Lingua Inglese 2 CINT - LECTURE 6 (14/03/2012) (pdf, it, 109 KB, 3 ...

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiLingua Inglese 2Lecture 6DOTT.SSA MARIA IVANA LORENZETTI1Exercise: Order of Adjectives• Arrange the constituents in the following nounphrases in their correct order:cake round a chocolate hot burnedBurned hot round chocolate cakeslim tall that woman charming Canadian youngThat charming tall young slim Canadian ad a womanpapyrus huge manuscript ancient rare GreekRare huge ancient Greek papyrus manuscriptLecture 07 - 13/03/2012 1

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiExercise: Order of Adjectives (2)• new long my car red racing fast Italian• My fast long new red Italian racing car• Japanese small Carol’s calculator plastic1990s overused green• Carol’s overused small 1990s greenJapanese plastic calculatorThe Structure of Clauses• Syntactic units are arranged according to a hierarchicalstructure.Sentence^Clause^Phrase^Word• The description of clauses is in terms of the kinds orcategories of phrase and their function in different typesof clauses4Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 2

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiObligatory and Optional Elements in aClause• S(A)V(A ) John (never) smokes (in the bathroom).• SVO(A) John likes a cigar (after dinner).• SVC(A) John is a teacher (at a public school).• SV(A)A(A) John is (never) at home (when his mother-in-law comesfor a visit).• (A)SVOC(A) (Yesterday), John bought a cigar for his father (at anew shop on SW Broadway).• (A)SVOCo(A) (On Tuesday), they made John chairman of the club(after a long, controversial debate).• (A)SVOA (Because he couldn’t find his ashtray) John put thecigar on the table.5Clauses: Structure and Types1.1. SV The baby sleeps.2. An old man lives2. SVAthere.3. SVC3. Jane is a beautiful girl.4. My father plays chess.4. SVO5. The government sent5. SVOAthe envoy to Africa.6.6. SV IO DOJim bought Mary someflowers.7. SVOC7. We imagined Marymuch nicer.6Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 3

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiClauses: Structure and Types (2)• Type 1 is an intransitive clause. The verb refers toan action that does not affect anybody or anythingelse. Impersonal verbs like rain, snow belong to thisgroup.The baby sleeps.• Type 2 clauses can be seen as intransitive, sincethey do not have a direct object. They have anobligatory adjunct, usually of place, but sometimesalso of time or manner (The performance lasted fourhours)An old man lives there.7Clauses: Structure and Types (3)• Type 3 is an intensive clause type. Thecomplement pe e and subject are sad said to be in anintensive relation, i.e. they are not distinct entitiesand refer to the same thing or intension. The samehappens when two NPs are in apposition, i.e. TheIron Lady, Mrs. ThatcherJane is a beautiful girl.• Type 4 is a transitive clause type. Specifically, it ismonotransitive (as opposed to type 6), because ithas only one objectMy father plays chess.8Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 4

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiClauses: Structure and Types (4)• Type 5 is also transitive, but with anobligatory adjunct in addition to the object.The majority of adjuncts are of place. The government sent the envoy to Africa.• Type 6 is ditransitive, since it takes twoobjects. In most cases, they are a DO andan IO. The IO usually refers to an animateentity, either the recipient or beneficiary ofan action Jim bought Mary some flowers.9Clauses: Structure and Types (5)• Type 7 is a complex transitive type. There is onlyone element following the verb, but it consists ofan object and a complement, which h are related bymeans of an intensive relationWe imagined Mary much nicer• Subjects and verbs are constant elements in allthese clause types. It is only what comes after theverb that varies.• Seem and become may enter only type 3 ,electonly type 7, sit only type 2. Other verbs may entermore classes depending on the context: find mayfit types 4 and 7, open types 1 and 4, put types 5and 710Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 5

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiSV-Type: Bracketing• The baby sleeps.•[[NP [DET The] [N baby]][VP [V sleeps]]]11Tree Diagram: SV-TypeS/MCNPVPDetNVThe baby sleeps12Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 6

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiSVA-Type• An old man lives there.•[[NP [DET an] [ADJ old] [N man]][VP [V lives][ADVP[ADV there]]]]13Tree Diagram: SVA-TypeS/MCNPVPDetNVADVPAdjAdvAn old man lives there14Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 7

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiSimple Clause - SVOS/MCNPVPDetNVNPDetNThe Secretary printed the letter15Alternative Representation• The secretary printed the letter•[[NP [DET The] [N secretary]][VP [V printed][NP [DET the] [N letter]]]]16Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 8

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiTree Diagram: SVOA-TypeS/MCNPVPVNPDetNPPDetN P NPThe Government sent the envoy to Africa17SVIODO-Type: Simple ClauseS/MCVPNPNPVNPN (IO)Det NJim bought Mary some flowers18Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 9

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiClause Hierarchies• John thinks that Mary read the bookSentenceMatrix Clause• John thinks that Mary read the bookMain ClauseSubordinate Clause19Rank ScaleJohn thinks that Mary read the book• The same sentence can be analysed at differentlevels• WORD LEVEL• [N John] [V thinks] [Comp that] [N Mary] [V read] [Detthe] [N book]• PHRASE LEVEL• [NP [N John]] [VP [V thinks] [Comp that] [NP [N Mary]] [VP[V read]] [NP [Det the] [N book]]]20Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 10

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiRank Scale (2)• CLAUSE LEVEL• [MC [NP [N John]] [VP [V thinks] [SubC [Comp that][NP [N Mary]] [VP [V read] [NP [Det the] [N book]]]]]]• SENTENCE LEVEL• [S/MC [[[NP [N John]] [VP [V thinks]]] [SubC [Compthat] [NP [N Mary]] [VP [V read] [NP [Det the] [Nbook]]]]]]21Tree Diagram - Main Clause + Sub-ClauseS/MCNPVPNVSubCNPVPComp N V NPDetNJohn thinks that Mary read the book22Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 11

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiSentence Types• Declarative Sentences. They are the moststraightforward t a sentence type, and typically y displayan unmarked word order (SVO). Sentences in thisstructure are generally used to make statementsI met Susan earlier this morning.Chris bought a new car.I order you to leave immediately.• Interrogative Sentences are normally used to askquestionsYes-No Questions: Can I borrow your pen?Wh-Questions: What do you think about it?Alternative Questions: Do you prefer tea or coffee?23Sentence Types (2)• Imperative Questions. They are normallyinterpreted as directives, i.e. orders, or pieces ofadvice. They normally occur without the subject andthe verb is in the base formWake up.Don’t be late.Take care of yourself.• Exclamative Sentences are formed with an initialwh-word. They differ from interrogatives, in that thewh-word functions as a modifying element in the NP.They are generally used in exclamations only.What a great time we had!How absolutely unlucky he has been.24Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 12

Lingua Inglese 2 CInt A.A. 2011/12Dott.ssa Maria Ivana LorenzettiUseful References for Exercises !!!• http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar/• http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/nlp/InteractiveNLP/NLP_syn4.html• http://primus.arts.u-szeged.hu/bese/• http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/exlist/exlist.htm25Lecture 07 - 13/03/2012 13