleen-tonifying anddiuretic medicinals to treat spleen deficiency withdampness retention or dampness encumbering thespleen4.2.221fortify the spleen tosweep phlegm健 脾 豁 痰a therapeutic method to treat phlegm-dampnesspattern/syndrome through fortifying the spleen byusing qi-tonifying medicinals4.2.222invigorate thestomach健 胃a therapeutic method of invigorating the stomachfunction to promote digestion4.2.223 increase the appetite 開 胃a therapeutic method of stimulating the desire forfood4.2.224warm and tonify thespleen and stomach溫 補 脾 胃a therapeutic method used for treating spleen andstomach yang deficiency pattern/syndrome4.2.225tonify fire and assistyang補 火 助 陽 ;補 腎 火a therapeutic method to treat kidney yang deficiency byusing yang-warming and kidney-tonifying medicinals;the same as to tonify the kidney fire4.2.226 emolliate the liver 柔 肝 ; 養 肝4.2.227 enrich yin 滋 陰a therapeutic method to treat liver yin deficiency orliver blood deficiency by using liver blood-tonifyingand liver yin-replenishing medicinalsa therapeutic method to treat yin deficiency by usingmedicinals to replenish yin fluid4.2.228enrich yin and tonifyyang滋 陰 補 陽a therapeutic method to treat dual deficiency of yinand yang4.2.229enrich yin and subdueyang滋 陰 潛 陽a therapeutic method of using yin-nourishingmedicinals and heavy settling medicinals to treat yindeficiency with yang hyperactivity or deficiency yangfloating upward4.2.230enrich yin to repressyang滋 陰 抑 陽a therapeutic method of supplementing yin fluid tosuppress excessive yang qi for treating yin deficiencywith exuberant yang


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 223Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.231 tonify the heart yin4.2.232 tonify the liver yin補 心 陰 ;養 心 陰補 肝 陰 ;養 肝 陰a therapeutic method to treat heart yin deficiency byusing heart yin tonifying medicinals, the same as tonourish the heart yina therapeutic method of treating liver yin deficiencyby using liver yin tonifying medicinals, the same as tonourish the liver yin4.2.233 tonify the lung 補 肺a general term for therapeutic methods of usingtonifying medicinals to treat deficiency patterns/syndromes of the lung4.2.234 tonify the lung yin補 肺 陰 ;養 肺 陰a therapeutic method to treat lung yin deficiency, thesame as to nourish the lung yin4.2.235 moisten the lung 潤 肺4.2.236 engender fluid 生 津4.2.237 tonify the kidney 補 腎a therapeutic method to treat lung dryness pattern/syndrome by using moistening medicinalsa therapeutic method to treat fluid depletion withfluid-nourishing medicinalsa general term for treating deficiency patterns/syndromes of the kidney with tonifying medicinals4.2.238 tonify the kidney yin補 腎 陰 ;滋 腎 陰a therapeutic method to treat kidney yin deficiency byusing kidney yin tonifying medicinals, the same as toreplenish the kidney yin4.2.239nourish the stomachyin養 胃 陰 ;補 胃 陰 ; 養 胃a therapeutic method to treat stomach yin deficiencypattern/syndrome, the same as to tonify the stomachyin or to nourish the stomach4.2.240tonify the kidney andreplenish qi補 腎 益 氣a therapeutic method to treat kidney qi deficiencypattern/syndrome4.2.241enrich the kidney andreplenish yin滋 腎 益 陰a therapeutic method to treat kidney yin deficiencypattern/syndrome4.2.242enrich the kidney andnourish the liver滋 腎 養 肝a therapeutic method to treat kidney-liver yin deficiencypattern/syndrome4.2.243warm the kidney andfortify the spleen溫 腎 健 脾a therapeutic method to treat spleen-kidney yangdeficiency by using warming and tonifying medicinals4.2.244regulate the liverand supplement thekidney調 肝 補 腎a therapeutic method to treat liver-kidney yin deficiencywith exuberant liver yang


224Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.245nourish the blood andemolliate the liver養 血 柔 肝a therapeutic method to treat liver blood deficiencywith exuberant wind yang by using blood-tonifyingand liver-emolliating medicinals4.2.246enrich water tomoisten wood滋 水 涵 木a therapeutic method to treat liver yin deficiency(pertaining to wood) by nourishing kidney yin(pertaining to water)4.2.247form yin with the sourand sweet酸 甘 化 陰a therapeutic method of replenishing yin blood bycombined use of sour-tasted medicinals and sweettastedones4.2.248form yang with thepungent and sweet辛 甘 化 陽a therapeutic method of reinforcing yang qi bycombined use of pungent-tasted medicinals andsweet-tasted ones4.2.249conduct fire back toits origin引 火 歸 原 ;引 火 下 行a therapeutic principle for the ascending of asthenicfire, by adding drugs for tonifying the kidney yangto those for nourishing the kidney yin to lead theascending deficiency fire back down to the kidney, thesame as to conduct fire downward4.2.250warm the kidney topromote qi absorption溫 腎 納 氣a therapeutic method to treat kidney failing to receiveqi from the lung4.2.251securing andastringing method固 澁 法a general term for therapeutic methods of usingstyptic or astringent medicinals to treat spontaneoussweating, seminal emission, chronic diarrhea, orhemorrhage4.2.252astringe the intestinesand check diarrhea澁 腸 止 瀉a therapeutic method to treat chronic diarrhea withastringents4.2.253 secure essence 固 精a therapeutic method to treat seminal emission dueto kidney consumption by using kidney-tonifying andastringent medicinals4.2.254secure essence andreduce urination固 精 縮 尿a therapeutic method to treat seminal emission,spermatorrhea, enuresis or incontinence of urine dueto kidney qi insecurity and bladder retention failure4.2.255stem floodingand check vaginaldischarge固 崩 止 帶a therapeutic method to treat abnormal uterinebleeding or excessive leukorrhea by using astringentmedicinals


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 225Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.256secure thethoroughfare vesseland stanch vaginaldischarge固 衝 止 帶a therapeutic method to treat leukorrhagia due tokidney insufficiency with insecurity of the thoroughfareand conception vessels4.2.257 secure the exterior 固 表a therapeutic method to treat exterior deficiency andinsecurity4.2.258secure the exterior tocheck sweating固 表 止 汗 ;斂 汗 固 表a therapeutic method to treat defensive qi deficiencywith spontaneous sweating4.2.259 tranquilize 安 神 a general term for tranquilizing measures4.2.260nourish the heart totranquilize養 心 安 神a therapeutic method of using yin blood tonifyingmedicinals to treat palpitations, insomnia, dreamdisturbedsleep and forgetfulness due to disquietedheart spirit4.2.261settle fright andtranquilize鎭 驚 安 神a therapeutic method of using settling tranquilizers torelieve mental uneasiness caused by fright4.2.262tranquilize by heavysettling重 鎭 安 神 ;鎭 靜 安 神a therapeutic method to treat insomnia and mentalexcitement by using heavy mineral and shellmedicinals4.2.263 open the orifices 開 竅 ; 醒 腦 any therapeutic method of inducing resuscitation4.2.264clear the heart andopen the orifices淸 心 開 竅a therapeutic method of using heat-clearing, firepurgingand orifice-opening medicinals to induceresuscitation in patients with heat blocked in thepericardium4.2.265clear heat to open theorifices淸 熱 開 竅a therapeutic method to treat impaired consciousnessin cases of acute febrile diseases4.2.266resolve phlegm toopen the orifices化 痰 開 竅a therapeutic method of using phlegm-resolvingmedicinals to treat phlegm syncope and phlegmconfounding the orifices of the heart4.2.267open the orifices witharoma芳 香 開 竅emergency treatment for loss of consciousness byemploying aromatic medicinals4.2.268 promote digestion 消 食 a general term for the treatment of food stagnation4.2.269promote digestionand remove foodstagnation消 食 導 滯a therapeutic method of using digestants andlaxatives to treat dyspepsia caused by improper dietor overeating


226Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.270disperse abscessesand nodules消 癰 散 結a therapeutic method of dissolving abscesses andnodules before suppuration4.2.271disperse abscessesand boils消 癰 散 癤a therapeutic method of dissolving abscesses andboils before suppuration4.2.272 dissolve fish bones 消 骨 鯁a therapeutic method for removing a fish bone stuckin the throat or esophagus4.2.273remove nebula andimprove vision退 翳 明 目 ;退 目 翳a therapeutic method to remove opacity and improvevision used in the treatment of corneal nebula4.2.274 improve vision 明 目4.2.275 unblock yang 通 陽any therapeutic method that can ameliorateimpairment of visiona therapeutic method used to address blockage ofyang qi due to cold-damp obstruction or congealingphlegm and stasis obstruction4.2.276unblock yang todissipate binds通 陽 散 結a therapeutic method for dissipating masses causedby yang deficiency and cold congealing4.2.277arrest of bleeding,clarification of causeand recovery ofhealth塞 流 , 澄 源 , 復舊three therapeutic methods for treating flooding andspotting in gynecology4.2.278 resolve accumulation 化 積4.2.279 prevent abortion 安 胎4.2.280 promote lactation 下 乳a therapeutic method to treat food accumulationpattern/syndrome by using digestant and evacuantmedicinalspreventive and therapeutic measure for threatenedmiscarriage and habitual abortiona therapeutic method to promote the flow of breastmilk after delivery4.2.281 terminate lactation 斷 乳 ; 回 乳 a therapeutic method to stop the flow of milk4.2.282 expel worms 驅 蟲 a therapeutic method of expelling intestinal parasites4.2.283 kill worms 殺 蟲4.2.284 quiet ascaris 安 蛔a therapeutic method of destroying intestinalparasitesa therapeutic method to treat ascariasis, usually forrelieving abdominal pain or biliary colic caused byascaris


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 227Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.285quiet ascaris torelieve pain安 蛔 定 痛a therapeutic method to treat abdominal pain due tointestinal or biliary ascariasis4.2.286 expel pus 排 膿 a therapeutic method of promoting pus discharge4.2.287dispel stasis topromote regeneration祛 瘀 生 新a therapeutic method of activating blood and removingstasis to promote blood regeneration for treatingblood stasis complicated with blood deficiency4.2.288promote tissueregeneration andclose wound生 肌 收 口a therapeutic method of treating wounds to promotethe growth of new tissue by using detoxicants andastringents4.2.289conduct blooddownward引 血 下 行a therapeutic method of treating upsurge of bloodflow4.2.290soften hardness anddissipate binds軟 堅 散 結a therapeutic method of using qi-moving, bloodactivatingand phlegm-eliminating medicinals to treatlumps formed by turbid phlegm or static blood4.2.291 repel foulness 辟 穢4.2.292 relax tension 緩 急4.2.293 expel toxin 托 毒4.2.294 expel pus of sores 托 瘡4.2.295 expel from within 內 托4.2.296 constrain spittle 攝 唾4.2.297 interrupt malaria 截 瘧a therapeutic method of using aromatic medicinals totreat diseases caused by pathogenic foul turbiditya therapeutic method of relieving spasm, contractionor hypertonicitya therapeutic method of expelling toxins from within inthe treatment of boils and soresa therapeutic method of expelling pus in the treatmentof boils, sores and abscessa therapeutic method of using tonifying and pusdischargingmedicinals to support healthy qi andpromote outflow of pus, in order to prevent inwardpenetration of the pathogenic toxina therapeutic method of checking excessivesalivationmethod of treating malaria applied before an episodeto prevent its arrival4.2.298detoxify and killworms解 毒 殺 蟲a therapeutic method to remove toxicity and killparasites such as mites in the treatment of scabies


228Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.299 relieve itching 止 癢any therapeutic measure that has an antipruriticeffect4.2.300dry dampness torelieve itching燥 濕 止 癢a therapeutic method for removing exudate andalleviating itching, as used in the treatment ofeczema4.2.301 disperse swelling 消 腫4.2.302 draw out toxin 拔 毒a therapeutic method that induces detumescence orpromotes subsidence of swellinga therapeutic method to remove toxins frominflammatory lesions4.2.303draw out pus andtoxin提 膿 拔 毒a therapeutic method to promote discharge of pusand remove toxins in the treatment of purulent toxinpattern/syndrome4.2.304draw out pus anddispel putridity提 膿 祛 腐a therapeutic method to promote pus discharge andremove putridity in the treatment of embedded sores4.2.305 resolve putridity 化 腐 ; 去 腐 肉a therapeutic method of using corrosive medicinalsfor treating external diseases, especially wounds andsores4.2.306heal wounds andeliminate putridity蝕 瘡 去 腐a therapeutic method of eliminating putrid material inthe treatment of wounds and sores4.2.307promote tissueregeneration andwound healing生 肌 斂 瘡a therapeutic method to promote healing of woundsor ulcers on the body surface4.2.308promote suppurationto regenerate flesh煨 膿 長 肉a therapeutic method of using pus-dischargingmedicinals or other therapies to promote the growthof granulation tissue and healing of the wound4.2.309outthrust thepathogen透 邪a therapeutic method of driving pathogens out ofthe body, usually used in the treatment of exteriorpatterns/syndromes4.2.310 promote rupture 潰 堅a therapeutic method used to treat abscess bypromoting its rupture4.2.311blacken the beardand hair烏 鬚 髮a therapeutic method for treating premature grayingof the hair and beard


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 229Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.312 plaster therapy膏 藥 療 法 ;藥 膏 療 法 ;薄 貼 療 法a therapeutic method of applying plasters to thediseased site or relevant points to treat local orgeneralized diseases4.2.313medicated winetherapy藥 酒 療 法a therapeutic method of treatment by taking medicatedwine or liquor, a preparation made by steepingmedicinals in grain wine or liquor4.2.314 fumigation 熏 法a therapeutic method by utilizing both the medicinaland heat effects to open the interstices and promotethe flow of qi and blood for reducing swelling,alleviating pain, dispelling wind and relieving itching4.2.315hot medicinalcompress熨 法a therapeutic measure involving pressing and rubbingthe diseased area with hot medical substanceswrapped in cloth4.2.316 cauterization 烙 法4.2.317 suppository therapy 坐 藥 療 法application of a searing iron to destroy diseasedtissuea therapeutic method involving the introduction ofa specially shaped solid medicinal preparation intothe rectal, urethral or vaginal orifice to treat diseases,generally diseases of the anus, rectum, lower colon,urethra, uterus and vagina4.2.318medicated threadtherapy藥 撚 療 法an external medical technique whereby a twistedpaper coated with or enveloping medicinal powder isintroduced into the diseased site for treating abscess,sores, flowing phlegm and cancers4.2.319 spine pinching 捏 脊4.2.320 ligation therapy 結 紮 療 法a therapeutic method by pinching and kneading theskin and muscles bilateral to the spinean external medical technique whereby hemorrhoids,polyps or warts are treated by binding them at thebase with threads so that the distal portion sloughsaway within several days4.2.321fuming-washingtherapy熏 洗 療 法a therapeutic method involving fuming the diseasedarea with the vapor of a boiling decoction and thenwashing the area with the decoction4.2.322 douche沖 洗 法 ; 沖 洗療 法an external therapeutic method by directing a streamof a medicinal solution against the diseased site


230Therapeutics - Method of TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.323 insufflations 吹 藥 法4.2.324 traction therapy 牽 引 療 法blowing powdered medicine into the throat or innerpart of the mouth for therapeutic purposestreatment of skeletal or joint disorders by applying apulling force4.2.325therapeuticmanipulation forsinew injury理 筋 手 法a collective term for various manipulations forrestoring and treating injured soft tissues4.2.326 massage按 摩 ; 推 拿 ;按 蹻rubbing, kneading, or percussion of the soft tissues andjoints of the body with the hands, usually performedby one person on another, esp. to relieve tension orpain4.2.327 rotating manipulation 旋 轉 法4.2.328 twisting manipulation 搓 法4.2.329 rubbing manipulation 摩 法a manipulation performed by holding the distal end ofthe injured limb and rotating it gentlya manipulation of giving an injured limb twists withtwo palms in the direction opposite each otherrubbing the affected part with the ventral aspect ofthe finger tips or the palm in a circular motion withmoderate force and frequency4.2.330kneadingmanipulation揉 法a manipulation involving pressing and moving to andfro or circularly on an affected area with the flat of thethumb, the thenar or the root of the palm4.2.331 pushing manipulation 推 法pushing and squeezing the muscles with the fingers orpalms forward, apart or spirally, with force4.2.332qi-concentratedsingle-finger pushingmanipulation一 指 禪 推 法a pushing manipulation performed by using the thumbalone in a swaying movement4.2.333 rolling manipulation 滾 法a manipulation performed by turning the back of thehand over the patient’s body surface back and forthcontinuously4.2.334scrubbingmanipulation擦 法a manipulation performed by rubbing with the flat ofthe finger, the thenar, or the palm to and fro over theskin continuously with a high frequency


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 231Code Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.335 shaking manipulation 抖 法4.2.336 flicking manipulation 彈 法a manipulation by which the distal end of theaffected extremity is held and pulled outwards by theoperator and shaken up and down within the limit ofmovementa manipulation performed by hitting the affected areawith the back of the index fingertip or middle fingertipby flicking against the thumb4.2.337sinew-flickingmanipulation彈 筋 法a manipulation performed by repeatedly pulling upthe tendon or muscle and immediately releasing it4.2.338 pressing manipulation 按 法a manipulation involving pushing steadily in adirection vertical to the body surface4.2.339graspingmanipulation拿 法a manipulation performed by lifting and squeezingthe affected muscles with the thumb and the indexand middle fingers or with the thumb and the otherfour fingers of one or both of the operator’s hands4.2.340pinchingmanipulation捏 法a manipulation performed by holding and lifting thesoft tissues by using the thumb with the index andmiddle fingers or the thumb with the other four fingers,and squeezing and pushing forward4.2.341 treading manipulation 踩 蹺 法4.2.342 pulling manipulation 扳 法4.2.343 rocking manipulation 搖 法a manipulation performed by treading on the affectedarea for reduction, e.g., treading on the back for thereduction of a protruded intervertebral disca manipulation of extending or rotating a joint byholding its proximal and distal ends and pullingwith force in an opposite or similar directioninstantaneouslya manipulation performed by holding the part ofthe limb proximal to the joint with one hand and thepart distal to the joint with the other hand, and gentlyrotating the joint from side to side4.2.344back-packingmanipulation背 法a manipulation to reduce a protruded lumbarintervertebral disc by carrying the patient on theoperator’s back while the two are standing back toback


232Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description4.2.345massage techniquebefore/afteracupuncture揉 撚 法a manipulation in which the practitioner using his (her)thenar eminence, palmar root or the ventral aspect offingers rubs and presses a certain area or point ofthe patient’s body with gentle and circular movementsbefore/after needling4.2.346 tapping technique 叩 打 法4.2.347 finger pressure 指 壓a manipulation performed by tapping with the tips offingers held togethera manipulation performed by pressing acupuncturepoints with the finger or thumb instead of needling,also known as shiatsu


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 233Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.0.0ACUPUNCTURE ANDMOXIBUSTION鍼 灸 ( 學 )5.1.0 Acupuncture 鍼 ; 鍼 法the insertion of needles into humans or animals forremedial purposes or its methods5.1.1acupuncture andmoxibustion鍼 灸 ; 鍼 灸 學(1) a collective term for acupuncture and moxibustion;(2) a branch of traditional Chinese medicine whichmainly involves the theory of meridians, location,usage, indications and combinations of acupoints,needling manipulations and application of ignitedmoxa in the treatment of disease through regulationof qi, blood and visceral functions5.1.2needling andmoxibustion method刺 灸 法a collective term for the techniques of acupunctureand moxibustion5.1.3 fire needling 火 鍼5.1.4 warm needling 溫 鍼 ; 溫 鍼 灸5.1.5 nine classical needles 九 鍼5.1.6 filiform needle 毫 鍼5.1.7 shear needle 鑱 鍼5.1.8 round-pointed needle 圓 鍼5.1.9 spoon needle 鍉 鍼5.1.10 lance needle 鋒 鍼an acupuncture procedure involving the swift prickingof the diseased part with a red hot needle(1) a practice performed by placing an ignited moxastick on the handle of the needle after insertion; (2) amethod of acupuncture in which the needle is warmedbefore/during needling, the same as warm needlingmoxibustiona collective term for the nine types of needles describedin Lingshu, namely, filiform needle, shear needle,round-pointed needle, spoon needle, lance needle,round-sharp needle, stiletto needle, long needle andbig needlea type of fine needle of varying length most commonlyused in performing acupuncture at presenta pricking instrument like an arrowhead with a sharptip, the same as a chisel needle or sagital needlea cylindrical instrument with the shaft 1.6 cun longand an oval tip, used for massage on the bodysurface, the same as a rounded needlean instrument with a thick shaft and a slightly sharpround tip used for pressing the meridians/channelsanother name for three-edged needle, the same as alancing needle


234Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.11 round-sharp needle 員 利 鍼5.1.12 stiletto needle 鈹 鍼5.1.13 long needle 長 鍼5.1.14 big needle 大 鍼5.1.15 great needle 巨 鍼5.1.16 stone needle 砭 石5.1.17 stone needle therapy 砭 刺 療 法a needle with thin shaft and a somewhat enlarged andsharp round tip, the same as a sharp round needlean instrument like a double-edged sword used fordrainage of pus, the same as a sword needleone of the nine classical needles, 7 cun in length,used for deep puncturea needle with a long and thick shaft and a somewhatround tip, the same as a large needlethat resembling a filiform needle, but thicker andlonger, used in the treatment of hemiplegia andparalysisneedle made of stone used as a primitive instrumentfor acupuncture and surgical incision in ancienttimestreatment of disease with stone needles in ancienttimes5.1.18filiform needletherapy毫 鍼 療 法acupuncture therapy which uses filiform needles5.1.19 tip of the needle 鍼 尖 the sharp point of the needle5.1.20 handle of the needle 鍼 柄the part of the needle, distal to the tip and shaft, bywhich it is held5.1.21 shaft of the needle 鍼 體 the part of the needle between the handle and tip5.1.22 root of the needle 鍼 根 junction between the handle and shaft of the needle5.1.23 plum-blossom needle 梅 花 鍼a dermal needling instrument with a bundle of fiveshort embedded needles resembling a plum blossom5.1.24plum-blossom needletherapy梅 花 鍼 療 法therapy by tapping with a plum-blossom needle5.1.25 seven-star needle 七 星 鍼a dermal needling instrument with seven short needlesattached to the end of a handle in a cluster5.1.26 three-edged needle 三 棱 鍼 a thick needle with a sharp three-edged tip


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 235Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.27three-edged needletherapy三 棱 鍼 療 法a variety of therapeutic method to cure illness by usinga three-edged needle5.1.28 thumbtack needle 撳 鍼 an intradermal needle resembling a thumbtack5.1.29 intradermal needle 皮 內 鍼a small needling instrument for embedding in theskin5.1.30intradermal needletherapy皮 內 鍼 療 法a therapeutic method by embedding a needle at acertain point for extended periods5.1.31 dermal needle 皮 膚 鍼a needling instrument composed of several shortneedles used for tapping the points5.1.32dermal needletherapy皮 膚 鍼 療 法a therapeutic method whereby points are tapped witha dermal needle5.1.33 roller needle 滾 刺 筒 a metallic roller designed for dermal needling5.1.34 silver needle 銀 鍼 a needle made of silver5.1.35 stainless steel needle 不 銹 鋼 鍼 a needle made of stainless steel5.1.36 disposable needle一 回 用 鍼 ;一 次 性 鍼a single use needle which is disposed after of use5.1.37 infant needle 小 兒 鍼 acupuncture needle used in infant patients5.1.38infant acupuncturetherapy小 兒 鍼 法acupuncture therapy in infant patients5.1.39Sa-am acupuncturetherapy舍 巖 鍼 法a school of acupuncture initiated by Sa-am,characterized by applying the five phases theory andmother-child reinforcement-reduction principle to theselection of points and needling manipulation5.1.40eight constitutionsacupuncture八 體 質 鍼a school of acupuncture developed by Kwon Do-wonbased on the theory of eight sub-constitutions5.1.41microsystemacupuncture微 鍼 系 統a general term for various types of acupuncture in aspecific local area, including scalp acupuncture, earacupuncture, nose acupuncture, hand acupuncture,foot acupuncture, etc.5.1.42 scalp acupuncture 頭 鍼 ; 頭 皮 鍼 acupuncture at the specific lines located on the scalp


236Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.43scalp acupuncturetherapy頭 鍼 療 法one of the microsystem acupuncture therapies, inwhich specific lines located on the head are needledfor therapeutic purpose5.1.44 facial acupuncture 面 鍼5.1.45 ear acupuncture 耳 鍼acupuncture at the specific points located on thefaceacupuncture at the points located on the auricle, alsocalled auriculo-acupuncture5.1.46ear acupuncturetherapy耳 鍼 療 法one of the microsystem acupuncture therapies, inwhich points located on the auricle are needled fortherapeutic purpose5.1.47 nose acupuncture 鼻 鍼acupuncture at the specific points located on thenose5.1.48nose acupuncturetherapy鼻 鍼 療 法one of the microsystem acupuncture therapies, inwhich specific points located on the nose are needledfor therapeutic purpose5.1.49 hand acupuncture 手 鍼acupuncture at the specific points located on thehand5.1.50hand acupuncturetherapy手 鍼 療 法one of the microsystem acupuncture therapies, inwhich specific points located on the hand are needledfor therapeutic purpose5.1.51hand-fingeracupuncturetechnique手 指 鍼 術 ;高 麗 手 鍼 療 法a microsystem acupuncture characterized by needlingat the specific points located on the hand and fingers,also called Koryo hand acupuncture therapy5.1.52foot acupuncturetherapy足 鍼 療 法a microsystem acupuncture characterized by needlingat the specific points located on the feet5.1.53 acupuncture point穴 ; 腧 穴 ;穴 位the point where a needle is inserted and manipulatedin acupuncture therapy5.1.54 meridian point 經 穴acupuncture points of a main meridian or the governoror conception vessel5.1.55 extra point經 外 奇 穴 ;奇 穴acupuncture points not located on the meridians, alsoknown as non-meridian point5.1.56 specific point 特 定 穴points on the fourteen meridians with specifictherapeutic effects


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 237Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.57 five transport points 五 輸 穴5.1.58 well point 井 穴5.1.59 brook point 滎 穴5.1.60 stream point 輸 穴5.1.61 river point 經 穴5.1.62 sea point 合 穴5.1.63 source point 原 穴5.1.64 eight meeting points 八 會 穴5.1.65 crossing point 交 會 穴five specific points of the twelve meridians locateddistal to the elbows and knees, namely the well point,brook point, stream point, river point and sea pointone of the five transport points located at the distalend of the fingers or toes, where the meridian/channelqi starts to bubbleone of the five transport points, mostly located distalto the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangealjoints, where the meridian/channel qi starts to spoutone of the five transport points, mostly located proximalto the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangealjoints, where the meridian/channel qi starts toflourishone of the five transport points, located on the lowerlimbs and forearmsone of the five transport points, mostly located nearthe elbows or knees, where the meridian/channel qigoes deep into the body just as a river flows into theseapoints where the original qi of the visceral organspours, passes or stayseight important points where the qi of viscus, bowel,qi, blood, tendon, vessel, bone and marrow gathersrespectivelypoint where two or more meridians/channelsintersect5.1.66confluence points ofthe eight vessels八 脈 交 會 穴points where the main meridians communicate withthe eight extra meridians5.1.67lower sea points ofthe six bowels六 腑 下 合 穴 ;下 合 穴specific points on the three yang meridians of the footcorresponding to the six bowels5.1.68 ouch point阿 是 穴 ; 天應 穴an acupuncture point with no specific name nordefinite location, the site of which is determined bytenderness or other pathological responses, alsoknown as the ashi point


238Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.69 cleft point 郄 穴 ; 郤 穴5.1.70 connecting point 絡 穴5.1.71 alarm point 募 穴 ; 腹 募 穴5.1.72 transport point 俞 穴 ; 背 俞 穴point where the meridian/channel qi accumulatesdeeplypoint at the site where the meridian/channel sendsout its collateral vesselspecific points on the chest or abdomen where the qiof the respective viscus is concentratedspecific points on the back where the qi of the visceralorgans is infused5.1.73 ear point 耳 穴 points on the auricle of the ear5.1.74 five phase points 五 行 穴a series of five acupuncture points below the elbow orknee on each of twelve meridians, associated with thefive phases theory5.1.75 qi thoroughfare 氣 街 a pathway along which qi gathers and flows5.1.76 ryodo points 良 導 点points or small areas of the skin where the electricresistance is remarkably lower than the surroundingskin when a low-voltage electric circuit is set up5.1.77special characteristicsof acupuncture points輸 穴 特 異 性specific action and therapeutic effect of acupuncturepoints5.1.78acupuncture pointlocation經 穴 部 位 ;輸 穴 定 位 ( 法 )(method of determining) the location of acupuncturepoints5.1.79location of points byanatomical landmarks體 表 解 剖 標 誌定 位 法 ;自 然 標 誌 定位 法location of points according to various anatomicallandmarks of the body surface5.1.80location of points bybone standard骨 度 折 量 定位 法 ;骨 度 分 寸 定位 法 ;骨 度 法the length of equally divided portions of a certainlong bone or the distance between two anatomicallandmarks, taken as one cun, as a unit of measurementfor locating points, the same as location of points byskeletal standard5.1.81bone proportionalcun骨 度 分 寸the length of equally divided portions of a certain longbone taken as one cun, a unit of measurement, thesame as skeletal proportional cun5.1.82location of point byfinger cun指 寸 定 位 法a method of locating points by using the width of thepatient’s finger as unit of measurement


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 239Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.83 body cun 同 身 寸5.1.84 finger cun 手 指 同 身 寸5.1.85 middle finger cun 中 指 同 身 寸5.1.86 thumb cun 拇 指 同 身 寸unit of length for measurement in locating pointsby dividing a certain part of the patient’s body intocertain divisions of equal length, B-cun in briefthe width of the patient’s finger taken as a unit ofmeasurement, F-cun in briefthe length between the ends of the twisted folds at theradial aspect of the second segment of the patient’smiddle finger when bent, taken as one cun, a unit ofmeasurementthe width of the phalangeal joint of the patient’sthumb, taken as one cun, a unit of measurement5.1.87 finger-breadth cun橫 指 同 身 寸 ;一 夫 法the width of the four fingers (namely, the indexfinger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger) heldtogether at the level of the proximal interphalangealfold of the middle finger, which is taken as a unit ofmeasurement of 3 cun5.1.88selection of pointsaccording to pattern/syndrome對 證 選 穴the general principle for point selection, that is,determination of the points used in acupunctureaccording to the pattern/syndrome5.1.89 point combination 配 穴 ; 配 穴 法combined use of points in acupuncture for achievingdesired therapeutic effect5.1.90superior-inferior pointcombination上 下 配 穴 法a method of point combination in which points on theupper limb are paired with points on the lower limb5.1.91left-right pointcombination左 右 配 穴 法a method of point combination in which bilateralpoints of a given meridian/channel are selected5.1.92anterior-posteriorpoint combination前 後 配 穴 法 ;腹 背 配 穴 法 ;腹 背 陰 陽 配穴 法a method of point combination in which pointson the anterior aspect of the trunk are paired withcorresponding points on the posterior aspect5.1.93point combination ofthe same meridian本 經 配 穴 法a method of point combination in which only thepoints of an involved meridian/channel are selected5.1.94exterior-interior pointcombination表 裏 配 穴 法 ;表 裏 經 配 穴 法a method of point combination based on the exteriorinteriorrelationship of the meridians/channels5.1.95source-connectingpoint combination原 絡 配 穴 法a method of point combination in which the sourcepoint of the corresponding meridian/channel is


240Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionpaired with the connecting point of the interiorexteriorlyrelated meridian/channel5.1.96selection of adjacentpoints近 部 取 穴selecting points close to the disease site5.1.97selection of localpoints局 部 取 穴selecting points at the disease site5.1.98selection of distantpoints遠 道 取 穴selecting points far from the disease site5.1.99 needle insertion 進 鍼penetration of the skin with the tip of the needle to acertain depth5.1.100needle insertionmethod進 鍼 法technique of inserting the needle through the skin5.1.101double-handedneedle insertion雙 手 進 鍼 法a needle insertion technique using both the right andleft hands in cooperation5.1.102fingernail-pressingneedle insertion指 切 進 鍼 法a two-handed needle insertion technique involvingthe application of pressure with a single nail5.1.103hand-holding needleinsertion挾 持 進 鍼 法a two-handed needle insertion technique whereby thethumb and index finger of the pressing hand holds asterilized cotton ball with which the shaft of the needleis wrapped5.1.104pinching needleinsertion提 捏 進 鍼 法a two-handed needle insertion technique whereby theneedle is inserted while the other hand pinches andlifts the flesh5.1.105skin-spreading needleinsertion舒 張 進 鍼 法a two-hand needle insertion technique whereby theskin is stretched to facilitate needle insertion5.1.106single-handed needleinsertion單 手 進 鍼 法a needle insertion technique using one hand only5.1.107insertion of needlewith tube管 鍼 進 鍼 法a needle insertion technique of using a fine tube as aguide for the needle5.1.108 needling hand 刺 手the practitioner’s hand that holds and inserts theneedle


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 241Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.109 pressing hand 押 手the practitioner’s hand that presses the puncturingarea with one or two fingers to facilitate needleinsertion5.1.110hand-pressingmethod押 手 法a needle insertion technique whereby finger pressingis applied close to the acupuncture site in concert withpuncturing5.1.111angle of needleinsertion鍼 刺 角 度the angle formed between the shaft of needle and theskin punctured while the needle is being inserted5.1.112perpendicularinsertion直 刺needle insertion at a 90º angle to the skin5.1.113 transverse insertion橫 刺 ; 平 刺 ;沿 皮 刺needle insertion at a 15º angle to the skin5.1.114 oblique insertion 斜 刺 needle insertion at a 45º angle to the skin5.1.115 needle sensation 鍼 感 ; 鍼 響5.1.116 qi arrival 氣 至5.1.117 obtaining qi 得 氣5.1.118 awaiting qi 候 氣5.1.119 hastening qi 催 氣the patient’s feeling of soreness, numbness, distensionor heaviness around the point or feeling like an electricshock while needlingthe qi arrival feeling sensed by practitioners duringneedlingcausing the acupuncture needle to elicit the patient’sfeeling of soreness, numbness, distension, heaviness,or even sensation like an electric shock aroundthe point together with the practitioner’s feeling oftenseness around the needleperforming manipulation to elicit needle sensationafter insertionpromoting the arrival of needle sensation duringacupuncture5.1.120meridianphenomenon經 絡 現 象physiological and pathological phenomena appearingalong the course of meridians/channels5.1.121course of themeridian經 脈 循 行the direction and route of the meridians/channels5.1.122transmission ofsensation alongmeridian循 經 感 傳transmission of the needle sensation, the feeling ofsoreness, numbness, distension and heaviness alongthe meridian/channel


242Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.123latent meridiantransmission隱 性 感 傳the meridian/channel phenomenon that shows itselfonly after certain additional stimulation5.1.124 meridian treatment 經 絡 治 療5.1.125 needle manipulation 行 鍼 ; 運 鍼any treatment performed by applying stimulus to therelated meridians/channels, also known as meridiantherapymanipulating the needle after insertion to produce thedesired effect5.1.126 twirling method 捻 轉 法 a needle manipulation involving twirling the needle5.1.127lifting-thrustingmethod提 插 法a needle manipulation involving lifting and thrustingthe needle5.1.128handle-scrapingmethod刮 柄 法a needle manipulation involving scraping the handleof the needle with a finger nail as an auxiliary methodof promoting the needle sensation5.1.129handle-twistingmethod搓 柄 法a needle manipulation involving twisting the handleof the needle as an auxiliary method of promoting theneedle sensation5.1.130handle-wagglingmethod搖 柄 法a needle manipulation involving shaking the handleof the needle as an auxiliary method of promoting theneedle sensation5.1.131handle-flickingmethod彈 柄 法a needle manipulation involving flicking the handleof the needle as an auxiliary method of promoting theneedle sensation5.1.132 trembling method 震 顫 法a manipulation for promoting the needle sensationin which the practitioner lifts, thrusts and twists theneedle at a high frequency and small amplitude tomake it tremble5.1.133massage alongmeridian循 法a method of hastening qi, in which the practitionergives massage with fingers along the meridian/channel after inserting the needle5.1.134supplementation anddraining補 瀉supplementation means to activate and restore adecreased function to normal, while draining meansto expel pathogenic factors and thus to restorehyperactivity to normal, the same as reinforcementand reduction


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 243Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.135twirlingsupplementation anddraining捻 轉 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by rotating theneedle after the qi is obtained, the same as twirlingreinforcement and reduction5.1.136twirlingsupplementation anddraining method捻 轉 補 瀉 法the manipulation of rotating the needle for achievingreinforcement or reduction, the same as the twirlingreinforcement and reduction method5.1.137lifting-thrustingsupplementation anddraining提 插 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by lifting andthrusting the needle after the qi is obtained, the sameas lifting-thrusting reinforcement and reduction5.1.138lifting-thrustingsupplementation anddraining method提 插 補 瀉 法the manipulation of lifting and thrusting the needle forachieving reinforcement or reduction, the same as thelifting-thrusting reinforcement and reduction method5.1.139directionalsupplementation anddraining迎 隨 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by inserting theneedle with the direction or against the direction ofthe meridian/channel course, the same as directionalreinforcement and reduction5.1.140directionalsupplementation anddraining method迎 隨 補 瀉 法the manipulation of directing the needle with oragainst the meridian/channel course for achievingreinforcement or reduction, the same as the directionalreinforcement and reduction method5.1.141quick-slowsupplementation anddraining疾 徐 補 瀉 ; 徐疾 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by varying therelative speed of insertion and extraction of the needle,the same as quick-slow reinforcement and reduction5.1.142quick-slowsupplementation anddraining method疾 徐 補 瀉法 ; 徐 疾 補瀉 法the manipulation of varying the relative speed ofinsertion and extraction of the needle for achievingreinforcement or reduction, the same as the quickslowreinforcement and reduction method5.1.143respiratorysupplementation anddraining呼 吸 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by inserting andextracting the needle in coordination with the patient’srespiration, the same as respiratory reinforcement andreduction5.1.144respiratorysupplementation anddraining method呼 吸 補 瀉 法the manipulation of inserting and extracting theneedle in coordination with the patient’s respirationfor achieving reinforcement or reduction, the same asthe respiratory reinforcement and reduction method


244Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.145open-closedsupplementation anddraining開 闔 補 瀉reinforcement or reduction achieved by openingor closing the insertion hole after withdrawal of theneedle, the same as open-closed reinforcement andreduction5.1.146open-closedsupplementation anddraining method開 闔 補 瀉 法the manipulation of opening or closing theinsertion hole after needle withdrawal for achievingreinforcement or reduction, the same as the openclosedreinforcement and reduction method5.1.147neutralsupplementation anddraining平 補 平 瀉equal reinforcement and reduction by lifting andthrusting evenly with the same amplitude or rotation ata favorable angle, the same as neutral reinforcementand reduction5.1.148neutralsupplementation anddraining method平 補 平 瀉 法a form of needle manipulation with equalreinforcement and reduction indicated in a case withcombined excess and deficiency or no distinct excessor deficiency, the same as the neutral reinforcementand reduction method5.1.149mountain-burning fire(method)燒 山 火 ( 法 )a complex needle manipulation to achievereinforcement with a local or generalized feeling ofintense heat5.1.150heaven-penetratingcooling (method)透 天 凉 ( 法 )a complex needle manipulation to achieve reductionwith a local or generalized feeling of cooling5.1.151mothersupplementingchilddrainingmethod補 母 瀉 子 法a therapeutic procedure in which the mother-childrelation is determined according to the five-phasesattributions of the treated meridian/channel andthe transport point, and then the points are selectedaccording to the rule of reinforcing the mother indeficiency conditions and reducing the child in excessconditions, the same as the mother-reinforcing childreducingmethod5.1.152midnight-midday ebbflow子 午 流 注an ancient acupuncture theory which maintains theconcept that the state of qi and blood in the variousmeridians/channels and the receptivity of differentpoints varies in time and the most effective needlingtime can be calculated in terms of heavenly stems andearthly branches5.1.153midnight-midday ebbflow acupuncture子 午 流 注 鍼 法acupuncture performed in accordance with themidnight-midday ebb flow calculation


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 245Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.154day-prescription ofpoints納 甲 法 ;納 干 法determination of the points that are opening ona given day according to the heavenly stems incorrespondence with the viscera and meridians/channels5.1.155hour-prescription ofpoints納 子 法 ;納 支 法determination of the points that are openingaccording to the two-hour periods in correspondencewith viscera5.1.156eightfold method ofthe sacred tortoise靈 龜 八 法a method of selecting confluence points of the eightvessels in accordance with the variations of the eighttrigrams, nine squares, heavenly stems and earthlybranches5.1.157 needling method 刺 法a traditional therapy in which qi and blood of themeridians/channels are activated and the functions ofthe body are regulated by stimulating certain sites onthe body with needles5.1.158five needling(methods)五 刺a collective term for five ancient needling techniquesused in accordance with the pathological changesof the five viscera, i.e., half needling, leopard-spotneedling, joint needling, join valley needling andtransport point needling5.1.159 half needling 半 刺5.1.160 leopard-spot needling 豹 文 刺5.1.161 joint needling 關 刺5.1.162 join valley needling 合 谷 刺one of the five needling techniques characterized byshallow insertion and swift withdrawal of the needle,also called shallow needlingone of the five needling techniques characterized bypricking with a three-edged needle around the pointone of the five needling techniques by puncturing thetendon close to the jointone of the five needling techniques for treatingnumbness and pains of muscles by puncturing themuscles of the affected region directly with the needlegoing obliquely right and left just like the claws of achicken, also called multi-direction needling5.1.163transport pointneedling輸 刺an ancient needling method characterized by deepperpendicular puncture to the bone5.1.164nine needling(methods)九 刺a collective term for nine ancient techniques ofneedling used for treating nine types of syndrome, i.e.,transport point needling, distant needling, meridian/


246Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Descriptionchannel needling, collateral/network needling,intermuscular needling, great drainage needling,skin needling, red-hot needling and contralateralmeridian/channel needling5.1.165 distant needling 遠 道 刺5.1.166 meridian needling 經 刺5.1.167 collateral needling 絡 刺an ancient needling method in which the needlingpoint is selected at the lower body along the meridian/channel distant from the disease site of the upperbodyan ancient needling method by puncturing the site ofmeridian/channel where nodulation or blood stasisappearsan ancient needling method for bloodletting bypricking the small vessels with a three-edged needle5.1.168intermuscularneedling分 刺an ancient needling method by puncturing directlyinto the muscle5.1.169great drainageneedling大 瀉 刺an ancient needling method referring to incision anddrainage of pus and blood5.1.170 skin needling 毛 刺5.1.171 red-hot needling 焠 刺an ancient needling method characterized by shallowpuncture of the skinan ancient needling method involving the swift prickingwith a red hot needle5.1.172contralateral meridianneedling巨 刺an ancient needling method by puncturing the pointof the meridian/channel contralateral to the diseasedside, also called opposing needling5.1.173contralateralcollateral needling繆 刺an ancient needling method characterized by needlingcollateral/network contralateral to the diseased side,also called contralateral insertion5.1.174 paired needling 偶 刺an ancient needling method by puncturing with a pairof needles, one anterior to and the other posterior tothe disease site5.1.175successive triggerneedling報 刺an ancient needling method: while needling directly atthe tender point , searching for other tender points overthe surrounding area and needling in succession


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 247Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.176 relaxing needling 恢 刺5.1.177 triple needling 齊 刺an ancient needling method: inserting the needle fromthe side and then puncturing the contracted muscle indifferent directions to induce relaxationan ancient needling method involving oneperpendicular needling with two more needling by itsside5.1.178shallow surroundneedling揚 刺an ancient needling method: needling the center of apoint with additional needling anterior, posterior, rightand left to the center of the point5.1.179perpendicularneedling直 鍼 刺an ancient needling method by inserting the needlebeneath the lifted skin5.1.180 short thrust needling 短 刺5.1.181 superficial needling 浮 刺5.1.182 yin needling 陰 刺5.1.183 proximate needling 傍 鍼 刺an ancient needling method: inserting the needledeep to the bone while gently shaking the handle,followed by short and swift lift and thrustan ancient needling method characterized by shallowoblique puncturingan ancient needling method in which bilateral pointsare selected for puncturean ancient needling method involving a perpendicularneedling followed by two oblique needling in theadjacent area5.1.184repeated shallowneedling贊 刺an ancient needling method characterized by multipleshallow needle insertions causing bleeding5.1.185 needle retention 留 鍼 ; 置 鍼retaining the needle in the point for a period of timeto maintain and prolong the effect5.1.186subcutaneous needleretention method皮 下 留 鍼 法a manipulation whereby the needle is retained underthe skin for an extended period of time5.1.187needle-embeddingmethod埋 鍼 法a treatment for relieving or curing illness by embeddingin the skin a small needle or needles at certain points5.1.188scattered needlingmethod散 刺 法a method of treatment by pricking with a three-edgedneedle around the disease site5.1.189 piercing method 挑 刺 法a method involving picking out a small piece offibrous substance with a needle and squeezing out asmall amount of fluid


248Acupuncture and Moxibustion - AcupunctureCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.190 pricking 點 刺a fast piercing method in acupuncture, usually with athree-edged needle5.1.191 pricking therapy 點 刺 療 法 a therapy by applying pricking method5.1.192pricking bloodlettingmethod刺 絡 法a therapeutic method whereby a superficial vein ispierced with a three-edged needle to let out a smallamount of blood5.1.193collateral vesselpricking therapy刺 絡 療 法 ;刺 絡 法a method of treatment performed by pricking thesmall vessels for bloodletting5.1.194 needle withdrawal 出 鍼 removal of an acupuncture needle from the body5.1.195needle withdrawalmethod出 鍼 法the method of removing the acupuncture needle fromthe body5.1.196faint duringacupuncturetreatment暈 鍼an adverse reaction to acupuncture; a feeling offaintness, dizziness, nausea and cold sweating duringand/or after needling, also called needle sickness5.1.197 bending of the needle 彎 鍼5.1.198 needle breakage 折 鍼 ; 斷 鍼5.1.199 stuck needle 滯 鍼an abnormal condition occurring during acupuncture,in which the needle becomes bent after insertion inthe bodybreaking of an needle below the skin when applyingacupuncture treatmentan accidental condition occurring during needling, inwhich the needle is impossible to rotate, lift or thrust5.1.200acupunctureindications鍼 適 應 症the conditions in which acupuncture is advisable ornecessary5.1.201acupuncturecontraindications鍼 禁 忌 症any condition which renders acupuncture inappropriateor undesirable5.1.202non-indication ofacupuncture鍼 不 適 應 症the conditions in which acupuncture is not advisable5.1.203needling-prohibitedpoint禁 鍼 穴points to which needling must not be applied5.1.204 insertion resistance 刺 鍼 抵 抗 resistance to needle insertion5.1.205needling-sensitiveperson鍼 敏 感 人one who responds easily and quickly to acupuncture


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 249Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.206magnetotherapeuticdevice磁 療 儀an instrument that applies a magnetic force toacupoints for curing disease5.1.207 electro-acupuncture 電 鍼 electric stimulation of the needle following insertion5.1.208electro-acupuncturedevice電 鍼 儀an instrument that applies pulses of electrical currentto stimulate the acupuncture site5.1.209electro-acupuncturetherapy電 鍼 療 法treatment of disease with electro-acupuncture5.1.210 laser acupuncture 激 光 鍼a variant of acupuncture in which needling is replacedby laser irradiation on the points5.1.211laser acupuncturetherapy穴 位 激 光 照射 法a therapy performed by laser irradiation on theacupuncture points5.1.212thermesthesiometer知 熱 感 度 測定 器 ;溫 度 感 覺 測定 器an instrument for measuring heat sensation5.1.213 herbal acupuncture 藥 鍼injection of medicinal solution into acupuncturepoints5.1.214herbal acupuncturetherapy藥 鍼 療 法combined therapy of acupuncture and medicationby which medicinal solution is injected into theacupuncture point5.1.215 electrothermic needle 電 熱 鍼5.1.216 microwave acumoxa 微 波 鍼 灸an acupuncture instrument that produces a thermaleffect by means of electricityapplication of microwave radiation to the insertedneedle to produce both acupuncture and moxibustioneffects5.1.217microwaveacupuncture therapy微 波 鍼 療 法treatment of disease with microwave acumoxa5.1.218bee venomacupuncture蜂 鍼a special type of acupuncture performed by bee sting(or injection of episin) at a certain point or cutaneousregion of the meridian/channel for therapeuticpurposes, particularly for pain relief5.1.219acupuncture pointinjection穴 位 注 射injection of liquid medicine into the acupuncturepoint


250Acupuncture and Moxibustion - MoxibustionCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.220acupuncture pointinjection therapy穴 位 注 射 療 法combined therapy of acupuncture and medication bywhich liquid medicine is injected into the acupuncturepoint5.1.221 incision therapy 割 治 療 法a therapy involving incision at a certain point andremoval of a small amount of subcutaneous tissue5.1.222acupunctureanaesthesia鍼 刺 麻 醉 法a method of inducing an anesthetic effect throughneedling for a surgical operation5.1.223 segmental needling 脊 髓 分 節 刺 鍼needling to an area of a spinal segment that isassociated with a disordered structure5.1.224non-segmentalneedling脊 髓 分 節 外刺 鍼needling to an area of a spinal segment that is notassociated with a disordered structure5.1.225 trigger point 發 痛 点5.1.226 trigger point needling 發 痛 点 刺 鍼5.1.227 tender point needling 壓 痛 点 刺 鍼a sensitive area of the body which produces a reactionelsewhere in the body when stimulateda type of acupuncture in which the trigger points areneedled for therapeutic purposesa type of acupuncture in which the tender points areneedled for therapeutic purposes5.1.228intramuscularstimulation needling筋 肉 刺 鍼a needle stimulating treatment for muscle shorteningin deep muscles, especially effective for chronicpain of neuropathic origin, also known as needlingmyofascial trigger points5.1.229 paraneural needling 傍 神 經 刺 鍼a stimulating method in which practitioners insertacupuncture needles into the paraneural tissue5.1.230muscle electroneedling筋 鍼 通 電 療法 ;筋 pulse 療 法a stimulating method in which practitioners insertacupuncture needles into muscle and apply electrodeson the needles, thereby allowing electrical current topass through needles5.1.231nerve electroneedling神 經 鍼 通 電療 法 ;神 經 pulse 療法a stimulating method in which practitioners insertacupuncture needles close to the nerve and applyelectrodes on the needles, thereby allowing electricalcurrent to pass through needles5.1.232subcutaneous electroneedling皮 下 鍼 通 電療 法 ;皮 下 pulse 療法a stimulating method in which practitioners insertacupuncture needles into the subcutaneous tissueand apply electrodes on the needles, thereby allowingelectrical current to pass through needles


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 251Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.1.233facet joint electroneedling椎 間 關 節 鍼 通電 療 法 ;椎 間 關 節pulse 療 法a stimulating method in which practitioners insert theacupuncture needles on the facet joint of the vertebrae,and apply electrodes on the needles, thereby allowingelectrical current to pass through needles5.1.234 sham acupuncture 僞 鍼(1) mimic needling used as a placebo control inclinical research on the effect of acupuncture; (2)devices to mimic needling5.2.0 Moxibustion 灸 ( 法 )5.2.1 moxibustion 灸 ( 法 )5.2.2 moxa 艾5.2.3 moxa floss 艾 絨5.2.4 moxa cone 艾 炷a therapeutic procedure involving ignited material(usually moxa) to apply heat to certain points orareas of the body surface for curing disease throughregulation of the function of meridians/channels andvisceral organs(1) mugwort; (2) a plant from which moxa floss isprepareda cotton-like material for moxibustion made frommugwort leavescone-shaped mass made of moxa floss formoxibustion5.2.5moxa conemoxibustion艾 炷 灸moxibustion with ignited moxa cone either directly onthe skin or indirectly using an insulating medium5.2.6 direct moxibustion 直 接 灸moxibustion in which ignited moxa cone is applieddirectly on the skin surface at the point5.2.7wheat-grain size conemoxibustion麥 粒 灸a type of moxa cone moxibustion which uses moxacones the size of wheat grains5.2.8 indirect moxibustion間 接 灸 ;間 隔 灸 ;隔 物 灸moxibustion performed by placing some insulatingmaterial between the moxa cone and the skin5.2.9moxibustion onginger隔 薑 灸the application of moxibustion on a piece of freshginger as an insulating medium, also called gingermoxibustion5.2.10 moxibustion on salt 隔 鹽 灸 ; 鹽 灸the application of moxibustion on salt as an insulatingmedium, also called salt moxibustion


252Acupuncture and Moxibustion - MoxibustionCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.2.11 moxibustion on garlic隔 蒜 灸 ;大 蒜 灸 ;隔 蒜 灸the application of moxibustion on a slice of freshgarlic as an insulating medium, also called garlicmoxibustion5.2.12 moxa stick 艾 條a round long stick made of moxa floss, also calledmoxa roll5.2.13moxa stickmoxibustion艾 條 灸moxibustion with ignited moxa stick5.2.14moxa stickmoxibustion therapy艾 條 灸 療 法a therapy by applying moxibustion with ignited moxastick5.2.15 moxa roll 艾 卷5.2.16 moxa roll moxibustion 艾 卷 灸5.2.17 gentle moxibustion 溫 和 灸5.2.18 circling moxibustion 廻 旋 灸a long cylindrical roll of moxa floss wrapped tightlyin papermoxibustion with ignited moxa roll, the same as moxastickmoxibustiona type of moxa-stick moxibustion, performed byholding an ignited moxa stick at a certain distanceabove the patient’s skin, keeping the spot warm andmaking it reddened but not burnta type of moxa-stick moxibustion, performed bykeeping an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distancefrom the patient252s skin, but moving it in a circulardirection5.2.19pecking sparrowmoxibustion雀 啄 灸 ;雀 啄 法a type of moxa-stick moxibustion, performed byputting an ignited moxa stick near the patient‘s skin,and moving it up and down like a bird’s pecking so asto give strong heat to the applied spot5.2.20suspendedmoxibustion懸 灸a type of moxa-stick moxibustion, in which the ignitedmoxa stick is held above the skin5.2.21 moxibustion scar 灸 痕 burn scar caused by direct moxibustion5.2.22non-scarringmoxibustion無 瘢 痕 灸 ;無 痕 灸 ;非 化 膿 灸moxibustion in which ignited moxa cone is applieddirectly on the skin surface at the point, but a burn isprevented and no scar is left5.2.23 scarring moxibustion瘢 痕 灸 ;有 痕 灸 ;化 膿 灸 ;打 膿 灸a type of direct moxibustion in which ignited moxa isdirectly placed on the point until the local skin blisters,causing suppuration and leaving a scar


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 253Code Term Chinese Definition/Description5.2.24 pressing moxibustion 實 按 灸5.2.25 juncibustion 燈 火 灸5.2.26 natural moxibustion 天 灸 ; 發 泡 灸moxibustion performed by placing several layers ofcloth or paper on the spot, and then pressing theignited end of a moxa stick on the cloth or papermoxibustion performed by applying a quick momentarytouch to the point with a piece of ignited oiled rushmoxibustion in which irritants are applied at the pointsto produce blistering and local congestion, alsoknown as vesiculation moxibustion5.2.27Taiyi moxa stickmoxibustion太 乙 神 鍼a special moxa roll made of sandalwood,notopterygium rhizome, cassia twig, dahurian angelicaroot and other medicinal herbs, used for the treatmentof wind-cold-dampness arthralgia, abdominal pain ofcold type and dysmenorrhea5.2.28thunder-fire wondermoxibustion雷 火 神 鍼a type of medicinal moxa roll including Chinese eaglewood, common aucklandia root, frankincense, andother medicinal herbs, used for treating maladies suchas cold and pain in the epigastrium and abdomen,rheumatism and dysmenorrhea5.2.29medicinalmoxibustion藥 物 灸 ;藥 調 灸moxibustion with the moxa cigar made of moxa andvarious herbal medicines5.2.30warm needlingtherapy溫 鍼 療 法a therapy involving warm needling moxibustion5.2.31 moxa burner 溫 灸 器 a receptacle designed to hold burning moxa floss5.2.32moxa burnermoxibustion溫 灸 器 灸moxibustion with a moxa burner to hold the ignitedmoxa floss5.2.33moxibustion withmoxa tube筒 灸a practice performed by placing one end of a thintube into the external opening of the ear and applyingmoxibustion to the other end of the tube5.2.34 incense thread 線 香 a slender stick of incense used for moxibustion5.2.35 number of cones 壯 數that used as the unit of measuring the amount ofmoxibustion5.2.36 electro-moxibustion 電 氣 灸 electrical dermal stimulation used in place of moxa5.2.37moxibustionindications灸 適 應 症the conditions in which moxibustion is advisable ornecessary


254Medicinal TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description5.2.38non-indication ofmoxibustion灸 不 適 應 症the conditions in which moxibustion is not advisable5.2.39moxibustionprohibitedpoint禁 灸 穴acupuncture points to which moxibustion must not beapplied5.3.0 Cupping 拔 罐5.3.1 cupping 拔 罐 suction by using a vacuumized cup or jar5.3.2 cupping method 拔 罐 法5.3.3 suction cup 抽 氣 罐a therapeutic method involving the application ofsuction by placing a vacuumized, usually by fire,cup or jar onto the affected or any part of the bodysurfacea cup or jar with a rubber valve through which the airinside can be withdrawn by an aspirator5.3.4 bamboo cup 竹 罐 a cupping instrument made of bamboo5.3.5 retained cupping 留 罐a common method of cupping in which the cup or jaris kept at the same site for a certain period of time5.3.6fire-insertion cuppingmethod投 火 法a cupping procedure which involves inserting a pieceof ignited alcohol-cotton or paper into a cup andpressing the cup transversely onto the treated area ofthe lateral side of the body5.3.7flash-fire cuppingmethod閃 火 法a cupping procedure which involves flashing the fireof a piece of ignited alcohol-cotton once around thecup’s interior and pressing the cup onto the treatedarea immediately after removing the ignited cotton5.3.8cotton-burningcupping method貼 棉 法a cupping procedure performed by placing a thinlayer of alcohol-cotton on the lower one third of thecup wall, and pressing the cup onto the treated areaafter igniting the cotton5.3.9 slide cupping 走 罐5.3.10 medicated cupping 藥 罐a cupping method in which the cup or jar is moved onthe skin surface to extend the acting areaa form of cupping therapy in which the cup or jar isput into boiling medicinal solution before use5.3.11pricking-cuppingbloodletting method刺 絡 拔 罐 法 ;刺 血 拔 罐 法a combined method of pricking and cupping in whichpricking with a three-edged needle is followed bycupping to increase bloodletting


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 255Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.0.0MEDICINALTREATMENT藥 物 治 療6.1.0 Medicinal 藥 ( 物 )6.1.1 Chinese medicinal 中 藥6.1.2 herbs/herbal drugs 草 藥6.1.3 materia medica 本 草a medicinal substance having or designating healingor curative properties or attributesusually referring to those medicinal substancesrecorded in Chinese materia medicausually referring to those medicinal substances notrecorded in Chinese materia medica or only used infolk medicine, also called medicinal herbsthat aspect of medical science concerned with theorigin and preparation of medicinal agents, theirdoses and method of administration, also refers toChinese medicinal herbs6.1.4 medicinal material 藥 材 crude natural medicinal for processing6.1.5 authentic medicinal 道 地 藥 材genuine medicinal herbs produced at the originalplace6.1.6processing ofmedicinals炮 製 ; 修 治 ;修 事a general term for treating of medicinal substances byvarious means before their medical use6.1.7 cut the medicinal 切 ( 製 ) cut the medicinal into pieces6.1.8 water processing 水 製6.1.9 water-grind 水 飛6.1.10 fire processing 火 製6.1.11 plain stir-bake 淸 炒6.1.12 stir-bake to yellow 炒 黃processing by utilizing water, including washing,bleaching, soaking, refining with water, etc.remove impurities from a powdered medicinal and atthe same time obtaining finer powder by mixing it withwater in a tank and allowing the supernatant turbidfluid to settle in another tank, and then collecting thedepositprocessing by utilizing heat or fire, including stirbaking,baking, calcining, etc.bake a medicinal in a pan, with constant stirring andwithout adding any adjuvantbake a medicinal in a pan, with constant stirring, tillit turns yellow


256Medicinal TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.13 stir-bake to brown 炒 焦6.1.14 stir-bake to scorch 炒 炭bake a medicinal in a pan, with constant stirring, tillit turns brownbake a medicinal in a pan, with constant stirring, till itpartly turns to charcoal6.1.15stir-bake withadjuvant炙bake, with stirring, a medicinal together with adjuvantuntil the latter is infiltrated into the medicinal6.1.16 calcine 煅6.1.17 roast 煨burn a medicinal on a fire to make it crispy, easy tocrushbake a medicinal wrapped in wet paper or coatedwith dough in hot ashes till the paper or coat turnsblack6.1.18 bake 烘 焙 dry a medicinal over a slow fire6.1.19 long-rinse 漂6.1.20 eliminate fire toxin 去 火 毒steep the materials in clean water that is continuouslyreplaced to eliminate impuritiesremove irritants from newly prepared medicinalplasters6.1.21 processing with wine 酒 製 processing a medicinal with rice wine or liquor6.1.22processing withvinegar醋 製processing, mostly stirring-baking, a medicinaltogether with vinegar6.1.23 top grade drug 上 品6.1.24 medium grade drug 中 品6.1.25 low grade drug 下 品6.1.26 flavor of medicinals 藥 味medicinals that are non-toxic, possesses a rejuvenatingeffect and can be taken frequently and for a longperiod of time without harmmedicinals that have no or only slight toxic effectand are effective for treating diseases or deficiencyconditionsmedicinals that are effective for expelling pathogens,but are toxic and should not be taken for a longperiod of timetaste or flavor of a medicinal, representing the basicaction of that medicinal6.1.27 nature of medicinals 藥 性 the basic properties of a medicinal


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 257Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.28 qi and flavor 氣 味6.1.29 four qi 四 氣 ; 四 性6.1.30 five flavors 五 味the property and flavor of a medicinal that representthe main effects of that medicinalthe four basic properties of medicinals, cold, hot,warmth, and coolnessthe five tastes of medicinals, pungency, sweetness,sourness, bitterness, and saltiness, representing thebasic actions of the medicinals6.1.31upbearing,downbearing, floatingand sinking升 降 浮 沈direction of medicinal action, upward, downward,outward, and inward6.1.32 meridian entry 歸 經6.1.33 mutual reinforcement 相 須6.1.34 mutual assistance 相 使6.1.35 mutual restraint 相 畏6.1.36 mutual suppression 相 殺6.1.37 mutual inhibition 相 惡6.1.38 antagonism 相 反orientation of the medicinal action according to themeridian/channel on which the therapeutic action ismanifested, also called meridian tropismtwo medicinals with similar properties used incombination to reinforce each other’s actiontwo or more medicinals used in combination, onebeing the principal substance while the others play asubsidiary role to reinforce the action of the formertoxicity or side effects of a medicinal being counteractedby anotherproperty of a medicinal to neutralize the toxicity ofanotherproperty of a medicinal to weaken the action ofanotherantagonistic combination of two medicinals, if usedtogether, one may prevent the therapeutic effect of theother and/or there may be adverse effects6.1.39prohibitedcombination配 伍 禁 忌medicinals whose combined use is prohibited in aprescription6.1.40 eighteen antagonisms 十 八 反incompatible medicinals which, if given in combination,are believed to have serious side effects: RadixGlycyrrhizae being antagonistic to Radix EuphorbiaePekinensis, Flos Genkwa, Radix Euphorbiae Kansuiand Sargassum; Radix Aconiti being antagonistic toBulbus Fritillariae, Fructus Trichosanthis, Rhizoma


258Medicinal TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/DescriptionPinelliae, Radix Ampelopsis and Rhizoma Bletillae;and Radix Veratri Nigri being antagonistic toRadix Ginseng, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, RadixAdenophorae, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, RadixScrophulariae, Herba Asari and Radix Paeoniae6.1.41nineteenincompatibilities十 九 畏medicinals of mutual restraint which, if used incombination, one may restrain or neutralize the other’saction: sulfur being incompatible with crude sodiumsulfate; mercury being incompatible arsenic trioxide;Radix Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae being incompatiblewith litharge; Semen Crotonis being incompatible withSemen Pharbitidis; Flos Caryophylli being incompatiblewith Radix Curcumae; crystalline sodium sulfate beingincompatible with Rhizoma Sparganii; Radix Aconitiand Radix Aconiti Kuznezoffi being incompatible withCornu Rhinoceri; Radix Ginseng being incompatiblewith Faeces Trogopterorum; and Cortex Cinnamomibeing incompatible with Halloysitum Rubrum6.1.42 contraindication 禁 忌any disease, symptom or circumstance which rendersthe use of a medicinal or therapeutic procedureinadvisable for an individual6.1.43contraindicationsduring pregnancy妊 娠 禁 忌medicinals whose administration is prohibited duringpregnancy6.1.44dietarycontraindicationduring medication服 藥 食 忌types of food that should be avoided during the periodof medication6.1.45dietarycontraindications食 忌abbreviation for dietary contraindications duringmedication6.1.46 dosage 劑 量 the measured quantity of a medicinal to be taken6.1.47 square-inch-spoon 方 寸 匕6.1.48 combination 配 伍an ancient instrument for measuring the quantity ofmedicinals, one square-inch-spoon equal to 2.74 ml,about 2 g of powdered mineral ingredients and 1 g ofpowdered herbal ingredientsuse various medicinals jointly in a formula orprescription for producing the desired therapeuticeffect and reducing toxic or side effects


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 259Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.49exterior-releasingmedicinal解 表 藥a category of medicinals that have the effect ofdispelling external pathogen from the exterior aspectof the body, usually through sweating6.1.50wind-cold-dispersingmedicinal發 散 風 寒 藥a medicinal that has the effect of dispersing wind andcold in the treatment of an exterior pattern/syndrome6.1.51pungent-warmexterior-releasingmedicinal辛 溫 解 表 藥an exterior-releasing medicinal pungent in flavorand warm in property, used for treating a wind-coldexterior pattern/syndrome6.1.52wind-heat dispersingmedicinal發 散 風 熱 藥a medicinal that has the effect of dispersing wind andheat in the treatment of an exterior pattern/syndrome6.1.53pungent-cool exteriorreleasingmedicinal辛 凉 解 表 藥an exterior-releasing medicinal pungent in flavor andcool in property, used for treating a wind-heat exteriorpattern/syndrome6.1.54heat-clearingmedicinal淸 熱 藥a category of medicinals that have the effect of clearingup internal heat in cases of externally contractedfebrile diseases or fever due to yin deficiency6.1.55heat-clearing andfire-purging medicinal淸 熱 瀉 火 藥a medicinal that has the effect of clearing heat orpurging fire from the interior6.1.56heat-clearing anddampness-dryingmedicinal淸 熱 燥 濕 藥a medicinal that is effective for eliminating heat anddampness6.1.57heat-clearingand detoxicatingmedicinal淸 熱 解 毒 藥a medicinal that counteracts heat toxins6.1.58heat-clearing andblood-coolingmedicinal淸 熱 凉 血 藥a medicinal that has the effect of eliminatingpathogenic heat from the nutrient and blood aspectsin cases of externally contracted febrile diseases6.1.59deficiency heatclearingmedicinal淸 虛 熱 藥a medicinal that clears heat from deficiencyconditions6.1.60 purgative medicinal 瀉 下 藥a category of medicinals that promote defecation oreven cause diarrhea, not only for relieving constipation,but also for driving stagnant matter, excessive heatand retained fluid out of the body


260Medicinal TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.61offensive purgativemedicinal攻 下 藥a medicinal that has a potent purgative effect formoving the bowels and driving away excessive heatand stagnant matter6.1.62warm purgativemedicinal溫 下 藥a medicinal warm in property, which relievesconstipation caused by excessive cold stagnation6.1.63 laxative (medicinal) 潤 下 藥a medicinal that lubricates the intestinal tract tofacilitate defecation6.1.64drastic (purgative)water-expellingmedicinal峻 下 逐 水 藥a cathartic that causes copious water discharge forreducing accumulated fluid in anasarca, ascites andpleural effusion6.1.65wind-dampnessdispellingmedicinal祛 風 濕 藥a category of medicinals that dispel wind anddampness, mainly for relieving rheumatism andrelated conditions6.1.66wind-dampnessdispellingand colddispersingmedicinal祛 風 濕 散 寒 藥a medicinal that dispels wind-dampness and dispersescold, indicated in wind-dampness arthralgia of coldtype6.1.67wind-dampnessdispellingand heatclearingmedicinal祛 風 濕 淸 熱 藥a medicinal that dispels wind-dampness and clearsheat, suitable for treating wind-dampness arthralgiaof heat type6.1.68dampness-resolvingmedicinal化 濕 藥a medicinal with fragrant odor, warming and drying,that resolves dampness6.1.69dampness-drainingdiuretic medicinal利 水 滲 濕 藥 ;利 濕 藥a medicinal that increases urine excretion and waterdischarge for treating internal retention of dampness6.1.70water-draining andswelling-dispersingmedicinal利 水 消 腫 藥a medicinal that increases urine excretion for treatingedema6.1.71strangury-relievingdiuretic medicinal利 尿 通 淋 藥a medicinal that increases urine excretion andrelieves strangury, mainly indicated in the treatmentof dampness-heat in the lower energizer with difficultand painful discharge of urine6.1.72strangury-relievingmedicinal通 淋 藥a medicinal that relieves various kinds of strangury6.1.73dampness-draininganti-icteric medicinal利 濕 退 黃 藥a medicinal that drains dampness and relievesicterus, indicated in the treatment of dampness-heatjaundice


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 261Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.74bile-draining antiictericmedicinal利 膽 退 黃 藥a medicinal that promotes the discharge of bile torelieve jaundice6.1.75interior-warmingmedicinal溫 裏 藥a medicinal that warms the interior and expels internalcold6.1.76qi-regulatingmedicinal理 氣 藥a medicinal that regulates qi movement to treat qistagnation or adverse qi flow6.1.77 digestant medicinal消 食 藥 ;消 導 藥a medicinal that aids digestion to eliminateaccumulated undigested food6.1.78worm-expellingmedicinal驅 蟲 藥a medicinal that expels or kills parasitic worms6.1.79hemostatic(medicinal)止 血 藥a category of medicinals that arrest bleeding, eitherinternal or external6.1.80blood-coolinghemostatic medicinal凉 血 止 血 藥a medicinal that arrests bleeding by clearing theblood of heat, indicated in the treatment of bloodheathemorrhage6.1.81stasis-resolvinghemostatic medicinal化 瘀 止 血 藥a medicinal that arrests bleeding and at the sametime removes stagnant blood which may cause furtherbleeding6.1.82astringent hemostaticmedicinal收 斂 止 血 藥a medicinal that arrests bleeding by its astringentaction6.1.83meridian-warminghemostatic medicinal溫 經 止 血 藥a medicinal that arrests bleeding by warming themeridians/channels6.1.84blood-activatingand stasis-resolvingmedicinal活 血 化 瘀 藥a medicinal that promotes blood flow and resolvesblood stasis6.1.85blood-activatingand stasis-dispellingmedicinal活 血 祛 瘀 藥a medicinal that promotes blood flow and dispelsblood stasis6.1.86blood-activatingmedicinal活 血 藥a category of medicinals used in the treatment ofretarded or static blood flow6.1.87stasis-resolvingmedicinal化 瘀 藥a category of medicinals used in the treatment ofblood stasis


262Medicinal TreatmentCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.88blood-activatinganalgesic medicinal活 血 止 痛 藥a medicinal that activates blood, moves qi andalleviates pain, indicated in the treatment of painfulconditions caused by stagnation of qi and blood6.1.89blood-activating andqi-moving medicinal活 血 行 氣 藥a medicinal that activates blood and promotes theflow of qi, used primarily in treating stagnation of qiand blood6.1.90blood-activatingmenstruationregulatingmedicinal活 血 調 經 藥a medicinal that activates blood and regulatesmenstruation for treating menstrual disorders,dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and postpartum bloodstagnation6.1.91blood-activatingtrauma-curingmedicinal活 血 療 傷 藥a medicinal that activates blood, reduces swelling,arrests bleeding and promotes the healing of woundsand fractures6.1.92blood-breaking masseliminatingmedicinal破 血 消 癥 藥a medicinal that, acting drastically, breaks up thestatic blood and eliminates masses6.1.93cough-suppressingand panting-calmingmedicinal止 咳 平 喘 藥a medicinal that relieves cough and dyspnea6.1.94tranquillizingmedicinal安 神 藥a medicinal that calms the mind and relieves mentaltension6.1.95settling tranquillizingmedicinal重 鎭 安 神 藥a medicinal, mostly a mineral, fossil bone or shell,that induces tranquilization with its settling action6.1.96heart-nourishingtranquillizingmedicinal養 心 安 神 藥a medicinal that nourishes yin-blood of the heart tocalm the mind6.1.97liver-pacifying andwind-extinguishingmedicinal平 肝 熄 風 藥a medicinal that pacifies the liver, suppresses exuberantyang, extinguishes internal wind and controls spasmsor tremors6.1.98orifice-openingmedicinal開 竅 藥a medicinal, fragrant in flavor, with a resuscitatingeffect, used for emergency treatment of loss ofconsciousness in block pattern/syndrome6.1.99tonifying andreplenishingmedicinal補 益 藥a category of medicinals that replenish the healthy qiand strengthen the body resistance, used for treatingdeficiency conditions


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 263Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.1.100 qi-tonifying medicinal 補 氣 藥a medicinal that tonifies the healthy qi, used in treatingqi deficiency6.1.101yang-tonifyingmedicinal補 陽 藥a medicinal that tonifies yang qi, used for treatingyang deficiency6.1.102kidney yang-tonifyingmedicinal補 腎 陽 藥a medicinal that tonifies the kidney yang, used fortreating kidney yang deficiency6.1.103blood-tonifyingmedicinal補 血 藥 ;養 血 藥a medicinal that tonifies the blood in treatingblood deficiency, the same as the blood-nourishingmedicinal6.1.104liver-emolliatingmedicinal柔 肝 藥a medicinal that replenishes yin-blood of the liver intreating deficiency of liver yin or blood6.1.105yin-tonifyingmedicinal補 陰 藥 ;養 陰 藥 ;滋 陰 藥a medicinal that tonifies and nourishes yin fluid,the same as the yin-nourishing or yin-replenishingmedicinal6.1.106 astringent medicinal收 澁 藥 ;固 澁 藥a variety of medicinals that arrest discharges due toinsecure health qi and declined visceral function suchas excessive sweating, chronic diarrhea, enuresis,bleeding, leukorrhea and spermatorrhea of deficiencytype6.1.107exterior-securinganhidrotic medicinal固 表 止 汗 藥a medicinal that arrests excessive sweating bystrengthening the superficies6.1.108sweat-constrainingexterior-securingmedicinal斂 汗 固 表 藥a medicinal that strengthens the superficies byarresting excessive sweating6.1.109heat-clearingastringent medicinal淸 熱 收 澁 藥a medicinal that clears heat and checks discharge,used in the treatment of bleeding or exudation due topathogenic heat6.1.110lung-intestineastringent medicinal斂 肺 澁 腸 藥a sour and astringent medicinal that relieves coughand dyspnea, and arrests chronic diarrhea6.1.111 emetic medicinal湧 吐 藥 ;催 吐 藥a medicinal that induces vomiting6.1.112 resolving medicinal 消 散 藥a medicinal that promotes subsidence or diminutionof sores and ulcers


264Medicinal Treatment - FormulaCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.0 Formula 方 劑6.2.1 formula 方 劑 prescription, recipe6.2.2 classical formula 經 方formulary recorded in the Han dynasty and earlier,especially referring to the formulas recorded in ZhangZhongjing’s works6.2.3 Kampo formula 漢 方 藥 medicinal formula used in Kampo medicine6.2.4principles, methods,formulas andmedicinals理 法 方 藥the four basic steps of diagnosis and treatment:determining the cause, mechanism and location ofthe disease according to the medical theories andprinciples, then deciding the treatment principle andmethod, and finally selecting a formula as well asproper medicinals6.2.5 couplet medicinals 藥 對two medicinals used in pair to increase the therapeuticeffect or reduce the toxic effect6.2.6sovereign, minister,assistant and courier君 臣 佐 使the ingredients in a formula or prescription that havedifferent roles6.2.7 sovereign medicinal 君 藥6.2.8 minister medicinal 臣 藥6.2.9 assistant medicinal 佐 藥6.2.10 courier medicinal 使 藥the ingredient that provides the principal curativeaction on the main pattern/syndrome or primarysymptomthe ingredient that helps strengthen the principalcurative actionthe ingredient that treats the combined pattern/syndrome, relieves secondary symptoms or tempersthe action of the sovereign ingredient when the latteris too potentthe ingredient that directs action to the affectedmeridian/channel or site6.2.11counteractingassistant反 佐an assistant ingredient with a property opposite to anda therapeutic effect complementary to the sovereigningredient6.2.12 major formula 大 方a formula or prescription which consists of manyingredients or large dosage of medicinals, used fortreating a serious disease with exuberant pathogensor a disease of the lower energizer


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 265Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.13 minor formula 小 方6.2.14 slow-acting formula 緩 方 ; 緩 劑6.2.15 quick-acting formula 急 方 ; 峻 劑a formula or prescription which contains only a fewingredients of small dosage, used for treating a mildillnessa formula or prescription which is composed ofingredients that act slowly and is indicated in the longtermtreatment of chronic casesa formula or prescription which is employed forimmediate effect in the treatment of emergency orcritical cases6.2.16odd-numberedformula奇 方a formula or prescription with ingredients odd innumber6.2.17even-numberedformula偶 方a formula or prescription with ingredients even innumber6.2.18 compound formula 複 方6.2.19 eight tactical arrays 八 陣6.2.20 indication 主 治6.2.21 preparation form 劑 型a formula or prescription that is formed by multipleingredients or by two or more set formulasa collective term for eight categories of formulas:supplementing array, harmonizing array, attackingarray, dissipating array, cold array, heat array, securingarray, and causal arraymajor symptom or particular condition that indicatethe advisability or necessity of a specific medicaltreatment or procedure, also called major indicationform of a prepared medicine designed according tothe medicinal property, therapeutic purpose and routeof administration6.2.22decoction(preparation)湯 劑a liquid medicine prepared by boiling the ingredientsin water, and taken after the dregs are removed6.2.23 pill preparation 丸 劑6.2.24 powder preparation 散 劑6.2.25 honeyed pill 蜜 丸a solid globular mass, coated or uncoated, made offinely powdered medicinals with a suitable excipientor bindera medicated preparation in the form of discretefine particles, for internal administration or topicalapplication.a globular medicated mass, in which processed honeyis used as a binder


266Medicinal Treatment - FormulaCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.26 pasted pill 糊 丸6.2.27 waxed pill 蠟 丸6.2.28 paste preparation 膏 劑6.2.29 extract 浸 膏6.2.30 fluid paste 流 膏6.2.31 ointment 軟 膏6.2.32 plaster 膏 藥6.2.33 medicated wine 藥 酒 ; 酒 劑6.2.34 pellet 丹 劑6.2.35 medicated tea 茶 劑6.2.36 medicinal strip 條 劑6.2.37 soluble granules 沖 劑 ; 顆 粒 劑6.2.38 tablet (preparation) 片 劑6.2.39 decocting pieces 飮 片a small globular medicated mass, in which rice-pasteor flour-paste is used as a bindera globular medicated mass, in which beeswax is usedas a bindera general term for soft extract, ointment and adhesiveplastera concentrated medicated preparation obtained byextracting the active constituentsa semiliquid medicated preparation containing theactive constituentsan unguent (ointment) for topical application to theskina medicated dressing that consists of a film (as ofcloth or paper) spread with a medicated substancea preparation made by steeping medicinals in wineor liquora medicated preparation in the form of small particles,usually made from minerals by sublimation for topicalapplication, but some also for internal administrationa medicated preparation made into coarse powderor small cakes, taken as tea after being infused withboiling water or boiled in watera medicated preparation for external use, made bya twisted gauze coated with or enveloping medicinalpowder to be introduced into a wound or fistulagranules made of medicinal extract, usually with sugar,to be dissolved in boiling water before being takensmall flattened pill of compressed powdered medicineor extract of medicine with starch as a formativeagentmedicinal substances in small pieces or slices fordecocting, mostly after appropriate processing, alsocalled medicinal slices


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 267Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.40 injection 鍼 劑 a preparation of medicine intended for injection6.2.41 suppository 坐 藥 ; 栓 劑6.2.42 medicated thread 藥 線6.2.43 decoction method 煎 藥 法a solid but readily meltable cone or cylinder ofmedicated material for insertion into rectum orvaginaa twisted paper like a thread, coated with or envelopingmedicated powderthe process of making decoction: to mix the ingredientswith an adequate amount of water, boil them for acertain period of time and remove the dregs from theliquid before taking6.2.44 decoct with water 水 煎 boil the medicinals in water to make decoction6.2.45 decoct first 先 煎6.2.46 decoct later 後 下6.2.47 wrap-decoct 包 煎6.2.48 decoct separately 另 煎 ; 單 煎6.2.49 strong fire 武 火6.2.50 slow fire 文 火6.2.51 dissolve 溶 化6.2.52 take drenched 沖 服boil certain medicinals before other medicinals areadded while making a decoctionadd certain medicinals for boiling when the decoctionis nearly doneboil the medicinal wrapped with a piece of cloth orgauze when making the decoctionboil the medicinal separately in order to avoidabsorption of the extract by the dregs of othermedicinalsstrong fire used for making decoctions which onlyallows a short period of boiling, such as pungentdiaphoreticsslow fire used for making decoctions which need alonger period of boiling, such as tonicsdissolve a medicinal in water or a decoction beforetakingtake medicine after pouring hot water or hot decoctionof other medicinals over it, with stirring6.2.53 take before meal 飯 前 服 to be taken about one hour before meal6.2.54 take after meal 飯 後 服 to be taken about one hour after meal6.2.55 take between meals 食 遠 服 to be taken at a longer interval from meal


268Medicinal Treatment - FormulaCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.56 take before breakfast 平 旦 服 to be taken in the morning on an empty stomach6.2.57 take before sleeping 臨 睡 服 to be taken before bedtime6.2.58 take as tea 代 茶 服to be taken in frequent small amounts as drinkingtea6.2.59take in frequent smallamounts頻 服(decoction) to be taken in small portions at frequentintervals6.2.60take in one singledose頓 服(decoction) to be taken all in one single dose6.2.61 take cold 冷 服 (decoction) to be taken cold6.2.62exterior-effusingformula發 表 劑any formula that is composed of exterior-releasingmedicinals, has diaphoretic, muscle-releasing anderuption-promoting effects, and is used to treatexterior patterns/syndromes6.2.63 emetic formula 湧 吐 劑 ; 吐 劑any formula that induces vomiting, used for treatingphlegm syncope, food accumulation, and ingestionof poisons6.2.64interior-attackingformula攻 裏 劑any formula mainly composed of purgatives withbowel-moving, heat-purging, accumulation-attackingand water-discharging effects, used for treatinginterior excess patterns/syndromes6.2.65exterior-interiorreleasingformula表 裏 雙 解 劑any formula that eliminates pathogens from both theexterior and the interior parts of the body, indicatedin the treatment of dual disease of the exterior andinterior6.2.66harmonizing andreleasing formula和 解 劑any formula that adjusts functions of the body,indicated in the treatment of lesser yang disease, liverspleendisharmony, and cold-heat complex patterns/syndromes6.2.67 qi-regulating formula 理 氣 劑any formula that regulates and normalizes the flowof qi6.2.68blood-regulatingformula理 血 劑any formula that corrects blood pathologies, includingblood-tonifying formula, blood-activating and stasisresolvingformula, and haemostatic formula


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 269Code Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.69wind-dispellingformula祛 風 劑 ;治 風 劑any formula that dispels or extinguishes pathogenicwind, either external or internal6.2.70cold-dispellingformula祛 寒 劑 ;溫 裏 劑any formula that warms the interior, used for thetreatment of interior cold6.2.71warm-tonifyingformula溫 補 劑any formula with warm-tonifying effect used fortreating cold-deficiency conditions6.2.72 purgative formula瀉 下 劑 ;攻 下 劑any formula composed of purgatives used for relievingconstipation, purging heat, removing accumulationand expelling retained water in the treatment ofinterior excess patterns/syndromes6.2.73cold purgativeformula寒 下 劑a purgative formula cold in nature, indicated in thetreatment of interior accumulation and stagnation ofheat6.2.74warm purgativeformula溫 下 劑a formula containing yang-warming and colddissipatingmedicinals in combination with purgatives,used for treating interior excess cold patterns/syndromes6.2.75lubricant laxativeformula潤 下 劑formula containing moistening medicinals andpurgatives, indicated for relieving constipation causedby insufficiency of intestinal fluid6.2.76exterior-releasingformula解 表 劑formula to dispel pathogenic factors from thesuperficies of the body for the treatment of exteriorpatterns/syndromes6.2.77summerheat-clearingformula淸 暑 劑 ;祛 暑 劑formula that cleans summerheat for treating heatpatterns/syndromes occurring in summer6.2.78dampness-drainingformula利 濕 劑formula composed of dampness-draining diuretics,used to treat exuberant dampness6.2.79dampness-dispellingformula祛 濕 劑any formula that has the effect of resolving dampness,removing water, relieving strangury and drainingturbidity, for the treatment of water-dampnessailments6.2.80dryness-moisteningformula潤 燥 劑any formula composed of moistening ingredients, usedfor treating fluid deficiency and dryness conditions6.2.81dryness-treatingformula治 燥 劑any formula that relieves dryness patterns/syndromes,either exogenous or endogenous


270Medicinal Treatment - FormulaCode Term Chinese Definition/Description6.2.82 heat-clearing formula 淸 熱 劑any formula that is mainly composed of heat-clearingingredients and used for clearing heat, purging fire,cooling blood, or counteracting toxins in the treatmentof interior heat patterns/syndromes6.2.83fire-draining/reducingformula瀉 火 劑a drastic heat-clearing formula or a heat-clearingformula with concurrent purgative effect, used to treatfire patterns/syndromes6.2.84phlegm-dispellingformula祛 痰 劑 ; 除痰 劑any formula used for expelling or dissipating phlegm6.2.85 digestant formula消 食 劑 ; 消導 劑formula to promote digestion and disperse stagnantfood6.2.86orifice-openingformula開 竅 劑any formula chiefly composed of aromatic ingredientswith a resuscitating effect, used for emergencytreatment of loss of consciousness in block pattern/syndrome6.2.87 tranquillizing formula 安 神 劑formula that calms or tranquilizes excitement, used fortreating disquieted spirit6.2.88securing andastringent formula固 澁 劑any formula chiefly composed of astringents thatarrest exhaustive discharges of qi, blood, essence andfluids6.2.89tonifying andreplenishing formula補 益 劑any formula that reinforces yang, replenishes qi,nourishes blood or supplements yin in deficiencyconditions6.2.90worm-expellingformula驅 蟲 劑any formula that expels parasitic worms6.2.91 worm-killing formula 殺 蟲 劑 any formula that kills parasitic worms6.2.92vision-improvingformula明 目 劑a general term for formulas used in the treatment ofeye diseases, also called eye-brightening formula6.2.93formula for treatingabscess and ulcer癰 瘍 劑a general term for formulas used to treat sores,abscesses and ulcers in external medicine6.2.94formula formenstruation andchildbirth經 産 劑a general term for formulas used to treat menstrualdisorders, leukorrheal ailments and obstetricdiseases6.2.95 emergency formula 救 急 劑 any formula used in emergency cases


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 271Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.0.0 傳 統 醫 學 典 籍CLASSICS OF TRADITIONALMEDICINE7.1.0 內 經 類Books Related to the InternalClassic7.1.1 ( 黃 帝 ) 內 經 (Huangdi) Neijing anonymousbeforeHanCHN(Huangdi’s) Internal Classic7.1.2 素 問 Suwen anonymousbeforeHanCHNPlain Questions7.1.3 靈 樞 Lingshu anonymousbeforeHanCHNMiraculous Pivot7.1.4 難 經 Nanjingalleged Qin Yueren秦 越 人Han CHN Classic of Difficult Issues7.1.5 黃 帝 內 經 太 素 HuangdineijingtaisuYang Shangshan楊 上 善7-8 c CHNGreat Simplicity of Huangdi’s InternalClassic7.1.6黄 帝 素 問 宣 明論 方HuangdisuwenxuanminglunfangLiu Wansu劉 完 素1172 CHNPrescriptions and Expositions of Huangdi’sPlain Questions7.1.7 素 問 玄 機 原 病 式 SuwenxuanjiyuanbingshiLiu Wansu劉 完 素1182 CHNExploration to Mysterious Pathogenesis andEtiology Based on the Plain Questions7.1.8 類 經 LeijingZhang Jiebin張 介 賓1624 CHN Classified Classic7.1.9 內 經 知 要 NeijingzhiyaoLi Zhongzi李 中 梓1642 CHN Essentials of the Internal Classic7.1.10 素 問 大 要 SomoondaeyoLee Gyoo-joon李 圭 晙1904 KOR Major Essentials of the Plain Questions7.2.0 傷 寒 與 金 匱Cold Damage and GoldenChamber7.2.1 傷 寒 雜 病 論 ShanghanzabinglunZhang Zhongjing張 仲 景3 c CHNTreatise on Cold Damage and MiscellaneousDiseases


272Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.2.2 傷 寒 論 ShanghanlunZhang Zhongjing張 仲 景3 c CHN Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases7.2.3 金 匱 玉 函 經 JinguiyuhanjingZhang Zhongjing張 仲 景3 c CHNClassic of the Golden Chamber and JadeSheath7.2.4 金 匱 要 略 JinguiyaolueZhang Zhongjing張 仲 景3 c CHNSynopsis of Prescriptions of the GoldenChamber7.2.5 註 解 傷 寒 論 ZhujieshanghanlunCheng Wuji成 無 己1144 CHN Annotated Treatise on Cold Damage7.3.0 診 斷 學 Diagnostics7.3.1 脈 經 MaijingWang Shuhe王 叔 和3 c CHN Pulse Classic7.3.2 察 病 指 南 ChabingzhinanShi Fa施 發1241 CHN Guide to Disease Diagnosis7.3.3 診 家 樞 要 ZhenjiashuyaoHua Shou滑 壽1359 CHN Pivotal Essentials for Diagnosticians7.3.4 瀕 湖 脈 學 BinhumaixueLi Shizhen李 時 珍1564 CHN Binhu’s Sphygmology7.3.5 百 腹 圖 説 HyakufukuzusetsuManase, Dosan曲 直 瀬 道 三16 c JPNIllustrated medical book of abdomendiagnosis7.3.6 病 名 彙 解 ByomeiikaiAshikawa, Keishu蘆 川 桂 洲1686 JPN Collected Explanations of Disease Names7.3.7 四 診 抉 微 SizhenjueweiLin Zhihan林 之 翰1723 CHNCompilation about the Four ExaminationMethods7.3.8 腹 證 奇 覧 FukushokiranInaba, Bunrei稲 葉 文 礼1799 JPNMedical book focusing on abdominaldiagnosis7.3.9 診 病 奇 侅 ShinbyokigaiTaki, Motokata多 紀 元 堅1843 JPN Medical book of diagnosing diseases7.4.0 溫 病 類 Warm (Pathogen) Disease


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 273Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.4.1 簡 易 辟 瘟 方 GanyibyeokonbangKim Soon-mong金 順 夢 et al1524 KORSimplified Prescriptions for DispellingPestilence7.4.2 新 纂 辟 瘟 方 ShinchanbyeokonbangHeo Joon許 浚1613 KORNewly Compiled Prescriptions for DispellingPestilence7.4.3 溫 疫 論 WenyilunWu Youxing吳 有 性1642 CHN Treatise on Pestilence7.4.4 溫 熱 論 WenrelunYe Tianshi葉 天 士1746 CHN Treatise on Warm Heat Disease7.4.5 溫 病 條 辨 WenbingtiaobianWu Tang吳 瑭1798 CHNSystematized Identification of Warm(Pathogen) Diseases7.4.6 溫 熱 經 緯 WenrejingweiWang Mengying王 孟 英1852 CHN Warp and Weft of Warm Heat Disease7.4.7 時 病 論 ShibinglunLei Feng雷 豐1882 CHN Treatise on Seasonal Epidemic Diseases7.5.0 本 草 Materia Medica7.5.1 神 農 本 草 經 Shennongbencaojing anonymous Han CHN Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica7.5.2 本 草 經 集 注 BencaojingjizhuTao Hongjing陶 弘 景5 c CHN Variorum of the Classic of Materia Medica7.5.3 雷 公 炮 炙 論 LeigongpaozhilunLei Xiao雷 斅5 c CHN Lei’s Treatise on Processing of Drugs7.5.4 新 修 本 草 XinxiubencaoSu Jing蘇 敬659 CHNNewly Revised Materia Medica (TangMateria Medica)7.5.5 食 療 本 草 ShiliaobencaoMeng Shen孟 詵8 c CHN Dietetic Materia Medica7.5.6經 史 證 類 備 急本 草JingshizhengleibeijibencaoTang Shenwei唐 愼 微1082 CHN Classified Emergency Materia Medica7.5.7 本 草 衍 義 BencaoyanyiKou Zongshi寇 宗 爽1116 CHN Elucidation of Materia Medica


274Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.5.8 飮 膳 正 要 YinshanzhengyaoHu Sihui忽 思 慧1330 CHN Principles of Correct Diet7.5.9 救 荒 本 草 JiuhuangbencaoZhu Su朱 肅1406 CHN Materia Medica for Relief of Famines7.5.10 本 草 綱 目 BencaogangmuLi Shizhen李 時 珍1596 CHN Compendium of Materia Medica7.5.11 炮 炙 大 全 PaozhidaquanMiao Xiyong缪 希 雍1622 CHNComprehensive Handbook on the Processingof Drugs7.5.12 本 草 綱 目 拾 遺 BencaogangmushiyiZhao Xuemin趙 學 敏1765 CHNSupplement to the Compendium of MateriaMedica7.6.0 方 劑 醫 方 集 Prescriptions/Formularies7.6.1 肘 後 備 急 方 ZhouhoubeijifangGe Hong葛 洪4 c CHN Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies7.6.2 小 品 方 XiaopinfangChen Yanzhi陳 延 之454-473 CHN Formulary of Trifles7.6.3 備 急 千 金 要 方 BeijiqianjinyaofangSun Simiao孫 思 邈7 c CHNEssential Prescriptions Worth a ThousandGold for Emergencies7.6.4 千 金 翼 方 QianjinyifangSun Simiao孫 思 邈682 CHNSupplement to the Essential PrescriptionsWorth a Thousand Gold7.6.5 外 臺 秘 要 ( 方 ) Waitaimiyao(fang)Wang Tao王 燾752 CHN Medical Secrets of an Official7.6.6 醫 心 方 IshimpoTanba, Yasuyori丹 波 康 頼984 JPN Formulary from the Heart of Medicine7.6.7 太 平 聖 惠 方 TaipingshenghuifangWang Huaiyin王 懷 隱 et al992 CHN Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescriptions7.6.8太 平 惠 民 和 劑局 方Taipinghuiminhejijufangrevised byChen Shiwen陳 師 文1107 CHNPrescriptions from the Great Peace ImperialGrace Pharmacy7.6.9 聖 濟 總 錄 ShengjizongluZhao Ji趙 佶 et al1111- 1117CHNComplete Record of Sacred Benevolence


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 275Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.6.10 鄕 藥 救 急 方 Hyangyakgoogeupbang anonymous 1236 KOREmergency Prescriptions from theCountryside7.6.11 巖 氏 濟 生 方 YanshijishengfangYan Yonghe嚴 用 和1253 CHN Yan’s Prescriptions for Rescuing Lives7.6.12 萬 安 方 Man’ampoKajiwara, Shozen梶 原 性 全1327 JPN Formulary for Absolute Safety7.6.13 世 醫 得 効 方 ShiyidexiaofangWei Yi-lin危 亦 林1345 CHNEffective Formulas Handed Down forGenerations7.6.14 局 方 發 揮 JufangfahuiZhu Zhenheng朱 震 亨14 c CHN Elucidation of Dispensary Formulas7.6.15 福 田 方 FukudempoYurin有 林14~15 c JPN Fukuden Formulary7.6.16 鄕 藥 集 成 方 HyangyakjipseongbangYoo Hyo-tong兪 孝 通 ,Roh Joong-rye盧 重 禮 et al1433 KORCompendium of Prescriptions from theCountryside7.6.17 醫 方 類 聚 EuibangyoochuiKim Ye-mong金 禮 蒙 ,Yoo Seong-won柳 誠 源 et al1445 KORClassified Assemblage of MedicalPrescriptions7.6.18 保 嬰 良 方 Bao Anh luong phuongNguyen Truc阮 直15c VTN Effective Formulae of Master Bao Anh7.6.19 話 人 撮 要 Hoat Nhan toat yeuHoang Don Hoa黄 敦 和 1547VTNPrincipal Formulae to Keep Healthy7.6.20 萬 病 回 春 WanbinghuichunGong Tingxian龔 廷 賢1587 CHN Recovery from All Ailments7.6.21 衆 方 規 矩 ShuhokikuManase, Gensaku曲 直 瀬 玄 朔16~17 c JPN <strong>Standard</strong>s for a Multitude of Prescriptions7.6.22 壽 世 保 元 ShoushibaoyuanGong Tingxian龔 廷 賢1615 CHN Longevity and Life Preservation


276Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.6.23 湯 頭 歌 訣 TangtougejueWang Ang汪 昂1694 CHN Prescriptions in Rhymes7.6.24 醫 方 歌 括 Y Phuong ca quatTran Ngo Thiem陳 吾 添1747 VTN Medicinal Formulae in Poetic Version7.6.25 類 聚 方 RuijuhoYoshimasu, Todo吉 益 東 洞1764 JPN Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions7.6.26 古 今 方 彙 KokonhoiKoga, Tsugen甲 賀 通 元18 c JPNCollection of Ancient and ModernPrescriptions7.6.27 導 水 瑣 言 DosuisagenWada, Tokaku和 田 東 郭1805 JPN How to treat edema7.6.28 勿 誤 藥 室 方 函 FutsugoyakushitsuhokanAsada, Sohaku浅 田 宗 伯1876 JPN Faultless Prescriptions from Pharmacy7.6.29 方 藥 合 編 BangyakhappyeonHwang Do-yeon黃 度 淵1884 KOR Compilation of Formulas and Medicinals7.6.30 醫 方 新 鑑 EuibangshingamHan Byeong-ryeon韓 秉 璉1913 KOR New Mirror of Medical Formulas7.7.0 鍼 灸 類 Acupuncture and Moxibustion7.7.1 鍼 灸 甲 乙 經 ZhenjiujiayijingHuangfu Mi皇 甫 謐259 CHN A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion7.7.2銅 人 腧 穴 鍼 灸圖 經TongrenshuxuezhenjiutujingWang Weiyi王 惟 一1027 CHNIllustrated Manual of Acupuncture Points ofthe Bronze Figure7.7.3 扁 鵲 心 書 BianquexinshuDou Cai竇 材1146 CHN Precious Writings of Bianque7.7.4 普 濟 本 事 方 PujibenshifangXu Shuwei許 叔 微12 c CHNMoxibustion in Prescriptions for UniversalRelief7.7.5 鍼 灸 資 生 經 ZhenjiuzishengjingWang Zhizhong王 執 中1220 CHNClassic of Nourishing Life with Acupunctureand Moxibustion7.7.6 鍼 經 指 南 ZhenjingzhinanDou Jie竇 杰1295 CHN Guide to the Acupuncture Classics


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 277Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.7.7 頓 醫 抄 Ton’ishoKajiwara, Shozen梶 原 性 全1302 JPN Essentials of Medicine7.7.8 十 四 經 發 揮 ShisijingfahuiHua Shou滑 壽1341 CHNElucidation of the Fourteen Meridians/Channels7.7.9 鍼 灸 聚 英 ZhenjiujuyingGao Wu高 武1529 CHNCollection of Gems of Acupuncture andMoxibustion7.7.10 鍼 灸 要 訣 ChimgooyogyeolYoo Seong-ryong柳 成 龍1600 KOREssential Rhymes of Acupuncture andMoxibustion7.7.11 鍼 灸 大 成 ZhenjiudachengYang Jizhou楊 繼 洲1601 CHNComplete Compendium of Acupuncture andMoxibustion7.7.12舍 巖 道 人 鍼 灸要 訣SaamdoinchimgooyogyeolSaamdoin舍 巖 道 人16-17 c KOREssential Rhymes on Acupuncture andMoxibustion by Master Sa-am7.7.13 鍼 灸 經 驗 方ChimgoogyeongheombangHeo Im許 任1644 KORExperiential Prescriptions of Acupunctureand Moxibustion7.7.14 杉 山 眞 傳 流 SugiyamashindenryuSugiyama, Waichi杉 山 和 一17c JPN Genuine Transmissions from Sugiyama7.7.15 鍼 灸 重 寶 記 ShinkyuchohokiHongo, Masatoyo本 郷 正 豊1718 JPNTreasured Text of Acupuncture andMoxibustion7.7.16 鍼 灸 則 ShinkyusokuSuganuma, Shukei菅 沼 周 桂1766 JPN Textbook for clinical acupuncure therapy7.7.17 經 穴 彙 解 KeiketsuikaiHara, Nan’yo原 南 陽1803 JPNTerminology and annotation of acupuncurepoints and meridians7.7.18 鍼 灸 說 約 ShinkyusetsuyakuIshizaka, Sotetsu石 坂 宗 哲1812 JPN Text book of acupuncture and moxibustion7.8.0 其 他 Miscellaneous7.8.1 劉 涓 子 鬼 遺 方 LiujuanziguiyifangGong Qingxuan龔 慶 宣496-499 CHN Liu Juanzi’s Ghost-Bequeathed Prescriptions7.8.2 諸 病 源 候 論 ZhubingyuanhoulunChao Yuanfang巢 元 方610 CHNTreatise on the Pathogenesis andManifestations of All Diseases


278Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.8.3仙 授 理 傷 續 斷秘 方Ling Daoren藺 道 人Xianshoulishangxuduanmifang841-846CHNSecret Formulary Bestowed by Immortals forTreating Injuries and Mending Fractures7.8.4 經 效 産 寶 JingxiaochanbaoZan Yin昝 段847-852CHNTested Treasures in Obstetrics7.8.5素 問 入 式 運 氣論 奥Suwenrushiyunqilun’aoLiu Wenshu劉 溫 舒1099 CHNDiscussion of the Mysteries of Circuits-QiModeled after the Plain Questions7.8.6 小 兒 藥 證 直 訣 Xiao’eryaozhengzhijueQian Yi錢 乙1119 CHN Key to Therapeutics of Children’s Diseases7.8.7 幼 幼 新 書 YouyouxinshuLiu Fang劉 肪1132 CHN New Book of Pediatrics7.8.8三 因 極 一 病 證方 論SanyinjiyibingzhengfanglunChen Yan陳 言1174 CHNTreatise on the Three Categories ofPathogenic Factors and Prescriptions7.8.9衛 生 家 寶 産 科備 要WeishengjiabaochankebeiyaoZhu Duanzhang朱 端 章1184 CHNEssentials on Obstetrics from the Treasury ofthe House Hygiene7.8.10 儒 門 事 親 RumenshiqinZhang Zihe張 子 和1228 CHN Confucian’s Duties to Their Parents7.8.11 婦 人 大 全 良 方 FurendaquanliangfangChen Ziming陳 自 明1237 CHNCompendium of Effective Prescriptions forWomen7.8.12 内 外 傷 辨 惑 論 NeiwaishangbianhuolunLi Gao李 杲1247 CHNTreatise on Clarification of PerplexitiesAbout Internal and External Damage7.8.13 脾 胃 論 PiweilunLi Gao李 杲1249 CHN Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach7.8.14 外 科 精 要 WaikejingyaoChen Ziming陳 自 明1263 CHN Essentials of External Medicine7.8.15 蘭 室 秘 藏 LanshimicangLi Gao李 杲1276 CHN Secret Records of the Orchid Chamber7.8.16 銀 海 精 微 Yinhaijingwei anonymous 13 c CHN Essence on the Silvery Sea7.8.17 秘 傳 眼 科 龍 木 論 Michuanyankelongmulun anonymous 13 c CHNNagajuna’s Secret Treatise onOphthalmology


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 279Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.8.18 格 致 餘 論 GezhiyulunZhu Zhenheng朱 震 亨1347 CHNTreatise on Inquiring the Properties ofThings7.8.19 醫 學 要 輯 註 遺 編Y hoc yeu giai tap chudi bienChu Van An朱 文 安1292-1370VTNNote of Medical Essential Knowledge7.8.20 原 機 啓 微 YuanjiqiweiNi Weide倪 維 德1370 CHNRevealing the Mystery of the Origin of EyeDiseases7.8.21 玉 機 微 義 YujiweiyiXu Yanchun徐 彦 純1396 CHN Subtle Meaning of the Jade Swivel7.8.22 新 註 無 寃 錄 ShinjoomoowonrokChoi Chi-woon崔 致 雲 ,Lee Se-hyeong李 世 衡 et al1438 KOR Newly Annotated Records of No Fault7.8.23 醫 書 大 全 YishudaquanXiong Zongli熊 宗 立1446 CHN Complete Compendium of Medical Books7.8.24 丹 溪 心 法 DanxixinfaZhu Zhenheng朱 震 亨1481 CHN Danxi’s Experiential Therapy7.8.25 醫 學 正 傳 YixuezhengzhuanYu Tuan虞 搏1515 CHN Orthodox Transmission of Medicine7.8.26 古 今 醫 統 大 全 GujinyitongdaquanXu Chunfu徐 春 甫1556 CHNComplete Compendium of Medical Works,Ancient and Modern7.8.27 啓 廸 集 KeitekishuManase, Dosan曲 直 瀬 道 三1574 JPNTextbook of medical philosophy andexperiences on Medicine7.8.28 醫 學 入 門 YixuerumenLi Chan李 梴1575 CHN Introduction to Medicine7.8.29 醫 林 撮 要 EuirimchoalyoYang Ye-soo楊 禮 壽16 c KOR Synopsis of the Medical World7.8.30 證 治 準 繩 ZhengzhizhunshengWang Kentang王 肯 堂1602 CHN<strong>Standard</strong>s of Pattern/SyndromeIdentification and Treatment7.8.31 東 醫 寶 鑑 DongeuibogamHeo Joon許 浚1613 KOR Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine


280Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.8.32 頤 養 編 IyangpyeonJo Tak曹 倬1617 KOR Compiled Texts on Keeping Fit7.8.33 外 科 正 宗 WaikezhengzongChen Shigong陳 實 功1617 CHN Orthodox Manual of External Medicine7.8.34 濟 陰 綱 目 JiyingangmuWu Zhiwang武 之 望1620 CHN Synopsis of Treating Women’s Diseases7.8.35 醫 宗 必 讀 YizongbiduLi Zhongzi李 中 梓1637 CHN Required Readings for Medical Professionals7.8.36 景 岳 全 書 JingyuequanshuZhang Jiebin張 介 賓1640 CHN Complete Works of Jingyue7.8.37 審 視 瑤 函 ShenshiyaohanFu Renyu傅 仁 宇1644 CHN Compendium of Ophthalmology7.8.38 醫 門 法 律 YimenfalüYu Chang喻 昌1658 CHN Principles for Medical Profession7.8.39 醫 貫 YiguanZhao Xianke趙 獻 可1687 CHN Thorough Knowledge of Medicine7.8.40 證 治 彙 補 ZhengzhihuibuLi Yongcui李 用 粹1687 CHNCollected Supplement to Pattern/ SyndromeIdentifications and Treatments7.8.41 洪 義 覺 斯 醫 書 Hong Nghia giac tu y thuTue tinh慧 静1717 VTN Medical Book of Master Hong Nghia7.8.42 南 藥 神 效 Nam duoc than hieuTue tinh慧 静1717 VTNMiraculous Medicine of the SouthernCountry7.8.43 草 窓 訣 ChochanggyeolYoon Dong-li尹 東 里1725 KOR Rhymes from the Grass Window7.8.44 醫 學 心 悟 YixuexinwuCheng Guopeng程 國 彭1732 CHN Medical Insights7.8.45 醫 宗 金 鑒 YizongjinjianWu Qian吳 謙1742 CHN Golden Mirror of Medicine7.8.46 幼 幼 集 成 YouyoujichengChen Fuzheng陳 復 正1750 CHN Compendium of Pediatrics


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 281Code Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.8.47 産 論 SanronKagawa, Gen’etsu賀 川 玄 悦1765 JPN Treatise on Childbirth7.8.48 藥 徴 YakuchoYoshimasu, Todo吉 益 東 洞1771 JPNDescription work of herbal pharmacologycomprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun andmedical experiences7.8.49 廣 濟 秘 笈 GwngjebigeupLee Gyeong-hwa李 景 華1790 KOR Secret Works of Universal Benefit7.8.50 海 上 醫 宗 心 領Hai Thuong Y tong tamlinhHai Thuong Lan <strong>On</strong>g海 上 懒 翁1724-1791VTNTreatise of Medical Knowledge of HaiThuong7.8.51 濟 衆 新 編 JejoongshinpyeonGang Myeong-gil康 命 吉1799 KOR New Edition on Universal Relief7.8.52 壽 民 妙 詮 SoominmyojeonKing, Jeongjo正 祖18 c KORExplanation of Subtleties for the People’sLongevity7.8.53 胎 敎 新 記 TaegyoshingiSajoodang師 朱 堂1821 KOR New Notes on Fetal Education7.8.54 傅 靑 主 女 科 FuqingzhunükeFu Qingzhu傅 靑 主1827 CHN Fu Qingzhu’s Obstetrics and Gynecology7.8.55 醫 林 改 錯 YilingaicuoWang Qingren王 清 任1830 CHN Correction of Errors in Medical Classics7.8.56 類 證 治 裁 LeizhengzhicaiLin Peiqin林 珮 琴1839 CHNClassified Patterns/Syndromes with Clear-Cut Treatments7.8.57 醫 宗 損 益 EuijongsonikHwang Do-yeon黃 度 淵1868 KOR Gains and Losses of Medical Orthodoxy7.8.58 格 致 藁 GyeokchigoLee Je-ma李 濟 馬1880 KORDraft on an Inquiry into the Properties ofThings7.8.59 血 證 論 XuezhenglunTang Rongchuan唐 容 川1884 CHN Treatise on Blood Patterns/Syndromes7.8.60 魚 樵 問 荅 醫 術 Ngu Tieu van dap y thuatNguyen Dinh Chieu阮 停 沼1822-1888VTNDialogue of Fisherman and Woodman aboutMedicinal Art


282Classics of Traditional MedicineCode Chinese (Han) Pronunciation Author/EditorIssuedyearCountryPreferred EnglishTitle/Annotation7.8.61 東 醫 壽 世 保 元 DongeuisoosebowonLee Je-ma李 濟 馬1893 KORLongevity and Life Preservation in EasternMedicine7.8.62 春 鑑 錄 ChoongamrokLee Yeong-choon李 永 春1927 KOR Spring Mirror Records


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 283REFERENCES1. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WPRO). <strong>Standard</strong> Acupuncture Nomenclature.WPRO, Manila, Philippines, 1991.2. China Committee for Approval of Terminology in Science and Technology. Chinese Terms in Traditional ChineseMedicine and Pharmacy, Press of Science, China, 2004.全 國 科 學 技 術 名 詞 審 定 委 員 會 2004 公 布 , 中 醫 藥 學 名 詞 , 科 學 出 版 社 , 20043. Choi SH, tr. Longevity and Life Preservation in Oriental Medicine [Dongeui Soose Bowon 東 醫 壽 世 保 元 ]. Kyung HeeUniversity Press, Seoul, Rep. of Korea, 1996.4. Compilation Committee for Chinese-English Chinese-French Chinese-German Chinese-Japanese Chinese-RussianMedical Dictionaries. The Chinese-English Medical Dictionary. People’s Medical Publishing House, China, 1987.漢 英 漢 法 漢 德 漢 日 漢 俄 醫 學 大 詞 典 編 纂 委 員 會 , 漢 英 醫 學 大 詞 典 , 人 民 衛 生 出 版 社5. Flaws B. The Secret of Chinese Pulse Diagnosis. Blue Poppy Press, Colorado, USA, 1995.6. Japan Society for Oriental Medicine. Introduction to KAMPO - Japanese Traditional Medicine. Elsevier Japan K.K.2005.7. Kaptchuk TJ. The Web That Has No Weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York,2000.8. Li ZG, ed. Chinese–English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Shanghai Press of Science and Technology,Shanghai, China, 2002.李 照 國 , 簡 明 漢 英 中 醫 詞 典 , 上 海 科 技 出 版 社 , 20029. Luo XW, cp and tr. Treatise on Febrile Diseases Caused by Cold [Shanghanlun] with 500 Cases. New World Press,Beijing, 1993.10. Maciocia G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine – A Comprehensive Text for Acupuncturists and Herbalists.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne and New York, 1989.11. Pockert M. Chinese Medicine, William Morrow & Co., Inc. New York and Seattle, 1988.12. Unschuld PU, tr. The Classic of Difficult Issues [Nanjing]. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles,London, 1986.


284References13. Veith I, tr. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine [Huangdi Neijing – Suwen]. University of CaliforniaPress, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966.14. Wiseman N, ed. English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Press of Science andTechnology, China, 1995.魏 迺 杰 , 英 漢 漢 英 中 醫 詞 典 , 湖 南 科 學 技 術 出 版 社 , 199515. Wiseman, N. Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine. Paradigm Publications, Brookline, Massachusetts, 199516. Wiseman N, Feng Y, eds. Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, Paradigm Pub., 1998.17. Wu NL, Wu AQ, tr. Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine. China Science & Technology Press, 1999.18. Xie ZF. Classified Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine (New Edition)Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 2002.謝 竹 藩 , 新 編 漢 英 中 醫 藥 分 類 詞 典 , 外 文 出 版 社19. Xie ZF, English translation of common term in traditional Chinese medicine. China Press of Traditional ChineseMedicine, Beijing, 2004.謝 竹 藩 , 中 醫 藥 常 用 名 詞 術 語 英 譯 , 中 國 中 醫 藥 出 版 社 , 2004


INDEX


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 287Term Code Page Term Code PageAabdominal examination 2.4.74 105abdominal fullness 2.3.159 98abdominal mass 3.1.165 174abdominal pain 2.3.67 92abdominal urgency 2.3.175 99abnormal debilitation of yin oryang1.7.16 47abnormal exuberance of yin oryang1.7.15 47abnormal sweating 3.1.157 174abscess 3.2.15 178abscess of the testicle 3.2.93 184absence of sweating 2.3.44 91aching pain 2.3.84 93acid regurgitation 2.3.140 97acid vomiting 3.1.87 168acne 3.2.82 183acquired essence 1.2.3 17acquired qi 1.2.19 18acrocontracture 2.3.94 94activate blood 4.2.182 219activate blood and move qi 4.2.185 219activate blood and resolvestasis4.2.184 219activate blood to regulatemenstruation4.2.186 219activate blood to relieve pain 4.2.183 219activity-mind-body-matter 1.8.39 78acupuncture 5.1.0 233acupuncture anaesthesia 5.1.222 250acupuncture and moxibustion 5.1.1 233acupuncture contraindications 5.1.201 248acupuncture indications 5.1.200 248acupuncture point 5.1.53 236acupuncture point injection 5.1.219 249acupuncture point injectiontherapy5.1.220 250acupuncture point location 5.1.78 238acupuncture point palpation 2.4.78 106acupuncture points 0.0.17 10acupuncture points study 0.0.17 10acute conjunctivitis with nebula 3.5.24 196acute infantile convulsion 3.4.36 192acute jaundice 3.1.101 169acute mastitis 3.2.35 180acute scleritis 3.5.26 196advanced menstruation 3.3.14 185afternoon tidal fever 2.3.16 89agalactia 3.3.56 188aggregation-accumulation 3.1.165 174agitated fetus 3.3.8 185agitated pulse 2.4.26 102agitation 2.1.10 81alcoholic jaundice 3.1.105 170allergic rhinitis 3.6.18 199alopecia 3.2.83 183alternating chills and fever 2.3.28 90amenorrhea 3.3.24 186amnesia 3.1.75 167anal fistula 3.2.90 183ancestral qi 1.2.23 19ancestral sinew 1.5.8 35anger 1.6.67 44angle of needle insertion 5.1.111 241anguish in the heart 2.3.146 97Footnote:The italicized Terms and Codes in the Index are synonyms of selected Terms.


288IndexTerm Code Pageanhidrosis 2.3.44 91ankyloglossia 3.6.35 200annual congruence 1.8.13 76annual menstruation 3.3.3 185anomalous pulse 2.4.72 105anorexia 3.4.27 191antagonism 6.1.38 257anterior tibial pulse 2.4.13 101anterior yin 1.5.69 39anterior-posterior pointcombination5.1.92 239antiquity school 0.0.28 11anxiety 1.6.68 44apex nasi 1.5.56 38aphtha 3.4.29 191apical impulse examination 2.4.76 105apoplectic wind stroke 3.1.65 167appearance and style of talking 1.8.37 78aqueous humor 1.5.49 38arrest of bleeding, clarificationof cause and recovery of health4.2.277 226ascaris infantile malnutrition 3.4.24 191ascaris malnutrition 3.4.24 191ascendant hyperactivity of liveryang1.7.179 60ascending-descendingcongested-uncongested1.8.32 78ashi point 5.1.68 237assessment of the normal andabnormal2.0.10 79assistant medicinal 6.2.9 264assisting bone 1.5.24 36astringe the intestines andcheck diarrhea4.2.252 224astringent hemostatic medicinal 6.1.82 261astringent medicinal 6.1.106 263astringent taste in the mouth 2.3.124 96atrophic rhinitis 3.6.17 199Term Code Pageatrophy-flaccidity 3.1.195 176auriculo-acupuncture 5.1.45 236authentic medicinal 6.1.5 255aversion to cold 2.3.4 89aversion to cold with fever 2.3.9 89aversion to heat 2.3.7 89aversion to wind 2.3.6 89awaiting qi 5.1.118 241axillary abscess 3.2.17 178Bback of the head 1.5.28 36back pain 2.3.69 93back-packing manipulation 4.2.344 231bake 6.1.18 256bamboo cup 5.3.4 254basic theories 1.0.0 13basic theory of traditionalChinese medicine0.0.11 9bedsore 3.2.8 178bee venom acupuncture 5.1.218 249belching 2.3.139 96belt vessel 1.4.28 33bending of the needle 5.1.197 248benign complexion 2.1.25 82big needle 5.1.14 234bile-draining anti-ictericmedicinal6.1.74 261bimonthly menstruation 3.3.1 184binding in yang 1.7.47 49binding in yin 1.7.46 49bitter taste in the mouth 2.3.121 95BL 1.4.16 31black fur 2.1.85 86blacken the beard and hair 4.2.311 228bladder 1.3.20 23


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 289Term Code Page Term Code Pagebladder dampness-heat 1.7.294 70bladder dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.9.110 144bladder deficiency cold 1.7.295 70bladder deficiency coldpattern/syndrome2.9.109 144bladder meridian 1.4.16 31bladder qi block 1.7.293 70bladder qi transformation 1.3.76 27bladder retention failure 1.7.296 70bland taste in the mouth 2.3.120 95blazing of both qi and blood 1.7.331 73blazing of both qi and nutrient 1.7.332 73blepharoptosis 3.5.14 195blindness 3.5.5 194block and repulsion 3.1.92 169block and repulsion disease 3.1.92 169blockage when swallowing 2.3.131 96blood 1.2.44 20blood amassment2.3.1053.1.14995173blood amassment disease 3.1.149 173blood amassment pattern/syndrome2.7.24 127blood aspect 1.5.74 39blood aspect heat toxin 1.7.330 73blood aspect pattern/syndrome 2.12.5 157blood chamber 1.3.34 24blood cold 1.7.118 55blood cold pattern/syndrome 2.6.39 121blood collapse 1.7.120 55blood collapse pattern/syndrome2.7.22 127blood counterflow 1.7.116 55blood deficiency 1.7.114 55blood deficiency pattern/syndrome2.7.21 127blood desertion 1.7.120 55blood disease 3.1.142 173blood failing to stay in themeridians1.7.124 56blood flowing counterflow withqi1.7.119 55blood heat 1.7.117 55blood heat pattern/syndrome 2.7.25 127blood impediment 3.1.188 176blood infantile malnutrition 3.4.17 190blood malnutrition 3.4.17 190blood orbiculus 1.5.40 37blood stasis1.6.841.7.1154555blood stasis due to qistagnation1.7.122 56blood stasis pattern/syndrome 2.7.23 127blood stasis-phlegm pattern/syndrome2.6.27 120blood strangury 3.1.124 171blood syncope 3.1.174 175blood tumor 3.2.51 181blood vessel 1.3.52 26blood wheel 1.5.40 37blood-activating analgesicmedicinal6.1.88 262blood-activating and qi-movingmedicinal6.1.89 262blood-activating and stasisdispellingmedicinal6.1.85 261blood-activating and stasisresolvingmedicinal6.1.84 261blood-activating medicinal 6.1.86 261blood-activating menstruationregulatingmedicinal6.1.90 262blood-activating trauma-curingmedicinal6.1.91 262blood-breaking masseliminatingmedicinal6.1.92 262blood-cooling hemostaticmedicinal6.1.80 261


290IndexTerm Code Pageblood-nourishing medicinal 6.1.103 263blood-regulating formula 6.2.68 268blood-tonifying medicinal 6.1.103 263bloody stool 2.1.31 82blue tongue 2.1.53 84bluish blindness 3.5.42 197bluish complexion 2.1.18 81bluish discoloration of sclera 3.5.28 196bluish purple tongue 2.1.55 84blurred vision 2.3.109 95body constituent 1.5.1 35body constituents and orificesof sense organ1.5.0 35body cun 5.1.83 239body fluids 1.2.48 21body palpation 2.4.73 105boil 3.2.9 178bone 1.3.30 24bone impediment 3.1.186 176bone malnutrition 3.4.22 191bone proportional cun 5.1.81 238bone stuck in the throat 3.6.28 200bone tumor 3.2.54 181bone wilting 3.1.197 177bone-steaming fever 2.3.20 90bone-steaming tidal fever 2.3.21 90borborigmus 2.2.22 88border between the red andwhite flesh1.5.6 35bound pulse 2.4.55 104bowel 1.3.4 22bowel qi 1.2.28 19bowel stroke 3.1.70 167bradycardia 2.4.31 103brain1.3.26,1.3.27,1.3.28break blood and expel stasis 4.2.190 21924Term Code Pagebreak qi 4.2.178 219breast cancer 3.2.58 181breast pain 2.3.64 92breathing 1.3.65 27bridge of the nose 1.5.58 38bright hall 1.5.55 38bright pale complexion 2.1.15 81bright spirit 1.3.51 25broken metal failing to sound 1.7.265 68brook point 5.1.59 237bubble-rising pulse 2.4.63 104bulging fontanel 3.4.4 189burning pain 2.3.76 93b-cun 5.1.83 239Ccalcine 6.1.16 256calculus obstruction pattern/syndrome2.6.49 123calm the liver to extinguishwind4.2.201 220cancer 3.2.55 181carbuncle 3.2.25 179cardiodiaphragmatic interspace 1.5.14 35carotid pulsation 2.4.12 101case record 2.0.9 79cataract 3.5.37 197categorization according to thefive phases1.1.28 15cause neither internal norexternal1.6.89 46cause of disease 1.6.1 39cauterization 4.2.316 229ceasing to transmit 1.7.355 75center of the tongue 2.1.44 83cervical abscess 3.2.16 178


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 291Term Code Page Term Code Pagecervical malignancy withcachexia3.2.57 181cervical vertebrae 1.5.21 36channel and networks study 0.0.16 10channel vessel 1.4.3 28channel-induced disease 3.8.2 202channels 1.4.1 28channels and networks 1.4.1 28channels and networks theory 1.4.2 28chest and hypochondrium 1.5.12 35chest bind 3.1.59 166chest center 1.5.10 35chest constriction 3.1.59 166chest impediment 3.1.58 166chest pain 2.3.63 92chickenpox 3.4.55 193child qi 1.1.47 17chills 2.3.4 89chills without fever 2.3.11 89Chinese herbal formula study 0.0.14 10Chinese medicinal 6.1.1 255Chinese medicinal herbs 6.1.3 255chisel needle 5.1.7 233choke 2.3.129 96cholera 3.1.14 163chronic diarrhea 3.1.95 169chronic infantile convulsion 3.4.37 192chronic spleen wind 3.4.38 192chronic tonsillitis 3.6.22 199cinnabar field 1.5.18 36circling moxibustion 5.2.18 252circuit of year 1.8.4 76classical formula 6.2.2 264classicist school 0.0.26 11clear and disperse withlightness4.2.58 209clear and resolve heat-phlegm 4.2.125 214clear dryness to moisten thelung4.2.137 215clear heart fire 4.2.44 208clear heat 4.2.28 207clear heat and drain dampness 4.2.47 209clear heat and dry dampness 4.2.114 214clear heat and eliminatedampness4.2.100 213clear heat and engender fluid 4.2.43 208clear heat and harmonize thestomach4.2.50 209clear heat and resolvedampness4.2.104 213clear heat to cool the blood 4.2.40 208clear heat to extinguish wind 4.2.200 220clear heat to open the orifices 4.2.265 225clear heat with bitter-cold 4.2.60 210clear liver fire 4.2.45 208clear lung fire 4.2.52 209clear ministerial fire 4.2.53 209clear qi with the bitter-cold 4.2.61 210clear qi with the pungent-cold 4.2.62 210clear stomach fire 4.2.48 209clear summerheat and boost qi 4.2.56 209clear summerheat-heat 4.2.54 209clear the heart 4.2.31 207clear the heart and open theorifices4.2.264 225clear the liver 4.2.46 208clear the nutrient aspect 4.2.33 207clear the nutrient aspect andcool the blood aspect4.2.38 208clear the nutrient aspect andeliminate stasis4.2.42 208clear the nutrient aspect andpromote eruption4.2.39 208clear the pericardium 4.2.32 207clear the qi aspect 4.2.30 207


292IndexTerm Code Pageclear the qi aspect and cool thenutrient aspect4.2.37 208clear the stomach 4.2.49 209clear-food diarrhea 2.3.174 99clearing method 4.2.27 207cleft point 5.1.69 238cocoon lip 3.2.56 181coincidence of heavenly qi 1.8.14 77cold 1.6.12 40cold abdominal colic 3.1.206 177cold above and heat below 1.7.81 52cold and heat 1.7.72 51cold and heat repulsion 1.7.82 52cold damage 3.1.3 162cold diarrhea 2.3.182 99cold entering the bloodchamber1.7.297 70cold enveloping fire 1.7.78 52cold extremities 2.3.26 90cold formation 1.7.346 74cold impediment 3.1.182 175cold in both exterior andinterior1.7.62 51cold in the middle 1.7.310 71cold induced colic 3.1.206 177cold malaria 3.1.19 163cold pain 2.3.75 93cold pattern/syndrome 2.5.57 114cold purgation 4.2.67 210cold purgative formula 6.2.73 269cold stagnating in the livervessel1.7.187,1.7.188cold stroke 1.7.311 71cold sweating 2.3.35 91cold syncope 3.1.171 174cold tearing 3.5.19 195cold toxin 1.6.53 4361Term Code Pagecold wheezing 3.1.45 165cold-dampness 1.6.31 41cold-dampness accumulating inthe spleen1.7.214 63cold-dampness encumberingthe spleen1.7.214 63cold-dampness pattern/syndrome2.6.57 124cold-dispelling formula 6.2.70 269cold-heat complex 1.7.79 52cold-heat complex pattern/syndrome2.5.59 114cold-heat pattern identification/syndrome differentiation2.5.56 114cold-phlegm pattern/syndrome 2.6.24 119collapse 3.1.166 174collapse of essence 1.7.287 69collapse of yang andexhaustion of yin1.7.43 49collateral needling 5.1.167 246collateral qi 1.2.38 20collateral stroke 3.1.68 167collateral vessel 1.4.39 34collateral vessel prickingtherapy5.1.193 248collision eye injury 3.5.46 197combination 6.1.48 258combination of diseases 1.7.361 75combined formula 4.1.21 205combined pathogen 1.6.8 40combined visceral patternidentification/syndrome2.9.112 144differentiationcommon cold 3.1.7 162complexion 2.1.12 81compound formula 6.2.18 265conception vessel 1.4.26 33conduct blood downward 4.2.289 227conduct fire back to its origin 4.2.249 224


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 293Term Code Page Term Code Pageconduct fire downward 4.2.249 224conduction exercise 0.0.25 11confluence points of the eightvessels5.1.66 237confused skipping pulse 2.4.71 105congenital cataract 3.5.39 197conjunctival folliculitis 3.5.9 195connecting point 5.1.70 238constipation 3.1.93 169constitution 0.0.31 11constitutional insufficiency 1.6.85 45constitutional medicine 0.0.32 11constitutionally influencedtransformation1.7.336 73constrain spittle 4.2.296 227constrain the lung to suppresscough4.2.139 215constrained liver qi 1.7.169 60constrained spleen qi 1.7.225 64consumptive disease 3.1.163 174contracted sinew 3.7.4 202contracted tongue 2.1.72 85contracture 2.3.92 94contracture below the umbilicus 2.3.167 98contracture of the limbs 2.3.94 94contracture of the nape andneck2.3.93 94contraindication 6.1.42 258contraindication duringpregnancy6.1.43 258contralateral collateralneedling5.1.173 246contralateral insertion 5.1.173 246contralateral meridian needling 5.1.172 246controlling heaven 1.8.5 76controlling vessel 1.4.26 33conversion of deficiency intoexcess1.7.97 53conversion of excess intodeficiency1.7.96 53convulsion with abdominalpain3.4.35 192convulsion with uplifted eyes 3.4.34 191convulsions 2.1.30 82convulsive disease 3.1.192 176cool dryness 1.6.43 42cool dryness pattern/syndrome 2.6.13 118cool the blood and dissipatestasis4.2.180 219cool the blood to stop bleeding 4.2.179 219cool the liver to extinguish wind 4.2.198 220coordinate the heart andkidney4.2.96 212corn 3.2.71 182corneal opacity 3.5.3 194corneal ulcer 3.5.31 196corporeal soul 1.2.10 18correlation of all fourexaminations2.0.12 80correspondence betweennature and human1.1.1 13cotton-burning cuppingmethod5.3.8 254cough 3.1.39 165cough during pregnancy 3.3.46 188cough with dyspnea 2.2.21 88cough with qi reflux 2.2.21 88cough-suppressing andpanting-calming medicinal6.1.93 262counteracting assistant 6.2.11 264couplet medicinals 6.2.5 264courier medicinal 6.2.10 264course of the meridian 5.1.121 241cracked nipple 3.2.44 180crapulent syncope 3.1.169 174crimson tongue 2.1.56 84


294IndexTerm Code Pagecrossing point 5.1.65 237cubit skin examination 2.4.75 105cultivation 0.0.23 11cun, guan and chi 2.4.9 101cupping 5.3.1 254cupping method 5.3.2 254curdy fur 2.1.97 86curled tongue 2.1.101 87curled tongue and retractedtesticles2.1.102 87cut the medicinal 6.1.7 255cutaneous anthrax 3.2.14 178cutaneous distention 3.1.109 170cutaneous region 1.4.38 34CV 1.4.26 33Ddacryopyorrhea 3.5.20 196damage to fluid 1.7.129 56damage to the lung vessels 1.7.245 66damage to the thoroughfareand conception vessels1.7.302 70damage to yang 1.7.18 47damage to yin 1.7.19 47dampness1.6.141.6.354041dampness attack 1.7.312 71dampness damage 3.1.9 162dampness damaging spleenyang1.7.212 63dampness damaging spleen yin 1.7.213 63dampness formation 1.7.348 74dampness impediment 3.1.183 175dampness malaria 3.1.17 163dampness pattern/syndrome 2.6.10 118dampness stroke 1.7.312 71dampness toxin 1.6.52 43Term Code Pagedampness toxin pattern/syndrome2.6.56 123dampness turbidity 1.6.35 41dampness warmth 3.1.36 164dampness-dispelling formula 6.2.79 269dampness-draining anti-ictericmedicinal6.1.73 260dampness-draining diureticmedicinal6.1.69 260dampness-draining formula 6.2.78 269dampness-fire 1.6.34 41dampness-heat 1.6.33 41dampness-heat in the livermeridian1.7.191 61dampness-heat in the middleenergizer1.7.217 64dampness-heat pattern/syndrome2.6.58 124dampness-phlegm 1.6.83 45dampness-phlegm pattern/syndrome2.6.29 120dampness-resolving medicinal 6.1.68 260dark of the eye 1.5.47 37darkish complexion 2.1.16 81darting shrimp pulse 2.4.65 105day-prescription of points 5.1.154 245dead fetus in the uterus 3.3.51 188deafness 2.3.112 95debilitation of the life gate fire 1.7.285 69decoct first 6.2.45 267decoct later 6.2.46 267decoct separately 6.2.48 267decoct with water 6.2.44 267decocting pieces 6.2.39 266decoction 6.2.22 265decoction method 6.2.43 267decoction preparation 6.2.22 265deep multiple abscess 3.2.29 179


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 295Term Code Page Term Code Pagedeep pulse 2.4.30 103deep turbid voice 2.2.3 87deep-rooted boil 3.2.12 178defense aspect 1.5.71 39defense aspect pattern/syndrome2.12.2 156defense qi 1.2.24 19defense, qi, nutrient and bloodpattern identification/syndrome 2.12.1 156differentiationdefense-exterior insecuritypattern/syndrome2.5.42 112defensive qi 1.2.24 19deficiency 1.7.86 53deficiency above and excessbelow1.7.91 53deficiency and excess 1.7.85 53deficiency cold 1.7.74 52deficiency cold pattern/syndrome2.5.69 116deficiency fire 1.7.26 48deficiency fire flaming upward 1.7.27 48deficiency heat pattern/syndrome2.5.70 116deficiency heat-clearingmedicinal6.1.59 259deficiency pattern/syndrome 2.5.67 115deficiency with excesscomplication1.7.90 53deficiency yang floatingupward1.7.40 49deficiency-excess complex 1.7.88 53deficiency-excess complexpattern/syndrome2.5.71 116deficiency-excess patternidentification/syndrome2.5.66 115differentiationdelayed menstruation 3.3.15 185delicate viscus 1.3.62 26delirious speech 2.2.10 87delirium 2.1.9 81dementia 3.1.76 167dental caries 3.6.42 201depressed fontanel 3.4.3 189depressed nutrient-yin 1.7.333 73depression 3.1.141 173depressive psychosis 3.1.79 168derangement of meridian qi 1.7.304 71dermal needle 5.1.31 235dermal needle therapy 5.1.32 235detoxify 4.2.64 210detoxify and kill worms 4.2.298 227detriment to yang affects yin 1.7.20 47detriment to yin affects yang 1.7.21 47deviated eye and mouth 3.5.54 198deviated mouth 3.6.50 201deviated tongue 2.1.71 85devitalized middle yang 1.7.229 65diagnosis 2.0.1 79diagnostic method 2.0.2 79diagnostics 2.0.0 79diaphoresis 4.2.5 205diarrhea2.3.1693.1.9498169diet 1.2.58 21dietary contraindications 6.1.45 258dietary contraindications duringmedication6.1.44 258dietary irregularities 1.6.76 44dietary jaundice 3.1.104 170dietary predilection 2.3.137 96different treatments for thesame disease4.1.17 205difficult delivery 3.3.49 188difficult painful urination 2.3.196 100difficult urination 2.3.192 100


296IndexTerm Code Pagediffuse impediment and freeyang4.2.164 217diffuse the lung 4.2.20 207diffuse the lung to calm panting 4.2.23 207diffuse the lung to resolvephlegm4.2.24 207diffuse the lung to suppresscough4.2.22 207diffuse the lung to suppresscough and to calm panting4.2.21 207diffusion 1.3.68 27digestant formula 6.2.85 270digestant medicinal 6.1.77 261digital gangrene 3.2.28 179dim vision 3.5.2 194diphtheria 3.4.57 193direct attack 1.7.359 75direct moxibustion 5.2.6 251direct qi downward 4.2.176 218direct qi downward to relievehiccup4.2.177 218direct qi downward to resolvephlegm4.2.132 215direct repulsion with bitter-cold 4.2.110 213direct strike 1.7.359 75direct stroke 1.7.359 75directional reinforcement andreduction5.1.139 243directional reinforcement andreduction method5.1.140 243directional supplementationand draining5.1.139 243directional supplementationand draining method5.1.140 243discharge fire with bitter-cold 4.2.59 209discharge heat to preserve fluid 4.2.57 209discomfort in the throat 2.3.128 96disease2.0.53.0.079162Term Code Pagedisease cause patternidentification/syndrome2.6.1 117differentiationdisease correspondences of thepulse2.4.5 101disease identification andtreatment2.0.6 79disease of both defense andnutrient aspects1.7.328 73disease of both defense and qiaspects1.7.327 72disease pattern 1.7.5 46disease produced by viscus 3.8.1 202disease transmitted by meridian 3.8.2 202disharmony of liver qi 1.7.170 60disharmony of qi and blood 1.7.121 55disharmony of the thoroughfareand conception vessels1.7.300 70disordered qi movementpattern/syndrome2.7.8 125disordered speech 2.2.12 87dispel dampness 4.2.99 212dispel filth with aroma 4.2.109 213dispel phlegm 4.2.122 214dispel stasis to promoteregeneration4.2.287 227dispel summerheat and resolvedampness4.2.105 213dispel wind 4.2.13 206dispel wind to free thecollateral vessels4.2.193 220dispel wind-phlegm 4.2.130 215disperse abscesses and boils 4.2.271 226disperse abscesses and nodules 4.2.270 226disperse from the exterior andmoisten dryness4.2.17 206disperse swelling 4.2.301 228disperse wind 4.2.14 206disperse wind and dischargeheat4.2.16 206


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 297Term Code Page Term Code Pagedisperse wind-heat 4.2.18 206dispersion 1.3.68 27dispersion of heart qi 1.7.142 57disposable needle 5.1.36 235disquieted heart qi 1.7.141 57dissipate blood stasis 4.2.189 219dissipate cold 4.2.15 206dissipate cold and dispeldampness4.2.102 213dissipate stasis 4.2.189 219dissipated pulse 2.4.48 104dissociation of yin and yang 1.7.13 46dissolve 6.2.51 267dissolve fish bones 4.2.272 226distal bleeding 2.1.32 82distant needling 5.1.165 246distending pain 2.3.73 93distending pain in the breastsduring menstruation3.3.27 186distention and fullness 3.1.110 170distention of eyeball 3.5.52 198distress below the heart 2.3.147 97dizziness 3.1.63 166dizziness in pregnancy 3.3.43 188dizzy vision 2.3.108 95dominant qi 1.8.10 76dorsum nasi 1.5.58 38dosage 6.1.46 258double tongue 3.6.34 200double vision 2.3.110 95double-handed needleinsertion5.1.101 240douche 4.2.322 229downbear counterflow tosuppress cough and to calm 4.2.133 215pantingdownbear fire 4.2.63 210downbearing the turbid 1.3.59 26downward flow of dampnessheat1.7.76 52drain dampness 4.2.116 214drain dampness with bland 4.2.118 214drastic purgation 4.2.69 210drastic purgative waterexpellingmedicinal6.1.64 260drastic water-expellingmedicinal6.1.64 260draw out pus and dispelputridity4.2.304 228draw out pus and toxin 4.2.303 228draw out toxin 4.2.302 228dream emission 3.1.132 172dream emission disease 3.1.132 172dreaming of intercourse 2.3.203 100dribbling 3.4.6 189dribbling urinary block 3.1.130 172dribbling urinary block disease 3.1.130 172dribbling urination 2.3.198 100drool 1.2.53 21drooping eyelid 3.5.15 195drooping pannus 3.5.33 197drumskin pulse 2.4.50 104dry and cracked fur 2.1.93 86dry cholera 3.1.15 163dry cough 3.1.40 165dry dampness 4.2.112 213dry dampness to fortify thespleen4.2.115 214dry dampness to relieve itching 4.2.300 228dry dampness to resolvephlegm4.2.124 214dry dampness with bitter-warm 4.2.113 214dry fur 2.1.92 86dry mouth 2.3.115 95dry nose 3.6.15 199


298IndexTerm Code Pagedry retching 2.3.135 96dry ringworm 3.2.78 182dry stool 2.3.189 100dry tongue 2.1.75 85dryness 1.6.15 40dryness accumulation 1.7.314 71dryness affecting the clearorifices1.7.313 71dryness bind pattern/syndrome 2.6.16 118dryness formation 1.7.344 74dryness infantile malnutrition 3.4.16 190dryness malnutrition 3.4.16 190dryness qi 1.6.41 42dryness qi damaging the lung 1.7.263 67dryness-heat 1.6.42 42dryness-moistening formula 6.2.80 269dryness-phlegm pattern/syndrome2.6.26 120dryness-treating formula 6.2.81 269dual deficiency of qi and blood 1.7.127 56dual deficiency of qi and yin 1.7.128 56dual deficiency of the exteriorand interior1.7.65 51dual deficiency of the heartspleen1.7.161 59dual deficiency of the lungspleen1.7.244 66dual deficiency of the spleenstomach1.7.219 64dual deficiency of yin and yang 1.7.39 49dual disease of the exterior andinterior1.7.66 51dual excess of the exterior andinterior1.7.64 51dual excess of the livergallbladder1.7.194 62dual excess of the spleenstomach1.7.221 64dull pain 2.3.80 93Term Code Pagedysentery 3.1.10 162dysfunction of meridians 1.7.303 70dysmenorrhea 3.3.25 186dysphagia-occlusion 3.1.90 168dyspnea 3.1.47 165dyspnea of deficiency type 3.1.49 165dyspnea of excess type 3.1.48 165dysuria 2.3.193 100Eear acupuncture 5.1.45 236ear acupuncture therapy 5.1.46 236ear boil 3.6.1 198ear distension 3.6.5 198ear fistula 3.6.12 199ear pain 2.3.62 92ear pile 3.6.9 199ear point 5.1.73 238ear polyp 3.6.10 199ear protuberance 3.6.11 199ear sore 3.6.2 198early abortion 3.3.37 187early leakage of amniotic fluid 3.3.9 185early morning diarrhea 2.3.177 99earth 1.1.25 15earth controlling water 1.1.38 16earth engenders metal 1.1.32 16earth generating metal 1.1.32 16earth restrains water 1.1.38 16eclampsia of pregnancy 3.3.45 188eclectic school 0.0.29 11eczema of external ear 3.6.3 198edema 3.1.112 170efflux diarrhea 2.3.178 99effulgent heart-liver fire 1.7.158 59effusion 3.2.22 179


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 299Term Code Page Term Code Pageeffusion of the back of thehand3.2.23 179effusion of the dorsum of thefoot3.2.24 179eight belts 1.5.37 37eight constitutions acupuncture 5.1.40 235eight extra meridians 1.4.24 33eight meeting points 5.1.64 237eight methods 4.2.2 205eight principles 2.0.15 80eight tactical arrays 6.2.19 265eighteen antagonisms 6.1.40 257eightfold method of the sacredtortoise5.1.156 245eight principle patternidentification/syndrome2.5.0 106differentiationelectro-acupuncture 5.1.207 249electro-acupuncture device 5.1.208 249electro-acupuncture therapy 5.1.209 249electro-moxibustion 5.2.36 253electrothermic needle 5.1.215 249eliminate fire toxin 6.1.20 256eliminate phlegm and softenhardness4.2.135 215eliminate the pathogenicfactors4.2.4 205emergency formula 6.2.95 270emetic formula 6.2.63 268emetic medicinal 6.1.111 263emmeniopathy 3.3.12 185emolliate the liver 4.2.226 222empty pain 2.3.81 93encrusted skin 2.1.29 82engender fluid 4.2.236 223engendering 1.1.29 16engendering transformation 1.3.61 26enlarged tongue 2.1.57 84enliven the spleen and resolvedampness4.2.106 213enrich the kidney and nourishthe liver4.2.242 223enrich the kidney and replenishyin4.2.241 223enrich water to moisten wood 4.2.246 224enrich yin 4.2.227 222enrich yin and subdue yang 4.2.229 222enrich yin and tonify yang 4.2.228 222enrich yin to repress yang 4.2.230 222entwining throat wind 3.6.32 200enuresis 2.3.200 100epidemic conjunctivitis 3.5.23 196epidemic pathogen 1.6.48 42epidemic toxin dysentery 3.1.11 162epigastric distress 2.3.147 97epigastric fullness 2.3.151 97epigastric pain 2.3.663.1.8292168epigastric rigidity 2.3.148 97epigastric stuffiness and rigidity 2.3.150 97epigastric tightness 2.3.149 97epilepsy 3.4.39 192epistaxis2.3.1033.1.14394173erroneous treatment 4.1.15 205eruption 3.2.59 181erysipelas 3.2.31 179erysipelas facialis 3.1.24 163erythema multiforme 3.2.84 183erythema nodosum 3.2.85 183erythroderma neonatorum 3.4.63 194essence 1.2.1 17essence chamber 1.5.66 39essence orifice 1.5.67 39essence, spirit, qi, blood, fluidand humor1.2.0 17


300IndexTerm Code Pageessence-spirit 1.2.8 18essential qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.75 116essential qi theory 1.1.4 13essential qi theory, yin-yangtheory, and five-phase theory1.1.0 13ethereal soul 1.2.9 18etiology 1.6.2 39even-numbered formula 6.2.17 265evil qi 1.6.60 43exanthem 3.4.52 193excess 1.7.87 53excess above and deficiencybelow1.7.92 53excess above and deficiencybelow pattern/syndrome2.5.72 116excess among the five minds 1.6.63 43excess cold 1.7.73 52excess cold pattern/syndrome 2.6.7 117excess fire pattern/syndrome 2.6.17 118excess heat in the livermeridian1.7.193 62excess heat in the lung 1.7.262 67excess heat pattern/syndrome 2.6.6 117excess metal failing to sound 1.7.266 68excess of liver qi 1.7.167 59excess pattern/syndrome 2.5.68 116excess with deficiencycomplication1.7.89 53excessive heat damaging fluid 1.7.77 52excessive yang repelling yin 1.7.37 49excessive yin repelling yang 1.7.36 48excessiveness in the stomachintestines1.7.230 65exfoliated fur 2.1.99 86exfoliative cheilitis 3.6.47 201exhale-dispersing qi 1.8.28 78Term Code Pageexhaustion of yin and collapseof yang1.7.44 49exopathic disease 1.6.9 40expel from the nutrient aspectthrough the qi aspect4.2.41 208expel from within 4.2.295 227expel pus 4.2.286 227expel pus of sores 4.2.294 227expel retained fluid bypurgation4.2.80 211expel toxin 4.2.293 227expel water by purgation 4.2.79 211expel worms 4.2.282 226expiry sweating 2.3.36 91exterior and interior 1.7.48 49exterior cold 1.7.50 50exterior cold and interior heat 1.7.58 50exterior cold disease inducedfrom the spleen affected by3.8.4 202coldexterior cold disease inducedfrom the stomach duct affected 3.8.9 203by coldexterior cold pattern/syndrome 2.5.36 111exterior deficiency 1.7.52 50exterior deficiency and interiorexcess1.7.60 51exterior deficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.38 111exterior excess 1.7.53 50exterior excess and interiordeficiency1.7.61 51exterior excess pattern/syndrome2.5.39 111exterior febrile disease inducedfrom the kidney affected by3.8.6 203heatexterior heat 1.7.51 50exterior heat and interior cold 1.7.59 51exterior heat pattern/syndrome 2.5.37 111


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 301Term Code Page Term Code Pageexterior pathogen entering theinterior1.7.70 51exterior pattern/syndrome 2.5.33 110exterior-effusing formula 6.2.62 268exterior-interior cold pattern/syndrome2.5.47 112exterior-interior heat pattern/syndrome2.5.48 113exterior-interior patternidentification/syndrome2.5.32 110differentiationexterior-interior pointcombination5.1.94 239exterior-interior-releasingformula6.2.65 268exterior-releasing formula 6.2.76 269exterior-releasing medicinal 6.1.49 259exterior-securing anhidroticmedicinal6.1.107 263external cause 1.6.88 45external cold 1.6.19 41external cold and interior heat 2.3.29 90external contraction 1.6.9 40external dampness 1.6.20 41external dryness 1.6.21 41external dryness pattern/syndrome2.6.11 118external hemorrhoid 3.2.89 183external medicine 3.2.0 177external pathogen 1.6.4 39external wind 1.6.18 40external wind pattern/syndrome 2.6.2 117extinguish wind 4.2.196 220extinguish wind and resolvephlegm4.2.129 215extinguish wind to arrestconvulsions4.2.197 220extra meridian 1.4.23 32extra point 5.1.55 236extract 6.2.29 266extraordinary organs 1.3.25 23extreme heat engendering wind 1.7.186 61extreme yang 1.1.20 15extreme yin 1.1.19 14exuberance and debilitation ofthe healthy qi or pathogenic qi1.7.7 46exuberance of liver qi 1.7.167 59exuberant heart qi 1.7.139 57exuberant heat damaging fluid 1.7.77 52exuberant yang repelling yin 1.7.37 49exuberant yin repelling yang 1.7.36 48eye connector 1.5.51 38eye discharge 3.5.53 198eye infantile malnutrition 3.4.23 191eye malnutrition 3.4.23 191eye pain 2.3.107 95eye socket 1.5.52 38eye-brightening formula 6.2.92 270eyebrow bone 1.5.20 36Ffacet joint electro-needling 5.1.233 251facial acupuncture 5.1.44 236facial complexion 2.1.12 81failure to acclimatize to a newenvironment1.6.78 45faint during acupuncturetreatment5.1.196 248faint low voice 2.2.4 87faint pulse 2.4.46 104fainting 2.1.8 81false labor 3.3.8 185false vitality 2.1.6 80fat sore 3.2.72 182fatigue due to overexertion 3.1.164 174fatigue strangury 3.1.126 171


302IndexTerm Code Pagefavorable pattern/syndrome 1.7.362 75fear 1.6.71 44fear of cold 2.3.5 89fearful throbbing 3.1.57 166febrile convulsion with chills 3.1.194 176febrile convulsion without chills 3.1.193 176fecal incontinence 2.3.190 100fecal qi 2.2.24 88female sex-stimulating essence 1.3.71 27fetal heat 3.4.2 189fetal redness 3.4.63 194fetal toxicosis 1.6.57 43fetal toxin 1.6.57 43fetal weakness 3.4.1 189fetid mouth odor 2.2.27 88fever 2.3.3 89fever without chills 2.3.10 89fever worsening at night 2.3.18 89fifteen collateral vessels 1.4.40 34fifth-watch cough 3.1.41 165fifth-watch diarrhea 2.3.177 99filiform needle 5.1.6 233filiform needle therapy 5.1.18 234fine pulse 2.4.34 103finger cun 5.1.84 239finger positioning 2.4.19 102finger pressure 4.2.347 232finger technique 2.4.17 102finger-breadth cun 5.1.87 239fingernail-pressing needleinsertionfire5.1.102 2401.1.241.6.161540fire controlling metal 1.1.37 16fire engenders earth 1.1.31 16fire formation 1.7.340 74fire generating earth 1.1.31 16Term Code Pagefire heat distressing the lung 1.7.264 68fire needling 5.1.3 233fire processing 6.1.10 255fire restrains metal 1.1.37 16fire toxin 1.6.51 42fire toxin pattern/syndrome 2.6.45 122fire-draining formula 6.2.83 270fire-heat pattern/syndrome 2.6.18 118fire-insertion cupping method 5.3.6 254fire-reducing formula 6.2.83 270firm pulse 2.4.51 104fissured tongue 2.1.63 84fistula 3.2.66 182five benign signs 2.4.80 106five center heat 2.3.22 90five circuits 1.8.2 76five constants 1.1.43 17five elements 1.1.22 15five elements theory 1.1.21 15five emotions 1.6.62 43five excessive emotions 1.6.63 43five flaccidity 3.4.47 192five flavors 6.1.30 257five limpnesses 3.4.47 192five minds 1.6.62 43five needling 5.1.158 245five needling methods 5.1.158 245five orbiculi 1.5.36 37five phase points 5.1.74 238five phase theory 1.1.21 15five phases 1.1.22 15five retardations 3.4.46 192five sense organs 1.5.31 36five stiffnesses 3.4.48 193five transport points 5.1.57 237five unwomanlinesses 3.3.4 185


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 303Term Code Page Term Code Pagefive viscera 1.3.6 22five wheels 1.5.36 37fixed impediment 3.1.183 175fixed pain 2.3.87 94fixed protruding eye 3.5.50 198flash-fire cupping method 5.3.7 254flatus 2.2.24 88flavor craving 1.6.75 44flavor of medicinals 6.1.26 256flavor predilection 1.6.75 44flesh impediment 3.1.187 176flesh orbiculus 1.5.42 37flesh wheel 1.5.42 37fleshy goiter 3.2.47 180fleshy tumor 3.2.53 181fleshy wilting 3.1.199 177flicking manipulation 4.2.336 231flicking stone pulse 2.4.68 105floating pulse 2.4.29 102flooding 3.3.20 186flooding and spotting 3.3.19 186flooding pulse 2.4.33 103flopping syncope 3.1.167 174flowing phlegm 3.2.33 180fluid1.2.261.2.461921fluid and humor 1.2.48 21fluid collapse 1.7.130 56fluid consumption and blooddryness1.7.132 56fluid depletion and blood stasis 1.7.133 56fluid paste 6.2.30 266fluid qi 1.2.26 19fluid retention 1.6.81 45fluid retention pattern/syndrome2.8.3 129fluid-humor deficiency pattern/syndrome2.8.6 129fluid-humor depletion 1.7.131 56fluid-humor patternidentification/syndrome2.8.1 129differentiationfluid-qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.8.7 130flusteredness 2.3.143 97follicular conjunctivitis 3.5.25 196food accumulation 3.4.11 190food accumulation pattern/syndrome2.6.21 119food and drink 1.2.58 21food damage 3.1.98 169food malnutrition 3.4.18 190food stagnation pattern/syndrome2.6.21 119food-denying dysentery 3.1.13 163foot acupuncture therapy 5.1.52 236forceful pulse 2.4.36 103foreign body in the eye 3.5.45 197forgetfulness 3.1.75 167form of the tongue 2.1.78 85form yang with the pungentand sweet4.2.248 224form yin with the sour andsweet4.2.247 224formula 6.2.1 264formula for menstruation andchildbirth6.2.94 270formula for treating abscessand ulcer6.2.93 270formula study 0.0.14 10fortify the spleen 4.2.216 221fortify the spleen and draindampness4.2.220 222fortify the spleen and nourishblood4.2.218 221


304IndexTerm Code Pagefortify the spleen and replenishqi4.2.217 221fortify the spleen and supportyang4.2.219 222fortify the spleen to sweepphlegm4.2.221 222foul turbidity 1.6.37 42four constitution types 0.0.34 12four examinations 2.0.14 80four qi 6.1.29 257Four-Constitution Medicine 0.0.33 11fourteen meridians 1.4.8 29fox-creeper disease 3.2.100 184free coursing 1.3.56 26free the collateral vessels 4.2.192 219frenetic movement of blooddue to heat1.7.125 56frenetic stirring of theministerial fire1.7.28 48frequent urination 2.3.195 100fright 1.6.72 44fright epilepsy 3.4.40 192fright malnutrition 3.4.19 190fright palpitations 3.1.56 166fright seizure 3.4.61 194frostbite 3.2.96 184fullness below the heart 2.3.151 97fullness in the chest andhypochondrium2.3.157 98fulminant diarrhea 2.3.180 99fulminant throat wind 3.6.31 200fulminating pulse 2.4.27 102fumigation 4.2.314 229fuming-washing therapy 4.2.321 229fur color 2.1.80 85furuncle 3.2.9 178furunculosis 3.2.11 178f-cun 5.1.84 239Term Code PageGgalactorrhea 3.3.57 188gallbladder 1.3.16 23gallbladder distention 3.1.107 170gallbladder excess heat 1.7.201 62gallbladder heat 1.7.200 62gallbladder heat pattern/syndrome2.9.94 142gallbladder meridian 1.4.20 32gallbladder qi 1.2.35 20gallbladder qi deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.96 142garlic moxibustion 5.2.11 252gastric stuffiness 3.1.83 168gastric upset 3.1.88 168gastroesophageal reflux 3.1.91 168gastrointestinal patternidentification/syndrome2.9.57 137differentiationgastrointestinal qi stagnationpattern/syndrome2.9.71 139GB 1.4.20 32general 0.0.0 9general body ache 2.3.56 92generalized itching 2.3.97 94generalized pain 2.3.56 92generating 1.1.29 16generation and transformation 1.3.61 26genital disease 3.1.204 177genital pain 2.3.71 93genital sweating 2.3.43 91gentle moxibustion 5.2.17 252genuine qi1.2.20,1.2.21geographical tongue 2.1.66 84ginger moxibustion 5.2.9 251gingival eruption 3.4.30 19119


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 305Term Code Page Term Code Pageglobus hystericus 3.1.55 166gluteal abscess 3.2.20 179goiter 3.2.45 180Gosei school 0.0.27 11governing complexion 2.1.22 82governing vessel 1.4.25 33governor vessel 1.4.25 33gradual onset 1.7.9 46grandchild collateral vessel 1.4.42 34grasping manipulation 4.2.339 231gravid cough 3.3.46 188gravid oppression 3.3.44 188gravid vertigo 3.3.43 188gray fur 2.1.86 86greasy fur 2.1.95 86great collateral vessel of thespleen1.4.41 34great drainage needling 5.1.169 246great dripping sweat 2.3.49 91great needle 5.1.15 234greater canthus 1.5.43 37greater yang 1.8.19 77greater yang blood amassment 2.11.22 156greater yang blood amassmentpattern/syndrome2.11.22 156greater yang bowel pattern/syndrome2.11.4 153greater yang cold damage 2.11.5 153greater yang cold damagepattern/syndrome2.11.5 153greater yang disease 2.11.2 153greater yang disease pattern/syndrome2.11.2 153greater yang meridian pattern/syndrome2.11.3 153greater yang person 0.0.35 12greater yang water-retention 2.11.6 154greater yang water-retentionpattern/syndrome2.11.6 154greater yin 1.8.22 77greater yin disease 2.11.13 155greater yin disease pattern/syndrome2.11.13 155greater yin person 0.0.37 12greater yin wind stroke pattern/syndrome2.11.14 155greatly tonify the original qi 4.2.204 220green-blue snake toxin sore 3.2.98 184greenish fur 2.1.87 86greenish glaucoma 3.5.36 197gripping pain 2.3.77 93growth fever 3.4.5 189guest qi 1.8.11 76guiding and conductingexercise0.0.25 11gum atrophy 3.6.43 201gum bleeding 3.1.144 173GV 1.4.25 33gynecology and obstetrics 3.3.0 184gynecomastia 3.2.40 180Hhabitual abortion 3.3.36 187hairline sore 3.2.5 178half needling 5.1.159 245half-body absence of sweating 2.3.47 91half-body sweating 2.3.46 91half-exterior half-interior 1.7.49 50half-exterior half-interiorpattern/syndrome2.5.35 111halitosis 2.2.27 88hand acupuncture 5.1.49 236hand acupuncture therapy 5.1.50 236hand-finger acupuncturetechnique5.1.51 236


306IndexTerm Code Pagehand-holding needle insertion 5.1.103 240handle of the needle 5.1.20 234handle-flicking method 5.1.131 242handle-scraping method 5.1.128 242handle-twisting method 5.1.129 242handle-waggling method 5.1.130 242hand-pressing method 5.1.110 241hard bound stool 2.3.188 100hardness and fullness 2.3.154 97hardness of hearing 3.6.13 199harmful hyperactivity andresponding inhibition1.1.45 17harmonize and release theexterior and interior4.2.94 212harmonize and release thelesser yang4.2.95 212harmonize qi and blood 4.2.85 211harmonize the blood 4.2.83 211harmonize the liver and spleen 4.2.93 212harmonize the liver andstomach4.2.92 212harmonize the nutrient 4.2.84 211harmonize the nutrient anddefense4.2.86 211harmonize the spleen andstomach4.2.91 212harmonize the stomach 4.2.90 212harmonizing and releasingformula6.2.66 268harmonizing method 4.2.82 211hastening qi 5.1.119 241head wind 3.1.177 175headache 2.3.57 92headache and painful stiffnape2.3.59 92heal wounds and eliminateputridity4.2.306 228health preservation 0.0.23 11healthy complexion 2.1.25 82Term Code Pagehealthy qi 1.2.20 18healthy state 1.8.33 78heart 1.3.10 22heart atrophy 3.1.198 177heart blood 1.3.36 24heart blood deficiency 1.7.143 57heart blood deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.4 131heart blood stasis 1.7.144 57heart blood stasis obstruction 1.7.144 57heart blood stasis obstructionpattern/syndrome2.9.14 132heart blood stasis pattern/syndrome2.9.14 132heart deficiency with timidity 1.7.164 59heart diseases patternidentification/syndrome2.9.2 130differentiationheart fire 1.2.15 18heart fire flaming upward 1.7.147 58heart impediment 3.1.190 176heart infantile malnutrition 3.4.19 190heart malnutrition 3.4.19 190heart meridian 1.4.14 30heart opens at the tongue 1.3.78 27heart pain 3.1.60 166heart qi 1.2.29 19heart qi deficiency 1.7.140 57heart qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.3 130heart vessel obstructionpattern/syndrome2.9.15 132heart yang 1.3.38 24heart yang collapse pattern/syndrome2.9.9 131heart yang deficiency 1.7.146 57heart yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.8 131heart yin 1.3.37 24


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 307Term Code Page Term Code Pageheart yin deficiency 1.7.145 57heart yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.7 131heart-kidney interaction 1.3.77 27heart-kidney non-interactionpattern/syndrome2.9.113 144heart-kidney yang deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.114 144heart-liver blood deficiency 1.7.159 59heart-liver blood deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.117 145heart-lung qi deficiency 1.7.163 59heart-lung qi deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.115 144heart-nourishing tranquillizingmedicinal6.1.96 262heart-stomach fire ablaze 1.7.160 59heat 1.6.17 40heat above and cold below 1.7.80 52heat accumulation 1.7.318 72heat binding in the lowerenergizer1.7.75 52heat block 1.7.316 72heat block pattern/syndrome 2.5.64 115heat damaging bright spirit 1.7.152 58heat damaging kidney yin 1.7.291 70heat damaging the sinews 1.7.315 71heat depression 1.7.319 72heat distressing the largeintestine1.7.272 68heat entering the blood aspect 1.7.329 73heat entering the bloodchamber1.7.298 70heat entering the pericardium 1.7.153 58heat formation 1.7.338 73heat impediment 3.1.184 176heat in both exterior andinterior1.7.63 51heat in the palms and soles 2.3.25 90heat intolerance 2.3.7 89heat pattern/syndrome 2.5.58 114heat scorching kidney yin 1.7.291 70heat stagnation 1.7.319 72heat strangury 3.1.121 171heat syncope 3.1.170 174heat tearing 3.5.18 195heat toxin 1.6.50 42heat toxin pattern/syndrome 2.6.55 123heat vexation 2.3.23 90heat wheezing 3.1.46 165heat-clearing and bloodcoolingmedicinal6.1.58 259heat-clearing and dampnessdryingmedicinal6.1.56 259heat-clearing and detoxicatingmedicinal6.1.57 259heat-clearing and fire-purgingmedicinal6.1.55 259heat-clearing astringentmedicinal6.1.109 263heat-clearing formula 6.2.82 270heat-clearing medicinal 6.1.54 259heat-phlegm pattern/syndrome 2.6.25 119heatstroke 3.1.29 164heavenly tenth 1.3.71 27heaven-penetrating cooling 5.1.150 244heaven-penetrating coolingmethod5.1.150 244heavy body 2.3.96 94heavy head and light feet 2.3.95 94heavy pain 2.3.78 93heavy-headedness 2.3.60 92heel pain 2.3.72 93hematemesis 3.1.145 173hematochezia 3.1.146 173hematuria 3.1.147 173hemilateral head wind 3.1.178 175


308IndexTerm Code Pagehemiplegia 3.1.72 167hemoptysis 2.3.102 94hemorrhage 2.3.101 94hemorrhoid 3.2.87 183hemostatic 6.1.79 261hemostatic medicinal 6.1.79 261herbal acupuncture 5.1.213 249herbal acupuncture therapy 5.1.214 249herbal drugs 6.1.2 255herbs 6.1.2 255hernia 3.1.205 177herpes simplex 3.2.67 182herpes zoster 3.2.68 182hiccup 3.1.89 168hidden heat in thethoroughfare and conception 1.7.299 70vesselshidden pulse 2.4.52 104high bone 1.5.25 36high fever 2.3.12 89hoarseness 2.2.8 87holism 1.1.2 13hollow pulse 2.4.49 104homogeny of essence andblood1.2.50 21homogeny of fluid and blood 1.2.49 21homogeny of liver and kidney 1.3.83 28honeyed pill 6.2.25 265horse-spleen wind 3.4.10 190hot medicinal compress 4.2.315 229hour-prescription of points 5.1.155 245house of bright essence 1.5.27 36house of the original spirit 1.3.27 24HT 1.4.14 30humor 1.2.47 21humor collapse pattern/syndrome2.8.5 129Term Code Pagehyalosis 3.5.40 197hydramnios 3.3.40 187hydrocele 3.2.95 184hydrocephalus 3.4.45 192hyperactive heart fire 1.7.148 58hyperactive heart-liver fire 1.7.158 59hyperactive kidney fire 1.7.280 69hypertonicity of the sinews 3.7.6 202hypochondriac pain 2.3.65 92hypogalactia 3.3.55 188hysteria 3.3.69 189Iideation 1.2.11 18impacted cerumen 3.6.4 198impaired lung depuration 1.7.249 66impediment disease 3.1.180 175impediment of the sinew 3.7.7 202impotence2.3.2013.1.135100172improve vision 4.2.274 226inability to sleep 2.3.53 92inborn 1.3.74 27incense thread 5.2.34 253inch, bar and cubit 2.4.9 101incision therapy 5.1.221 250increase humor to relax bowels 4.2.81 211increase the appetite 4.2.223 222incubative pathogen 1.6.47 42indication 6.2.20 265indirect moxibustion 5.2.8 251induce diuresis to alleviateedema4.2.119 214induce diuresis to draindampness4.2.117 214infant acupuncture therapy 5.1.38 235infant needle 5.1.37 235


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 309Term Code Page Term Code Pageinfantile asthma 3.4.9 190infantile convulsion 3.4.33 191infantile malnutrition 3.4.12 190infantile nutritional edema 3.4.26 191infertility 3.3.59 189inflammatory swelling of theeyelid3.5.12 195influenza 3.1.8 162infra-umbilical region 1.5.17 36inhale-gathering qi 1.8.26 78inhibit acidity to relieve pain 4.2.51 209inhibited bladder 1.7.292 70inhibited lung qi 1.7.253 67inhibited qi movement 1.7.105 54inhibited qi movement pattern/syndrome2.7.9 125inhibited qi transformation 1.7.106 54inhibited urination 2.3.193 100inhibition and generation 1.1.44 17injection 6.2.40 267injured labor 3.3.10 185innate 1.3.74 27innate essence 1.2.2 17innate qi 1.2.18 18inner canthus 1.5.43 37inquiry 2.3.1 88inquiry about cold and heat 2.3.2 88inquiry about sweating 2.3.31 90insecurity of defense qi 1.7.67 51insecurity of exterior qi 1.7.67 51insecurity of heart qi 1.7.142 57insecurity of kidney qi 1.7.281 69insecurity of the thoroughfareand conception vessels1.7.301 70insensitivity 2.3.99 94insertion of needle with tube 5.1.107 240insertion resistance 5.1.204 248insomnia2.3.533.1.7492167inspection 2.1.1 80inspection of finger venules 2.1.34 82inspection of the complexion 2.1.11 81inspection of the tongue 2.1.40 83inspection of the vitality 2.1.2 80insufficiency of gallbladder qi 1.7.202 62insufficiency of kidney essence 1.7.278 69insufficiency of middle qi 1.7.228 64insufficiency of the largeintestinal humor1.7.269 68insufflations 4.2.323 230insulting 1.1.42 16integration of traditionalChinese and Western medicine0.0.10 9intense heart fire pattern/syndrome2.9.11 131intense liver fire pattern/syndrome2.9.89 141intense lung heat pattern/syndrome2.9.32 134intense stomach fire 1.7.240 66intense stomach fire pattern/syndrome2.9.64 138inter-consuming-supportingrelationship of yin and yang1.1.15 14interdependence between yinand yang1.1.14 14interior cold 1.7.54 50interior cold disease inducedfrom the stomach affected by 3.8.7 203coldinterior cold pattern/syndrome 2.5.43 112interior deficiency 1.7.56 50interior deficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.45 112interior disease moving out tothe exterior1.7.71 51interior excess 1.7.57 50


310IndexTerm Code Pageinterior excess pattern/syndrome2.5.46 112interior febrile disease inducedfrom the liver affected by heat3.8.8 203interior febrile disease inducedfrom the stomach affected by 3.8.5 203heatinterior heat 1.7.55 50interior heat pattern/syndrome 2.5.44 112interior pattern/syndrome 2.5.34 110interior-attacking formula 6.2.64 268interior-warming medicinal 6.1.75 261intermediate qi 1.8.12 76intermenstrual bleeding 3.3.23 186intermittent dysentery 3.1.12 163intermittent pulse 2.4.54 104intermuscular needling 5.1.168 246internal blazing of heart fire 1.7.149 58internal block and externalcollapse1.7.45 49internal cause 1.6.87 45internal cold 1.6.23 41internal cold and external heat 2.3.30 90internal damage 1.6.61 43internal dampness 1.6.24 41internal dryness 1.6.25 41internal dryness pattern/syndrome2.6.12 118internal hemorrhoid 3.2.88 183internal medicine 3.1.0 162internal stirring of liver wind 1.7.185 61internal toxin 1.6.56 43internal wind 1.6.22 41internal wind pattern/syndrome 2.6.3 117interrupt malaria 4.2.297 227interstices 1.5.3 35inter-transformation of yin andyang1.1.18 14Term Code Pageintestinal abscess 3.2.21 179intestinal dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.9.69 139intestinal impediment 3.1.191 176intolerance of cold 2.3.5 89intradermal needle 5.1.29 235intradermal needle therapy 5.1.30 235intramuscular stimulationneedling5.1.228 250invasion of white membraneinto the cornea3.5.27 196inverted menstruation 3.3.26 186invigorate the stomach 4.2.222 222invigorate yang 4.2.210 221inward invasion of exteriorpathogen1.7.68 51irritable heat sensation 2.3.23 90itchy eyes 2.3.106 95Jjaundice 3.1.100 169join valley needling 5.1.162 245joint needling 5.1.161 245joint-running wind 3.1.185 176joy 1.6.66 44judging the inside fromobservation of the outside2.0.11 79juncibustion 5.2.25 253KKampo formula 6.2.3 264Kampo medicine 0.0.4 9keratic pannus 3.5.34 197keratomalacia 3.5.48 198KI 1.4.17 31kidney 1.3.14 23kidney atrophy 3.1.197 177


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 311Term Code Page Term Code Pagekidney deficiency 1.7.277 69kidney deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.99 142kidney deficiency with waterflood1.7.279 69kidney essence 1.2.4 17kidney essence insufficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.100 142kidney excess 1.7.290 69kidney failing to receive qi 1.7.282 69kidney heat 1.7.288 69kidney infantile malnutrition 3.4.22 191kidney malnutrition 3.4.22 191kidney meridian 1.4.17 31kidney meridian colddampnesspattern/syndrome2.9.108 143kidney opens at the ears 1.3.82 28kidney qi 1.2.33 20kidney qi deficiency 1.7.286 69kidney qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.101 142kidney qi excess 1.7.289 69kidney qi insecurity pattern/syndrome2.9.102 143kidney yang 1.3.47 25kidney yang deficiency 1.7.284 69kidney yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.105 143kidney yang-tonifying medicinal 6.1.102 263kidney yin 1.3.46 25kidney yin deficiency 1.7.283 69kidney yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.103 143kidney-bladder diseasespattern identification/syndrome 2.9.98 142differentiationkill worms 4.2.283 226kneading manipulation 4.2.330 230Koho school 0.0.28 11Koryo hand acupuncturetherapyL5.1.51 236labor 3.3.6 185lack of strength 2.3.51 92lack of vitality 2.1.5 80lacrimal orifice 1.5.45 37lactational malnutrition 3.4.25 191lance needle 5.1.10 233lancing needle 5.1.10 233large intestinal coldaccumulation1.7.267 68large intestinal cold bind 1.7.267 68large intestinal dampness-heat 1.7.268 68large intestinal dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.9.77 140large intestinal deficiency 1.7.274 68large intestinal deficiency cold 1.7.270 68large intestinal excess 1.7.275 68large intestinal excess heat 1.7.271 68large intestinal fluid deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.75 139large intestinal heat 1.7.276 68large intestinal heataccumulation1.7.273 68large intestinal heat bind 1.7.273 68large intestinal heat bindpattern/syndrome2.9.76 140large intestine 1.3.19 23large intestine meridian 1.4.11 29large needle 5.1.14 234large pulse 2.4.57 104laser acupuncture 5.1.210 249laser acupuncture therapy 5.1.211 249lassitude of spirit 2.3.50 92late abortion 3.3.38 187late afternoon tidal fever 2.3.15 89


312IndexTerm Code Pagelatent meridian transmission 5.1.123 242latent qi 1.6.47 42latent summerheat 3.1.32 164latter-day school 0.0.27 11laxation 4.2.71 210laxative 6.1.63 260laxative medicinal 6.1.63 260leaking roof pulse 2.4.66 105leaking sweat 2.3.45 91left-right point combination 5.1.91 239leg flaccidity 3.1.201 177leopard-spot needling 5.1.160 245lesser canthus 1.5.44 37lesser yang 1.8.21 77lesser yang bowel pattern/syndrome2.11.12 154lesser yang disease 2.11.10 154lesser yang disease pattern/syndrome2.11.10 154lesser yang meridian pattern/syndrome2.11.11 154lesser yang person 0.0.36 12lesser yin 1.8.23 77lesser yin cold transformation 1.7.349 74lesser yin cold transformationpattern/syndrome2.11.17 155lesser yin disease 2.11.15 155lesser yin disease pattern/syndrome2.11.15 155lesser yin exterior cold pattern/syndrome2.11.16 155lesser yin heat transformation 1.7.350 74lesser yin heat transformationpattern/syndrome2.11.18 155lesser yin person 0.0.38 12leukorrhea 3.3.29 187LI 1.4.11 29lichenoid erosion of the throat 3.6.26 200Term Code Pagelife bar 2.1.38 83life gate1.2.132.1.381883life gate fire 1.2.14 18life nurturing 0.0.23 11lifting, pressing and searching 2.4.20 102lifting-thrusting method 5.1.127 242lifting-thrusting reinforcementand reduction5.1.137 243lifting-thrusting reinforcementand reduction method5.1.138 243lifting-thrustingsupplementation and draining5.1.137 243lifting-thrustingsupplementation and draining 5.1.138 243methodligation therapy 4.2.320 229lily disease 3.1.81 168limp wilting tongue 2.1.69 85lip cancer 3.6.49 201lip pustule 3.6.48 201liquor addiction 1.6.77 45listening and smellingexamination2.2.1 87listening to sounds 2.2.2 87liver1.3.111.3.572226liver atrophy 3.1.200 177liver blood 1.3.39 25liver blood deficiency 1.7.176 60liver blood deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.80 140liver cold 1.7.187 61liver deficiency 1.7.174 60liver deficiency cold 1.7.178 60liver depression 1.7.196 62liver depression and spleendeficiency1.7.197 62liver excess heat 1.7.190 61


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 313Term Code Page Term Code Pageliver fire 1.7.182 61liver fire flaming upward 1.7.183 61liver fire invading the lung 1.7.184 61liver fixity 3.1.106 170liver heat 1.7.189 61liver infantile malnutrition 3.4.20 191liver malnutrition 3.4.20 191liver meridian 1.4.21 32liver opens at the eyes 1.3.81 28liver qi 1.2.30 19liver qi ascending counterflow 1.7.168 59liver qi deficiency 1.7.175 60liver qi depression 1.7.196 62liver qi depression pattern/syndrome2.9.79 140liver qi invading the spleen 1.7.173 60liver qi invading the stomach 1.7.172 60liver qi stagnation/constraintpattern/syndrome2.9.79 140liver stagnation and spleendeficiency1.7.197 62liver wind1.6.221.7.1854161liver wind pattern/syndrome 2.9.83 140liver yang 1.3.41 25liver yang deficiency 1.7.178 60liver yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.82 140liver yang transforming into fire 1.7.180 61liver yang transforming intowind1.7.181 61liver yin 1.3.40 25liver yin deficiency 1.7.177 60liver yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.81 140liver-emolliating medicinal 6.1.104 263liver-gallbladder dampnessheat1.7.192 62liver-gallbladder dampnessheatpattern/syndrome2.9.91 141liver-gallbladder diseasespattern identification/syndrome 2.9.78 140differentiationliver-gallbladder qi depression 1.7.195 62liver-gallbladder qi stagnation 1.7.195 62liver-kidney depletion 1.7.198 62liver-kidney yin deficiency 1.7.199 62liver-kidney yin deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.125 146liver-pacifying and windextinguishingmedicinal6.1.97 262liver-spleen disharmonypattern/syndrome2.9.124 146liver-stomach disharmonypattern/syndrome2.9.123 145Li-Zhu medicine 0.0.30 11location of disease 1.7.3 46location of point by finger cun 5.1.82 238location of points byanatomical landmarks5.1.79 238location of points by bonestandard5.1.80 238location of points by skeletalstandard5.1.80 238lochia 3.3.52 188lochiorrhea 3.3.54 188long needle 5.1.13 234long pulse 2.4.37 103long-rinse 6.1.19 256loose stool 2.3.185 99loss of blood 2.3.101 94loss of consciousness 3.1.64 167loss of smell 2.3.114 95loss of vitality 2.1.4 80loss of voice 2.2.7 87low grade drug 6.1.25 256low libido 2.3.202 100


314IndexTerm Code Pagelower abdomen 1.5.15 35lower abdominal colic 2.3.68 93lower abdominal contracture 2.3.161 98lower abdominal cramp 2.3.160 98lower abdominal fullness 2.3.162 98lower abdominal mass 3.3.60 189lower abdominal mass inwoman3.3.60 189lower abdominal numbness 2.3.163 98lower body reversal with upperbody veiling1.7.138 57lower burner 1.3.24 23lower energizer 1.3.24 23lower energizer dampness-heat 1.7.76 52lower energizer dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.13.7 161lower energizer diseasepattern/syndrome2.13.4 161lower orifices 1.5.34 37lower sea points of the sixbowels5.1.67 237lower wasting-thirst 3.1.162 174LR 1.4.21 32LU 1.4.10 29lubricant laxation 4.2.72 210lubricant laxative formula 6.2.75 269lumbago2.3.703.1.20393177lumbar vertebrae 1.5.23 36lumbar vertebrae diseaseinduced by exopathogen3.8.10 203lung 1.3.13 22lung abscess 3.1.53 166lung atrophy 3.1.196 176lung cold 1.7.258 67lung consumption 3.1.54 166lung cough 3.1.42 165lung deficiency 1.7.255 67Term Code Pagelung diseases patternidentification/syndrome2.9.23 133differentiationlung distention 3.1.52 165lung excess 1.7.259 67lung failing to distribute fluid 1.7.248 66lung fire 1.7.260 67lung heat 1.7.261 67lung heat pattern/syndrome 2.9.31 134lung infantile malnutrition 3.4.21 191lung malnutrition 3.4.21 191lung meridian 1.4.10 29lung opens at the nose 1.3.79 28lung qi 1.2.32 19lung qi ascending counterflow 1.7.254 67lung qi deficiency 1.7.257 67lung qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.24 133lung qi failing to diffuse 1.7.252 67lung qi failing to disperse 1.7.252 67lung yang 1.3.45 25lung yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.26 133lung yin 1.3.44 25lung yin deficiency 1.7.256 67lung yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.25 133lung-intestine astringentmedicinal6.1.110 263lung-kidney qi deficiency 1.7.247 66lung-kidney qi deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.118 145lung-kidney yang deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.120 145lung-kidney yin deficiency 1.7.246 66lung-kidney yin deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.119 145lung-spleen qi deficiency 1.7.244 66


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 315Term Code Page Term Code Pageluxuriant, withered, tough andtender-softM2.1.49 83macula 3.2.60 181magnetotherapeutic device 5.1.206 249main meridian 1.4.22 32major formula 6.2.12 264major indication 6.2.20 265malaria 3.1.16 163malaria-like disease 3.1.16 163malign complexion 2.1.26 82malign qi 1.6.60 43malnutrition 3.4.12 190mammary fistula 3.2.41 180mammary hyperplasia 3.2.43 180mammary phthisis 3.2.39 180management and regulation 1.3.66 27manic psychosis 3.1.80 168manic raving 2.2.14 88marginal blepharitis 3.5.10 195margins of the tongue 2.1.43 83marrow 1.3.29 24massage 4.2.326 230massage along meridian 5.1.133 242massage technique before/after acupuncture4.2.345 232mastitis during pregnancy 3.2.36 180materia medica 6.1.3 255maxillary osteomyelitis 3.6.46 201measles 3.4.51 193measles toxin 1.6.55 43mechanism of disease 1.7.1 46medicated cupping 5.3.10 254medicated tea 6.2.35 266medicated thread 6.2.42 267medicated thread therapy 4.2.318 229medicated wine 6.2.33 266medicated wine therapy 4.2.313 229medicinal 6.1.0 255medicinal herbs 6.1.2 255medicinal material 6.1.4 255medicinal moxibustion 5.2.29 253medicinal slices 6.2.39 266medicinal strip 6.2.36 266medicinal treatment 6.0.0 255medium grade drug 6.1.24 256membrane source 1.5.13 35menorrhagia 3.3.18 186menostaxis 3.3.22 186menstrual disease 3.3.12 185menstrual irregularities 3.3.13 185menstruation 1.3.71 27menstruation at irregularintervals3.3.16 186menstruation during pregnancy 3.3.5 185mental confusion 2.1.7 81meridian and collateral0.0.161.4.11028meridian and collateral study 0.0.16 10meridian and collateral theory 1.4.2 28meridian divergence 1.4.34 34meridian entry 6.1.32 257meridian needling 5.1.166 246meridian phenomenon 5.1.120 241meridian point 5.1.54 236meridian qi 1.2.38 20meridian sinew 1.4.36 34meridian stroke 3.1.69 167meridian therapy 5.1.124 242meridian treatment 5.1.124 242meridian tropism 6.1.32 257meridian vessel 1.4.3 28


316IndexTerm Code Pagemeridian-induced disease 3.8.2 202meridians 1.4.1 28meridian-warming hemostaticmedicinal6.1.83 261metal 1.1.26 15metal controlling wood 1.1.40 16metal engenders water 1.1.33 16metal generating water 1.1.33 16metal restrains wood 1.1.40 16metastatic abscess 3.2.29 179method of treatment 4.2.1 205metrorrhagia 3.3.19,3.3.20186metrostaxis 3.3.21 186miasma1.6.593.1.2243163miasmic malaria 3.1.21 163miasmic toxin 1.6.59 43microsystem acupuncture 5.1.41 235microwave acumoxa 5.1.216 249microwave acupuncturetherapy5.1.217 249middle burner 1.3.23 23middle energizer 1.3.23 23middle energizer diseasepattern/syndrome2.13.3 161middle finger cun 5.1.85 239middle qi 1.2.37 20middle wasting-thirst 3.1.161 174midnight 1.8.7 76midnight-midday ebb flow 5.1.152 244midnight-midday ebb flowacupuncture5.1.153 244mild fever 2.3.14 89mild fluid retention 3.1.155 173mild infantile malnutrition 3.4.13 190mild infantile malnutrition withaccumulation3.4.14 190Term Code Pagemild malnutrition 3.4.13 190mild malnutrition withaccumulation3.4.14 190mild purgation 4.2.70 210milk regurgitation 3.4.7 190mind1.2.51.2.81718minister medicinal 6.2.8 264ministerial fire 1.2.16 18minor formula 6.2.13 265mirror tongue 2.1.65 84miscellaneous disease 3.1.4 162moderate pulse 2.4.44 103modified formula 4.1.20 205moist fur 2.1.91 86moisten dryness to resolvephlegm4.2.131 215moisten the intestines 4.2.73 210moisten the lung 4.2.235 223moisten the lung to suppresscough4.2.138 215mole cricket boil disease 3.2.10 178Mongolian traditional medicine 0.0.8 9moodiness during menstruation 3.3.28 186morbid complexion 2.1.24 82morbid pulse 2.4.15 102morning sickness 3.3.32 187mother and child affectingeach other1.1.48 17mother qi 1.1.46 17mother-reinforcing childreducingmethod5.1.151 244mother-supplementing childdrainingmethod5.1.151 244motility of the tongue 2.1.77 85motive force of the kidneyregion1.2.34 20mountain-burning fire 5.1.149 244


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 317Term Code Page Term Code Pagemountain-burning fire method 5.1.149 244mouth odor 2.2.26 88move qi 4.2.88 212move qi to relieve pain 4.2.166 218move qi to soothe the chest 4.2.167 218move qi to soothe the middle 4.2.165 217moving impediment 3.1.181 175moxa 5.2.2 251moxa burner 5.2.31 253moxa burner moxibustion 5.2.32 253moxa cone 5.2.4 251moxa cone moxibustion 5.2.5 251moxa floss 5.2.3 251moxa roll5.2.12,5.2.15252moxa roll moxibustion 5.2.16 252moxa stick 5.2.12 252moxa stick moxibustion 5.2.13 252moxa stick moxibustion therapy 5.2.14 252moxa-stick moxibustion 5.2.16 252moxibustion 5.2.1 251moxibustion indications 5.2.37 253moxibustion on garlic 5.2.11 252moxibustion on ginger 5.2.9 254moxibustion on salt 5.2.10 251moxibustion scar 5.2.21 252moxibustion with moxa tube 5.2.33 253moxibustion-prohibited point 5.2.39 254multi-direction needling 5.1.162 245mumps 3.4.56 193muscle electro-needling 5.1.230 250muscle interspace 1.5.9 35muscular twitching and cramp 2.3.100 94muttering 2.2.9 87mutual assistance 6.1.34 257mutual contention of wind anddampness1.7.308 71mutual inhibition 6.1.37 257mutual reinforcement 6.1.33 257mutual restraint 6.1.35 257mutual rooting of yin and yang 1.1.14 14mutual suppression 6.1.36 257mysterious mansion 1.5.4 35Nnasal boil 3.6.14 199nasal congestion 2.3.113 95nasal polyp 3.6.19 199nasal sore 3.6.16 199nasal vestibulitis 3.6.16 199nasopharynx 1.5.65 39natural flux of yin and yang 1.1.15 14natural life span 1.8.16 77natural moxibustion 5.2.26 253nature of disease 1.7.4 46nature of medicinals 6.1.27 256nausea 2.3.130 96needle breakage 5.1.198 248needle insertion 5.1.99 240needle insertion method 5.1.100 240needle manipulation 5.1.125 242needle retention 5.1.185 247needle sensation 5.1.115 241needle sickness 5.1.196 248needle withdrawal 5.1.194 248needle withdrawal method 5.1.195 248needle-embedding method 5.1.187 247needling and moxibustionmethod5.1.2 233needling hand 5.1.108 240needling method 5.1.157 245needling myofascial triggerpoints5.1.228 250


318IndexTerm Code Pageneedling-prohibited point 5.1.203 248needling-sensitive person 5.1.205 248neonatal cough 3.4.8 190neonatal jaundice 3.4.62 194nerve electro-needling 5.1.231 250neutral reinforcement andreduction5.1.147 244neutral reinforcement andreduction method5.1.148 244neutral supplementation anddraining5.1.147 244neutral supplementation anddraining method5.1.148 244new contraction 3.1.5 162night blindness 3.5.43 197night crying 3.4.59 194night crying due to fright 3.4.60 194night sweating 2.3.34 91nine classical needles 5.1.5 233nine needling 5.1.164 245nine needling methods 5.1.164 245nineteen incompatibilities 6.1.41 258non-acclimatization 1.6.78 45non-contraction of heart qi 1.7.142 57non-indication of acupuncture 5.1.202 248non-indication of moxibustion 5.2.38 254non-inflammatory edema ofthe eyelid3.5.13 195non-interaction between theheart and kidney1.7.162 59non-meridian point 5.1.55 236non-scarring moxibustion 5.2.22 252non-segmental needling 5.1.224 250non-sequential transmission 1.7.353 75non-transmission 1.7.354 75normal circuit qi 1.8.15 77normal pulse 2.4.14 102normal qi 1.2.20 18Term Code Pagenormal transmission 1.7.352 75nose acupuncture 5.1.47 236nose acupuncture therapy 5.1.48 236nosebleed 3.1.143 173nourish blood 4.2.213 221nourish heart 4.2.214 221nourish the blood andemolliate the liver4.2.245 224nourish the heart to tranquilize 4.2.260 225nourish the heart yin 4.2.231 223nourish the liver yin 4.2.232 223nourish the lung yin 4.2.234 223nourish the stomach 4.2.239 223nourish the stomach yin 4.2.239 223nourish yin to extinguish wind 4.2.199 220number of cones 5.2.35 253numbness2.3.993.1.7394167numbness below the umbilicus 2.3.168 98numbness in the mouth 2.3.126 96numbness of the skin 2.3.98 94nutrient and blood 1.2.45 21nutrient and defense 1.2.56 21nutrient aspect 1.5.73 39nutrient aspect pattern/syndrome2.12.4 157nutrient qi 1.2.25 19nutrient-defense disharmony 1.7.322 72nutritional edema 3.4.26 191nutritional keratomalacia 3.5.48 198nutritive qi 1.2.25 19Ooblique insertion 5.1.114 241oblique-running pulse 2.4.11 101obstruction of defense yang 1.7.321 72obstructive throat wind 3.6.33 200


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 319Term Code Page Term Code Pageobtaining qi 5.1.117 241odd-numbered formula 6.2.16 265offensive purgative medicinal 6.1.61 260oily sweat 2.3.48 91ointment 6.2.31 266oligogalactia 3.3.55 188ominous abscess of the throat 3.6.25 200open onto thepleurodiaphragmatic4.2.97 212interspaceopen the orifices 4.2.263 225open the orifices with aroma 4.2.267 225open-closed reinforcement andreduction5.1.145 244open-closed reinforcement andreduction method5.1.146 244open-closed supplementationand draining5.1.145 244open-closed supplementationand draining method5.1.146 244opening, closing and pivot 1.8.18 77ophthalmology 3.5.0 194opposing needling 5.1.172 246opposition of yin and yang 1.1.13 14oppression in the chest 2.3.156 98oppressive pain 2.3.83 93oral erosion 3.6.45 201ordinary symptom 1.8.34 78Oriental medicine 0.0.3 9orifice of sense organ 1.5.30 36orifice-opening formula 6.2.86 270orifice-opening medicinal 6.1.98 262original qi 1.2.22 19orthopedics and traumatology 3.7.0 202osteoarticular tuberculosis 3.2.33 180otorhinolaryngostomatology 3.6.0 198ouch point 5.1.68 237outer canthus 1.5.44 37outpour diarrhea 2.3.171 99outthrust rashes 4.2.12 206outthrust the pathogen 4.2.309 228outthrust through the exterior 4.2.11 206over-acting 1.1.41 16overconsumption of heartnutrient1.7.150 58overexertion and fatigue 1.6.73 44overlap of diseases 1.7.360 75overstrain 1.6.73 44overwhelming 1.1.41 16oxhide lichen 3.2.79 183Ppacify the liver to subdue yang 4.2.195 220pain of unfixed location 2.3.86 93painful impediment 3.1.182 175paired needling 5.1.174 246pale complexion 2.1.14 81pale red tongue 2.1.51 83pale tongue 2.1.50 83pale white complexion 2.1.13 81palpation 2.4.1 101palpitations 2.3.141 97palpitations above theumbilicus2.3.164 98palpitations below the heart 2.3.142 97palpitations below theumbilicus2.3.166 98palpitations beside theumbilicus2.3.165 98panting 2.2.18 88papule 3.2.61 181paradoxical treatment 4.1.8 204paralytic strabismus 3.5.49 198paralyzed tongue 2.1.76 85paraneural needling 5.1.229 250


320IndexTerm Code PageTerm Code Pageparasitic toxin 1.6.58 43paraumbilical andhypochondriac aggregation2.3.158 98para-umbilical aortic pulsation 2.3.165 98para-umbilical region 1.5.16 36paroxysmal pain 2.3.89 94paste preparation 6.2.28 266pasted pill 6.2.26 266pathogen 1.6.3 39pathogenesis 1.7.1 46pathogenic cold 1.6.12 40pathogenic dampness 1.6.14 40pathogenic dryness 1.6.15 40pathogenic factor 1.6.3 39pathogenic fire 1.6.16 40pathogenic heat 1.6.17 40pathogenic heat passing intothe interior1.7.69 51pathogenic qi 1.6.3 39pathogenic summerheat 1.6.13 40pathogenic wind 1.6.11 40pattern differentiation 2.0.13 80pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation2.0.13 80pattern identification/syndromedifferentiation and treatment1.1.3 13pattern/syndrome 2.0.7 79pattern/syndrome ofaccumulated heat in the uterus2.10.7 147pattern/syndrome of ascendanthyperactivity of liver yang2.9.90 141pattern/syndrome of binding ofphlegm and qi2.6.30 120pattern/syndrome of blooddeficiency and congealing cold2.7.33 128pattern/syndrome of blooddeficiency and intestinaldryness2.9.67 138pattern/syndrome of blooddeficiency and wind-drynesspattern/syndrome of blooddeficiency complicated by stasispattern/syndrome of blooddeficiency engendering windpattern/syndrome of bloodstasis in the stomach collateralpattern/syndrome of bloodstasis obstructing the braincollateralpattern/syndrome of bloodstasis obstructing the essencechamberpattern/syndrome of bloodstasis obstructing the uteruspattern/syndrome of bloodstasis with water retentionpattern/syndrome of bloodstasis with wind-drynesspattern/syndrome of bothdefense-nutrient aspectsdiseasepattern/syndrome of bothdefense-qi aspects diseasepattern/syndrome of clear yangfailing to ascendpattern/syndrome of coldcongealing in the uteruspattern/syndrome of cold in themiddlepattern/syndrome of coldstagnating in stomach andintestinespattern/syndrome of coldstagnating in the liver meridianpattern/syndrome of colddampnessencumbering thespleenpattern/syndrome of coldphlegmobstructing the lungpattern/syndrome of coldprevailingagonizing arthralgia2.7.34 1292.7.32 1282.7.35 1292.9.65 1382.9.19 1322.10.10 1472.10.4 1472.6.36 1212.6.35 1212.12.7 1572.12.6 1572.5.28 1102.10.3 1462.6.8 1172.9.68 1382.9.92 1412.9.50 1362.9.35 1342.10.15 148


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 321Term Code Page Term Code Pagepattern/syndrome of coldprevailingpainful arthralgiapattern/syndrome ofcongealing cold with bloodstasispattern/syndrome ofcongealing cold with qistagnation2.10.15 1482.6.38 1212.7.13 126pattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat steaming thetonguepattern/syndrome ofdampness-prevailing fixedarthralgiapattern/syndrome of deficiencyfire flaming upward2.10.49 1522.10.16 1482.6.19 119pattern/syndrome of damageto sinew and bone2.10.19 149pattern/syndrome of deficiencyfire scorching the gums2.10.45 152pattern/syndrome of dampnessobstructing defense yangpattern/syndrome of dampnesspredominating over heatpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in the livermeridian2.12.18 1582.12.22 1592.9.93 142pattern/syndrome of depressedgallbladder with harassingphlegmpattern/syndrome of depressedliver qi transforming into firepattern/syndrome of depressedqi transforming into fire2.9.95 1422.9.87 1412.7.12 126pattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in the middleenergizerpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in the spleenpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat in the spleenand stomachpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat invading theearpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat obstructing qimovementpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat obstructing theessence chamberpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat pouringdownwardpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat steaming themouthpattern/syndrome ofdampness-heat steaming theteeth2.9.52 1362.9.51 1362.9.52 1362.10.32 1502.12.21 1592.10.8 1472.6.41 1222.10.48 1522.10.44 152pattern/syndrome of detrimentto yang affecting yinpattern/syndrome of detrimentto yin affecting yangpattern/syndrome ofdisharmony of thoroughfareand conception vesselspattern/syndrome of drynessaffecting the clear orificespattern/syndrome of drynessinvading the lungpattern/syndrome of dual blazeof qi-blood aspectspattern/syndrome of dual blazeof qi-nutrient aspectspattern/syndrome of dualdeficiency of heart qi andbloodpattern/syndrome of dualdeficiency of qi and bloodpattern/syndrome of dualdeficiency of qi and yinpattern/syndrome of dualdeficiency of the heart andspleen2.5.26 1102.5.25 1092.10.2 1462.6.15 1182.9.30 1342.12.9 1572.12.8 1572.9.5 1312.7.26 1282.7.20 1272.9.116 144


322IndexTerm Code PageTerm Code Pagepattern/syndrome of dualdeficiency of yin and yang2.5.9 107pattern/syndrome of heatentering blood chamber2.11.23 156pattern/syndrome of dualexterior and interior cold2.5.47 112pattern/syndrome of heatentering nutrient-blood aspects2.12.11 157pattern/syndrome of dualexterior and interior deficiency2.5.50 113pattern/syndrome of heatentering the blood aspect2.12.10 157pattern/syndrome of dualexterior and interior excess2.5.49 113pattern/syndrome of heatentering the pericardium2.12.14 158pattern/syndrome of dualexterior and interior heat2.5.48 113pattern/syndrome of heatharassing the heart spirit2.9.12 132pattern/syndrome of exteriorcold and interior heat2.5.51 113pattern/syndrome of heatpredominating over dampness2.12.23 159pattern/syndrome of exteriordeficiency and interior excess2.5.53 113pattern/syndrome of heat toxinattacking the tongue2.10.50 153pattern/syndrome of exteriorexcess and interior deficiency2.5.54 114pattern/syndrome of heat toxinblocking the lung2.9.37 135pattern/syndrome of exteriorheat and interior cold2.5.52 113pattern/syndrome of heatobstructingarthralgia2.10.17 148pattern/syndrome of extremeheat engendering windpattern/syndrome of exuberantheat stirring windpattern/syndrome of exuberantheat with bleedingpattern/syndrome of exuberantyin repelling yangpattern/syndrome of fluidretention in the chest andhypochondrium2.5.65 1152.12.12 1582.12.13 1582.5.24 1092.8.9 130pattern/syndrome ofinsecurity of thoroughfare andconception vesselspattern/syndrome of internalblock and external collapsepattern/syndrome of internalblock of phlegm-heatpattern/syndrome of internalharassment of phlegm-heatpattern/syndrome of internalobstruction of cold-dampness2.10.1 1462.5.55 1142.6.32 1202.6.31 1202.6.37 121pattern/syndrome of fluidretention in the pericardium2.9.21 133pattern/syndrome of internalstirring of liver wind2.9.83 140pattern/syndrome of fluidretention in the stomach andintestinespattern/syndrome of hearingloss due to qi deficiencypattern/syndrome of heartdeficiency with timiditypattern/syndrome of heart fireflaming upwardpattern/syndrome of heataccumulating in the bladder2.9.73 1392.10.34 1502.9.6 1312.9.10 1312.9.111 144pattern/syndrome of intestinaldryness and fluid depletionpattern/syndrome of intestinalheat and bowel excesspattern/syndrome of inwardattack of snake venompattern/syndrome of inwardinvasion of fire toxinpattern/syndrome of kidneydeficiency with water flood2.9.66 1382.9.70 1392.6.48 1232.6.46 1222.9.107 143


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 323Term Code Page Term Code Pagepattern/syndrome of kidneyfailing to receive qi2.9.106 143pattern/syndrome of phlegmheatobstructing the lung2.9.33 134pattern/syndrome of kidney yindeficiency with fire effulgencepattern/syndrome of lingeringphlegm nodulepattern/syndrome of liverdepression and blood stasispattern/syndrome of liverdepression and qi stagnationpattern/syndrome of liverdepression and spleendeficiency2.9.104 1432.6.34 1212.9.86 1412.9.85 1412.9.124 146pattern/syndrome of phlegmobstructing the essencechamberpattern/syndrome of phlegmturbidity invading the headpattern/syndrome of phlegmturbidity obstructing the lungpattern/syndrome of phlegmdampnessattacking the earpattern/syndrome of phlegmfireharassing the heart2.10.9 1472.10.24 1492.9.34 1342.10.33 1502.9.17 132pattern/syndrome of liver fireblazing the ear2.10.30 150pattern/syndrome of phlegmheatstirring wind2.6.33 121pattern/syndrome of liver fireflaming upward2.9.88 141pattern/syndrome of qi blockwith syncope2.9.20 133pattern/syndrome of liver fireinvading the head2.10.25 149pattern/syndrome of qicollapse following bleeding2.7.30 128pattern/syndrome of liver fireinvading the lung2.9.122 145pattern/syndrome of qideficiency with blood stasis2.7.28 128pattern/syndrome of liver qiinvading the stomachpattern/syndrome of liverstagnation and spleendeficiencypattern/syndrome of liver yangtransforming into windpattern/syndrome of loss ofsmell due to qi deficiencypattern/syndrome of lungdryness with intestinalobstructionpattern/syndrome of mutualcontention of wind and waterpattern/syndrome ofpathogen hidden in thepleurodiaphragmaticinterspacepattern/syndrome of pestilentialtoxin pouring downward2.9.123 1452.9.124 1462.9.84 1402.10.37 1512.9.38 1352.8.10 1302.12.19 1582.6.42 122pattern/syndrome of qideficiency with dampnessobstructionpattern/syndrome of qideficiency with externalcontractionpattern/syndrome of qideficiency with failure toconstrainpattern/syndrome of qideficiency with hearing losspattern/syndrome of qideficiency with loss of smellpattern/syndrome of qideficiency with water retentionpattern/syndrome of qi failingto control the bloodpattern/syndrome of qistagnating and phlegmcongealing in the throat2.7.17 1262.7.19 1272.7.15 1262.10.34 1502.10.37 1512.7.18 1262.7.31 1282.10.42 152pattern/syndrome of phlegmclouding the heart spirit2.9.16 132pattern/syndrome of qistagnation and blood stasis2.7.29 128


324IndexTerm Code PageTerm Code Pagepattern/syndrome of qistagnation with water retentionpattern/syndrome of retaineddampness-heat toxinpattern/syndrome of spleendeficiency with dampnessaccumulationpattern/syndrome of spleendeficiency with dampnessencumbrancepattern/syndrome of spleendeficiency with stirring of windpattern/syndrome of spleendeficiency with sunken qipattern/syndrome of spleendeficiency with water floodpattern/syndrome of spleenfailing in transportationpattern/syndrome of spleenfailing to control the bloodpattern/syndrome of stagnatedgallbladder with harassingphlegmpattern/syndrome of stagnatedliver qi transforming into firepattern/syndrome of stagnatedqi transforming into firepattern/syndrome of stasis andstagnation due to traumaticinjurypattern/syndrome of stasis inthe stomach collateralpattern/syndrome of stasisobstructing the brain collateralpattern/syndrome of stasisobstructing the essencechamberpattern/syndrome of stasisobstructing the uteruspattern/syndrome of staticblood invading the headpattern/syndrome of stomachfire blazing the gums2.8.8 1302.6.40 1222.9.47 1362.9.47 1362.9.48 1362.9.46 1362.9.49 1362.9.42 1352.9.45 1352.9.95 1422.9.87 1412.7.12 1262.10.18 1492.9.65 1382.9.19 1322.10.10 1472.10.4 1472.10.23 1492.10.43 152pattern/syndrome ofsummerheat blocking qimovementpattern/syndrome ofsummerheat damaging fluidand qipattern/syndrome ofsummerheat damaging thelung vesselpattern/syndrome ofsummerheat entering yangbrightnesspattern/syndrome ofsummerheat with colddampnesspattern/syndrome ofsummerheat-dampnessassailing the exteriorpattern/syndrome ofsummerheat-dampnessencumbering the middleenergizerpattern/syndrome ofsummerheat-heat stirring windpattern/syndrome of toxic fireattacking the lipspattern/syndrome of toxic heatattacking the throatpattern/syndrome of toxincongesting the upper energizerpattern/syndrome oftransmission of heart heat tothe small intestinepattern/syndrome of traumaticinjury of ocular vesselpattern/syndrome of water qiintimidating the heartpattern/syndrome of windstriking the meridians andcollateralspattern/syndrome of wind-coldassailing the collateralspattern/syndrome of wind-coldassailing the lung2.12.32 1602.12.30 1602.9.36 1342.12.29 1602.12.25 1592.5.41 1112.12.26 1592.12.31 1602.10.47 1522.10.41 1512.12.16 1582.9.13 1322.10.28 1502.9.18 1322.10.11 1482.10.12 1482.9.27 133


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 325Term Code Page Term Code Pagepattern/syndrome of wind-coldassailing the throatpattern/syndrome of wind-coldfettering the exteriorpattern/syndrome of wind-coldfettering the lungpattern/syndrome of wind-coldinvading the headpattern/syndrome of wind-coldinvading the nosepattern/syndrome of wind-coldobstructing the collateralspattern/syndrome of winddampnessassailing the exteriorpattern/syndrome of winddampnessinsulting the eyespattern/syndrome of winddampnessinvading the headpattern/syndrome of wind-fireattacking the eyespattern/syndrome of wind-heatinvading the earpattern/syndrome of wind-heatinvading the exteriorpattern/syndrome of wind-heatinvading the lungpattern/syndrome of wind-heatinvading the nosepattern/syndrome of wind-heatinvading the throatpattern/syndrome of wind-heatwith epidemic toxinpattern/syndrome of windprevailingmigratory arthralgiapattern/syndrome of wormaccumulation transforming intomalnutritionpattern/syndrome of wormsaccumulating in the intestinespattern/syndrome of wormsharassing the gallbladder2.10.39 1512.5.36 1112.9.28 1342.10.20 1492.10.35 1512.10.13 1482.5.40 1112.10.27 1502.10.22 1492.10.26 1492.10.31 1502.5.37 1112.9.29 1342.10.36 1512.10.40 1512.12.17 1582.10.14 1482.10.29 1502.9.74 1392.9.97 142pattern/syndrome of yangdeficiency with congealing cold2.5.21 109pattern/syndrome of yangdeficiency with congealing2.5.20 109phlegmpattern/syndrome of yangdeficiency with dampness2.5.18 108obstructionpattern/syndrome of yangdeficiency with qi stagnation2.5.17 108pattern/syndrome of yangdeficiency with water flood2.5.19 109pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency and blood stasis2.5.16 108pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency and dampness-heat2.5.15 108pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with dryness of the 2.10.38 151nosepattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with dryness of the 2.10.46 152throatpattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with effulgent fire2.5.11 107pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with fluid depletion2.5.13 108pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with internal heat2.5.10 107pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with stirring wind2.9.72 139pattern/syndrome of yindeficiency with water retention2.5.14 108pattern/syndrome ofyin deficiency with yang2.5.12 108hyperactivitypattern/syndrome of yinexhaustion and yang collapse2.5.27 110pattern/syndrome of yinexuberance with yang2.5.23 109debilitationpattern/syndrome of yin-yangdisharmony2.5.4 106pattern/syndrome type 2.0.8 79


326IndexTerm Code Pagepattern/syndrome wind-heatinvading the head2.10.21 149PC 1.4.18 31pecking sparrow moxibustion 5.2.19 252pecking sparrow pulse 2.4.62 104pectoral qi 1.2.23 19pectus carinatum 3.4.44 192pediatrics 3.4.0 189peeled tongue 2.1.64 84peeling fur 2.1.98 86pellet 6.2.34 266pericardium 1.3.15 23pericardium meridian 1.4.18 31perpendicular insertion 5.1.112 241perpendicular needling 5.1.179 247persistent erection 3.1.136 172persistent flow of the lochia 3.3.54 188persistent fluid retention 3.1.156 174persistent pain 2.3.90 94pestilence1.6.463.1.2342163pestilential qi 1.6.48 42pharynx 1.5.63 38phlegm 1.6.80 45phlegm clouding thepericardium1.7.155 58phlegm confounding theorifices of the heart1.7.155 58phlegm cyst 3.6.40 201phlegm epilepsy 3.4.42 192phlegm node of the eyelid 3.5.7 195phlegm pattern/syndrome 2.8.2 129phlegm rale 2.2.20 88phlegm syncope 3.1.175 175phlegm turbidity obstructing thelung1.7.250 66phlegm-dampness 1.6.83 45Term Code Pagephlegm-dampness pattern/syndrome2.6.60 124phlegm-dispelling formula 6.2.84 270phlegm-fire harassing the heart 1.7.156 58phlegm-fluid retention1.6.793.1.15045173phlegmonous mastitis 3.2.38 180phlegm-retained fluid 1.6.79 45phlyctenular conjunctivitis 3.5.25 196photophobia 3.5.1 194physical appearance 1.8.38 78piercing method 5.1.189 247pigeon chest 3.4.44 192pill preparation 6.2.23 265pinching manipulation 4.2.340 231pinching needle insertion 5.1.104 240pitting edema 2.1.28 82placenta 1.3.32 24plain stir-bake 6.1.11 255plaster 6.2.32 266plaster therapy 4.2.312 229pleural fluid retention 3.1.151 173plum-blossom needle 5.1.23 234plum-blossom needle therapy 5.1.24 234plum-pit qi 3.1.55 166point combination 5.1.89 239point combination of the samemeridian5.1.93 239polyp 3.2.65 181polyp of rectum 3.2.92 184poor appetite 2.3.117 95poor libido 2.3.202 100popliteal infection 3.2.18 179postauricular abscess 3.6.8 199postauricular infection 3.6.7 199posterior yin 1.5.70 39postnatal essence 1.2.3 17


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 327Term Code Page Term Code Pagepost-natal qi 1.2.19 18postpartum galactorrhea 3.3.58 188postpartum mastitis 3.2.37 180post-term pregnancy 3.3.48 188powder preparation 6.2.24 265preference 1.6.75 44pregnancy suspension 3.3.44 188pregnancy swelling 3.3.41 187pregnancy vexation 3.3.42 187premature ejaculation 3.1.134 172premature ejaculation disease 3.1.134 172prenatal essence 1.2.2 17prenatal qi 1.2.18 18preparation and processing ofChinese herbal medicine0.0.15 10preparation form 6.2.21 265presence of vitality 2.1.3 80pressing hand 5.1.109 241pressing manipulation 4.2.338 231pressing moxibustion 5.2.24 253pressing with one finger 2.4.22 102prevent abortion 4.2.279 226pricking 5.1.190 248pricking bloodletting method 5.1.192 248pricking therapy 5.1.191 248pricking-cupping bloodlettingmethod5.3.11 254prickly tongue 2.1.61 84primordial qi 1.2.22 19principals of life preservation 1.8.25 77principles, methods, formulasand medicinals6.2.4 264processing of herbal medicinals 0.0.15 10processing of medicinals 6.1.6 255processing with vinegar 6.1.22 256processing with wine 6.1.21 256prodrome of wind stroke 3.1.66 167profuse dreaming 2.3.54 92profuse menstruation 3.3.18 186profuse sweating 2.3.32 90prohibited combination 6.1.39 257prolapse of the rectum 3.2.91 184prolapse of the uterus 3.3.63 189prolonged menstruation 3.3.22 186prominent muscle 1.5.26 36promote digestion 4.2.268 225promote digestion and removefood stagnation4.2.269 225promote lactation 4.2.280 226promote qi absorption to calmpanting4.2.134 215promote rupture 4.2.310 228promote suppuration toregenerate flesh4.2.308 228promote sweating to releasethe exterior4.2.7 206promote tissue regenerationand close wound4.2.288 227promote tissue regenerationand wound healing4.2.307 228promoting eruption 4.2.12 206promoting sweating 4.2.5 205protracted tongue 2.1.74 85protruded agitated tongue 2.1.73 85proximal bleeding 2.1.33 82proximate needling 5.1.183 247pseudopregnancy 3.3.39 187psoriasis 3.2.80 183pterygium 3.5.21 196pudendal itch 3.3.64 189pudendal pain 3.3.67 189pudendal sore 3.3.66 189pudendal swelling 3.3.65 189puerperium 3.3.11 185puffy face 2.1.21 82


328IndexTerm Code Pagepulling manipulation 4.2.342 231pulling pain 2.3.79 93pulse bereft of stomach qi 2.4.28 102pulse condition 2.4.4 101pulse diagnosis 2.4.2 101pulse on the back of the wrist 2.4.10 101pulse-taking with finger-tips 2.4.18 102pungent-cool exterior-releasingmedicinal6.1.53 259pungent-warm exteriorreleasingmedicinal6.1.51 259pupil 1.5.48 37pupillary metamorphosis 3.5.35 197purgation 4.2.66 210purgative formula 6.2.72 269purgative medicinal 6.1.60 259purge fire 4.2.29 207purge the heart 4.2.34 208purge the liver 4.2.36 208purge the liver and eliminatedampness4.2.101 213purge the lung 4.2.35 208purge the lung to calm panting 4.2.140 216purification and down-sending 1.3.67 27purple tongue 2.1.54 84purpura 3.1.148 173purulent ear 3.6.6 198purulent keratitis 3.5.32 197purulent phlegm pattern/syndrome2.6.28 120pus pattern/syndrome 2.6.20 119pushing and searching 2.4.21 102pushing manipulation 4.2.331 230pustule 3.2.62 181Qqi 1.2.17 18Term Code Pageqi absorption 1.3.73 27qi and flavor 6.1.28 257qi arrival 5.1.116 241qi aspect 1.5.72 39qi aspect cold 1.7.325 72qi aspect dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.12.20 159qi aspect heat 1.7.326 72qi aspect pattern/syndrome 2.12.3 156qi bar 2.1.37 83qi block 1.7.112 55qi block pattern/syndrome 2.7.6 125qi collapse 1.7.113 55qi collapse due to humordepletion1.7.134 56qi collapse following bleeding 1.7.126 56qi collapse pattern/syndrome 2.7.7 125qi controlling heaven 1.8.5 76qi counterflow 1.7.107 54qi counterflow pattern/syndrome2.7.5 125qi deficiency 1.7.98 54qi deficiency failing to controlblood1.7.99 54qi deficiency fever pattern/syndrome2.7.16 126qi deficiency pattern/syndrome 2.7.2 125qi deficiency with blood stasis 1.7.101 54qi deficiency with fullness in themiddle1.7.100 54qi depression pattern/syndrome 2.7.11 126qi disease affecting the blood 1.7.123 56qi dynamic 1.2.42 20qi failing to form fluid 1.7.135 56qi fall 1.7.108 54qi gate1.5.52.1.373583qi goiter 3.2.46 180


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 329Term Code Page Term Code Pageqi malnutrition 3.4.21 191qi mechanism 1.2.42 20qi movement 1.2.42 20qi movement depression 1.7.105 54qi movement disorder 1.7.102 54qi movement stagnation 1.7.103 54qi orbiculus 1.5.38 37qi reflux 1.7.107 54qi sinking 1.7.108 54qi sinking pattern/syndrome 2.7.3 125qi stagnationqi stagnation due to coldcongealingqi stagnation pattern/syndrome1.7.1031.7.11054551.7.111 552.7.42.7.11125126qi strangury 3.1.123 171qi syncope 3.1.173 175qi thoroughfare 5.1.75 238qi transformation 1.2.41 20qi tumor 3.2.50 181qi wheel 1.5.38 37qi, blood and water 1.2.57 21qi-blood disharmony pattern/syndrome2.7.27 128qi-blood pattern identification/syndrome differentiation2.7.1 124qi-concentrated single-fingerpushing manipulation4.2.332 230qi-humor metabolism 1.8.31 78qi-regulating formula 6.2.67 268qi-regulating medicinal 6.1.76 261qi-tonifying medicinal 6.1.100 263quick-acting formula 6.2.15 265quick-slow reinforcement andreduction5.1.141 243quick-slow reinforcement andreduction method5.1.142 243quick-slow supplementationand draining5.1.141 243quick-slow supplementationand draining method5.1.142 243quiet ascaris 4.2.284 226quiet ascaris to relieve pain 4.2.285 227Rracing pulse 2.4.59 104radix nasi 1.5.57 38rapid pulse 2.4.32 103rebellion 1.1.42 16receptacle that holds phlegm 1.3.63 26recurrent fluid retention 3.1.154 173red tongue 2.1.52 84reddened complexion 2.1.17 81reddish yellow urine 2.3.199 100red-hot needling 5.1.171 246regular edema 3.1.117 171regular meridian 1.4.22 32regulate menstruation 4.2.187 219regulate qi 4.2.87 211regulate qi and fortify thespleen4.2.168 218regulate the liver andsupplement the kidney4.2.244 223regulate the middle 4.2.89 212regulate the waterways 1.3.70 27rehabilitation 0.0.24 11reinforce the healthy qi 4.2.3 205reinforce the healthy qi andeliminate the pathogenic4.1.13 204factorsreinforce the healthy qi andrelease the exterior4.2.19 207reinforcement and reduction 5.1.134 242relapse due to dietaryirregularity1.7.11 46


330IndexTerm Code Pagerelax sinews and activatecollaterals4.2.191 219relax tension 4.2.292 227relax the bowels 4.2.74 211relaxed pulse 2.4.45 103relaxing needling 5.1.176 247release both the exterior andinterior4.2.98 212release summerheat 4.2.55 209release the exterior 4.2.6 206release the exterior withpungent-cool4.2.9 206release the exterior withpungent-warm4.2.8 206release the flesh 4.2.10 206relieve infantile malnutritionfever4.2.65 210relieve itching 4.2.299 228relieve malnutrition fever 4.2.65 210relieve the stuffy nose 4.2.25 207remove accumulation withpurgation4.2.76 211remove cold accumulation withwarm purgation4.2.78 211remove nebula and improvevision4.2.273 226repeated shallow needling 5.1.184 247repel foulness 4.2.291 227repelled yang 1.7.36 48repelled yin 1.7.37 49replenish qi 4.2.203 220replenish the kidney yin 4.2.238 223replete pulse 2.4.36 103reproduction 1.3.72 27residual heat pattern/syndrome 2.12.15 158resolute viscus 1.3.55 26resolve accumulation 4.2.278 226resolve dampness 4.2.103 213Term Code Pageresolve dampness to move qi 4.2.111 213resolve dampness with aroma 4.2.107 213resolve phlegm 4.2.123 214resolve phlegm to open theorifices4.2.266 225resolve putridity 4.2.305 228resolve retained fluid 4.2.121 214resolve turbidity with aroma 4.2.108 213resolving medicinal 6.1.112 263respiration 1.3.65 27respiratory reinforcement andreduction5.1.143 243respiratory reinforcement andreduction method5.1.144 243respiratory supplementationand draining5.1.143 243respiratory supplementationand draining method5.1.144 243restless heart qi 1.7.141 57restore blood 4.2.213 221restore qi 4.2.203 220restore yang 4.2.161 217restore yang to save fromcollapse4.2.161 217restoring method 4.2.202 220restraining 1.1.35 16retained cupping 5.3.5 254retained fluid 1.6.81 45retained food 2.3.136 96retching 2.3.138 96retention of placenta 3.3.50 188retention of the lochia 3.3.53 188retinopathy pigmentosa 3.5.44 197retropharynx 1.5.64 38reversal cold of the extremities 2.3.26 90reversal of qi 2.3.27 90reverse transmission 1.7.353 75


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 331Term Code Page Term Code Pagereverse transmission to thepericardium1.7.154 58reverting yin 1.8.24 77reverting yin cold reversalpattern/syndrome2.11.21 156reverting yin disease 2.11.19 155reverting yin disease pattern/syndrome2.11.19 155reverting yin heat reversalpattern/syndrome2.11.20 155rigidity below the heart 2.3.148 97river point 5.1.61 237roast 6.1.17 256rocking manipulation 4.2.343 231rocky mass 3.2.55 181rocky mass in the breast 3.2.58 181roller needle 5.1.33 235rolling manipulation 4.2.333 230root of innate endowment 1.3.75 27root of the needle 5.1.22 234root of the nose 1.5.57 38root of the tongue 2.1.45 83rotating manipulation 4.2.327 230rotten-curdy fur 2.1.90 86rough pulse 2.4.40 103rounded needle 5.1.8 233round-pointed needle 5.1.8 233round-sharp needle 5.1.11 234routine treatment 4.1.3 204rubbing manipulation 4.2.329 230rubella 3.4.53 193running piglet 3.1.140 172running piglet qi 3.1.140 172ruptured sinew 3.7.3 202ruptured wound of the eyeball 3.5.47 198ryodo points 5.1.76 238SSa-am acupuncture therapy 5.1.39 235sagital needle 5.1.7 233sallow complexion 2.1.20 81sallow disease 3.1.99 169salt moxibustion 5.2.10 251salty taste in the mouth 2.3.125 96same treatment for differentdiseases4.1.16 205Sasang constitutional medicine 0.0.33 11scab 3.2.63 181scabies 3.2.76 182scalp acupuncture 5.1.42 235scalp acupuncture therapy 5.1.43 236scant menstruation 3.3.17 186scarlatina 3.4.54 193scarring moxibustion 5.2.23 252scattered needling method 5.1.188 247scorching pain 2.3.76 93scorching syncope 3.1.170 174scrofula 3.2.34 180scrotal abscess 3.2.94 184scrubbing manipulation 4.2.334 230scurrying pain 2.3.82 93sea of blood 1.3.57 26sea of marrow 1.3.28 24sea point 5.1.62 237seasonal epidemic 3.1.6 162seasonal pathogen 1.6.5 39seasonal toxin 1.6.54 43seat sore 3.2.6 178seborrheic dermatitis 3.2.81 183Sechu school 0.0.29 11secure essence 4.2.253 224


332IndexTerm Code Pagesecure essence and reduceurination4.2.254 224secure the exterior 4.2.257 225secure the exterior to checksweating4.2.258 225secure the thoroughfare vesseland stanch vaginal discharge4.2.256 225securing and astringentformula6.2.88 270securing and astringing method 4.2.251 224seething cauldron pulse 2.4.63 104segmental needling 5.1.223 250selection of adjacent points 5.1.96 240selection of distant points 5.1.98 240selection of local points 5.1.97 240selection of points according topattern/syndrome5.1.88 239seminal cold 3.1.137 172seminal emission 3.1.131 172seminal emission disease 3.1.131 172seminal turbidity 3.1.138 172seminal turbidity disease 3.1.138 172sending the clear upward 1.3.58 26sending the qi upwards,outwards and throughout the 1.3.54 26bodysending the turbid downward 1.3.59 26sense organs 1.5.35 37separate elimination fromupper and lower4.2.120 214separation of the clear andturbid1.3.53 26sequela of wind stroke 3.1.67 167sequential meridianstransmission1.7.358 75sequential transmission 1.7.352 75settle fright and tranquilize 4.2.261 225settling tranquillizing medicinal 6.1.95 262seven emotions 1.6.65 44Term Code Pageseven malign signs 2.4.79 106seven orifices 1.5.32 37seven-star needle 5.1.25 234severe coldness 2.3.27 90severe pain 2.3.88 94sex-stimulating essence 1.3.71 27sexual overindulgence 1.6.74 44sexual taxation relapse 1.7.12 46shaft of the needle 5.1.21 234shaking manipulation 4.2.335 231shallow breathing 3.1.51 165shallow needling 5.1.159 245shallow surround needling 5.1.178 247sham acupuncture 5.1.234 251shank sore 3.2.7 178sharp round needle 5.1.11 234shear needle 5.1.7 233shiatsu 4.2.347 232shifted bladder 3.3.62 189shiver sweating 2.3.37 91shivering 2.3.8 89shock sweating 3.1.158 174short pulse 2.4.38 103short thrust needling 5.1.180 247shortage of qi 3.1.51 165shortness of breath 3.1.50 165SI 1.4.15 30sighing 2.2.15 88sign 2.0.4 79signaling orifices 1.5.35 37silver needle 5.1.34 235simultaneous palpation 2.4.23 102sinew 1.5.7 35sinew injury 3.7.2 202sinew malnutrition 3.4.20 191sinew mesh above the eyes 1.5.53 38


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 333Term Code Page Term Code Pagesinew mesh below the eyes 1.5.54 38sinew tumor 3.2.52 181sinew wilting 3.1.200 177sinew-flicking manipulation 4.2.337 231single-handed needle insertion 5.1.106 240sinusitis 3.6.20 199six bowels 1.3.7 22six climatic pathogenic factors 1.6.10 40six depressions 1.7.320 72six excesses 1.6.10 40six qi 1.8.3 76six stagnations 1.7.320 72six-meridian disease 3.8.3 202six-meridian patternidentification/syndrome2.11.1 153differentiationsixty-year cycle 1.8.8 76skeletal proportional cun 5.1.81 238skeleton 1.5.19 36skill and talent 1.8.36 78skin and body hair 1.5.2 35skin and hair 1.5.2 35skin edema 3.1.116 171skin impediment 3.2.86 183skin needling 5.1.170 246skin-spreading needle insertion 5.1.105 240skipping meridians transmission 1.7.357 75skipping pulse 2.4.56 104sleep talking 2.2.13 88sleep walking 2.3.55 92slide cupping 5.3.9 254slimy fur 2.1.95 86slippery fur 2.1.94 86slippery pulse 2.4.39 103sloppy diarrhea 2.3.181 99sloppy stool 2.3.185 99slow fire 6.2.50 267slow pulse 2.4.31 103slow-acting formula 6.2.14 265sluggish speech 2.2.5 87sluggish tongue 2.2.6 87small intestinal deficiency cold 1.7.166 59small intestinal excess heat 1.7.165 59small intestinal qi stagnationpattern/syndrome2.9.22 133small intestine 1.3.18 23small intestine disease inducedby endopathogen3.8.11 203small intestine meridian 1.4.15 30smallpox 3.4.50 193snake-head whitlow 3.2.13 178sneezing 2.2.16 88snivel 1.2.54 21snoring 2.2.25 88So-eum person 0.0.38 12soft pulse 2.4.58 104soften hardness and dissipatebinds4.2.290 227soften hardness and resolvephlegm4.2.136 215soften hardness with purgation 4.2.75 211soggy diarrhea 2.3.183 99soggy pulse 2.4.43 103soliloquy 2.2.11 87soluble granules 6.2.37 266somniloquy 2.2.13 88somnolence 2.3.52 92soothe the liver 4.2.175 218soothe the liver and fortify thespleen4.2.172 218soothe the liver and harmonizethe stomach4.2.174 218soothe the liver and nourish theblood4.2.170 218soothe the liver and purge fire 4.2.171 218


334IndexTerm Code Pagesoothe the liver and regulate qi 4.2.169 218soothe the liver and regulatethe spleen4.2.173 218soothe the throat 4.2.26 207soothing 1.3.56 26sore 3.2.2 177sore and ulcer 3.2.1 177sorrow 1.6.70 44sour taste in the mouth 2.3.123 95source point 5.1.63 237source qi 1.2.22 19source-connecting pointcombination5.1.95 239sovereign fire 1.2.15 18sovereign medicinal 6.2.7 264sovereign, minister, assistantand courier6.2.6 264So-yang person 0.0.36 12SP 1.4.13 30spasm 2.3.91 94spasm and pain 2.3.77 93special characteristics ofacupuncture points5.1.77 238specific point 5.1.56 236spermatorrhea 3.1.133 172spine 1.5.22 36spine pinching 4.2.319 229spinning bean pulse 2.4.70 105spirit1.2.61.2.81718spirit failing to keep to itsabode1.7.151 58spitting of blood 2.3.104 94spittle 1.2.55 21splashing sound 2.2.23 88spleen 1.3.12 22spleen atrophy 3.1.199 177spleen cold 1.7.203 62Term Code Pagespleen deficiency 1.7.205 63spleen deficiency cold pattern/syndrome2.9.44 135spleen deficiency engenderingwind1.7.216 64spleen deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.40 135spleen deficiency withdampness accumulation1.7.215 63spleen deficiency withdampness encumbrance1.7.215 63spleen diseases patternidentification/syndrome2.9.39 135differentiationspleen excess 1.7.209 63spleen excess heat 1.7.210 63spleen failing in transportation 1.7.224 64spleen failing to control theblood1.7.211 63spleen failing to keep the bloodwithin the vessel1.7.211 63spleen heat 1.7.204 63spleen infantile malnutrition 3.4.18 190spleen malnutrition 3.4.18 190spleen meridian 1.4.13 30spleen opens at the mouth 1.3.80 28spleen qi 1.2.31 19spleen qi deficiency 1.7.206 63spleen qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.41 135spleen qi excess 1.7.209 63spleen qi failing to ascend 1.7.226 64spleen qi failing to bearupward1.7.226 64spleen yang 1.3.43 25spleen yang deficiency 1.7.208 63spleen yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.44 135spleen yin 1.3.42 25


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 335Term Code Page Term Code Pagespleen yin deficiency 1.7.207 63spleen yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.43 135spleen-kidney yang deficiency 1.7.223 64spleen-kidney yang deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.126 146spleen-lung qi deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.121 145spleen-stomach dampness-heat 1.7.217 64spleen-stomach deficiency cold 1.7.218 64spleen-stomach deficiency coldpattern/syndrome2.9.53 137spleen-stomach disharmonypattern/syndrome2.9.56 137spleen-stomach weakness 1.7.220 64spleen-stomach weaknesspattern/syndrome2.9.54 137spleen-stomach yang deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.53 137spleen-stomach yin deficiency 1.7.222 64spleen-stomach yin deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.55 137splenic constipation 3.1.96 169spontaneous bleeding of thetongue2.1.67 84spontaneous diarrhea 2.3.170 98spontaneous harmonization ofyin and yang1.7.17 47spontaneous restoration of yinyangequilibrium1.7.17 47spontaneous sweating 2.3.33 91spontaneous urination 2.3.191 100spoon needle 5.1.9 233spotted tongue 2.1.60 84spotting 3.3.21 186sprain 3.7.8 202spreading dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.12.24 159spring warmth 3.1.27 164sprout orifices 1.5.35 37sputum 1.6.80 45square-inch-spoon 6.1.47 258ST 1.4.12 29stabbing pain 2.3.74 93stagnant blood 1.6.84 45stagnant qi movement pattern/syndrome2.7.10 126stagnant qi transforming intofire1.7.104 54stagnated nutrient-yin 1.7.333 73stained fur 2.1.100 86stainless steel needle 5.1.35 235stasis-resolving hemostaticmedicinal6.1.81 261stasis-resolving medicinal 6.1.87 261static blood 1.6.84 45steaming bone 2.3.19 90stem flooding and checkvaginal discharge4.2.255 224stems and branches 1.8.9 76sticky slimy fur 2.1.96 86sticky slimy sensation in themouth2.3.127 96stiff neck 3.7.1 202stiff tongue 2.1.68 85stiffness of the neck 2.3.58 92stiletto needle 5.1.12 234stir-bake to brown 6.1.13 256stir-bake to scorch 6.1.14 256stir-bake to yellow 6.1.12 255stir-bake with adjuvant 6.1.15 256stirred pulse 2.4.53 104stirring qi of the kidney region 1.2.34 20stomach 1.3.17 23stomach cold 1.7.236 65stomach cold pattern/syndrome 2.9.62 138


336IndexTerm Code Pagestomach deficiency 1.7.232 65stomach deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.58 137stomach disharmony 1.7.243 66stomach duct 1.5.11 35stomach duct pain 3.1.82 168stomach excess 1.7.231 65stomach excess cold pattern/syndrome2.9.63 138stomach fire bearing upward 1.7.239 65stomach fire pattern/syndrome 2.9.64 138stomach fluid 1.3.50 25stomach heat 1.7.237 65stomach heat pattern/syndrome 2.9.64 138stomach heat with swiftdigestion1.7.238 65stomach meridian 1.4.12 29stomach pain 2.3.66 92stomach qi 1.2.36 20stomach qi ascendingcounterflow1.7.242 66stomach qi deficiency 1.7.233 65stomach qi deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.59 137stomach qi failing to beardownward1.7.241 66stomach qi failing to descend 1.7.241 66stomach reflux 3.1.91 168stomach yang 1.3.49 25stomach yang deficiency 1.7.235 65stomach yang deficiencypattern/syndrome2.9.60 137stomach yin1.3.481.3.50stomach yin deficiency 1.7.234 65stomach yin deficiency pattern/syndrome2.9.61 138stomach, vitality and root 2.4.16 102stone needle 5.1.16 23425Term Code Pagestone needle therapy 5.1.17 234stone strangury 3.1.122 171stony conglomeration 3.3.61 189stony edema 3.1.118 171stony goiter 3.2.48 180stool containing pus and blood 2.3.187 100stool sometimes sloppy andsometimes bound2.3.186 99strange pulse 2.4.60 104strangury disease 3.1.120 171strangury of pregnancy 3.3.47 188strangury-relieving diureticmedicinal6.1.71 260strangury-relieving medicinal 6.1.72 260stream point 5.1.60 237strengthen thoroughfare vesselto stop bleeding4.2.181 219string-like pulse 2.4.41 103strong defense with weaknutrient1.7.324 72strong fire 6.2.49 267struggle between the healthy qiand pathogenic qi1.7.6 46stuck needle 5.1.199 248stuffiness 2.3.152 97stuffiness and fullness 2.3.153 97stuffiness and rigidity below theheart2.3.150 97stuffiness and rigidity in thechest2.3.155 98stuffiness of deficiency type 3.1.85 168stuffiness of excess type 3.1.84 168sty 3.5.6 195subconjunctival hemorrhage 3.5.29 196subcutaneous electro-needling 5.1.232 250subcutaneous fluid retention 3.1.152 173subcutaneous needle retentionmethod5.1.186 247


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 337Term Code Page Term Code Pagesubcutaneous node 3.2.64 181subdue yang 4.2.194 220sublingual blood stasis pattern/syndrome2.10.51 153sublingual collateral vessels 2.1.103 87sub-umbilical aortic pulsation 2.3.166 98successive trigger needling 5.1.175 246suction cup 5.3.3 254sudden attack of wind-heat onthe eye3.5.22 196sudden blindness 3.5.41 197sudden heart pain 3.1.61 166sudden onset 1.7.8 46sudden protrusion of theeyeball3.5.51 198summer non-acclimatization 3.4.49 193summerheat 1.6.13 40summerheat affliction 3.1.30 164summerheat convulsions 3.1.33 164summerheat damage 3.1.31 164summerheat entering yangbrightness1.7.351 74summerheat pattern/syndrome 2.6.9 117summerheat qi 1.6.38 42summerheat stroke 3.1.29 164summerheat-clearing formula 6.2.77 269summerheat-dampness 1.6.40 42summerheat-dampnesspattern/syndrome2.12.28 160summerheat-heat 1.6.39 42summerheat-heat pattern/syndrome2.12.27 159summerheat-warmth 3.1.34 164summerheat-wind 3.1.35 164sunken middle qi 1.7.109 54sunken middle qi pattern/syndrome2.7.14 126sunken pulse 2.4.30 103sunken spleen qi 1.7.227 64sunken spleen qi pattern/syndrome2.9.46 136superficial collateral vessel 1.4.43 34superficial needling 5.1.181 247superficial punctate keratitis 3.5.30 196superior-inferior pointcombination5.1.90 239supplementation and draining 5.1.134 242suppository 6.2.41 267suppository therapy 4.2.317 229suppurative coxitis 3.2.27 179suppurative osteomyelitis 3.2.26 179suppurative parotitis 3.2.30 179supraorbital pain 2.3.61 92supra-umbilical aortic pulsation 2.3.164 98surging pulse 2.4.33 103suspended moxibustion 5.2.20 252sweat 1.2.51 21sweat pore 1.5.41.5.535sweat-constraining exteriorsecuringmedicinal6.1.108 263sweating from the armpits 2.3.42 91sweating from the hands andfeet2.3.40 91sweating from the head 2.3.38 91sweating from the heart region 2.3.41 91sweating from the palms andsoles2.3.39 91sweet taste in the mouth 2.3.122 95swift digestion with rapidhungering2.3.118 95swill diarrhea 2.3.184 99swollen sore 3.2.4 178swollen tongue 2.1.58 84sword needle 5.1.12 234symptom 2.0.3 79


338IndexTerm Code PagesyncopeT2.1.82.3.273.1.1668190174tablet 6.2.38 266tablet preparation 6.2.38 266tachycardia 2.4.32 103Tai-eum person 0.0.37 12Tai-yang person 0.0.35 12Taiyi moxa stick moxibustion 5.2.27 253take after meal 6.2.54 267take as tea 6.2.58 268take away firewood from undercauldron4.2.77 211take before breakfast 6.2.56 268take before meal 6.2.53 267take before sleeping 6.2.57 268take between meals 6.2.55 267take cold 6.2.61 268take drenched 6.2.52 267take in frequent small amounts 6.2.59 268take in one single dose 6.2.60 268take the pulse 2.4.3 101tapping examination 2.4.77 105tapping technique 4.2.346 232taste in the mouth 2.3.119 95taxation malaria 3.1.20 163taxation relapse 1.7.10 46TE 1.4.19 32tears 1.2.52 21teeth grinding 3.4.32 191teeth-marked tongue 2.1.62 84temperament 1.8.35 78temple 1.5.29 36tender point needling 5.1.227 250tenesmus 2.3.176 99Term Code Pageterminate lactation 4.2.281 226terrestrial effect 1.8.6 76tertiary collateral vessel 1.4.42 34testicle 1.5.68 39testing labor 3.3.7 185tetanus 3.2.97 184texture of fur 2.1.81 85thelorrhagia 3.2.42 180theory of causes of disease 1.6.2 39theory of five circuits and six qi 1.8.1 76theory of mechanism of disease 1.7.2 46therapeutic manipulation forsinew injury4.2.325 230therapeutic principle 4.1.0 204therapeutics 4.0.0 204thermesthesiometer 5.1.212 249thick fluid 1.2.47 21thick fur 2.1.89 86thickened sinew 3.7.5 202thigh swelling 3.2.99 184thin fluid 1.2.46 21thin fur 2.1.88 86thin pulse 2.4.34 103thin tongue 2.1.59 84thirst 2.3.116 95thoracic fluid retention 3.1.153 173thoroughfare vessel1.3.571.4.27thought 1.6.6926332644thready pulse 2.4.34 103threatened abortion 3.3.35 187three bars 2.1.35 82three categories of causes ofdisease1.6.86 45three causes 1.6.86 45three gates 2.1.35 82


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 339Term Code Page Term Code Pagethree positions and nineindicators2.4.6 101three yang meridians of thefoot1.4.6 28three yang meridians of thehand1.4.5 28three yin and three yang 1.8.17 77three yin meridians of the foot 1.4.7 29three yin meridians of the hand 1.4.4 28three-edged needle5.1.105.1.26233234three-edged needle therapy 5.1.27 235throat abscess 3.6.24 200throat cancer 3.6.27 200throat impediment 3.6.23 200throat node 1.5.61 38throat pass 1.5.62 38throat wind 3.6.30 200throughflux diarrhea 2.3.179 99thrush 3.4.28 191thumb cun 5.1.86 239thumbtack needle 5.1.28 235thunder head wind 3.1.179 175thunder-fire wondermoxibustion5.2.28 253Tibetan medicine 0.0.7 9tidal fever 2.3.13 89tight pulse 2.4.42 103tightness below the heart 2.3.149 97tinea manuum 3.2.73 182tinea versicolor 3.2.74 182tinnitus 2.3.111 95tip of the needle 5.1.19 234tip of the nose 1.5.56 38tip of the tongue 2.1.42 83tongue abscess 3.6.36 200tongue body 2.1.46 83tongue boil 3.6.37 201tongue cancer 3.6.39 201tongue coating 2.1.79 85tongue color 2.1.47 83tongue diagnosis 2.1.39 83tongue fur 2.1.79 85tongue manifestation 2.1.41 83tongue sore 3.6.38 201tongue spirit 2.1.48 83tonify and nourish heart blood 4.2.214 221tonify and replenish the middleqi4.2.212 221tonify blood 4.2.213 221tonify fire and assist yang 4.2.225 222tonify qi 4.2.203 220tonify qi and engender blood 4.2.206 221tonify qi and invigorate yang 4.2.205 220tonify qi and replenish blood 4.2.207 221tonify the heart yin 4.2.231 223tonify the kidney 4.2.237 223tonify the kidney and replenishqi4.2.240 223tonify the kidney fire 4.2.225 222tonify the kidney yin 4.2.238 223tonify the liver yin 4.2.232 223tonify the lung 4.2.233 223tonify the lung yin 4.2.234 223tonify the spleen 4.2.215 221tonify the stomach yin 4.2.239 223tonify yang 4.2.209 221tonifying and replenishingformula6.2.89 270tonifying and replenishingmedicinal6.1.99 262tonifying method 4.2.202 220tonsillitis 3.6.21 199toothache 3.6.41 201top grade drug 6.1.23 256


340IndexTerm Code Pagetorpid intake 2.3.117 95tortoise back 3.4.43 192toxin 1.6.49 42trachoma 3.5.8 195traction therapy 4.2.324 230traditional Chinese diagnostics 0.0.12 9traditional Chinese healthcultivation0.0.19 10traditional Chinese lifenurturing0.0.19 10traditional Chinese medicaldiagnostics0.0.12 9traditional Chinese medicine 0.0.2 9traditional Chinese medicinerehabilitation0.0.20 10traditional Chinese nursing 0.0.21 10traditional Chinese pharmacy 0.0.13 10traditional Chineserehabilitation0.0.20 10traditional Chinese tuina 0.0.18 10traditional Korean medicine 0.0.5 9traditional medicine 0.0.1 9traditional Vietnamesemedicine0.0.6 9tranquil pulse 2.4.25 102tranquilize 4.2.259 225tranquilize by heavy settling 4.2.262 225tranquillizing formula 6.2.87 270tranquillizing medicinal 6.1.94 262transform into cold 1.7.345 74transform into dampness 1.7.347 74transform into dryness 1.7.343 74transform into fire 1.7.339 73transform into heat 1.7.337 73transform into wind 1.7.341 74transformation 1.7.335 73transformation of the fiveemotions into fire1.6.64 43Term Code Pagetransformation of the five mindsinto fire1.6.64 43transmission andtransformation1.7.335 73transmission and transmutation 1.7.334 73transmission of sensation alongmeridian5.1.122 241transmit to another meridian 1.7.356 75transmutation 1.7.334 73transport point 5.1.72 238transport point needling 5.1.163 245transportation andtransformation1.3.60 26transverse insertion 5.1.113 241transverse invasion of liver qi 1.7.171 60trapped heat 1.7.317 72traumatic cataract 3.5.38 197treading manipulation 4.2.341 231treat cold with heat 4.1.4 204treat deficiency by tonification 4.1.6 204treat excess by purgation 4.1.7 204treat heat with cold 4.1.5 204treat the root 4.1.1 204treat the tip 4.1.2 204treat with both elimination andreinforcement4.1.14 205treating cold with cold 4.1.9 204treating heat with heat 4.1.10 204treating the acute before thechronic4.1.18 205treating the exterior before theinterior4.1.19 205treating the stopped bystopping4.1.12 204treating the unstopped byunstopping4.1.11 204trembling method 5.1.132 242trembling tongue 2.1.70 85tremor 3.1.202 177


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 341Term Code Page Term Code Pagetrichiasis 3.5.17 195trigger point 5.1.225 250trigger point needling 5.1.226 250trimonthly menstruation 3.3.2 184triple burners 1.3.21 23triple energizer dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.13.5 161triple energizer meridian 1.4.19 32triple energizer patternidentification/syndrome2.13.1 160differentiationtriple energizers 1.3.21 23triple needling 5.1.177 247true cold with false heat 1.7.83 52true cold with false heatpattern/syndrome2.5.62 115true deficiency with false excess 1.7.95 53true deficiency with false excesspattern/syndrome2.5.73 116true excess with false deficiency 1.7.94 53true excess with false deficiencypattern/syndrome2.5.74 116true headache 3.1.176 175true heart pain 3.1.62 166true heat with false cold 1.7.84 53true heat with false coldpattern/syndrome2.5.63 115true or false deficiency-excess 1.7.93 53true qi 1.2.21 19true visceral color 2.1.27 82true visceral pulse 2.4.61 104T-shaped malnutrition 3.4.15 190tumor 3.2.49 180tumor of the throat 3.6.29 200turbid pathogen 1.6.36 42turbid urine2.3.1973.1.129100172turbid urine disease 3.1.129 172twelve cutaneous regions 1.4.37 34twelve meridian divergences 1.4.33 34twelve meridian sinews 1.4.35 34twelve meridians 1.4.9 29twelve regular meridians 1.4.9 29twirling method 5.1.126 242twirling reinforcement andreduction5.1.135 243twirling reinforcement andreduction method5.1.136 243twirling supplementation anddraining5.1.135 243twirling supplementation anddraining method5.1.136 243twisting manipulation 4.2.328 230twitching eyelid 3.5.16 195tympanites 3.1.108 170Uulcerating sore 3.2.3 178ulcerative gingivitis 3.6.44 201umbilical abscess 3.2.19 179umbilical dampness 3.4.65 194umbilical hernia 3.4.67 194umbilical sores 3.4.66 194umbilical wind 3.4.64 194unblock the meridian 4.2.188 219unblock yang 4.2.275 226unblock yang to dissipate binds 4.2.276 226unctuous strangury 3.1.125 171undigested food diarrhea 2.3.174 99undigested food in stool 2.3.173 99unfavorable pattern/syndrome 1.7.363 75ungratifying diarrhea 2.3.172 99unhealthy complexion 2.1.26 82unsurfaced fever 2.3.17 89untwining rope pulse 2.4.67 105


342IndexTerm Code Pageununited skull 3.4.45 192unyielding viscus 1.3.55 26upbearing and effusion 1.3.54 26upbearing the clear 1.3.58 26upbearing, downbearing,floating and sinking6.1.31 257upcast yang 1.7.38 49upcast yang pattern/syndrome 2.5.29 110upper body cold and lowerbody heat1.7.81 52upper body heat and lowerbody cold1.7.80 52upper body reversal and lowerbody exhaustion1.7.137 57upper burner 1.3.22 23upper cold and lower heatpattern/syndrome2.5.60 115upper deficiency and lowerexcess1.7.91 53upper energizer 1.3.22 23upper energizer dampness-heatpattern/syndrome2.13.6 161upper energizer diseasepattern/syndrome2.13.2 160upper excess and lowerdeficiency1.7.92 53upper exuberance and lowerdeficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.72 116upper heat and lower coldpattern/syndrome2.5.61 115upper orifices 1.5.33 37upper source of water 1.3.64 26upper wasting-thirst 3.1.160 174upraise the middle qi 4.2.208 221upturned knife pulse 2.4.69 105upward flow of fetus qi 3.3.44 188upward, downward, inwardand outward movement1.2.43 20urinary incontinence 2.3.194 100Term Code Pageurticaria 3.2.77 182uterine dampness-heat pattern/syndrome2.10.6 147uterine deficiency cold pattern/syndrome2.10.5 147uterine obstruction 3.3.33 187uterus1.3.33,1.3.34uvula 1.5.60 38Uyghur medicine 0.0.9 9Vvacuous pulse 2.4.35 103vagina 1.3.35 24vaginal bleeding duringpregnancy3.3.34 187vaginal discharge 3.3.29 187vaginal flatus 3.3.68 189varicella 3.4.55 193variola 3.4.50 193various pattern identification/syndrome differentiation2.10.0 146verruca 3.2.69 182verruca vulgaris 3.2.70 182vertebrae 1.5.22 36vesiculation moxibustion 5.2.26 253vessel 1.3.31 24vessel impediment 3.1.189 176vessel qi 2.4.24 102vessel wilting 3.1.198 177vexation 2.3.144 97vexation of deficiency type 2.3.145 97vexing heat in the chest, palmsand soles2.3.22 90vexing heat in the extremities 2.3.24 90viscera and bowels 1.3.5 22visceral bind 3.1.97 169visceral manifestation 1.3.1 2124


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 343Term Code Page Term Code Pagevisceral manifestation theory 1.3.2 22visceral pattern identification/syndrome differentiation2.9.1 130visceral qi 1.2.27 19visceral stroke 3.1.71 167visceral syncope 3.1.168 174viscus 1.3.3 22viscus-induced disease 3.8.1 202vision obstruction 3.5.4 194vision-improving formula 6.2.92 270visiting complexion 2.1.23 82vitality 1.2.7 17vitiligo 3.2.75 182vitreous humor 1.5.50 38vomitingvomiting in the evening of foodeaten in the morningvomiting in the morning offood eaten in the eveningW2.3.1323.1.86961682.3.133 962.3.134 96wandering erysipelas 3.2.32 179wandering pain 2.3.85 93warm and resolve cold-phlegm 4.2.126 214warm and tonify the life gate 4.2.211 221warm and tonify the spleen andstomach4.2.224 222warm disease 3.1.26 164warm disease study 0.0.22 10warm dryness 1.6.44 42warm dryness pattern/syndrome2.6.14 118warm malaria 3.1.18 163warm needling 5.1.4 233warm needling moxibustion 5.1.4 233warm needling therapy 5.2.30 253warm pathogen 1.6.45 42warm pathogen disease0.0.223.1.2610164warm pathogen disease study 0.0.22 10warm purgation 4.2.68 210warm purgative formula 6.2.74 269warm purgative medicinal 6.1.62 260warm the interior 4.2.144 216warm the interior to dissipatecold4.2.143 216warm the kidney 4.2.153 217warm the kidney and fortify thespleen4.2.243 223warm the kidney to promote qiabsorption4.2.250 224warm the lung 4.2.151 216warm the lung and dissipatecold4.2.152 216warm the lung and resolve fluidretention4.2.128 215warm the lung and resolvephlegm4.2.127 215warm the meridian 4.2.157 217warm the meridian to dissipatecold4.2.159 217warm the meridian to movestagnation4.2.162 217warm the meridian to nourishblood4.2.163 217warm the meridian to relievepain4.2.158 217warm the meridian to restoreyang4.2.160 217warm the middle 4.2.147 216warm the middle and dissipatecold4.2.148 216warm the middle to checkvomiting4.2.150 216warm the middle to harmonizethe stomach4.2.149 216warm the spleen 4.2.145 216


344IndexTerm Code Pagewarm the stomach 4.2.146 216warm the uterus 4.2.156 217warm tonification 4.2.142 216warm toxin 3.1.25 164warm yang 4.2.154 217warm yang to move water 4.2.155 217warming method 4.2.141 216warm-tonifying formula 6.2.71 269wart 3.2.69 182wasting-thirst 3.1.159 174water 1.1.27 15water and food 1.2.58 21water controlling fire 1.1.39 16water distention 3.1.111 170water engenders wood 1.1.34 16water generating wood 1.1.34 16water orbiculus 1.5.39 37water processing 6.1.8 255water qi intimidating the heart 1.7.157 58water restrains fire 1.1.39 16water retention due toobstruction of qi1.7.136 56water retention pattern/syndrome2.8.4 129water wheel 1.5.39 37water-dampness 1.6.82 45water-draining and swellingdispersingmedicinal6.1.70 260water-food metabolism 1.8.30 78water-grind 6.1.9 255waterways 1.3.69 27watery diarrhea 2.3.171 99waving fish pulse 2.4.64 105waxed pill 6.2.27 266waxing and waning of yin andyang1.1.15 14Term Code Pageweak defense with strongnutrient1.7.323 72weak pulse 2.4.47 104well point 5.1.58 237wheat-grain size conemoxibustion5.2.7 251wheezing 3.1.44 165wheezing and dyspnea 3.1.43 165wheezing dyspnea 2.2.19 88white fur 2.1.82 85white of the eye 1.5.46 37white ooze 3.1.127 171white sandy fur 2.1.83 85white turbidity 3.1.128 172white vaginal discharge 3.3.30 187whooping cough 3.4.58 193will 1.2.12 18wilting disease 3.1.195 176wind 1.6.11 40wind and dampness attack 1.7.308 71wind attacking the bloodvessels1.7.305 71wind bar 2.1.36 83wind edema 3.1.115 171wind epilepsy 3.4.41 192wind formation 1.7.342 74wind gate 2.1.36 83wind impediment 3.1.181 175wind intolerance 2.3.6 89wind orbiculus 1.5.41 37wind red sore 3.5.11 195wind striking the blood vessels 1.7.305 71wind stroke 1.7.309 71wind syncope 3.1.172 175wind wheel 1.5.41 37wind-cold 1.6.26 41wind-cold fettering the exterior 1.7.307 71


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 345Term Code Page Term Code Pagewind-cold fettering the lung 1.7.251 67wind-cold pattern/syndrome 2.6.50 123wind-cold-dampness 1.6.32 41wind-cold-dispersing medicinal 6.1.50 259wind-dampness 1.6.28 41wind-dampness pattern/syndrome2.6.53 123wind-dampness-dispelling andcold-dispersing medicinal6.1.66 260wind-dampness-dispelling andheat-clearing medicinal6.1.67 260wind-dampness-dispellingmedicinal6.1.65 260wind-dispelling formula 6.2.69 269wind-dryness 1.6.29 41wind-dryness pattern/syndrome 2.6.54 123wind-fire pattern/syndrome 2.6.52 123wind-fire whirling internally 1.7.306 71wind-fire-heat toxin pattern/syndrome2.6.44 122wind-heat 1.6.27 41wind-heat dispersing medicinal 6.1.52 259wind-heat pattern/syndrome 2.6.51 123wind-phlegm 1.6.30 41wind-phlegm pattern/syndrome 2.6.23 119wind-stroke block pattern/syndrome2.6.4 117wind-stroke collapse pattern/syndrome2.6.5 117wind-toxin pattern/syndrome 2.6.43 122wind-warmth 3.1.28 164wisdom tooth 1.5.59 38wood 1.1.23 15wood controlling earth 1.1.36 16wood engenders fire 1.1.30 16wood generating fire 1.1.30 16wood restrains earth 1.1.36 16wooden tongue 3.4.31 191worm accumulation pattern/syndrome2.6.22 119worm toxin 1.6.58 43worm-expelling formula 6.2.90 270worm-expelling medicinal 6.1.78 261worm-killing formula 6.2.91 270wrap-decoct 6.2.47 267wrist pulse 2.4.7 101wrist pulse-taking method 2.4.8 101Yyang 1.1.8 13yang brightness 1.8.20 77yang brightness bowel pattern/syndrome2.11.9 154yang brightness disease 2.11.7 154yang brightness diseasepattern/syndrome2.11.7 154yang brightness meridianpattern/syndrome2.11.8 154yang collapse 1.7.42 49yang collapse pattern/syndrome2.5.31 110yang damage pattern/syndrome2.5.5 106yang deficiency 1.7.31 48yang deficiency pattern/syndrome2.5.82.5.69107116yang deficiency with yin excess 1.7.32 48yang deficiency with yinexuberance1.7.32 48yang disease 3.1.2 162yang edema 3.1.113 170yang epilepsy 3.1.77 167yang excess 1.7.33 48yang excess with yin deficiency 1.7.34 48yang exuberance 1.7.33 48


346IndexTerm Code Pageyang exuberance with yindebilitation1.7.34 48yang heel vessel 1.4.30 33yang jaundice 3.1.102 169yang link vessel 1.4.32 34yang pathogen 1.6.6 40yang pattern/syndrome 2.5.3 106yang qi 1.2.40 20yang stages of diseasetransformation3.1.2 162yang toxin 3.1.38 164yang viscus 1.3.8 22yang within yang 1.1.11 14yang within yin 1.1.9 14yang-tonifying medicinal 6.1.101 263yang-warm qi 1.8.29 78yawning 2.2.17 88yellow complexion 2.1.19 81yellow fur 2.1.84 85yellow sweat 3.1.119 171yellow vaginal discharge 3.3.31 187yin 1.1.7 13yin and yang 1.1.6 13yin collapse 1.7.41 49yin collapse pattern/syndrome 2.5.30 110yin damage pattern/syndrome 2.5.6 107yin deficiency 1.7.22 47yin deficiency pattern/syndrome 2.5.7 107yin deficiency with effulgent fire 1.7.25 47yin deficiency with internal heat 1.7.23 47yin deficiency with yanghyperactivity1.7.24 47yin disease 3.1.1 162yin edema 3.1.114 170yin epilepsy 3.1.78 167yin excess 1.7.29 48yin excess with yang deficiency 1.7.30 48Term Code Pageyin exuberance 1.7.29 48yin exuberance with yangdebilitation1.7.30 48yin heel vessel 1.4.29 33yin jaundice 3.1.103 169yin link vessel 1.4.31 34yin needling 5.1.182 247yin pathogen 1.6.7 40yin pattern/syndrome 2.5.2 106yin qi 1.2.39 20yin stages of diseasetransformation3.1.1 162yin summerheat pattern/syndrome2.6.59 124yin toxin 3.1.37 164yin toxin pattern/syndrome 2.6.47 122yin viscus 1.3.9 22yin within yang 1.1.12 14yin within yin 1.1.10 14yin-blood depletion pattern/syndrome2.5.22 109yin-cool qi 1.8.27 78yin-nourishing medicinal 6.1.105 263yin-replenishing medicinal 6.1.105 263yin-tonifying medicinal 6.1.105 263yin-yang balance 1.1.16 14yin-yang conversion 1.1.18 14yin-yang disharmony 1.7.14 47yin-yang exchange 3.1.139 172yin-yang harmony 1.1.17 14yin-yang pattern identification/syndrome differentiation2.5.1 106yin-yang repulsion 1.7.35 48yin-yang theory 1.1.5 13yin-yang transmission 3.1.139 172


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 347Term Code PageZzang-organs and fu-organs 1.3.5 22


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 349ANNEX-------- annex 1--------1st Informal Consultation on Development ofInternational <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine,in Beijing, China, October 2004TEMPORARY ADVISERSCHINAJAPANREPUBLIC OF KOREAMACAO (CHINA)UNITED KINGDOMProfessor Li ZhaoguoProfessor Liang JushengProfessor Xie ZhufanMs Situ WenProfessor Zhu JianpingProfessor Tetsuo AkibaProfessor Shinya SakaiProfessor Takeshi SakiyamaProfessor Hitoshi YamashitaProfessor Chi Je-geunProfessor Lim Byung-mookProfessor Kim Yong-sukProfessor Lee Choong-yeolProfessor Park Gyeong-moProfessor Shim Bum-sangProfessor Yeung Hin WingProfessor Nigel WisemanOBSERVERSCHINAUNITED KINGDOMProfessor Cai JingfengProfessor Ma Kanwen


350AnnexRESPONSIBLE OFFICERDr Choi Seung-hoonRegional Adviser in Traditional Medicine<strong>WHO</strong> Western Pacific Regional OfficePresentations• Professor Liang Jusheng, (China) – Translation Principles and Methods for Basic TCM Term• Professor Chi Je-geun (Republic of Korea) – Introduction to Referential Systems in Western Medicine• Professor Park Gyeong-mo (Republic of Korea) – Computerized International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminology onTraditional Medicine• Professor Nigel Wiseman (United Kingdom) – Experience in <strong>Standard</strong>ization of English Terminology of ChineseMedicine• Professor Xie Zhufan (China) described the work done by China in the development of an English terminology fortraditional medicine with SATCM, presenting the book entitled English Translation of Common Terms inTraditional Chinese Medicine.• Professor Zhu Jianping (China) – <strong>Standard</strong> Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China• Professor Cai Jingfeng (China) – An Introduction to the English Translation of Basic Terms of Traditional ChineseMedicine• Professors Tetsuo Akiba / Takeshi Sakiyama (Japan) briefed the participants on Japanese efforts on IST and theTerminology Committee in Japan Society of Oriental Medicine.• Professor Lee Choong-yeol (Republic of Korea) – The Process of <strong>Standard</strong>ization of Korean Medicine Terminology• Professor Shim Bum-sang (Republic of Korea) – Principal Rules for Developing International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologyin Traditional Medicine• Professor Ma Kanwen (United Kingdom) gave an overview of the westward transmission of Chinese medicinefrom the 10th century to the modern era.• Professor Cui Meng (China) gave a detailed description of preliminary work of the Library and InformationInstitute in collecting TCM terms for the purposes of developing browser systems.


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 351-------- annex 2 --------2nd Informal Consultation on Development ofInternational <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine,in Tokyo, June 2005TEMPORARY ADVISERSCHINAGERMANYJAPANREPUBLIC OF KOREAUNITED KINGDOMProfessor Xie ZhufanProfessor Cai JingfengProfessor Zhu JianpingMr Zhu HaidongMs Zhen YanProfessor Paul UnschuldProfessor Hiroshi KosotoProfessor Akihito TakanoProfessor Shinya SakaiProfessor Takeshi SakiyamaProfessor Hitoshi YamashitaProfessor Kazuo ToriizukaProfessor Chi Je-geunProfessor Lim Byung-mookProfessor Kim Yong-sukProfessor Lee Choong-yeolProfessor Shim Bum-sangProfessor Song Ho-suebProfessor Nigel WisemanOBSERVERSJAPANProfessor Toshihiko HanawaProfessor Fumio IkegamiDr Shogo IshinoDr Kenji KobayashiProfessor Katsuko KomatsuProfessor Toshihiro NoharaProfessor Toshihiro TogoMr Hayato ToyotamaProfessor Kiichiro TsutaniProfessor Haruki YamadaDr Takahiro YamadaProfessor Tadashi Yano


352AnnexRESPONSIBLE OFFICERDr Choi Seung-hoonRegional Adviser in Traditional Medicine<strong>WHO</strong> Western Pacific Regional OfficePresentations• Professors Cai Jingfeng / Zhu Jianping / Zhen Yan (China) “Review on English Translation of Common Terms inTraditional Chinese Medicine” (Selected Reference)• Professor Sakiyama Takeshi (Japan) – Japanese Review on the Selected Reference• Professor Lee Choong-yeol (Republic of Korea) – Korea’s Consideration to the IST draft• Professor Shim Bum-sang (Republic of Korea) - Principles for Selecting <strong>Standard</strong> Terms• Professor Nigel Wiseman (United Kingdom) – <strong>Standard</strong>ization of the English terminology of East Asian Medicine


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 353-------- annex 3 --------Meeting on the Development of International<strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies on Traditional Medicine,in Daegu, Republic of Korea, October 2005TEMPORARY ADVISERSAUSTRALIACHINAJAPANREPUBLIC OF KOREASINGAPOREUNITED KINGDOMUNITED STATES OF AMERICAVIET NAMProfessor Charlie XueDr James FlowersProfessor Xie ZhufanProfessor Cai JingfengProfessor Zhu JianpingMr Zhu HaidongMs Xu JinxiangProfessor Kazuo ToriizukaProfessor Shuichi KataiProfessor Shinya SakaiProfessor Takeshi SakiyamaProfessor Kiichiro TsutaniProfessor Chi Je-geunProfessor Chang Il-mooProfessor Kim Yong-sukProfessor Lee Choong-yeolProfessor Park Gyeong-moProfessor Shim Bum-sangProfessor Lee Tat-leangProfessor Nigel WisemanProfessor Fred SeligsonDr Le Luong DongOBSERVERSREPUBLIC OF KOREAVIET NAMProfessor Lee Young-jongProfessor Han Chang-hoProfessor Baik Yoo-sangProfessor Song Ho-suebDr Eom Dong-myungProfessor Lim Hyung-hoProfessor Phan Quan Chi Hieu


354AnnexRESPONSIBLE OFFICERDr Choi Seung-hoonRegional Adviser in Traditional Medicine<strong>WHO</strong> Western Pacific Regional OfficePresentations• Professor Shim Bum-sang (Republic of Korea) – A Brief History on IST development• Professor Shinya Sakai (Japan) - Review on the selected references for discussion at this meeting• Professor Xie Zhufan (China) - <strong>On</strong> developing the international standard terminologies of traditionalChinese medicine• Professor Nigel Wiseman (United Kingdom) - East Asian Medicine Term <strong>Standard</strong>ization: Building onachievements in the English-speaking world and providing an interface with modern western medicine• Professor Cai Jingfeng (China) - Comments on first draft of International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies• Professor Park Gyeong-mo (Republic of Korea) - International <strong>Standard</strong> Terminologies structure andmanagement


<strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 355-------- annex 4 --------FINAL PEER REVIEWERS FOR THE <strong>WHO</strong> INTERNATIONAL STANDARDTERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINEDr Dan BenskyOriental and Osteopathic Medicine4507 Sunnyside N. Unit CSeattle, Washington 98103United States of AmericaProfessor Brenda GolianuDepartment of AnesthesiaStanford University Hospital300 Pasteur DriveStanford, California 94305United States of AmericaProfessor Ka Kit Paul HuiUCLA Center for East West Medicine2428 Santa Monica BoulevardSanta Monica, CaliforniaUnited States of AmericaProfessor Liu LiangSchool of Chinese MedicineHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong KongProfessor Gregory PlotnikoffDepartment of Kampo MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyo 160-8582JapanDr Tony ReidSun Herbal Pty Ltd.Unit 5, 25 Garema CircuitKingsgrove NSW 2208AustraliaProfessor David StoryTherapeutic SciencesRMIT UniversityP.O. Box 71Bundoora, Victoria 3083Australia


356AnnexProfessor Chu Quoc TruongNational Hospital of Traditional MedicineHa NoiViet NamProfessor Paul UnschuldLudwig Maximilians UniversityMuenchen Lessingstrasse 280336 MuenchenGermanyMr Paul WhiteForeign Language Press24 Baiwanzhuangdajie,Xichengqu, BeijingChinaProfessor Xie ZhufanFirst Hospital of Peking University8 Xi Shi Ku StreetBeijing 100034ChinaProfessor Christopher ZaslawskiCollege of Traditional Chinese MedicineDepartment of Medical and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Technology, SydneyAustraliaState Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 13, Baijiazhuang DongliChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100026ChinaJapan Liaison of Oriental MedicineKokusai-Hamamatsucho Bldg. 6F1-9-18 Kaigan, Minato-kuTokyo 105 0022JapanMinistry of Health and Welfare1, Joongang-dong, Gwacheon-siGyeonggi-do 427-721Republic of Korea

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