Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Spherical or Geometrical spreading loss (TL g )Spherical spreading loss assumes a uniform or homogenous environment that is typical of deep waters(>2000m). Sound from a point source will spread outward as spherical waves, and intensity variesinversely with the square of the distance from the source:⎛ R ⎞TL g= 20log⎜⎟⎝ RR < R10 ⎠Where R is the range in metres of the receiver from the source and R 0 is a reference range, usually 1m.With spherical spreading, sound levels decrease by 6dB if distance is doubled and by 20dB whendistance increases by a factor of 10. R 1 is the range in metres at which spherical spreading stops andcylindrical spreading begins.Sea surfaceR 1SourceRReceiverSeabedFigure 2.9. Spherical spreading. Note that for spherical spreading to occur R 1 > R. (adapted fromhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm)23
Cylindrical spreading lossCylindrical spreading is appropriate when the medium is non-homogenous. Non-homogenousmediums are typical of stratified or shallow coastal waters (
Page 2: Oceans of Noise 2004A WDCS Science
Page 8 and 9: In the US, the deployment of Low Fr
Page 10 and 11: its propagation beyond those declar
Page 12 and 13: The best evidence for noise being f
Page 14 and 15: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 16 and 17: Sound speed (c)The speed (c) of a w
Page 18 and 19: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 20 and 21: 2.1.2. Measuring sound intensityIde
Page 22 and 23: i.e. Equal pressure measurements di
Page 28 and 29: 5.0 145Tug pulling loaded barge 1.0
Page 30 and 31: The source used during 3-D surveys
Page 32 and 33: Machinery noisePropulsion machinery
Page 34 and 35: Man-made islands /caissonsFixed pla
Page 36 and 37: 12 3245Drill bit6Figure 3.4. Sound
Page 38 and 39: Transientnoise sourcesAircraftHelic
Page 40 and 41: Results from the aerial surveys con
Page 42 and 43: haemorrhaging in the inner ears and
Page 44 and 45: However they also noted that whales
Page 46 and 47: 4. The Use of Sound by CetaceansChr
Page 48 and 49: seems logical, therefore, that if t
Page 50 and 51: However, despite the reported low a
Page 52 and 53: Kamminga and Wiersma 1981;Akamatsu
Page 54 and 55: SongSocial callsShrieksSlaps0.03-80
Page 56 and 57: anthropogenic factors that make the
Page 58 and 59: 5.3 Longer-term impactsNoise is cle
Page 60 and 61: 5.4 Indirect impactsThe above impac
Page 62 and 63: decompression sickness (DCS) as see
Page 64 and 65: 6. Examples of regional and nationa
Page 66 and 67: 6.3 ASCOBANS and ACCOBAMSTwo region
Page 68 and 69: implications and the discussion sho
Page 70 and 71: 7.1. Consideration of Voluntary vs.
Page 72 and 73: acoustic measurements have been mad
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7.6. Methods of protectionComplianc
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7.6.1 Monitoring7.6.1.1 Visual, aco
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Delory et al. (2002) use Ambient No
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8. ReferencesAburto, A., Rountry, D
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Caldwell, M.C., Caldwell, D.K., and
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Engas, A., Lokkeborg, S., Ona, E. a
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IWC 2002b. Report of the Scientific
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McCauley, R.D. 1994. Seismic Survey
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Potter, J. and Delory, E. 2001. Noi
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Smolker, R.A., Mann, J. and Smuts,
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Watkins, W.A. 1981b. The activities
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ANNEX 1The Application of Marine Po
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an important factor. 13 The judgeme
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in the preparatory work of the LOSC
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practice by the UNEP Governing Coun
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protection and preservation of the
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than international rules, standards
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Four of the twelve regional seas tr
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seismic operations in the Protocol
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ConclusionAt the global level, only
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Art 209 LOSC focuses on both standa
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No State Party may impose condition
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coastal States”. This formulation
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If the IMO makes this determination
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estrictions to vessels operating in
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In the EEZ, in comparison to the te
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Appendix A - Some international ins
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Convention for the Protection of th
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Available at:http://www.unep.ch/sea
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BucharestConventionArticle XIPollut
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environment1. The Contracting Parti
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- that under Article III.8.c) of AC
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e) no sudden or repeated change in
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Ref: Nowacek et al. 2001.Location:
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Location: Arctic• Vocal behaviour
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• Vaquita surfacing duration and
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• 6% of small delphinids (n=264;
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Species type: Boto, Inia geoffrensi
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• Humpback whales appeared tolera
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• Behaviour interpreted as aggres
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• There was no evidence of minke
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• Northern right whales may be ap
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• Migrating gray whales disturbed
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to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aqua
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distribution of humpback whales, Me
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Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme
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Zhou, K., Pilleri, G. and Li, Y. 19
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6. surveys for Cuvier’s beaked wh
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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