Victorian Winter Crop Summary - Grains Research & Development ...

NationalVarietyTrialsA GRDC INITIATIVEVictorian Winter CropSummary2011

If you would like to receive this information/publication in anaccessible format (such as large print or audio) please callthe Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969,or email customer.service@dpi.vic.gov.au.Published by the Department of Primary IndustriesGrains, February 2011.© The State of Victoria 2011.This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any processexcept in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.ISBN: 1835 5978DisclaimerThis publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and itsemployees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kindor is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaimsall liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from yourelying on any information in this publication.For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.auor phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.

VICTORIANWINTER CROP SUMMARY2011Department of Primary IndustriesEditor:Geoff Stratford – Horsham

CONTENTSIntroduction.................................................................................................................1Wheat ..............................................................................................................................2Barley ..............................................................................................................................16Oats ..................................................................................................................................27Triticale ..........................................................................................................................32Canola.............................................................................................................................36Field Peas.....................................................................................................................46Lentils .............................................................................................................................52Faba Beans..................................................................................................................58Lupins .............................................................................................................................62Chickpeas.....................................................................................................................66

INTRODUCTIONThis publication summarises information on currentvarieties of the major winter crops grown in Victoria.More detailed information on agronomic performance,pests and diseases can be obtained from a range ofsources.The DPI website at www.dpi.vic.gov.au publishes arange of Agriculture Notes under Crops and Pastureswhich provide some of this more detailed informationand can be downloaded free of charge. A number ofother websites are cited throughout this publication todirect growers to specific information sources. Localadvisers are also a key resource for informationrelevant to individual localities.An important role of the Winter Crop Summary is tooffer a guide to crop variety choice. Each crop chaptercovers the important attributes of varieties in currentuse and the expectations for new releases. Thisinformation is summarised in text and tables. Theemphasis is on yield and quality performance as ratedby marketing agencies and end-users and on reactionto diseases.At the time of printing, varieties which are subject topBR are annotated with the symbol . It should benoted that ‘Unauthorised commercial propagation orany sale, conditioning, export, import or stocking ofpropagation material of these varieties is aninfringement under the Plant Breeders Right Act 1994& that any breaching of pBR law is punishable by amaximum $50 000 fine for each offence’The majority of variety trials presented in this book aresourced from the National Variety Trial (NVT)program. NVTs in Victoria are fully funded by GrainsResearch and Development Corporation and in 2010were contracted to two Service Providers, AgrisearchServices Pty Ltd and South Australian Research andDevelopment Institute (SARDI).National Variety Trials provide independentinformation on varieties for growers. The aim of eachNVT is to document, for growers, a ranking of newand widely adopted varieties in terms of grain yieldand to provide grain quality information relevant todelivery standards. Detailed information from the NVTprogram is available on their website,www.nvtonline.com.au.Conducted to a set of predetermined protocols, NVTsare sown and managed as close as possible to localbest practice such as sowing time, fertiliserapplication, weed management and pest and diseasecontrol. NVTs are not designed to grow varieties totheir maximum yield potential. Fungicides were notused on cereal trials but were applied to pulse trials,only as required.It is acknowledged that an ongoing project of this typewould not be possible without the cooperation offarmers prepared to contribute sites and who oftenassist with the management of trials on their property.At the time of printing, grain quality data and long termcomparative yield data which incorporates the 2010trials was not available. The long term data presentedis for trials between 2000 and 2009. The long termyield comparisons incorporating 2010 data and grainquality data will be available from NVTOnline atwww.nvtonline.com.au or the text of this publicationwill be updated with the 2010 results and publishedonline at www.dpi.vic.gov.au and look under GrainCrops.If this publication prompts readers to ask morequestions of their consultants, advisers and marketingagents as part of a decision to modify their paddockmanagement, change to a new variety or try a newcrop, then it has fulfilled its purpose.

WheatINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010The 2010 season finally saw a turnaround in the droughtconditions experienced variously across Victoria for morethan a decade. Summer and autumn rainfall encouragedthe growth of self sown cereals. This growth over summeris called the green bridge because it allows diseases likerust to be carried from one season to the next.Sowing conditions were generally good across the statewith many crops sown early in April, although somegrowers in the north of the state were forced to delaysowing to avoid locust damage. Some re-sowing wasnecessary where locusts devoured early sown crops.Crops emerging in good growing conditions exhibited fewroot disease problems and established well. Barley YellowDwarf Virus (BYDV) was evident in some crops, probablydue to the green bridge allowing the build up of aphids asaphids carry BYDV. Major infections of yellow leaf spotwere also recorded in the Mallee, especially in Yitpi cropssown into wheat stubble. Yellow leaf spot was only a minorproblem in the Wimmera.Above average rainfall in late August and Septemberresulted in some crops adjacent to water courses beingflooded. In the south west of the state water logging wasevident in many crops. Stripe rust was also prevalent in thespring but early fungicide control proved effective.Stem rust was prevalent in late September but coolconditions did not favour a severe outbreak. Early striperust control may have limited the spread of stem rust.Minimising the green bridge remains a key control strategyto limit the outbreak of foliar diseases like stripe and stemrust. Early and mid summer rains indicate a green bridgewill be a potential issue in 2011.Each season brings its own disease problems, agronomistswarn that rusts and other diseases such as cereal cystnematode, take-all and crown rot have the ability tomanifest rapidly and could be an issue in 2011. Varietyselection should still take resistance and tolerance todiseases into consideration, as disease resistance is thecheapest control option for major wheat diseases.Early sowing has been a highlight of recent seasons,although not so significant in 2010. The message remains;assess the risk of frost and be prepared and sow promptlywhen the opportunity arises. In some environments thismay require sowing a portion of the crop dry to make bestuse of break rains when they fall.By the second half of spring, potential existed for a recordharvest across Victoria. All progressed well until frequentabove average rainfall events occurred just as the wheatharvest began in the north of the state. A significant portionof crops were downgraded due to shot and sprouted grain.Early maturing varieties appeared to fare worst althoughweather damage was almost unavoidable in some areasgiven the number and extent of rainfall events.Cutting wheat for hay remains an option if early potential isconsidered unlikely to be fulfilled due to a dry or early finishor when potential appears above average and somereturns are locked in before the grain harvest. Early sowncrops offer higher hay yields and therefore higher returns.WHEATFusarium head blight was observed in a small number ofnorthern crops and seed should not be retained from thesecrops. A minor number of reports of smut and bunt are areminder that failure to use seed dressing can have severeconsequences. Growers need to be aware of the potentialfor disease in their crops before choosing to forego theeffective treatments available.Selecting varieties becomes complex with a greaternumber of varieties being marketed. Growers should basetheir selections on disease resistance as well as agronomicattributes such as grain yield, adaptability, grain quality andmarket potential.The following chapter on wheat briefly summarises some ofthe key comparative information, more detailed informationcan be found at www.nvtonline.com.au. Up to date anddetailed information on cereal diseases can be downloaded from the DPI website www.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSInformation about each variety is presented as overviewstatements, then as comparison tables of yield, crop growthand disease reaction characteristics.Abbreviations used are:denotes that Plant Breeder Rights applyCCN Cereal Cyst NematodeBYDV Barley Yellow Dwarf VirusRLN Root Lesion NematodeAPH Australian Prime Hard (min protein 13%)AH Australian Hard (min protein 11.5%)APW Australian Premium White (min protein 10%)ASW Australian Standard WhiteASWN Australian Noodle (Protein 9.5–11.5%)ASFT Australian SoftAGP General PurposeBread wheat – AXEAPW quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf awned wheat with earlymaturity. Resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust,moderately resistant to leaf rust and moderatelysusceptible to stem rust. Susceptible to yellow leaf spot,CCN and Septoria tritici and moderately susceptible toPratylenchus neglectus. Good yield under terminal droughtstress. Tested as RAC1192 and marketed by AGT seeds.Bread wheat – BOLACAH quality in Victoria. Mid to late season maturity, fullyawned. Resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust,moderately resistant to stem rust and moderatelysusceptible to leaf rust. Moderately susceptible tosusceptible to yellow leaf spot and susceptible to crown rot.While slightly earlier in maturity than Kellalac, Bolac shouldbe a suitable milling wheat for south-west Victoria.Tested as VQ2621 and marketed by Viterra Seeds.Bread wheat – CARINYAAH quality in Victoria. A main season spring wheat verysimilar to Janz but shorter and with improved black pointtolerance. Moderately resistant to moderately susceptibleto stripe and leaf rust and resistant to moderately resistantto stem rust. It is rated susceptible to crown rot. Tested asSun421T and marketed by AGT Seeds.2 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatBread wheat - CATALINAAH quality in Victoria. Mid season variety which is semidwarf and awned. Resistant to moderately resistant to leafand stem rust, moderately susceptible to stripe rust andresistant to CCN. Moderately susceptible to susceptible toyellow leaf spot and intolerant to boron toxicity. Tested asLPB0268 and marketed by AWB Seeds.Bread wheat – CHARAAH quality in Victoria. Resistant to CCN, moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to stem rust,moderately susceptible to leaf rust and moderatelysusceptible to susceptible to stripe rust. Chara performswell on the moderately acid soils of central and northeasternVictoria and southern NSW and where high yieldsare expected. Chara has a reputation for water loggingtolerance. Tested as V1341R, registered in 1999 andmarketed by AWB Seeds.Bread wheat – CLEARFIELD JNZAH classification in Victoria. An imidazolinone herbicidetolerant semi dwarf wheat. Resistant to moderatelyresistant to stem rust, moderately resistant to moderatelysusceptible to leaf rust, moderately susceptible tosusceptible to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Testedas WAWHT 2339, registered 2001 and marketed byNuseed.Bread wheat – CORRELLAH quality in Victoria. Mid season maturity and fully awned.Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to stripeand stem rust, moderately susceptible to susceptible to leafrust and susceptible to very susceptible to yellow leaf spot.Moderately resistant to CCN and tolerant of boron toxicity,with improved black point tolerance compared to Yitpi.Tested as WI23322 and marketed by AGT Seeds.Bread wheat – DERRIMUTAH quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf variety five days earliermaturity than Yitpi. Moderately resistant to stem rust,resistant to leaf rust and CCN and moderately susceptibleto susceptible to stripe rust. Moderately tolerant of borontoxicity. Tested as NGSP005 and marketed by Nuseed.Bread wheat – EGA GREGORYAPW quality in Victoria. Early to mid season varietywith medium to slow maturity. Moderately resistant tostripe and stem rust, resistant to moderately resistantto leaf rust, and susceptible to CCN. Marketed byPacific Seeds.Bread wheat - EGA WEDGETAILAPW quality in Victoria. Has marginal rust resistance forVictorian high rainfall regions, being moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to stripe and stem rust. A mid tolong season dual purpose winter wheat (see note page 6).Developed for early April to mid May sowing, has a similarmaturity to Rosella. It is tolerant of acid soils and suitablefor early winter grazing. Suited to high rainfall areas.Tested as M5880, registered 2002 and marketed by AWBSeeds.Bread wheat – ESPADAAPW quality in Victoria. A mid-season awned variety ofmoderately short plant height. Resistant to moderatelyresistant to stem rust, resistant to leaf rust, moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to stripe rust andmoderately susceptible to CCN, yellow leaf spot and rootlesion nematode. Tested as RAC1263 and marketed byAGT Seeds.Bread wheat – ESTOCExpected to be APW quality in Victoria. A mid to lateseason white chaffed and awned variety slightly earlierflowering than Yitpi. Moderately resistant to stem rust,moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to striperust and leaf rust and moderately resistant to CCN. Testedas RAC1412 and marketed by AGT Seeds.Bread wheat - FRAMEAPW quality and is now largely displaced by Yitpi. Thecombination of large grain, low screenings, moderate CCNresistance and tolerance, good early vigour and borontolerance made Frame a popular choice with Malleegrowers. Moderately susceptible to stem and stripe rustand moderately susceptible to susceptible to leaf rust andsusceptible to very susceptible to yellow leaf spot. It haspoor straw strength. Suited to low rainfall areas. Releasedby the Waite Institute in 1994.Bread wheat – GASCOIGNEAPW quality in Victoria. An awned semi dwarf variety ofmedium height with strong straw and lodging tolerance.Resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust, resistant toleaf rust and moderately resistant to stem rust. Suited tomedium to high rainfall regions. Tested as HRZ02.2.15.Bread wheat – GBA RUBYASW quality in Victoria. Moderately susceptible to stemrust, moderately susceptible to susceptible to stripe rustand moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to leafrust. It appears to be broadly adapted across a range oflow and medium rainfall acid soil environments.Susceptible to CCN. Tested as Ruby or GBA199-099,registered 2003 and marketed by Seedmark Pty Ltd.Bread wheat – GLADIUSAH quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf mid season variety.Moderately resistant to stem rust, moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to stripe rust and moderatelysusceptible to leaf rust, yellow leaf spot and CCN.Susceptible to crown rot with black point tolerance.Tested as RAC 1262 and marketed by AGT Seeds.Bread wheat - JANZAH quality, Janz is a very widely adapted variety of goodgrain quality, particularly for the export market. Susceptibleto CCN, resistant to moderately resistant to stem rust,moderately susceptible to stripe rust and moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to leaf rust. Suitsmedium – low rainfall areas.Bread wheat – KELLALACAPW quality and a high protein achiever. A late maturityspring wheat, well adapted to longer season environments,but not tolerant of very acid soils. Kellalac is moderatelyresistant to CCN, moderately susceptible to susceptible tostem rust, susceptible to very susceptible to leaf rust andmoderately resistant to moderately susceptible to striperust. Growers should be prepared to spray for leaf rust ifthey grow Kellalac.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 3

WheatBread Wheat – LIVINGSTONAH quality in Victoria. An early maturing, fully awnedvariety of semi dwarf height and medium straw strength.Moderately resistant to stem rust, resistant to moderatelyresistant to stripe rust, resistant to leaf rust and moderatelysusceptible to susceptible to yellow leaf spot. Tested asSUN389A. Marketed by AGT Seeds.Bread wheat – LRPB DAKOTAAPW quality in Victoria. Mid maturity semi dwarf awnedvariety with good straw strength. Moderately resistant tostem rust, resistant to CCN and susceptible to yellow leafspot. Suited to medium to higher rainfall areas and istolerant of acid soils. Tested as LPB0780 and marketed byPacific Seeds.Bread wheat – LRPB LINCOLNAH quality in Victoria. Mid season variety, semi dwarf withawns with good straw strength and moderate lodgingresistance. Moderately resistant to stem and leaf rust andresistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust. Moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to yellow leaf spot.Suited to medium to higher rainfall areas. Tested asLPB03-0545 and marketed by Pacific SeedsBread wheat – LRPB MAGENTAAPW quality in Victoria. An awned semi-dwarf mid to longseason variety. Resistant to moderately resistant to stemrust, moderately susceptible to stripe rust, moderatelyresistant to leaf rust and moderately resistant to yellow leafspot. Tested as WAWHT2726 and marketed by Nuseed.Bread wheat – LRPB SPITFIREProvisional AH classification in Victoria. Early to midseason maturity, white chaffed of medium plant height andmoderately susceptible to lodging. Moderately resistant tostem rust and stripe rust and moderately susceptible to leafrust. Tested as LPB05-2148 and marketed by PacificSeeds.Bread wheat – MACEAH quality in Victoria. An awned variety of medium height.Susceptible to very susceptible to stripe rust, moderatelyresistant to stem rust and resistant to leaf rust. Moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to CCN and yellow leafspot. Tested as RAC1372 and marketed by AGT Seeds.Bread wheat – MERINDAAH quality in Victoria. An awned semi-dwarf variety withwhite chaff. Resistant to moderately resistant to stem andstripe rust, resistant to leaf rust, moderately susceptible tocrown rot and moderately susceptible to susceptible toyellow leaf spot. Tested as SUN435D and marketed byAGT Seeds.Bread wheat – PEAKEAH quality in Victoria. Semi dwarf, awned variety with earlyto mid season maturity. Resistant to leaf rust, moderatelyresistant to stem rust and moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to stripe rust. Resistant to CCNand tolerant of boron toxicity. Tested as NGSP006 andmarketed by Nuseed.Bread wheat - ROSELLAA soft noodle variety, but requires niche marketing;otherwise ASWN quality. A proven winter wheat (see notepage 5) with a medium growing season. Moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to stem rust,moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to striperust, moderately resistant to leaf rust and susceptible toCCN. Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible tostripe rust. Rosella is best suited to the medium rainfallregions of the Wimmera, central and north-east Victoriaand southern NSW.Bread wheat – SCOUTQuality not yet defined in Victoria. An awned white chaffvariety moderately resistant to lodging. Moderatelyresistant to stem rust, moderately susceptible to stripe rustand resistant to leaf rust and CCN. Tested as LRPB-1164and marketed by Pacific Seeds.Bread wheat – SENTINELASW quality in Victoria. Mid to long season variety ofmedium height and excellent lodging and shatteringresistance. Resistant to leaf rust and resistant tomoderately resistant to stem and stripe rust. Moderatelysusceptible to yellow leaf spot and susceptible to CCN.Suited to the medium to higher rainfall regions of Victoria.Tested as LR1075 and marketed by AWB Seeds.Bread wheat – VENTURAAH quality in Victoria. Medium height, semi dwarf varietywith early maturity. Resistant to moderately resistant tostem rust, moderately susceptible to stripe rust, resistant toleaf rust, susceptible to CCN and tolerant of acid soils.Susceptible to yellow leaf spot and moderately susceptibleto septoria. Prone to shattering. Best suited to medium andlow rainfall on acid soils. Tested as Sun376G and marketedby AGT Seeds.Bread wheat – WAAGANASW quality in Victoria. White chaffed variety with awns.Moderately susceptible to stem rust, susceptible to striperust, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to leafrust, susceptible to CCN and moderately susceptible tosusceptible to yellow leaf spot. Bred by AGT and EnterpriseGrains Australia. Tested as WW12410 and marketed byAGT Seeds.Bread wheat – WYALKATCHEMAPW quality in Victoria.. Short stature and reduced strawwith moderate resistance to yellow leaf spot may make itattractive for stubble retention systems. Susceptible toCCN, resistant to leaf rust, moderately susceptible to stemrust and susceptible to stripe rust. Best adapted to lowrainfall regions. Tested as WAWHT2212, registered in2001 and marketed by Seedmark Pty Ltd.Bread wheat – YITPIAH quality with resistance and tolerance to CCN.Moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to striperust, susceptible to stem rust and moderately susceptible tosusceptible to leaf rust. Boron tolerant, large grain and lowscreenings. Yitpi has dominated production in low rainfallareas of Victoria due to its higher yields and improved grainquality. Suits low – medium rainfall areas. Registered 2000and marketed by AWB Seeds.Bread wheat – YOUNGAH quality in Victoria. An early to mid maturing variety withmoderate resistance to stem and leaf rust, moderatelysusceptible to stripe rust and resistant to CCN. Areplacement for Janz, H45 and Diamondbird. Has smallgrain size. Suited to medium rainfall areas, tolerant of acidsoils.Tested as VQ326, registered 2005 and marketed byViterra Seeds.4 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatBiscuit wheat – BARHAMASFT1 quality in Victoria. Mid season variety which isawnless. Moderately resistant to stem rust, moderatelysusceptible to susceptible to stripe rust and moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to leaf rust. Moderatelyresistant to Pratylenchus neglectus and moderatelysusceptible to yellow leaf spot, intolerant of boron.Replacement for Bowie. Tested as VO2697 and marketedby Viterra Seeds.Biscuit wheat - BOWIEASFT1 quality in Victoria. An awnless variety which ismoderately resistant to moderately susceptible to CCN,susceptible to stem and stripe rust and moderatelysusceptible to leaf rust. It has good yield potential. Suitsmedium rainfall areas.Durum – CAPAROIFeed quality in Victoria. Mid season semi dwarf type withstrong seedling vigour, strong straw and lodging andshedding resistance. Resistant to stem and leaf rust,resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust. Testedas TD20F and marketed by AWB Seeds.Durum – EGA BELLAROIADR quality with good semolina colour. A mid maturingvariety, earlier than Yitpi. Resistant to stem and leaf rustand yellow leaf spot and moderately resistant to stripe rust.Registered 2002 and marketed by Seedmark Pty Ltd.Durum – HYPERNOFeed quality in Victoria. An awned mid-season whitechaffed variety. Resistant to stem rust, moderately resistantto stripe rust, resistant to moderately resistant to leaf rustand moderately resistant to sprouting and black point.Intolerant of boron. Tested as WID22209 and marketed byAGT SeedsDurum – JANDAROIFeed quality in Victoria. Semi-dwarf variety for main andlate season planting. Moderately resistant to stripe rust,resistant to stem and leaf rust, common root rot, yellow leafspot and root lesion nematode and susceptible to crownrot. Tested as TD97E and marketed by AWB SeedsDurum - KALKAADR quality in Victoria. Kalka is derived from Yallaroi sohas similar attributes to Yallaroi, but also has borontolerance, resistant to moderately resistant to stem and leafrust, moderately resistant to stripe rust and verysusceptible to crown rot.Durum – SAINTLYFeed quality in Victoria. An early maturing awnless varietysuited to short season environments. Resistant tomoderately resistant to stem rust, moderately resistant tostripe rust, moderately resistant to moderately susceptibleto leaf rust and moderately resistant to black point.Intolerant of boron. Tested as WID22279 and marketed byAGT Seeds.Feed/Dual purpose – NAPAROOFeed quality in Victoria. An awnless long season wintervariety. Resistant to stripe and leaf rust, resistant tomoderately resistant to stem rust, moderately susceptibleto yellow leaf spot and moderately susceptible tosusceptible to crown rot. Tested as SUN414F andmarketed by AGT Seeds.Feed – AMAROKFeed quality winter wheat (see note page 5) with shortstraw and excellent standing ability. Suited to early wintersowing and long growing season areas of south-easternAustralia. High yielding with resistance to stem and leafrust and moderately resistant to moderately susceptible tostripe rust. Marketed by GrainSearch.Feed – FRELONAn awned feed grade red winter wheat with very high yieldpotential. It is a long season variety similar to Mackellarand can be suitable for dual purpose applications whenearly sowing is possible. Resistant to stripe rust and leafrust but susceptible to stem rust. Suited to high rainfallenvironments of SW Victoria and Gippsland. Bred by PBICambridge and developed for Australia by PGG WrightsonGrain and GrainSearch. Marketed by AGF Seeds.Feed – LR BEAUFORTA red grained feed only variety. A mid to long seasonawnless variety with strong straw suited to early midseason sowing in medium to high rainfall environments.Resistant to leaf rust, resistant to moderately resistant tostripe rust and susceptible to to very susceptible to stemrust. Tested as LR1078 and marketed by GrainSearch.Feed – PRESTONMay achieve APW quality in Victoria. An awned shortishsemi dwarf variety which is resistant to lodging. Resistantto moderately resistant to stripe rust, resistant to leaf rustand susceptible to very susceptible to stem rust.Susceptible to CCN. Tested as HRZ.03.6297.2 andmarketed by AWB Seeds.Feed – SQP REVENUEA red grained feed quality winter wheat variety which isshort in stature. Has good early vigour with similar maturityto Mackellar and high yield in initial testing. Resistant tostem, stripe and leaf rust. Bred by AusGrainz and CSIRO,tested as CSIRO 95102.1 and marketed by GrainSearch.NoteWinter wheats; These should only be grown in high rainfall,long growing season environments such as southernVictoria. They have the major advantage of adaptability to awide range of sowing times provided sowing takes placebefore mid winter to allow their cold requirement to be met.Maturity varies once their cold requirement has been met.This winter habit delays flowering in early sowings, thusreducing the risk of frost damage.Feed/Dual purpose – MACKELLERFeed quality in Victoria. A dual purpose red grained,awnless late maturing winter wheat for grazing/hay as wellas grain production. Resistant to BYDV and moderatelyresistant stem rust, resistant to stripe rust and susceptibleto leaf rust. Tested as LH64C, registered 2001 andmarketed by AWB Seeds.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 5

WheatTable 1: Suggested minimum levels of wheatdisease resistance for the southern regionRustYellow SeptoriAnnual Stem Stripe Leaf leaf a triticirainfallspotLow < 350mmMS-S MS MS MS-S SMedium300-550 mmMS MR-MS MS MS-S MSHigh *> 500 mmMR MR MR MS-S MS* unless a suitable program of disease control by fungicideapplications can be planned and carried out.Table 2: Wheat time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of local departmental agronomistsMALLEE April May June JulyBarham, Chara > X X X X X X X X X X < > X X X X X < X X X X X X X X X X X < < > X X X X X < X X X X X X < X X X X X < > X X X X X <

WheatTable 3: Wheat variety agronomic guideMaximum RainfallQualityVicLow500mmScreenings Maturity Height ColeoplengthLodging Sprouting Head type SoiltoleranceColour Awn Boron AcidBREAD WHEATAxe APW MR E M-S MS M W A IBolac AH M-L M M-H W A I ICarinya AH MR-MS M M M I W A I ICatalina AH MR-MS M M W AL IChara AH MR M-L M M-S M-H W A MI MTClearfield JNZ AH M M W A ICorrell AH MR M M ML M W A MTDerrimut AH MS E-M M-S W A MTEGA Gregory APW W AEGAWedgetail APW MR ML(wM) M M W A I MTEspada APW MR M S W A TEstoc APW? M-L T W A TFrame APW R M M ML L I W A MTGascoigne APW MR M M H W AGBARuby ASW M M W A MTGladius AH MR M M W A TJanz AH MS M M M M I W A I IKellalac APW MS L M M M I W A MI ILivingston AH E-M M M I W A MTLRPB Dakota APW M MR W TLRPB Lincoln AH MR M M M W ALRPB Magenta APW M-L L I W ALRPB Spitfire AH (P) M LMace AH MR E M W A TMerinda AH M M M W APeake AH MR E-M M-S W A TRosella ASWN MS ML(w) M ML M I W A I IScout ML ML MR W A MTSentinel ASW ML M R MTVentura AH MR E-M M M I W A I MTWyalkatchem ASW R E S MS M W AYitpi AH MR M ML ML M T W A MTYoung AH MS E-M M M M-L I W A I MTBISCUIT WHEATBarham ASFT M M H W AL IBowie ASFT MR M M MS M I W AL MIDURUMCaparoi Feed M H MS H IEGABellaroi ADR R M S-M H T W A I IHyperno Feed M M T W A IJandaroi Feed E M MS M IKalka ADR MR M M M M W A TSaintly Feed E AL IFEED WHEATAmarok Feed L S HFrelon Feed L R ALR Beaufort Feed M M R AL MTMackeller Feed L M T R ALPreston FEED/APW S R ASQP Revenue Feed S H R ALLS = late sownMaturity: (w) = winter, VL = very late, L = late, M = mid, E = early, VE = very early.Height; S = short, M = medium, T = tall`Coleoptile length; S = short, M = medium, L = longLodging resistance; L = low. M= medium, H = high Sprouting/Soil tolerance; I = intolerant, T = tolerantHead Colour; W = white, B = black, R = redHead type; A = awned, AL = awnless.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 7

WheatTable 4 : Wheat variety disease rating guideRustCCNStem Stripe Leaf Res TolYellow leaf Septoriaspot triticiRoot lesion nematodeP. neglectus P. thorneiRes Tol Res TolBREAD WHEATAxe MS R-MR MR S - S S-VS MS MS S MS-S MS-S SBolac MR R-MR MS S - MS-S MS S - MS - S S MR-MS R-MRCarinya R-MR MR-MS vr17 MR-MS S S MS S MS-S MI S MR-MS S MSCatalina R-MR MS R-MR R - MS-S MS MS - MS-S - S MR-MS S R-MRChara MR-MS MS-S MS R MI MS-S MS S MT MR MT S S MS MRClearfield JNZ R-MR MS-S MR-MS S I MS-S MR-MS MS-S MI S - S MS-S S R-MRCorrell MR-MS MR-MS MS-S MR - S-VS MR-MS S - MS - S MS MR-MS RDerrimut MR MS-S vr17 R R - S MS-S S - MS-S MI S S S REGA Gregory MR MR R-MR S - S MR-MS* - - MS-S* MT S - MS* REGA Wedgetail MR-MS MR-MS MS S - S MR-MS - - - - S - MS* MR-MSEspada R-MR MR-MS vr17 R MS - MS S MS - MS-S - S MS-S MS-S MR-MSEstoc MR MR-MS MR-MS MR - MS-S S S-VS - - - - MS MR-MS MR-MSFrame MS MS MS-S MR MT S-VS MS MS-S MT S MI S S MS MRGBA Ruby MS MS-S vr27 MR-MS S - MS MS - - MT S MS MS SGladius MR MR-MS vr17 MS MS - MS MS-S MS-S - MS-S - S MS MR R-MRJanz R-MR MS MR-MS S I S MS MS-S MI S MI MS-S MS-S S RKellalac MS-S MR-MS S-VS MR MI S MS-S - - S MT - - - RLivingston MS R-MR R S - MS-S S-VS S - MR MT-MI S S MR-MS* RLRPB Dakota MR SLRPB Lincoln MR R-MR MR S - MR-MS S S - S I S MS MR-MS* R-MRLRPB Magenta R-MR MS MR - - MR-MS MR-MS - -LRPB Spitfire MR MR MS - - MS-S MS* - - - MT MS MSMace MR S-VS vr17 R MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS MR - - - S MS-S MS SMerinda R-MR R-MR vr27 R S - MS-S S-VS* S - MR - MS-S MS* MR* MS-SPeake MR MR-MS R R - S S S - MS I S S MS-S MR-MSRosella MR-MS MR-MS MR S I S MS MS I S - VS S S SScout MR MS vr17 R R - S-VS MS S - - - S S* MR-MS R-MRSentinel R-MR R-MR R S - MS MS-S S - MS MT-MI MS-S S MR-MS MS-SVentura R-MR MS ,Yr17 R S - S MS MS-S - MR MT-MI MS MS-S MR MRWaagan MS S ,Yr27 MR-MS S - MS-S MS-S S - S - S S MS S-VSWyalkatchem MS S R S MI MR MR MR-MS MT-T S* MI S S MS S-VSYitpi S MR-MS MS-S MR MT S-VS MR-MS MS MT S - S MS MS MRYoung MR MS Yr17 MR R - MR-MS MR-MS S - MS - S MS-S MR* MSBISCUIT WHEATBarham MR MS-S Yr17 MR-MS MR-MS - MS MS-S MR - MS - S MS-S MS MR-MSBowie S S Yr17 MS MR-MS MT MS-S MS MR MT MS MI S S MR-MS MSDURUMHyperno R MR R-MR MS - MR-MS - MR-MS - - - VS - MR _Kalka R-MR MR R-MR MS MT MR MS MR-MS - R* - VS - - RSaintly R-MR MR MR-MS* MS - M-R MR-MS MR-MS - - - VS - MR* -FEED WHEATLR Beaufort S-VS R-MR R - - MR-MS MS - - - - MS-S - - RBrennan MS R-MR R - - MS MR - - - - - - MS-S RFrelon S R R* - - MS MR - - - - - - - VS*Mackellar MR R S - - MR-MS MR MS - - - - - MS-S MS*Preston S-VS R-MR R* S - S* MR* - - - - MS-S - - S-VSSQP Revenue R R R - - MS-S MR MS - - - S* S-VS MS S# Varieties marked may no longer be resistant due to the occurrence of new races making these varieties susceptible.* These ratings are less reliable and should be treated with caution. Yr17 Has the stripe rust resistance gene Yr17 which is effective againstthe “WA”, “Jackie” and “Jackie Yr27” pathotypes, but ineffective against the “WA Yr17” pathotype for which the expected field rating isshown. Yr27# These lines have effective resistance against the “WA”, “WA Yr17” and “Jackie” pathotypes, but will be more susceptible tothe to the “Jackie Yr27” pathotype. The degree of susceptibility is, however, unknown.R= Resistant MR = Moderately resistant MS = Moderately susceptible S = Susceptible VS = Very susceptibleT = Tolerant MT = Moderately tolerant MI = Moderately intolerant I = IntolerantCrownrotCommon FlagBlack tip*root rot smut8 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatTable 5: Victorian wheat varieties - Domestic Flours Millers Assessment, interpretation provided by DavidHogan, Quality Operations Manager for Laucke Flour Mills.VarietyPreferredgradeMaxclassgradeEnd ProductcategoryPlantbakeryArtisanbreadsCommentAxe APW APW 1 1 Very poor water absorption, strong dough characteristicsand long mix timeBolac AH AH 2 2 Marginal AH - strong dough characteristicsCarinya AH AH 3 1 Acceptable AH quality - has low Water Absorption &strong doughCatalina AH AH 1 1 Marginal water absorption, very strong dough with slightlylong mix timeChara AH AH 1 2 Optimum value as separate segregation due to excessmix requirement.Clearfield Jnz AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH qualityCorrell AH AH 3 1 Acceptable AH qualityDerrimut AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakeryEspada APW APW 1 2 No rapid dough baking data availableFrame APW APW 3 2 Good APW quality- has short extensionJanz AH AH 3 Acceptable AH quality - has water absorption at lowerlevel of acceptabilityLivingston AH AH 3 2 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakeryGBA Saphire APW APW 1 1 Marginal APW - has strong dough and long mix.Gladius AH AH 1 2 Very strong dough properties with excessive mix timeGuardian APW APW 1 Has poor water absorption, strong dough characteristicsand long mix timeKellalac APW APW 2 Acceptable APW quality - has weak dough & poor bakeMagenta APW APW 2 1 Marginally acceptable for plant bakeriesMerinda AH AH 3 3 Has strong and extensible dough propertiesPeake AH AH 3 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakery.Some speciality uses.Ventura AH AH 3 1 Appears acceptable as AH quality to suit plant bakeryWaagan ASW ASW 1 1 Not preferred - Poor bake performanceWyalkatchem APW APW 3 1 Good APW quality - but marginal water absorbtionYitpi AH AH 3 2 Acceptable AH qualityYoung AH AH 2 2 Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix timeNew varieties – indicative assessments onlyEGA Gregory APW APW 2 1 Limited data available for VicEGA Kidman AH AH 2 2 Preliminary results indicate AH QualityGascoigne APW APW 2 1 Marginal APW - poor extensibilityMace AH AH 3 1 Preliminary results indicate AH QualityPreston APW APW 3 1 Potentially suitable APW qualityScout APW APW 2 1 Marginally suitable APW, marginal long mix requirementOn the quality scale, a rating of 3 is preferred for a particular varietal end-use, 3 preferred, 2 suitable, 1 not suitableTable 5: (Continued): Victorian wheat varieties - Domestic Flours Millers Assessment, interpretationprovided by David Hogan, Quality Operations Manager for Laucke Flour Mills.End product categoryVarietyPreferredGradeMaxClassgradeBiscuit Cake HotplategoodsCommentBarham Soft SF1 3 2 Acceptable Biscuit qualityBowie Soft SF1 3 3 2 Acceptable Biscuit qualityWyuna Soft SF1 3 3 1 Acceptable Biscuit qualityYenda Soft SF1 3 2 Acceptable Biscuit qualityLorikeet Noodle ANW 2 2 3 Acceptable Noodle qualityRosella Noodle ANW 2 3 3 Acceptable noodle or biscuit quality, depending onprotein level.On the quality scale, a rating of 3 is preferred for a particular varietal end-use, 3 preferred, 2 suitable, 1 not suitableVictorian Winter Crop Summary 9

WheatTable 6: Wheat disease guide.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source ControlFOLIARLeaf rust Puccinia triticinia Small orange-brownpowdery pustules onleaf.Stem rust Puccinia graminis f.sp. triticiStripe rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp. triticiSeptorianodorum blotch(Glume blotch)Septoria triticiblotchYellow spotBYDVGRAINBuntStagonosporanodorumSeptoria tritici(Mycosphaerellagraminicola)Pyrenophora triticirepentisBarley yellow dwarfvirusTilletia laevisT. triticiRed-brown, powdery,oblong pustules withtattered edges on leafand stem.Yellow powdery pustulesoften in stripes onleaves.Leaf lesions with minuteblack spots, leaf death.Can infect the head.Leaf lesions with minuteblack spots, leaf death.Leaf lesions often withyellow border, leaf death.Yellowing, dwarfing ofinfected plants,interveinal chlorosis,reduced seed set.Seed contains a black,foul smelling mass ofspores. Affected grain isnot accepted at silos.Flag smut Urocystis agropyri Stunted plants withblack, powdery streaks inleaves.Loose smut Ustilago tritici Black powdery heads ondiseased plants.ROOT/CROWNCommon root BipolarisrotsorokinianaCrown rotCereal cystnematode(CCN)Rhizoctoniabare patchRoot lesionnematodeTake-allFusariumpseudograminearum, F.culmorumHeterodera avenaeRhizoctonia solani(AG 8)Pratylenchus thorneiand PratylenchusneglectusGaeumannomycesgraminis var. triticiBrowning of the roots,sub-crown internode andthe stem base. Brownspots on leaves. Whiteheads and pinched grain.Browning of stem bases,crown and sometimesroots. White heads andpinched grain.Yellow, stunted plantswith knotted roots, oftenin patches.Patches of stunted plantswith yellow-red erectleaves. Spear tippedroots.Reduced tillering, ill thrift;a lack of root branchingand lesions on roots.Blackening of roots, stembases and crown. Plantstunting with white headsand pinched grain.Develops in spring. Favouredby mild (15°C–22°C) moistweather.Can develop from mid springinto summer. Favoured bywarm (15–30°C) humidweather.Can develop throughout thegrowing season. Favoured bycool (8–15°C), moist weather.More common in early sowncrops and in wet springsMore common in early sowncrops and in wet springs.More severe in closerotations, when wheat issown into wheat stubble.Most common in perennialgrass pastures and in earlysown crops.Potentially region wide.Most likely in crops sownearly in warm soils.Region wide.Scattered through crop.More severe following a wetwinter and dry spring,especially on heavy soilswhich are poorly drainedLight soils and well structuredclays where cereals arecommon.Associated with reducedtillage and poor weed controlin Autumn. Discouraged bysoils with high organic matter.Favoured by wheat in rotationwith chickpea, medic andvetch.Favoured by a wet spring witha dry finish.Airborne spores fromliving wheat plants.Airborne spores fromliving plants (wheat,barley, durum andtriticale).Airborne spores fromliving wheat and barleygrass plants.Initially airborne sporesreleased from stubble,and then spread by rainsplashed spores withincrop.Initially airborne sporesreleased from stubble,and then spread by rainsplashed spores withincrop.Ascospores from stubbleinfect plants. Thensecondary spread is byairborne spores in spring.A virus transmitted byaphids from infectedgrasses and cereals.Spores on seed coatinfect seedling before itemerges.Soil and seedbornespores.Infected seed is thepredominant source.Soil borne on grass andcereal residues. Also asspores in the soil.Soil borne on grass andcereal residues.Present in most soils inthe southern region.Fungus carries over inorganic matter in thesoil. Wide host range.Survive as dormantnematodes in the soil.Soil borne on grasshosts and cerealresidues.Resistant varieties, controlvolunteer summer-autumnwheat. Seed dressingsand foliar fungicides.Resistant varieties, controlvolunteer summer-autumnwheat and barley. Foliarfungicides.Resistant varieties,fungicides (seed, fertiliserand foliar), controlvolunteer summerautumnwheat.Resistant varieties, foliarfungicides, seedtreatments, stubbleremoval.Resistant varieties, foliarfungicides, seedtreatments, stubbleremoval.Stubble removal, croprotation, foliar fungicides,resistant varieties.Resistant varieties, seedtreatments and/orinsecticide treatments tocontrol aphidsSeed applied fungicide.Resistant varieties, seedappliedfungicide.Seed-applied fungicide.Crop rotation, one yearfree from hosts.Crop rotation. Avoid highlysusceptible varieties,especially durum wheat.Resistant varieties, twoyear break fromsusceptible cereals andgrasses, in particular wildoats.Pre-cropping weed control,chemical fallow, cultivation,modified sowing eq’ment.Group B herbicides mayincrease severity on somesoil types. Read the label.Crop rotation usingresistant crops andresistant varieties.Crop rotation, at least oneyear free of hosts (cerealsand grasses, especiallybarley grass). Fungicideapplied to seed or fertiliser.This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases (Grains Researchand Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (Grains Research and DevelopmentCorporation, SARDI).10 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatTable 7: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions, main season, expressed as apercentage of the yield of Yitpi or Janz (North East). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in thatarea.Main SeasonMallee Wimmera Nth Cent Nth EastYitpi t/ha 2.0 2.69 2.85Janz t/ha 3.62BREADAnnuello 93(77) 95(39) 95(27) 99(28)Axe 104(33) 105(18) 101(10) 105(14)Beaufort * 105(5) 111(3) 115(6)Bolac * 97(7) 99(7) 104(11)Bullet 103(15) 101(11) 102(6) 104(9)Carinya 95(28) 96(14) 99(9) 105(10)Catalina 97(33) 97(12) 99(7) 102(11)Chara 85(47) 91(41) 96(34) 93(38)Clearfield Jnz 88(50) 90(5) * 98(3)Correll 103(44) 102(18) 102(10) 105(14)Crusader 88(6) 90(4) 92(6) 96(9)Dakota 92(15) 94(6) 97(6) 99(9)Derrimut 101(44) 103(18) 102(10) 105(14)EGA Bounty 84(9) 90(5) * 97(6)EGA Kidman 87(9) 88(5) * *EGA Wedgetail * * 92(3) 96(8)EGA Wentworth 95(20) 97(11) 97(6) 100(8)EGA Wills * * * 92(9)Endure 94(9) * * *Espada 104(33) 105(12) 104(7) 109(11)Frame 93(87) 93(43) 95(26) 98(28)Gasgoigne 99(9) 99(5) * 106(6)GBA Ruby 100(41) 100(20) 102(15) 108(23)Gladius 106(42) 104(17) 103(9) 107(14)Guardian 98(24) 100(12) 101(7) 104(8)Hornet 96(6) 96(4) * 101(8)Janz 93(75) 94(36) 96(29) 100(39)Kellalac * * 93(3) 98(3)Lincoln 101(33) 101(12) 102(6) 106(9)Mace 102(9) * * *Magenta 101(33) 102(12) 102(3) 108(7)Merinda * 97(5) 99(7) 103(11)Orion * 94(5) * 102(6)Peake 102(44) 101(18) 99(10) 101(14)Preston * * * 105(6)Pugsley 98(48) 102(21) 101(17) 108(27)Rosella 82(14) 81(44) 90(34) 91(42)Scout 107(9) 106(5) * *Sentinel * 97(18) 99(12) 104(16)Ventura 93(28) 92(15) 96(14) 102(19)Waagan 105(26) 105(8) 104(8) 109(11)Wyalkatchem 100(67) 100(18) 99(9) 101(19)Yitpi 100(93) 100(43) 100(28) 101(28)Young 104(52) 103(23) 101(14) 107(19)BISCUITBarham 98(9) 98(31) 97(22) 100(29)Bowie 94(4) 95(37) 94(25) 99(34)Victorian Winter Crop Summary 11

WheatTable 8: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions, long season,expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kellalac. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of siteyears in that area.Long SeasonNorth East South WestKellalac t/ha 3.18 4.66Amarok (Feed) 96(5) 103(14)Barham (Biscuit) 104(3) 101(9)Beaufort (Feed) 125(4) 126(12)Bolac 115(7) 117(21)Chara 104(9) 104(28)Derrimut * 109(3)Diamondbird 99(8) 95(19)EGA Bounty * 105(3)EGA Eaglehawk 106(6) 99(18)EGA Gregory 110(6) 103(18)EGA Wedgetail 102(10) 102(30)Endure 107(3) 105(9)Espada * 114(3)Frelon 103(3) 117(10)Gascoigne * 108(9)Janz * 99(4)Kellalac 100(10) 100(31)Mackellar (Feed) 109(4) 113(28)Marombi (Feed) * 109(6)Naparoo 98(3) 96(9)Preston * 117(9)Rosella 96(3) 97(10)Rudd (Feed) 105(4) 105(22)Sentinel 111(6) 107(18)Tennant (Feed) 99(6) 102(28)12 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatTable 9: Yield of wheat varieties in 2010 Victorian Mallee trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield ofYitpi.Birchip Hopetoun M’Tang Merrinee M’Ville Q’Took Ultima Walpeup W’LangYitpi t/ha 4.08 4.53 3.12 2.12 4.14 3.98 3.09 3.21 3.93AGT Katana 101 87 92 91 106 92 99 89 101Axe 98 77 94 82 103 107 96 79 104Catalina 90 85 82 91 95 83 91 83 92Clearfield Stl 97 104 94 89 90 93 108 88 90Correll 105 102 94 102 98 96 97 88 104Derrimut 100 86 91 100 92 96 91 93 90Espada 91 113 99 97 100 95 99 86 106Estoc 101 103 101 98 109 98 96 103 104Frame 91 108 92 94 91 88 95 95 91Gladius 92 91 93 88 100 93 90 85 94Lincoln 103 89 93 96 99 97 96 91 105Magenta 103 108 93 93 93 103 99 98 105Peake 92 89 87 91 95 94 94 90 102Scout 118 101 101 101 107 115 103 104 112Wyalkatchem 90 92 107 105 95 81 106 74 97Yitpi 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Young 96 82 77 85 99 90 98 86 89Site Mean (t/ha) 4.14 4.32 3.04 2.06 4.23 3.9 3.17 2.9 4.03CV (%) 3.38 5.67 5.28 3.86 3.1 3.74 5.12 5.75 6.13LSD (%) 6 10 9 7 5 7 9 10 10Table 10: Yield of wheat varieties in 2010 Victorian Wimmera trials, expressed as a percentage of the yieldof Yitpi.Brim Corack Horsham Kaniva MinyipYitpi t/ha 3.39 2.54 4.70 4.59 3.71AGT Katana 92 106 105 110 111Axe 102 79 101 90 113Barham 89 85 92 100 100Bolac 93 * * * *Catalina 86 87 99 95 94Chara 80 94 110 84 112Clearfield Jnz 89 82 108 90 109Clearfield Stl 92 73 101 92 107Correll 100 99 94 104 118Derrimut 75 66 104 94 105Espada 100 100 97 95 109Estoc 100 112 116 111 119Frame 91 76 83 92 80Gladius 95 84 107 94 112Kennedy 79 49 * * *Lincoln 97 79 108 89 117Magenta 94 95 100 87 91Orion 106 96 88 87 88Peake 87 79 106 101 98Scout 101 137 110 96 119Sentinel 97 93 110 63 119Wyalkatchem 94 83 124 117 124Yitpi 100 100 100 100 100Young 96 75 91 94 91Site mean (t/ha) 3.26 2.37 4.92 4.39 4CV (%) 3.73 9.62 6.18 7.75 5.72LSD (%) 6 16 13 16 12Victorian Winter Crop Summary 13

WheatTable 11: Yield of wheat varieties in 2010 Victorian North Central and North East (main season) trials,expressed as a percentage of the yield of Yitpi (NC) and GBA Ruby (NE). NB: The Diggora and Dookie siteswere treated with fungicide for stripe rust control.North CentralNorth EastDiggora Mitiamo Dookie Wunghnu YarrawongaYitpi t/ha 5.69 4.47 * * *GBA Ruby t/ha * * 5.1 5.23 1.66Axe 112 89 79 93 100Barham 116 82 107 79 226Beaufort 127 * * 61 274Bolac 110 124 84 97 178Bullet 114 * * * 190Catalina 104 95 90 88 189Chara 111 97 91 89 227Clearfield Jnz 102 96 82 78 141Clearfield Stl 109 76 122 74 201Correll 96 115 105 98 212Derrimut 101 92 91 80 227EGA Gregory 119 113 99 97 186Espada 111 104 119 103 177Estoc 112 116 110 98 241Frame 96 98 111 76 192GBA Ruby 112 71 100 100 100Gladius 107 94 98 100 114Janz 105 * * 87 208Kennedy 107 71 * 71 110Lincoln 102 127 82 95 192Livingston 113 107 69 97 184Magenta 114 78 107 77 111Orion 120 96 123 73 261Peake 102 90 74 86 165Scout 128 111 136 103 159Sentinel 109 112 87 107 130Spitfire 111 132 114 95 222SQP Revenue * * 88 106 254Ventura 116 97 112 73 195Yenda 110 59 87 74 213Yitpi 100 100 100 92 193Young 112 69 102 78 177Site Mean (t/ha) 6.21 4.56 4.98 4.78 2.94CV (%) 3.7 6.65 10.46 5.39 9.95LSD (%) 8 11 23 9 2014 Victorian Winter Crop Summary

WheatTable 12: Yield of long season wheat varieties in 2010 Victorian North East and South West trials,expressed as a percentage of the yield of Kellalac.North EastSouth WestRutherglen Hamilton StreathamKellalac t/ha 4.89 2.94 4.61Barham 87 102 86Beaufort 105 142 106Bolac 101 102 96Bowie * 74 *Chara 88 104 93Derrimut 102 119 97EGA Bounty 85 78 79EGA Gregory 72 * *EGA Wedgetail 89 83 82Endure 93 98 89Espada 92 99 92Estoc 101 99 93Frelon * 149 94Kellalac 100 100 100Kennedy 80 * 83Lincoln * 102 96Mackellar * 95 95Mansfield 109 130 89Naparoo * 60 70Orion 121 97 89Preston 126 118 114QAL2000 * 105 *Sentinel 70 73 89SQP Revenue 107 116 100Yenda 93 105 98Site Mean (t/ha) 4.54 2.91 4.15CV (%) 9.1 11 8.42LSD (%) 21 18 14Table 13:Yield of Durum varieties expressed as a percentage of the yield of EGA Bellaroi in 2010 VictorianWimmera trial.KanivaYield % EGA BellaroiEGA Bellario t/ha 4.22Caparoi 97EGA Bellaroi 100Hyperno 105Jandaroi 92Tjilkuri 109Site Mean (t/ha) 4.14CV (%) 4.63LSD (%) 8ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesGrant HollawayDPI HorshamFrank HenryDPI HorshamAshley PurdueDPI HorshamSteve HoldenDPI HamiltonGrains Chemistry Laboratories DPI HorshamUniversity of SydneyCol WellingsLaucke Flour MillsDavid HoganBridgewaterVictorian Winter Crop Summary 15

BarleyINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Grain growers will remember the 2010/2011 season forrecord rainfall in many regions, record barley yields and awet harvest.Many Victorian growers found that even when theirGairdner barley crop was laying flat on the ground like ablanket it was still worth the long arduous days ofharvesting at less than 4 km/hr as many growers stillachieved malt specifications across the Wimmera andsouthern Mallee.The excellent opening rains in April 2010 created greatpromise for producers across Victoria. Growers whotreated seed for disease prevention and followed up withpreventative fungicide sprays acted wisely. This strategymay again be appropriate in 2011.Spot Form of Net Blotch (SFNB) was prevalent during 2010with the constant rain showers and damp growingconditions allowing the diseases to flourish. Barley YellowDwarf Virus (BYDV) was also evident in more than twentypercent of barley crops in Victoria. Varietal resistanceremains a low cost tactic to manage diseases wherechoices exist.Disease will again be a major concern for barley growersacross Victoria in 2011 as self sown barley created a greenbridge in January/February 2011. This barley contributes tothe survival of diseases such as scald, SFNB and leaf rust,allowing them to infect newly sown crops.There is limited resistance to scald and powdery mildew inbarley varieties. Moist conditions in 2011 will be ideal forthe development of these diseases. Growers should avoidearly sowing and use seed dressings and foliar fungicides.BARLEYThe feed varieties Oxford and Scope have beencommercialised and will be available for 2011 sowing.Whilst NVT yield data for these varieties is limited (2010only) they have been included in the summaries below, inanticipation of widespread interest and suitability withinVictoria.Maltsters buying for the Australian and export beer marketsstill favour the quality of Baudin barley.The Hulless Barley Breeding Program in Adelaide, SouthAustralia, bred and released in September 2009 the hullessbarley Finness (WI3930). Yield data indicates that thisvariety out yields Torrens (hulless barley) by ten to twentypercent.The decision to grow either a malting or feed variety maydepend on one or more factors, including; the difference inpayments between malting and feed grades related to yielddifferences, the probability of producing a malting gradebarley, availability of malting storage segregations instorage facilities and disease resistance and agronomicconsiderations. For long term stability in farm returns andmarket supply and demand, farmers now growing only feedvarieties should consider including some malting varietiesin their cropping program. However, it is important thatgrowers contact grain marketers to discuss market demandprior to sowing a malting variety. Malting barley is grown,stored and sold on a variety specific basis and it isimportant to ascertain if the variety chosen is able to bestored and marketed in your area.The following chapter on barley briefly summarises some ofthe key comparative information, more detailed informationcan be found at www.nvtonline.com.au. Up to date anddetailed information on cereal diseases can be downloaded from the DPI website www.dpi.vic.gov.auWhere cereal cyst nematode (CCN) levels are high,susceptible barley varieties such as Schooner, Scope,Sloop, Buloke, Baudin, Oxford and Gairdner should beavoided to limit carryover of the pest.Varieties have been listed below according to qualityclassification grade and in alphabetical order and not inorder of preference.There were some incidences in the south west of Victoriawhere some grain in barley heads missed filling due to adramatic temperature fluctuation (28°C to overnight 3°C)during grain fill. Managing for an environmental event likethis in the future is difficult.There were some reports of cleaved barley in cropsharvested post rainfall in early December. However therewere many crops which still achieved malt classifications.Barley Australia with the recommendation from the MaltingBarley Industry Brewing Technical Committee (MBIBTC)announced that Hindmarsh barley would not be endorsedas an Australian malting barley variety. Hindmarsh is nowclassified as a feed barley.Gairdner continues to be the dominant barley variety sownin the south west of the state. Despite the difficult harvestconditions it has still performed very well.Sloop types are clearly out classed by newer maltingvarieties that have greater market demand, both domesticand export.16Victorian Winter Crop Summary

BarleyVARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeders Rights applyMalting barley - BAUDINReleased in 2004 Baudin is mid season maturity. Baudin isan alternative malting quality variety to Gairdner in 375-500mm rainfall districts, but should not be grown in areaswith greater than 500 mm annual average rainfall due toleaf disease susceptibility. Baudin is more susceptible toscald and leaf rust than Gairdner, with superior grainplumpness in years with dry and hot spring conditions. Thevariety is a shorter plant type than Gairdner and less likelyto lodge. Seed available from AWB seeds.Malting barley - BULOKEAn early to mid season maturing variety released in 2004.Buloke has best adaptation in regions of southern Australiawith 325mm – 450mm annual rainfall. Buloke has mediumstraw strength, similar to Gairdner, moderately good headretention, similar to Sloop VIC and is tolerant of pre harvestsprouting similar to Gairdner. Average grain plumpness issimilar or slightly inferior to Schooner but superior toGairdner. Buloke has a growth habit similar to Barque, withslower growth compared to all Sloop varieties and is tall,similar to Barque. Buloke is susceptible to cereal cystnematode (CCN). In Victoria, Buloke flowers about thesame time as Schooner, and about 3-4 days later thanSloop SA. Buloke has export malt quality similar toFlagship. Seed available through AWB Seeds.Malting barley - COMMANDERCommander is a mid to late maturing variety best suited to375-500mm rainfall districts. Commander is susceptible toleaf rust and scald, moderately susceptible to susceptibleto SFNB, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible toNFNB. Commander has a domestic malt quality profile, butmay have some export market opportunities. The grainsize of Commander is superior to all malting barleyvarieties. Currently Commander is recommend only fornorthern NSW and Southern QLD barley growing regions.Commander is available through Viterra Seeds.Malting barley - FAIRVIEWFairview is a moderately late maturing variety releasedunder contact by Malteurop in 2008. Fairview is best suitedto 400-600mm rainfall districts. The yields of Fairview aresimilar to Gairdner and Commander in these districts. Thegrain plumpness of Fairview is superior to Gairdner. Thedisease profile of Fairview is not yet fully documented inAustralia. Limited seed is only available under contractthrough GrainSearch, Geelong. Fairview has an exportmalt quality profile and must be marketed throughMalteurop.Malting barley - FLAGSHIPFlagship, an export malt variety released in 2006, is a tall,early to mid season maturity variety similar in plant type toSchooner and Sloop and best suited to 350-450mm rainfallregions. Flagship is resistant to CCN and Pratylenchusneglectus. Flagship overall has a high level of foliar leafdisease resistance in the target growing areas. Flagshiphas excellent early vigour and weed competitiveness butexhibits very severe symptoms of boron toxicity, especiallyin low rainfall years. Flagship is prone to pre harvestgermination and head loss if harvest is delayed. Flagshiphas a modest straw strength, with lodging resistancesimilar to Schooner, is free threshing and has goodresistance to head loss, significantly better than Schooner.ABB Seeds hold the seed licence. Seed available throughSeedmark Pty Ltd.Malting barley - FRANKLINLimited Franklin is grown in Victoria.Malting barley - GAIRDNERA moderately late maturing variety released in 1998.Gairdner is best suited to 400-600mm rainfall regions. Inseasons with favourable spring finishes Gairdner can yieldwell in lower rainfall districts however not necessarily withinmalting specifications. Gairdner is very susceptible toSFNB and growers concerned about this disease shouldavoid this variety. Gairdner has good resistance to NFNBand powdery mildew, but is susceptible to very susceptibleto scald. Gairdner is known for high screenings in a dryspring, Gairdner has grain size inferior to all other maltingvarieties with good head retention, slightly inferior toBaudin. The variety is inherently low in grain protein (0.7%lower than Schooner) and appropriate nitrogenmanagement is essential to avoid excessively low proteinlevels. Gairdner has a domestic malt quality profile but hasbeen accepted in some export markets. Markets forGairdner are established and stable at this point in time.Gairdner has no EPR. Seed available through SeedmarkPty Ltd.Malting barley - SCHOONERReleased in 1983 Schooner is a widely adapted, midseason variety. Schooner is susceptible to CCN,susceptible to very susceptible to powdery mildew,moderately susceptible to leaf scald and moderatelysusceptible to susceptible to SFNB scald and moderatelyresistant to moderately susceptible to NFNB. Schooner isnow considered outclassed by Baudin, Buloke andFlagship for export markets. Schooner has no EPR.Malting barley - SLOOP - SLOOP SA - SLOOP VicAll Sloop types are malting varieties of similar maturity toSchooner, providing good adaptation over a wide range ofenvironments, especially low rainfall regions. They haverelatively poor leaf disease resistance and seed should betreated with systemic seed treatments. SloopVic is CCNresistant with moderate boron tolerance. SloopSA hasshown greater tendency for head loss than Sloop.Declining market demand has resulted in limited areas ofall Sloop types in Victoria. All varieties have beenoutclassed by Buloke and Flagship with regards to maltingtypes and Hindmarsh as a feed variety.Malting barley - VLAMINGHReleased from Western Australia in 2006, Vlamingh is bestsuited to the 250-500mm rainfall zones. Vlamingh yieldsare significantly lower than Buloke in all growing regions ofVictoria. Seed available from COGGO seeds.Feed barley - BARQUEBarque, released in 1997, is recommended for the 325-400mm rainfall regions. Yields of Barque are similar toBuloke in the Mallee and Wimmera regions but are inferiorto the newer feed varieties Hindmarsh, Fleet and Keel.Barque has vigorous early growth and is relatively tall atharvest. Barque is resistant to CCN, very susceptible toscald and moderately resistant to SFNB. Hindmarsh, Fleetand Keel are replacements for Barque.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 17

BarleyFeed barley - CAPSTANA high yielding feed variety released in 2003 andrecommended for 400mm plus rainfall regions. Capstanhas short stiff straw with excellent head retention andwould be suitable for growers targeting very high potentialyields. It has very high screenings in lower rainfall districts.Capstan is resistant to CCN while being susceptible to leafscald, moderately susceptible to susceptible to SFNB andleaf rust and moderately resistant to NFNB. Seed availablefrom Viterra Seeds.Feed barley - COWABBIEReleased in 2004, Cowabbie has a short straw length withgood strength hence is resilient to lodging. Cowabbie isvery susceptible to the NFNB and susceptible to the SFNBand moderately resistant to powdery mildew and leaf scald.Due to the presence of alternative high yielding, maltaccredited varieties Cowabbie is not recommended forVictoria. Seed available from Viterra Seeds.Feed barley - FLEETA feed quality barley, released in 2004, best suited to 325-400mm rainfall regions as an alternative to Hindmarsh andKeel. Fleet has superior adaptation to deep sandy soilscompared to Keel. Fleet is resistant to CCN andmoderately resistant to moderately susceptible to SFNB,NFNB, scald and powdery mildew. In general thisrepresents a high level of foliar disease resistance andhence makes Fleet a good choice when planting back onbarley in lower rainfall districts. Fleet has improved physicalgrain quality compared to Keel and Barque but has lowertest weight than Hindmarsh. Seed is available from ViterraSeeds.Feed barley - HINDMARSHAn early maturing semi-dwarf feed variety with exceptionalyield potential, especially in drier years. Hindmarsh wasreleased by DPI Victoria in 2006. It is recommended for the325-450mm rainfall regions. Hindmarsh long term (2000-2009) yield is the highest of any barley variety for theMallee, Wimmera and North central regions of Victoria.Hindmarsh is CCN resistant, but susceptible to SFNB andmoderately susceptible to powdery mildew and leaf rust.Hindmarsh is free threshing and has good resistance tohead loss, significantly better than Schooner. Hindmarshhas excellent grain plumpness and also has the highesttest weight of any feed variety. Seed is available throughAWB Seeds.Feed barley - KEELA high yielding, early maturing, feed-quality barley releasedin 1999. Keel is recommended for 325-400mm rainfallregions. It performs best on heavy soil types with lowfertility. Keel is not suitable for sandy soils, where Barque ispreferred. Keel produces plump grain similar to Barque,along with low screenings, however has low test weight.Keel is a shorter plant type compared to Barque and Fleet,has good head retention and is easier to thresh thanBarque. Keel is resistant to CCN, moderately resistant tothe SFNB and NFNB and very susceptible to leaf rust. Keelseed is licensed to Viterra Seeds and there is no EPR.Feed barley - MARITIMEMaritime is an early maturing, moderately tall, CCNresistant feed variety with excellent tolerance tomanganese deficiency, such as is found on the lower YorkePeninsula region of South Australia. In areas withoutchronic manganese deficiency, yields of Maritime aresimilar to Barque and Keel. Test weight of Maritime issuperior to Barque and Keel. Maritime is an alternative toBarque and Keel, especially in areas with low soilmanganese or where there is difficulty in obtaining high testweights. Maritime performs well on sandy soils comparedto Keel. Seed is available from Viterra Seeds.Feed barley - OXFORDOxford is a new feed quality variety (with potential formalting) developed by the Nickerson/PlantTech breedingand selection program and released across SE Australiaduring 2009. Oxford is best suited to the medium to highrainfall regions, 350-600mm, and should not be plantedafter mid June. The disease profile of Oxford is not yet fullydocumented in Australia. Initial yield data suggest Oxfordhas a limited role in Victoria. While Oxford is susceptible toCCN and spot form net blotch, it has good resistance toleaf rust , leaf scald and powdery mildew. Oxford iscurrently undergoing vigorous malt and brewing evaluationby the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley TechnicalCommittee (MBIBTC). Oxford was bred by Nickerson UKand seed is available through Seedmark.Feed barley - SCOPEScope is a tall, early to mid season maturing barley withmoderate to high yield potential across a range of mediumrainfall environments. Its disease resistance profile is verysimilar to Buloke with the main concern being susceptibilityto some leaf rust strains. It has been released as a feedvariety but also commenced Barley Australia maltingaccreditation with scheduled completion in March 2013.Work is ongoing to apply for a registration for use of anappropriate BASF Clearfield herbicide on Scope withan outcome expected prior to seeding in 2011. Scope willbe available for seeding in 2011 exclusively through resellersthat have a current Clearfield accreditationand is available through AWB Seeds.Feed barley - TANTANGARATantangara is a high yielding feed variety with short strongstraw susceptible to barley grass stripe rust. Seed isavailable from Viterra Seeds.Feed barley - TULLAReleased in 2003, Tulla is best suited to 375-450mmrainfall regions. This early to mid maturity variety is an acidsoil tolerant, semi-dwarf feed variety which has good strawstrength. Tulla is moderately resistant to the SFNB andmoderately susceptible to NFNB and very susceptible topowdery mildew. Early May-mid June sowing. Yield datasuggests that this variety has a limited role in Victoria.Seed available from Waratah Seeds.Feed barley - UNICORNUnicorn was introduced into Western Australia from Japanthrough a joint project between Kirin Australia andUniversity of Western Australia in 1998. Unicorn is anextremely early maturing variety with CCN resistance.Seed available from Seedmark Pty Ltd.18Victorian Winter Crop Summary

BarleyFeed barley - URAMBIE (WB234)Released from New South Wales in 2005, Urambie offersan alternative feed variety comparable in yield to Binalongin the north. Yield data indicates it has a limited role inVictoria.Feed Barley – WESTMINSTERA mid to late maturity variety with medium to tall and stiffstraw and improved head retention. Grainsearch indicate itis moderately resistant to powdery mildew and NFNB,resistant to moderately resistant to leaf rust, moderatelysusceptible to scald and moderately susceptible tosusceptible to SFNB. Westminster is currently undergoingmalt and brewing evaluation by the Malting and BrewingIndustry Barley Technical Committee. It was bred byNickerson International Research and is marketed throughGrainsearchFeed barley - YAMBLAAn acid soil tolerant feed barley, Yambla is suited to earliersowings. A semi-dwarf, taller than Tantangara, with highergrain yield than Yerong in grazed and ungrazed trials.Feed barley - YARRAYarra is a moderately late maturing feed variety withprostrate early growth habit developed by DPI Victoria in2005. It is best adapted in regions with 375-450mm annualrainfall, particularly well suited to the Yorke and Lower EyrePeninsula regions of South Australia. Yarra was releasedto provide a leaf rust resistant feed barley for growers onthe Yorke and Lower Eyre Peninsula of South Australia.Yarra has equal or higher hectolitre weight compared to allother feed varieties and excellent grain plumpness. Yarra isCCN resistant, very susceptible to powdery mildew and leafscald, moderately susceptible to NFNB but moderatelyresistant to SFNB and resistant to leaf rust. Seed isavailable from Viterra Seeds.Hannan (WABAR2321) , Lockyer (WABAR2288) ,Roe (WABAR2310)Three feed varieties released by DAFWA in August 2007.Hannan is a tall early maturity variety, Lockyer is a semidwarf with mid to late season maturity and Roe a mediummaturity variety. All varieties are currently being evaluatedwithin the Victorian NVT trials, the adaptation, diseaseprofile and potential of these varieties is yet to beascertained in Victoria. Seed of these varieties is licensedto COGGO Seeds in WA and will not be commercialised inEastern Australia due to lack of adequate diseaseresistance.Hulless barley - FINNISSA hulless barley released in 2009 after being evaluated asWI3930 is targeted at food and animal feed markets.Finniss is a semi dwarf type with a mid maturity similar toSchooner. Finniss’ main disease weakness is its moderatesusceptibility to the net form net blotch; however thedisease profile of Finniss is not yet fully documented.It is a semi dwarf type with mid maturity like Schooner.Grain yield is similar to Schooner and well above otherhulless types such as Torrens. Limited seed available in2011 from Viterra Seeds.Potential Release VarietiesWI4262 is best suited to high rainfall environments. WI4262is moderately resistant to Scald and NFNB, moderatelysusceptible to SFNB and resistant to Powdery Mildew.WI4262 is currently under review of the Malting andBrewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC).GS1234 released by Grainsearch in 2008. GS1234 isrecommended for the high rainfall, 450-600mm regions.GS1234 is a late maturing variety similar to Gairdner.Limited seed is only available under contract throughMaltEurope, Geelong, for the 2010 season.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 19

BarleyTable 1: Barley time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.MALLEE April May June JulyBaudin, Gairdner , Vlamingh > X X X X X < X X X X X X < < > X X X X X < X X X < < < X X X X X < > X X X X X X X < > X X X X X X < X X X X X X X < X X X X < X X X X X < X X X X X X < > X X X X X X < > > X X X X X < > X X X X < > X X X X < < X X X X X X X X X < > X X X X X X < > X X X X X < X X X X X X < > X X X X X < > X X X X X X X < > X X X X < X X X X X X X < > X X X X X < > X X X X X < > X X X X X < < > X X X X < earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable20Victorian Winter Crop Summary

BarleyTable 2: Barley disease guide.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source ControlFOLIARScaldNet blotchspot formNet blotchnet formPowderymildewRhynchosporiumsecalisPyrenophora teres f.maculataPyrenophora teresf. teresBlumeria graminisf.sp. hordeiWater soaked areas onleaves. Lesions appeargrey/green thenbleached with brownmargins.Dark brown spots to 10mm, with yellowmargins.Small brown spots thatdevelop into dark brownstreaks on leaf bladesthat have net likeappearance.White powdery sporeson upper leaf surfaces,underside of leaves turnyellow to brown.Leaf rust Puccinia hordei Small circular orangepustules on upper leafsurface.Stem rust Puccinia graminis Large red-brownpustules. Rupture of leafand stem surface.BGSR(barley grassstripe rust)Puccinia striiformisBYDV Barley yellow dwarf(Barley yellow virusdwarf virus)WirregablotchRingspotDrechslerawirreganensisDrechsleracampanulataHalo spot PseudoseptoriastomaticolaGRAINCovered smut Ustilago segetumvar. hordeiYellow powdery pustulesin stripes on the leavesYellow stripes betweenleaf veins, some leavesred. Sterile heads anddwarfing plants.Brown blotches oftenwith hole in centre.Small brown rimmedspots on leaves.Small white-brownlesions.Dark, compacted heads,grain replaced by smutballs.Loose smut Ustilago tritici Dark brown powderyspores replace grain.Years with frequent rain,and early sown crops.Infection from stubbleespecially in wet autumnconditions.Spores can be producedfor over 2 years onstubble. Moist conditions,temperatures in the 15-25°C range.Favoured by high humidityand temperature of 15-22°C. Worse in highfertility paddocks and earlysown crops.Moist conditions withtemperatures in the range15-22°C.Infection requirestemperatures in the 15-30°C range and moistconditions.Can develop throughoutthe growing season.Virus is transmitted byaphids.Minor occurrence.Common and widespreadin southern Australia.Cool, moist conditions.Spores germinate ininfected grain whentemperatures are between14-25°C.Moist conditions atflowering and whentemperatures are between16-22°C.Residues of barley andbarley grass. Can beseedborne. Sporesspread by rainsplash.Barley and barleygrass stubble, alsoairborne spores frominfected crops.Survives on infectedbarley and barleygrass residues. Windborne spores.Volunteer barley,barley grass and cropresidue. Airbornespores.Living plant hostsincluding barley, barleygrass and Star ofBethlehem.Living plant hostsincluding volunteercereals (wheat, barley,triticale and rye).Barley grass andsusceptible barleyvarieties.Hosts include allcereals and manygrasses.Range of grass weedsand cereal stubble.Wide range of cerealsand grass weeds.Barley seed in cropresidue infected withfungus.Residues of barley andgrasses. Rainsplash.Infected seed.Infected seedResistant varieties, cleanseed, manage barley andbarley grass debris. Seedand foliar fungicidesControl barley grass andmanage barley stubble.Avoid very susceptiblevarieties. Foliar fungicides.Resistant varieties, croprotation and stubblemanagement.Resistant varieties. Seedand foliar fungicides.Use resistant varieties andcontrol volunteer barleyand barley grass oversummer/autumnUse resistant varieties andcontrol volunteer wheat,triticale and barley oversummer/autumn.Avoid susceptible varietiesResistant varieties.Chemical control of aphidsmay be suitable for highvalue crops.Crop rotation. Avoidgrowing susceptiblevarieties, control grassweedsCrop rotation and weedcontrol.Disease is not of economicimportance.Use disease free seed,resistant varieties, seedtreatments.Use disease free seed andseed treatments. Avoidsusceptible varieties.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 21

BarleyTable 2: (continued) Barley disease guide.ROOT/CROWNDisease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source ControlCrown rotPythium rootrot (Dampingoff)Rhizoctoniabare patchCommon rootrotCereal cystnematode(CCN)Root lesionnematodeTake-allFusariumpseudograminearum,F. culmorumPythium spp.Rhizoctonia solaniAG-8‘Whiteheads’ ordeadheads most obviousafter flowering, pinkdiscolouration under leafsheaths.Stunted seedlings,reduced tillering, palestunted or stubby rootswith light brown tips.Stunted plants with apale or purple tinge.Bare patches inpaddock. Spear tippedroots.Bipolaris sorokiniana Brown discolouration ofroots, sub-crowninternode and crown.Plant stunting, brownspots on leaves andreduced tillers.Heterodera avenae Yellow, stunted plants.Knotted roots.Pratylenchus thornei& Pratylenchusneglectus.Gaeumannomycesgraminis var. tritici(Ggt)Reduced tillering, illthrift; lesions on roots,lack of branching of rootsystem.Stunted or yellowingplants, ‘whiteheads’ atheading.Most common on heavy orpoorly drained soilsFavoured by moist, humidconditions withtemperatures between 15-30°C.Favoured by wetconditions. Increased riskwhere high rainfall occursafter sowing.Associated with reducedtillage and poor weedcontrol in the autumn.Discouraged in soils withhigh organic matter.Scattered through crop.Light soils and wellstructured clays wherecereals are commonlygrown.Favoured by cereals inrotation with chickpea,medic and vetch.Fungus thrives underwarm, damp conditions.Survives in infected Crop rotation, stubblestubble residue for up to removal, cultivation.2 years. Hosts includewheat, barley, triticaleand some grasses.Spores survive in soilor plant debris for upto 5 years.Fungus carryover inthe soil. Wide hostrange.Wheat, barley, triticaleand rye.Present in most soilsin the southern region.Survives as dormantnematodes in the soil.Fungus survives oversummer in crowns androots of wheat, barleyand grass plants.Avoid deep sowing intocold wet soils, especiallywhen direct drilling. Ensuregood nutrient levels.Pre-cropping weed control,chemical fallow, cultivation,modified sowingequipment. SU herbicideson some soils mayincrease severity. Alwaysread the label.Crop rotation.Resistant varieties, breakfrom susceptible cerealsand grasses, particularlywild oat.Crop rotation usingresistant crops andresistant varieties.Crop rotations, at least oneyear free of hosts (cerealsand grasses, especiallybarley grass). Fungicideapplied to seed or fertiliser.This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases(Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (GrainsResearch and Development Corporation, SARDI)Table 3: Barley variety disease reactions.NetLeaf blotch Powderyscald Spot Net mildewLeafrustCereal Root lesion nematodecyst nematode p. neglectus p. thorneiBYDVRes Tol Res Tol Res TolMALTING BARLEYBaudin S-VS S MS# S-VS VS MR S T MR-MS* - - - RBuloke MS MS MR MR S-VS S S T - - - - RCommander S MS MR-MS# MR-MS S S R T MR* T-MT RFlagship MS MR-MS MR MR-MS MS-S S R T MR - MR-MS T RGairdner S-VS S-VS MR-MS MR MS-S MR S T MR MT MR-MS MI RSchooner MS MS-S MR-MS S-VS S-VS S S T MR-MS MT R MT RVlamingh MR-MS MS-S MR S S MS S T - - - - RFEED BARLEYBarque VS MR MS MR-MS MS-S S R T R-MR MT MR MT MRCapstan S MS-S MR-MS# MR MS-S S R T MR T - - MRFleet MS MR-MS MR MR-MS MS-S S R T - - - MT RHindmarsh S-VS S MR-MS# MS MS-S S* R T - - - - RKeel MS MR MR# MS VS S R T MR T MR - MSMaritime S MS MR# S MS S R T MR T - - STantangara MR-MS S-VS MS VS MR-MS S S T - - - T-MT SYarra S-VS MS-S MR-MS S-VS R S R T - - - - R* These ratings are less reliable and should be treated with caution# Varieties marked may be more susceptible if alternative strains are present.Disease resistance; R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, T = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant , MS = moderatelysusceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptibleBarleygrassstriperust22Victorian Winter Crop Summary

BarleyTable 4: Barley variety agronomic guide.Height Maturity Head loss Plump grain rating* LodgingMALTING BARLEYBaudin S M MR 7 RBuloke MT ME M 6 MFlagship M ME S 7 MSFranklin MS L MR 1 RGairdner M M-L MR 5 RSchooner M ME S 7 MSSloop M ME MR 8 MR-RSloop SA M ME S 8 MRSloop Vic MT M MS 8 MSVlamingh MT ME * 8 *FEED BARLEYBarque MT M MR 6 MSCapstan VS ML R 5 RCowabbie M E MS-MR 6 MRFleet M ME * 7-8 *Keel MS VE MR 5 MRHindmarsh S-MS VE MR 6-7 R-MRMaritime T ME MR 7 MSTantangara MS M MR 5 R-MRTulla MS ME MR 5-6 R-MRUrambie MS L MR 5 R-MRYambla MS L MS 5 MRYarra MS ML MR 7 MR-MSHeight; T = tall, MT = moderately tall, M = medium, MS = moderately short, S = shortMaturity; VE = very early, E = early, ME = moderately early, M = mid season, L = lateHead loss and lodging; R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible* Plump grain: relative scale: 1=small or unreliable grain size; 9=large or reliable grain sizeVictorian Winter Crop Summary 23

BarleyTable 5: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Schooner (Mallee) or Gairdner. The numbers in brackets indicate the number ofsite years in that area.Main SeasonLong SeasonMallee Wimmera North Central North East South West South WestGairdner t/ha 2.70 2.72 4.04 2.17 5.48Schooner t/ha 2.34MALTBaudin 102(58) 102(35) 97(22) 98(10) 90(6) 95(14)Buloke 109(52) 105(29) 103(19) 102(9) 102(5) *Commander 111(51) 107(29) 105(19) 105(9) 103(5) 104(12)Fairview 103(9)Flagship 104(45) 99(24) 95(18) 95(8) 90(4) 92(3)Franklin 84(45) 87(38) 88(26) 90(15) 85(10) 92(29)Gairdner 100(71) 100(45) 100(29) 100(15) 100(11) 100(29)Schooner 100(76) 93(45) 92(29) 91(15) 87(11) *Sloop 101(58) 95(35) 95(19) 94(11) 91(10) *Vlamingh 102(28) 100(13) 98(8) 98(3) * 97(18)FEEDBarque 108(76) 102(41) 99(19) 99(11) 96(10) *Capstan 109(22) 108(29) 102(19) 103(9) 98(5) 104(18)Cowabbie 102(10) 100(10) 99(4) 99(3) * 97(8)Finniss (Hulless) * 92(13) 89(10) 88(4) * 88(12)Fleet 114(29) 112(14) 108(11) 107(4) * 102(3)Hannan 109(21) 106(9) 102(8) 99(3) * *Hindmarsh 121(29) 117(16) 110(12) 106(5) 106(3) *Keel 114(72) 112(41) 102(27) 100(15) 93(9) *Lockyer 114(6) 110(10) 106(5) 106(3) * 109(11)Macquarie 100(12)Maritime 106(36) 104(19) 100(4) * * 91(14)Oxford 105(6) 97(6) 100(3) * * *Roe 111(28) 109(13) 103(7) * * 96(3)Tantangara 103(21) 104(15) 98(8) 100(6) 95(4) 100(5)Tulla 103(3) * * * * 98(3)Urambie * * * * * 103(5)Westminster 103(6)Yarra 109(59) 104(35) 100(21) 102(12) 99(5) 97(6)24Victorian Winter Crop Summary

BarleyTable 6: Yield of barley varieties in 2010 Victorian Mallee trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield ofSchooner.Birchip Hopetoun Murrayville Rainbow Ultima Walpeup WoomelangSchooner t/ha 3.06 3.88 3.93 3.62 2.82 3.04 3.30MALTBaudin 121 137 110 128 106 99 136Buloke 105 129 122 123 112 118 118Commander 101 145 118 136 119 100 144Flagship 105 115 106 112 90 110 94Gairdner 93 127 106 131 111 114 151Schooner 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Sloop SA 118 115 105 103 119 107 108Sloop VIC 103 114 105 104 107 98 106Vlamingh 103 128 116 128 123 103 134FEEDBarque 106 118 107 117 116 118 123Fleet 114 141 118 118 106 123 137Hindmarsh 129 124 113 122 141 111 138Keel 107 106 93 110 118 130 109Maritime 118 129 110 120 108 120 130Oxford 122 154 124 151 151 109 164Scope 111 142 122 135 122 115 116Sheperd 70 130 98 120 85 97 108Yarra 93 141 113 143 116 120 123Finnis (Hulless) 98 126 99 115 104 95 119Site Mean (t/ha) 3.11 5.03 4.37 4.5 3.18 3.41 4.02CV (%) 13.16 6.71 4.66 5.32 8.67 4.49 5.66LSD (%) 21 11 7 9 15 7 10Table 7: Yield of barley varieties in 2010 Victorian North Central and North East trials, expressed as apercentage of the yield of Gairdner.North CentralNorth EastBalliang Charlton Colbinabbin KatamtiteGairdner t/ha 3.05 1.57 3.45 4.26MALTBaudin 76 106 97 94Buloke 92 160 99 100Commander 106 129 103 110Fairview 130 * 121 105Flagship 105 114 82 91Gairdner 100 100 100 100Schooner 74 120 78 84Vlamingh 94 185 116 101FEEDCapstan 113 175 122 112Finniss (Hulless) 89 129 85 85Fleet 114 94 100 104Hindmarsh 97 145 109 102Keel 82 89 71Macquarie 109 131 110 113Oxford 153 178 133 126Scope 98 157 97 84Shepherd 117 56 75 *Westminster 141 174 111 106Yarra 107 110 105 104Site Mean (t/ha) 3.27 1.89 3.41 4.32CV (%) 5.43 14.15 6.91 5.67LSD (%) 9 23 11 9Victorian Winter Crop Summary 25

BarleyTable 8: Yield of barley varieties in 2010 Victorian Wimmera trials, expressed as a percentage of the yieldof Gairdner.Brim Kaniva MinyipGairdner t/ha 3.84 3.64 3.20MALTBaudin 83 98 67Buloke 99 113 122Commander 105 116 100Flagship 87 99 89Gairdner 100 100 100Schooner 80 86 77Vlamingh 108 123 119FEEDCapstan 103 115 113Finniss (Hulless) 93 105 83Fleet 94 98 81Hindmarsh 103 107 101Keel 84 92 68Macquarie 95 101 75Maritime 92 89 70Oxford 111 116 86Scope 93 103 127Shepherd 86 27 81Westminster 103 87 101Yarra 91 84 92Site Mean (t/ha) 3.62 3.48 2.99CV (%) 5.92 10.54 13.67LSD (%) 10 17 22Table 9: Yield of barley varieties in 2010 Victorian South West trials, expressed as a percentage of the yieldof Gairdner.Hamilton Streatham TeesdaleGairdner t/ha 4.15 3.11 4.89MALTBaudin * * 120Commander 113 103 125Fairview 113 118 137Franklin 105 100 99Gairdner 100 100 100Schooner * * 113Vlamingh 116 106 123FEEDCapstan 129 104 131Finniss 92 85 109LockyerMacquarie 106 101 111Maritime 98 86 111Oxford 142 132 148Westminster 93 112 134Site Mean (t/ha) 4.45 3.27 5.97CV (%) 7.77 8.74 6.97LSD (%) 12 14 11ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesMary RaynesDPI HorshamGrant Hollaway DPI HorshamFrank HenryDPI Horsham26Victorian Winter Crop Summary

INTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010New oat varieties are released regularly but often onlylimited evaluation of their characteristics and performanceis available compared to other field crops.Variety selection should be based upon agronomic traits,potential grain quality and marketing or end use options.Most crops are grown for animal feed and quality attributessuch as protein and digestibility are important and can varybetween varieties.Rust in oats was reported in 2010 but seasonal conditionsdid not favour a devastating outbreak. Limiting inoculum forrust diseases by controlling the green bridge in theprevious summer autumn therefore remains important.Selection from some newer varieties with superior rustresistance compared to older varieties is alsorecommended.BYDV was another disease observed in 2010, againprobably due to the prevalence of a green bridge. As wellas controlling the green bridge monitoring for aphids and,where warranted, controlling them is important. Red leatherleaf was another disease observed in 2010. Control hintsare in Table 2 below.The extreme rainfall events prior to and during harvest in2010 caused lodging and down grading of grain. In someinstances hay production was negatively impacted.Avoiding these impacts was generally beyond the scope ofchoice of management option.The choice to grow oats compared to other crops is indeedas important as the selection of an appropriate variety.Oats are often thought of as an “easy” crop to grow butattention to detail is required to produce high yields andquality. Weed control options remain limited compared toother cereal crops and timely grain harvest is important asmost varieties shed their grain easily.OATSOatsMilling oat – POSSUMA dwarf variety to replace Echidna for milling in medium tohigh rainfall regions with improved grain quality. It ismoderately susceptible to stem and leaf rust and verysusceptible and intolerant to CCN. Late sowing may resultin yield penalty. Developed by SARDI and tested asSV91024-7, released 2002 and marketed by AWB Seeds.Milling oat – YALLARAMedium to tall similar to Euro, which it is intended toreplace. Has resistance to stem and leaf rust which may bebeneficial in seasons when stem rust limits yield. Resistantbut intolerant to CCN. Developed by SARDI, tested asSV97001-13-4. Marketed by Viterra Seeds.Feed/milling oat – ECHIDNAA widely adapted high yielding, semi dwarf variety formilling and feed. Outclassed by Possum and Mitika formilling quality and Mitika and Quoll for feed quality.Moderately tolerant to stem nematode but susceptible ormoderately susceptible to all foliar diseases and CCN.Released 1984 by SARDI.Feed oat – POTOROOA widely adapted early feed grain semi-dwarf variety.Suited to low rainfall areas where CCN is a problem.Potential to use for hay production in high rainfall areaswhere lodging in tall varieties is a problem. Susceptible ormoderately susceptible to all foliar diseases. Resistant andtolerant to CCN. Released 1991 by SARDI.Feed/hay oat – QUOLLSuitable for feed grain. Potential to use for hay productionin high rainfall areas where lodging is a problem in tallvarieties. A high yielding, semi-dwarf variety with highprotein potential and good grain digestibility, but seldom outyields Echidna and is not widely adopted. Medium levels ofhusk lignin. Moderately resistant to stem and leaf rust.Susceptible and intolerant to CCN. Tested as 87080,released 1998.The option of oats for hay has become popular wheregrowers have identified it as profitable, as a tool to manageherbicide resistance and to spread risk. Independentcomparative data on variety performance for hay is limiteddue to the lack of a coordinated industry approach, inparticular levies or funding for research and development.The following chapter on oats briefly summarises some ofthe key comparative information, more detailed informationcan be found at www.nvtonline.com.au. Up to date anddetailed information on cereal diseases can be downloaded from the DPI website www.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeders Rights apply.Milling oat – EUROA high quality milling variety. Very susceptible to stem rustand resistant but intolerant to CCN. Of short-tall height.Released 1994 by SARDI.Milling oat – MITIKAA dwarf variety with improved leaf and stem rust resistancecompared to Possum. It is also a high feed value oat. It hasa similar grain quality to Possum. It is not suited to areaswhere CCN is a problem. Released 2005 and marketed bySeedmark Pty Ltd.Feed/hay oat – WANDERINGA feed oat of early to mid season maturity. Susceptible tostem and leaf rust. Susceptible and intolerant of CCN.Tested as WAOAT2052 and released 1999 by Departmentof Agriculture WA.Hay/feed oat – KANGAROOMid to late season moderately tall oat. Its later floweringtime makes it less suited to low rainfall environments.Suitable variety for grain or hay. Released 2004. Growerswanting to purchase seed need to contact an AEXCOExport Hay Processor.Hay/feed oat – MULGARAA mid season tall oat targeted as a replacement forWintaroo where stem nematode is a concern. It is animprovement on Wintaroo in terms of lodging resistance,stem rust and bacterial blight resistance. Seed availablethrough AEXCO Pty Ltd.Hay/feed oat – TAMMARLate season tall hay oat variety for medium and highrainfall zones which provides a slightly later cutting timethan Tungoo and Kangaroo. Tammar has an excellentfoliar disease resistance profile with improved stem rustresistance compared to Tungoo. Limited seed may beavailable in 2011 through AEXCO Pty Ltd.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 27

OatsHay/grazing/feed oat – BRUSHEREarly season tall oat. Resistant to leaf rust and resistant butmoderately intolerant to CCN. Released 2003. Growerswanting to purchase seed need to contact an AEXCOExport Hay Processor or SAFCA seed growers.Hay/grazing/feed oat – WINTAROOTall, mid-season variety released as a replacement forMarloo in all rainfall zones. Resistant and moderatelytolerant to CCN, moderately susceptible to leaf rust butsusceptible to stem rust. Tested as SV88083-4 andreleased 2001. Growers wanting to purchase seed need tocontact an AEXCO Export Hay Processor or SAFCA seedgrowers.Grazing/hay/feed oat – YIDDAHA tall strong strawed early- mid maturing feed variety. Haslarge grain with high test weight and protein percentage. Ismoderately resistant to leaf rust but intolerant of CCN.Released by NSW Agriculture in 2001 and marketed byWaratah Seed Co.Grazing/hay oat – TARGALong season variety suitable for grazing and hay.Susceptible to stem and leaf rust. Moderately resistant andintolerant to CCN. Registered 2001 and marketed byUnigrain Pty Ltd.Hay oat - GLIDERA late maturity variety with excellent foliar diseaseresistance. Moderately susceptible and intolerant to CCN.Suited to high rainfall regions. Tested as 82CS6046 andQuaker 83-140 and released 1999 by SARDI.Hay oat - TUNGOOTouted as first oat with resistance or moderate resistanceto all limiting foliar diseases. However, stem rust nowmoderately susceptible. Resistant and moderately tolerantto CCN and stem nematode, resistant to leaf rust and redleather leaf and moderately resistant to BYDV, bacterialblight and septoria. Hay yield similar to Kangaroo but grainyield poor. Tested as SV95137-6-3. Seed available throughAEXCO Pty Ltd.Table 1: Oat time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomistsMALLEE April May June JulyMILLINGEchidna, Euro, Mitka, Yallara,FEEDPotoroo, QuollHAYKangaroo, Mulgara, WintarooGRAZINGWintaroo> X X X X X X < X X X X X X < X X X X X X < X X X X X X < > X X X X X < < > X X X X X < < > X X X X X X X < < > X X X X X X X < < > X X X X X < < > X X X X X < < X X X X X X X X < < > X X X X X X X < <

OatsTable 1: (continued) Oat time of sowing guide.NORTH EAST April May June JulyMILLINGEchidna, Euro, Possum, YallaraFEEDEurabbie, Mulgara, Quoll, TammarHAYEurabbie, Glider, Mulgara, Tammar, Tungo,WintarooGRAZINGEurabbie, Gwydir, Tungoo> X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X < < X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X < < X X X X X X X X X < < X X X X X X X X X < < earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptableTable 2: Oat disease guideDisease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts ControlFOLIARLeaf rustStem rustSeptoriablotchBYDVHalo blightStripe blightPowderymildewRed leatherleafPucciniacoronataf.sp.avenaePucciniagraminisf.sp.avenaePhaeosphaeriaavenariaBarley yellowdwarf virusPseudomonassyringae pv.CoronafaciensPseudomonassyringae pvstriafaciensBlumeriagraminis f.spavenaeSpermosporaavenaeSmall circular orangepustules on upper leafsurface.Large red-brownpustules, rupture in leafsurface.Dark brown purple spotson leaves, sheaths &stems. Head and grainmay become infected.Leaf tip and marginsturn red with intervienalchlorosis, mottling andstunting.Light green, yellow orbrown halo spot onleaves and sheaths.Leaves may wither anddie.Spots on leaveslengthen to form brownstripes on leaves &sheaths. Leaves maywither & die.White powdery sporeson upper leaf surfaces.Underside of leaves turnyellow to brown.Long reddish lesionswith buff centres.Leaves may look andfeel leathery.More severeduring moistconditions withtemperaturesbetween 15-22°C.Infection requireswarm (15-30°C)moist conditions.Prefers coolrainy weather,especiallycoastal districts.Transmitted byaphids.Moist weatherprovides idealconditions.Moist weatherprovides idealconditions.Favoured byhigh humidityandtemperaturesbetween 15-22°C.High rainfallprovides idealconditions.Volunteer oats and wildoats.Volunteer oats and wildoats.Spores spread inautumn by raindropsplashes from oatresidues.Hosts include all cerealsand grasses, includingpastures.Bacteria on seed andcrop debris are spreadby rain splash, directleaf contact, or aphids.Bacteria on seed andcrop debris are spreadby rainsplash, direct leafcontact, or aphids.Volunteer oats, oatstubble, windbornespores.Resistant varieties.Control volunteer andwild oats over thesummer.Resistant varieties.Control volunteer andwild oats over summer.Resistant varieties. Croprotation, bury or grazeinfected stubble. Avoidearly sowing in highrainfall areas.Resistant varieties.Chemical control ofinsects may be suitablefor high value crops.Avoid susceptiblevarieties, use clean seedin clean paddocks.Destroy infected oatstubble.Avoid susceptiblevarieties, use clean seedin clean paddocks,destroy infected oatstubble.Avoid very susceptiblevarieties.Stubble and rain splash. Avoid susceptiblevarieties and rotatecrops. Remove infectedoat stubble.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 29

OatsTable 2: (continued) Oat disease guideGRAINSmutUstilagesegetum var.hordei. AndUstilage avenaeROOT / CROWNCereal cyst Heteroderanematode avenae(CCN)StemnematodeRoot lesionnematodeDitylenchusdipsaciPratylenchusthornei &Pratylenchusneglectus.Grain replaced with darkbrown-black powderyspores.Yellow or pale greenpatches in crop.Stunted, weak plantswith knotted rootsystems.Swollen base of plant,stunted & numeroustillers.Reduced tillering, illthrift; lack of branchingof root system, lesionson roots.Moist conditionsat flowering andtemperaturesbetween 15-25°C.Can survive insoil betweensusceptiblecereal crops forup to 2 years.Encouraged bymoist conditions& can reproduce4-5 times perseason.Favoured bywheat in rotationwith wheatchickpea, medicand vetch.Air borne spores lodgein hulls, glumes or seedcoats.Cereals and somegrasses, especially wildoats.Wide host rangeincluding peas, beans,wild oatsand manyweeds. Nematodespread in infected hay.Survives as dormantnematodes in the soil.Clean seed and useseed treatment. Avoidsusceptible varieties.Resistant or tolerantvarieties, crop rotation,weed control.Crop rotation and weedcontrol. Avoidsusceptible varieties.Crop rotation usingresistant crops.This table has been developed from information in the publications Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Root and Crown Diseases(Grains Research and Development Corporation, SARDI) and Wallwork H (2000) (Ed) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases (GrainsResearch and Development Corporation, SARDI).Table 3: Oat variety agronomic guide and disease reactions.End Height Maturity Hectolitre CCN Rust BYDV Stem nematode Septoria Bacterialuseweight Res Tol Stem Leaf Res TolblightMILLING OATSEchidna M/F D EM M S I S S MS MS MT S SEuro M MT EM H R I VS S MR-MS S I MS MSMitika M D E H VS I MR R S S I S MRPossum M TD EM H VS I MS MS S S I MS SYallara M MT EM H R I MR R MR-MS S I MS MR-MSFEED OATSPotoroo F TD E L R T S S MS S MI S VSQuoll F TD EM ML S I MR MR MS R MT MR MSHAY/GRAZEING/FEEDBrusher H/G/F T EM M R MI MS R MS MS I MS MR-MSGlider H MT L ML MS I MR R S-MR R T R RKangaroo H MT ML M R MT MS-S MR- MS MS MI MR-MS MR-MSMSMulgara H T EM M R MT MS MR MS R MT MS MRTammar H MT LM L R MT MR MR MS R MT MR MRTarga G/H L MR I S STungoo H MT ML L R MT MS MR MR-MS R MT MR MRWandering F D EM S I S S S SWintaroo H/G T EM M R MT S MS MR-MS R MT MR-MS MR-MSYiddah H/G T E MH I MR MR MTEnd use; M = milling, F = feed grain, G = grazing, H = hay Height; D = dwarf, M = medium, T = tallMaturity; E = early, M = mid season, L = lateHectolitre weight; H = heavy, M = medium, L = lightDisease resistance; R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptibleDisease tolerance; T = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant30Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Table 4: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Echidna. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area.North Central North East South WestEchidna t/ha 2.24 2.32 3.76Carrolup * * 89(4)Dalyup * * 99(7)Echidna 100(12) 100(10) 100(46)Euro 96(14) 92(12) 91(46)Kojonup 98(7) 96(5) 98(15)Mitika 101(14) 100(12) 97(46)Mortlock 86(13) 83(11) 79(42)Numbat 64(4) * 61(10)Possum 100(14) 102(12) 95(46)Potoroo 103(14) 102(12) 98(46)Quoll 102(12) 99(10) 102(44)Wandering * * 102(5)Yallara 96(11) 95(9) 92(27)OatsTable 5: Yield of oat varieties in 2010 Victorian trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield of MitikaNorth CentralNorth EastEastville Elmore DookieMitika t/ha 1.92 3.85 2.52Euro 13 52 104Mitika 100 100 100Numbat 39 59 101Possum 50 87 117Quoll 176 112 168Yallara 31 63 107Site Mean(t/ha) 1.2 3.1 2.97CV (%) 10 5.9 10.81LSD (%) 16 10 16ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesFrank HenryDPI HorshamGrant HollawayDPI HorshamDale GreyDPI CobramSteve HoldenDPI HamiltonSA Research & Development InstitutePamela ZwerWaite InstituteSue HoppoWaite InstituteVictorian Winter Crop Summary 31

TriticaleINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Triticale, a cross between wheat and cereal rye, has aniche on farms across Victoria due to several attributes. Ithas a reputation for tolerance to harsh soil conditions suchas acid and alkaline soils and soils of low trace elementfertility. It is a tall crop bred for strong straw strength whichcan be useful in rocky paddocks or circumstances wherecrops have been known to lodge. Some varieties haverobust CCN resistance which is another attribute valuableto many farming systems. Grain quality also adds to itspopularity for some feed markets. Dual purpose varietiesare available that are suitable for grazing and grainproduction in high rainfall areas.TRITICALECHOPPERAn early maturing, awned semi dwarf variety which resistslodging in high yielding environments. Resistant to CCNand moderately resistant to moderately susceptible tostripe rust. Bred by AGT and tested as TSA0219 andmarketed by Waratah Seeds.HAWKEYEA medium season maturity, fully awned, spring varietywhich has broad adaptation. Resistant to CCN and leafrust, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible tostripe rust and moderately resistant to resistant to stemrust. Tested as TSA0108, released 2007 and marketedthrough AGT Seeds.Stripe rust resistance has been a positive attribute oftriticale. However, new rust strains are breaking down thisresistance. Even some of the newer varieties have somesusceptibility to stripe rust which means it now needs to bea major consideration when selecting varieties.Triticale does have a reputation in some parts of southernVictoria of being more sensitive than wheat to frost thatoccurs at the same time of flowering. The reasons for thisare still not clear but it has been observed that frost whichdamages wheat crops will sometimes appear to causeeven more serious yield losses in nearby triticale crops,Variety selection should take account of the above factorsand how they add value to a particular farming system. Upto date rust resistance ratings should be consulted forvariety choice as previous ratings may have changed dueto new rust strains becoming established.The following chapter on triticale briefly summarises someof the key comparative information, more detailedinformation can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au. Up todate and detailed information on cereal diseases can bedown loaded from the DPI website ww.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeders Rights applyBERKSHIREA mid season awned variety with good straw strength.Resistant to leaf rust, moderately resistant to stem rust andmoderately susceptible to stripe rust. Has been purposebred for feed quality traits for pigs. Bred by University ofSydney and Pork CRC and tested as JRCT74. Marketed byWaratah Seed Co Ltd.BOGONGAn early to mid season fully awned variety with adequateresistance to rust diseases. Unlikely to be CCN resistant.Bred by University of New England and tested as H127.Marketed by Viterra Seeds.JAYWICKAn early to medium maturity, fully awned spring varietywhich has displayed good yields in tough finishing seasons.Resistant to CCN and leaf rust. Moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to stripe rust and moderatelyresistant to resistant to stem rust. Tested as TSA0124,released 2007 and marketed through AGT Seeds.SPEEDEEA vigorous, fast maturing spring triticale for grainproduction. Resistant to stem and leaf rust, susceptible tovery susceptible to stripe rust and CCN. Suitable for shortgrowing season environments or late sowing situations.Tested as TX93-19-IE, registered 2002 and from 2011 willbe a non PBR variety.TAHARAA variety that has been widely grown for many yearsbecause of its reliability across a range of environments. Itis a mid-season variety which remains popular in manyareas despite the release of potential replacementvarieties. It may lodge in high yielding environments.Resistant to CCN, stem and leaf rust, moderatelysusceptible to stripe rust. Suited to most districts withrainfall up to 550 mm. Released 1987 by the then VictorianDPI.TICKITA widely adapted variety with straw that is shorter andstronger than Tahara and with similar maturity and grainquality. Moderately susceptible to stripe rust and resistantto CCN. Tickit is considered a replacement for Tahara in allregions where Tahara is grown. Registered 1999 and seedfreely available.TREATWide adaptation and medium maturity, a few days earlierthan Tahara, with improved test weight. Resistant to stemand leaf rust and root lesion nematode, moderatelyresistant to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Suited tomost districts. Registered 1998.CANOBOLASMid season awned variety with stiff straw shorter thanTahara. Acid soil tolerant. Resistant to stem and leaf rustand moderately susceptible to susceptible to stripe rust.Bred by the University of New England and tested as H418. Marketed by Viterra Seeds.32Victorian Winter Crop Summary

TriticaleDUAL-PURPOSE TRITICALESThese varieties can be grazed early and then allowed toproduce grain or cut for hay.BREAKWELLLong season, semi-awnless, dual purpose triticale withCCN resistance. In NSW DPI trials it has shown excellentstraw strength with better dry matter production andsuperior grain yield compared to Jackie. Moderatelysusceptible to stripe rust. Flowers later than Jackie.Tested as AT 519, registered 2004 and marketed byWaratah Seeds.ENDEAVOURLong season variety with similar maturity to Breakwell,semi-awnless with excellent dry matter production andgrain recovery after grazing. Resistant to stem, leaf andstripe rust. Tested as AT528 and marketed by WaratahSeeds.RUFUSMid season maturity variety with a tall growth habit andreduced awns which is favoured for hay production.Resistant to and tolerant of CCN and moderately resistantto moderately susceptible to stripe rust. Grain yields inhigher rainfall regions have been superior to Tahara.Tested as PT344. Released in 2005 by University of NewEngland. Seed widely available.TOBRUKWith a strong winter habit Tobruk is a dual purpose or longseason grain only variety with excellent grain yield.Resistant to stem and leaf rust and moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to stripe rust. Earlier flowering thanBreakwell and Endeavour. Tested as AT574 and marketedby Waratah Seeds.YUKURIA reduced awn type of medium to late season maturity.Resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust. Yukuri is anoption as a fodder type which produces good quality hayand silage. As a grain crop it is best suited to environmentswith 450mm plus rainfall. Marketed by Seed DistributorsTable 1: Triticale time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.MALLEE April May June JulyBerkshire, Chopper, Hawkeye, Jaywick,Rufus, Speedee, Tahara, Tickit, Treat> > X X X X X < > X X X X X X > X X X X X X > X X X X < > X X X < X X X X X X < > X X X X X < earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptableVictorian Winter Crop Summary 33

TriticaleTable 2: Triticale variety agronomic guide and disease reaction.Variety Maturity Height HeadcolourStriperustSeptoriatriticiCCNPratylenchusneglectusPratylenchusthorneiRes Tol Res Tol Res TolBerkshire M S-M W MS(P) - - - - - - -Bogong M M-T W MS - - -Breakwell M T S - R -Carnobolas M M-T W MS-S - - - - - - -Chopper E S-M W MR-MS _ R - - - - -Endeavour L W R-MR - R -Hawkeye M M-T W MR-MS - R T - - - -Jaywick EM M-T W MR-MS - R T MS-MR - - -Rufus M T W MR-MS - R T MR-R MT MR-R MTSpeedee E M-T W S-VS - S T MR-R MT – –Tahara M T W MS R R T MR-R MT R MTTickit M M W MS - R T MR MT MR –Tobruk M-L - W MS-S - - - - - - -Treat M T W MR -– MS T MS-MR MT – –Yukuri M-L - W R-MR - S - - - - -Maturity; E = early, M = mid season, L = late, VL = very lateHeight; M = medium, T = tallColour, W = white, Br = brownDisease, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptibleDisease tolerance, T = tolerant, MT moderately tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant: I = intolerantTable 3: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Tahara. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area.Mallee North East South West South WestLong SeasonTahara t/ha 2.11 3.09 4.04 4.57Bogong 112(5) 118(6) 120(6) *Canobolas 107(5) 116(6) 117(6) *Credit 97(6) 100(14) 97(14) 96(10)Endeavour * * * 97(18)Hawkeye 108(6) 112(8) 114(8) 113(4)Jaywick 106(6) 111(8) 112(8) *Kosciuszko 96(12) 101(15) 99(14) 98(6)Rufus 101(9) 102(4) 101(5) *Speedee 95(13) 95(4) * *Tahara 100(15) 100(19) 100(18) 100(8)Tickit 101(13) 101(13) 102(12) *Tobruk * 111(8) 112(8) 112(14)Yukuri * * * 103(4)34Victorian Winter Crop Summary

TriticaleTable 4: Yield of triticale varieties in 2010 Mallee and North East trials, expressed as a percentage of theyield of TaharaMalleeNorth EastUltima Walpeup Rutherglen YarrawongaTahara t/ha 4.20 2.57 4.13 3.50Berkshire 95 99 110 125Bogong 109 90 118 124Canobolas 102 103 120 104Chopper 107 75 118 117Crackerjack * * 130 69Hawkeye 100 128 106 125Jaywick 93 116 114 116Rufus 101 71 111 104Tahara 100 100 100 100Tobruk * * 125 102Tickit 103 101 * *Tuckerbox * * 101 94Yowie 89 97 88 106Site Mean (t/ha) 4.25 2.49 4.62 3.78CV (%) 5.63 8.91 6.46 5.37LSD (t/ha) 9 15 8Table 5: Yield of triticale varieties in 2010 South West trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield ofTahara (main Season) or Abacus (long Season).Main SeasonLong SeasonInverleigh Streatham Hamilton StreathamTahara t/ha 1.84 3.31 * *Abacus t/ha * * 1.91 1.63Abacus * * 100 100Berkshire 148 111 *Bogong 118 104 *Canobolas 107 106 *Chopper 106 126 *Crackerjack 59 74 125 147Endeavour * * 154 275Hawkeye 202 139 181 269Jaywick 158 142 *Rufus 136 111 *Tahara 100 100 *Tobruk 140 104 156 216Tuckerbox 157 104 118 213Yowie 171 122 166 243Yukuri 210 110 155 234Site Mean t/ha 2.57 3.69 2.89 3.46CV (%) 8.64 5.48 8.32 5.99LSD (%) 14 9 13 10ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesFrank HenryDPI BallaratSteve HoldenDPI HamiltonUniversity of SydneyCol WellingsVictorian Winter Crop Summary 35

CanolaINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010In line with all winter crops, canola benefited from autumnrains in 2010 which allowed for a timely sowing in alldistricts.CANOLANew canola varieties continue to enter the Australianmarket and tend to be high yielding. Growers carefullymanaging their risk need to weigh up the potential benefitsagainst the additional seed costs.However, in the Mallee early sown crops were in somecases wiped out by locusts. Good moisture conditions andthe early sowing time allowed many of these crops to be resown.It remains that seedling canola is very attractive tolocusts and 2011 may again present challenges. Optionsare to delay sowing to avoid locusts, monitor and sprayinsecticides as required or be prepared to re-sow.Ongoing good rainfall totals meant canola crops were highyielding and therefore good income earners in 2010 but thewetter conditions did cause some problems.Blackleg was more severe than in recent past seasons butit was reinforced that if varieties with an R resistance ratingwere sown there were no issues. Selection of varieties withthe higher end resistance ratings continues to be important.The root rot form of blackleg was also very prevalent inareas where water logging was present. The bestmanagement of blackleg is the best management for theroot rot form of blackleg.Water logging on its own was also a problem. Canoladoesn’t like wet feet and where water lies in paddocks it willdie and disappear. Despite this and the wet harvest, canolahas performed reasonably well and most canola in Victoriawill be crushed for oil.Growers are again reminded of the importance of timelysowing of canola, which is more affected by delayedsowing than cereals.Retaining seed is becoming common practice in someareas. Growers should never retain hybrid seed. Sowingretained seed of open pollinated varieties may be falseeconomy and is not recommended, especially following apoor season. If considering retaining seed from openpollinatedvarieties, growers should be aware of the costsassociated with germination testing, grading, storage andpotential weed problems. Also, check if a variety hasreduced resistance to blackleg.Subsoil moisture is also important in the medium and lowrainfall areas, with some advisors advocating a requirementfor a minimum of 25-50 mm plant available water beforesowing. With a wet soil profile heading into 2011 in mostareas, canola warrants consideration for inclusion incropping programs.Canola is an integral part of crop rotations. Wheat yieldsare on average about 20 per cent higher after canola thanafter wheat. Benefits from canola are in weed-cleansingbefore subsequent crops, reduction in grass weednumbers, herbicide resistance management and cerealroot disease reduction.Managing input costs and production risk continues to be apriority for many growers, and there are a number of waysgrowers can do this and keep canola in the rotation. Theseinclude nitrogen management, sowing rates, time ofsowing, variety choice, herbicide tolerance type, avoidinghighly sodic subsoils and sometimes seed costs (weighingup pros and cons of hybrids in lower rainfall areas).Growers can access information on growing canola via theGRDC book, “Canola best practice guide for south-easternAustralia”. The book is available through some DPI offices.In 2009, the blackleg resistance rating system for all canolavarieties was changed to a descriptive scale (eg MR, MSetc.). It should be noted that some varieties will havereduced resistance to blackleg where resistance appears tobe eroding. At the time of publication of this booklet,updated blackleg ratings for 2011 were not available. Therating cited was current at time of publication but it isrecommended that all ratings are checked against the listpublished by the Australian Oilseeds Federation(www.australianoilseeds.com). This list should be updatedby March 2011.The following chapter on canola summarises some keycomparative information on canola. For more detailedinformation see www.nvtonline.com.au. Up to date anddetailed information on diseases can be down loaded fromthe DPI websitewww.dpi.vic.gov.au or from the Canola Association ofAustralia at www.australianoilseeds.comVARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeders Rights applyBlackleg ratings are for 2010, and the legend for theannotations are VS = Very Susceptible, S = Susceptible,MS = Moderately susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistantand R = Resistant.CONVENTIONAL VARIETIESConventional – AV-GARNETMid maturing variety of medium height. Nuseed indicatevery high oil content. Very good blackleg resistance, with arating of MR. Bred by Vic DPI. Tested as RT125. Released2007. Marketed by Nuseed.Hybrid Conventional – CB TM AGAMAXEarly to mid maturing variety. Canola Breeders indicateexcellent early vigour and yields in low to medium rainfallenvironments with good oil content. Anticipated blacklegrating MR. Marketed by Canola Breeders.Hybrid Conventional – HYOLA 50Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid with excellent blacklegresistance and a blackleg rating of R. Suits medium rainfallareas, manageable height, good standability, exceptionalyield potential and has excellent seedling vigour. Bred byCanola Breeders International and Pacific Seeds. Testedas CBI4403. Released in 2007 and marketed by PacificSeeds.Hybrid Conventional - CB TM TAURUSVery late maturing “winter” type potentially a winter grazingoption in high rainfall zones. Canola breeders indicateexcellent early vigour and yield with good oil content.Anticipated blackleg rating of R. Marketed by CanolaBreeders.36Victorian Winter Crop Summary

CanolaCONVENTIONAL HIGH STABILITY VARIETIESHybrid High Stability Oil – VICTORY 3001Early to mid maturing high stability hybrid developed byCargill and Vic. DPI. Good blackleg resistance, R-MR, andyield potential. Tested in NVT 2007-2009, released 2008.Victory 3001 will be grown under contract production with apremium for Cargill. Tested as 06H932.CLEARFIELD VARIETIESClearfield - 43C80Early maturing variety which Pioneer indicate has goodearly vigour, high yield potential and moderate oil content.Suited to low rainfall areas and as a potential late sowingoption in medium-high rainfall areas. Blackleg resistancerating MS. Tested as NS6108BI. Bred and marketed byPioneer Hi-Bred.Clearfield - 44C79Early to early-mid maturing variety. Pioneer indicateexceptional early vigour and high oil content. Blacklegresistance rating of MS. Replaces 44C73 and extendsgrowing zone into northern Wimmera districts. Released in2008. Tested as NS6082BI. Bred and marketed by PioneerHi-Bred.Hybrid Clearfield – 44Y84Early to early-mid season maturing variety. Pioneerindicate hybrid vigour suits this variety to minimum tillagesystems and has high oil content. Good blackleg resistancerating of R-MR (provisional). Released 2011. Bred andmarketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.Hybrid Clearfield – 45Y82Early-mid maturing hybrid best suited to medium rainfallzones. Pioneer indicate high yielding with shorter heightand good standing ability. Performed well in Victoria in2009 NVT trials. Blackleg resistance rating MR. Coded06N785I. Tested in NVT trials in 2009 for the first time.Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.Hybrid Clearfield – 46Y83Mid to mid-early maturing hybrid. Pioneer indicate excellentearly vigour, high yield with very high oil content. Targetedto replace 46Y81 in high rainfall zones. Blackleg resistancerating of R. Coded 06N788I. Tested in NVT trials in 2009for the first time. Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.Hybrid Clearfield – Hyola ® 571CLEarly to mid maturing hybrid with similar maturity to 45Y77.Pacific Seeds indicate very good early vigour with good oiland yield potential. Blackleg resistance rating of R. Testedas K9209. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Clearfield – Hyola ® 575CLMid to mid-early season maturity. Pacific seeds indicatethis variety is targeted at the high rainfall regions. Goodblackleg resistance rating of R (provisional). Tested asK9317. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Clearfield – Hyola ® 676CLMid season maturity. Pacific seeds indicate this variety hasadaptation to medium-low to very high rainfall regions.Good blackleg resistance rating of MR-R (Provisional).Tested as K9356. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.CLEARFIELD JUNCEA CANOLA VARIETIESClearfield Juncea Canola - Oasis CLFirst herbicide tolerant low-rainfall juncea canola variety inAustralia. Suited to areas with rainfall below 350mm.Pacific Seeds indicate this mid maturing variety has goodprotein, oil content and unique disease resistance toblackleg, rated R. Excellent pod shatter resistance allowsfor direct heading. Seed quality as good as or slightly betterthan Dune. Tested as - J05Z-8920. Bred by Vic DPI/Viterraand marketed by Viterra.TRIAZINE TOLERANT VARIETIESTriazine Tolerant – ATR-COBBLEREarly to early-mid maturing, high yielding and mediumshortheight. Blackleg rating of MS. Developed by Nugrain.Released 2008. Tested as NMT040. Marketed by Nuseed.Triazine Tolerant – ATR-MARLINMid to mid-late maturing, high yielding with medium height.Tested in NVT 2006-2009. Blackleg resistance rating MR.Bred by Vic DPI/Nuseed. Released 2008. Tested as ATR-423. Marketed by Nuseed.Triazine Tolerant – CB TM ARGYLEMid season variety. Canola Breeders indicate high oil andmoderate protein content. Blackleg rating MR. Bred andmarketed by Canola Breeders.Triazine Tolerant – CRUSHER TTMid season maturing variety. Good seedling vigour andflowering uniformity. Pacific Seeds indicate a good blacklegresistance rating of MR (Provisional). Bred and marketedby Pacific Seeds.Triazine Tolerant – FIGHTER TTMid to early season variety. Pacific Seeds indicate a verygood blackleg rating of R-MR (Provisional). Bred andmarketed by Pacific Seeds.Triazine Tolerant – THUMPER TTA mid to late season variety. Pacific Seeds indicate a goodblackleg rating of MR-R (Provisional). Bred and marketedby Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - CB JARDEE HTMid maturing TT hybrid. Canola Breeders indicate goodearly vigour and oil content. Blackleg resistance rating ofMR. Bred and marketed by Canola Breeders.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - CB JUNEE HTEarly to mid maturing with wide adaptation. CanolaBreeders indicate good early vigour with excellent yield andgood oil content.. Anticipated blackleg rating of MR.Marketed by Canola Breeders.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - CB TUMBY HTEarly to mid maturing TT hybrid. Canola Breeders indicategood early vigour, excellent yield and good oil content.Blackleg resistance rating MR. Coded CHYB-125. Bredand marketed by Canola Breeders.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant - CB MALLEE HTEarly-mid maturing TT hybrid. Canola Breeders indicategood early vigour and oil content with excellent yield in lowto medium rainfall environments. Blackleg resistance ratingof MR. Coded CHYB-157. Bred and marketed by CanolaBreeders.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 37

CanolaTriazine Tolerant - CB TELFERVery early maturing. Suited to low rainfall areas. CanolaBreeders indicate higher yielding than current early TTvarieties with higher oil content and a suitability to directheading. Blackleg resistance rating of MS-S. Bred andmarketed by Canola Breeders.Triazine Tolerant - CB SCADDENMid maturing. Suited to high rainfall areas. CanolaBreeders indicate good early vigour. Blackleg resistancerating of MR-MS. Bred and marketed by Canola Breeders.Triazine Tolerant – CB TANAMIEarly maturing. Targeted for low rainfall areas. Highyielding. Vigorous early growth, more tolerant of moisturestress. Moderate oil and protein content. Blacklegresistance rating MS-S. Released in 2007. Bred andmarketed by Canola Breeders.Triazine Tolerant – HURRICANE TTMid to early maturing variety, slightly earlier than Bravo TT.Pacific Seeds indicate good yield, oil and protein content.Shorter plant type and compact (lower bulk material) forswathing and harvesting. Ideally fits low to medium rainfallareas, exhibits good vigour. Blackleg rating MR. Released2008. Tested as PacT2202. Bred and marketed by PacificSeeds.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant – Hyola 444TTEarly to mid-early maturity. Good seedling vigour andexcellent flowering uniformity. Provisional blackleg rating ofR-MR. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant – Hyola 555TTMid to mid-early maturity. Good seedling vigour andexcellent flowering uniformity. Provisional blackleg rating ofR-MR. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Triazine Tolerant – Hyola 751TTMid to late variety. Good seedling vigour and floweringuniformity. Provisional blackleg rating of R-MR. Bred andmarketed by Pacific Seeds.TRIAZINE TOLERANT HIGH STABILITY VARIETIESSpecialty Oils - MONOLA76TTA mid-season variety of medium height and blackleg ratingof R-MR. High oil content well suited to deep fryingapplications. It is suitable for production in most regions,one day earlier maturity than Monola 77TT. Tested asNL042. Developed by Nuseed Pty Ltd, grown undercontract with a premium to Nuseed Crop network.Specialty oils – MONOLA77 TTA mid-season variety of medium height suitable forproduction in most regions and blackleg rating R-MR. Highoil content well suited to deep frying applications. Tested inNVT 2008-2009. Tested as NL045. Developed by NuseedPty Ltd and grown under contract with a premium toNuseed Crop network.ROUNDUP READY ® VARIETIESHybrid Roundup Ready - 45Y21Mid maturity variety suited to medium to high rainfall areas.Medium to tall with exceptional standing ability in highyielding environments. Pioneer expect good performance ina wide range of growing environments. Provisional blacklegrating of R, which Pioneer describes as durable. Bred andMarketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia.Hybrid Roundup Ready - 45Y22Mid maturity variety suited to medium to high rainfall areas.Medium to tall with exceptional standing ability in highyielding environments. Pioneer expect good performance ina wide range of growing environments. Provisional blacklegrating of R which Pioneer describes as durable. Bred andMarketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia.Hybrid Roundup Ready - 46Y20Mid to mid-late maturing hybrid suited to reliable medium tohigh rainfall areas. Pioneer Hi-Bred indicate good standingability. Blackleg rating of R-MR, very high yield potentialand oil content. Tested as Z03N741R. Bred and marketedby Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia.Roundup Ready - GT61Early-mid maturing variety. Nuseed indicate high yieldingwith very good early vigour and very high oil content.Tested in two NVT trials in 2009. Blackleg rating of MR-MS.Tested as GT61. All seed will be Jockey® treated. Bred byMonsanto in conjunction with Vic DPI and Nugrain andmarketed by Pacific Seeds.Roundup Ready – GT ScorpianEarly maturing open-pollinated variety. Nuseed indicate twodays earlier than GT61 with very good vigour. Oil contentslightly less than GT61. Blackleg resistance rating of MR.Tested in NVT trials in 2009 for the first time. Bred byMonsanto in conjunction with Vic DPI and Nugrain.Marketed by Nuseed.Roundup Ready – GT MustangMid maturing open-pollinated variety. Nuseed indicate eightdays later than GT61 with very good vigour. Oil contentsimilar to GT61. Blackleg resistance rating of R-MR. Testedin NVT trials in 2009 for the first time. Bred by Monsanto inconjunction with Vic DPI and Nugrain. Marketed byNuseed.Roundup Ready – GT CougarMid maturing open-pollinated variety. Nuseed indicate eightdays later than GT61 with very good vigour. Oil contentsimilar to GT61. Blackleg resistance rating of MR. Tested inNVT trials in 2009 for the first time. Bred by Monsanto inconjunction with Vic DPI and Nugrain. Marketed byNuseed.Roundup Ready – CB Eclipse RREarly to mid maturing hybrid. Canola Breeders indicateexcellent early vigour and yield with good oil content.Blackleg rating MS. Bred and marketed by CanolaBreeders.Hybrid Roundup Ready - Hyola 404RREarly to early-mid season variety. Excellent early vigourand flowering uniformity. Pacific Seeds indicate a verygood blackleg rating of R (Provisional). Bred and marketedby Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Roundup Ready - Hyola 502RRAn early to mid maturing hybrid suited to low-mediumrainfall areas. Manageable height, good standing abilityand moderate oil content with exceptional hybrid vigour andyield potential. Blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested asM8032 RR. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.38Victorian Winter Crop Summary

CanolaHybrid Roundup Ready - Hyola 505RRMid to mid-early season variety. Excellent seedling vigourand flowering uniformity. Pacific Seeds indicate a verygood blackleg rating of R (Provisional). Bred and marketedby Pacific Seeds.Hybrid Roundup Ready - Hyola 601RRMid to mid-late maturing suited to medium to high rainfallareas. Pacific Seeds indicate excellent seedling vigour andhigh yield potential. Good standing ability, height and oilpotential. Blackleg resistance rating of R-MR. Tested asM8265 RR. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.ROUNDUP READY ® HIGH STABILITY VARIETIESHybrid Roundup Ready High Stability Oil – V5001Specialty (HOLL) RR hybrid canola. Early-mid maturing,similar to AV-Jade. Cargill indicates high yields, excellentvigour and crop uniformity. Blackleg resistance rating ofMR. Tested in NVT trials in 2008-2009. Bred by DPI-Victoria and Cargill Specialty Canola Oils. Marketed byCargill Specialty Canola Oils.Hybrid Roundup Ready - Hyola 606RRMid to mid-late season variety. Very good seedling vigourand excellent flowering uniformity. Pacific Seeds indicate agood blackleg rating of MR-R (Provisional). Bred andmarketed by Pacific Seeds.Table 1: Canola varieties being marketed in Victoria in 2011:Year of Blackleg resistanceVarietyMaturityrelease ratingConventional varietiesTypeMarketerAV Garnet Mid 2008 MR Open pollinated NuseedCB Agamax Early-Mid 2011 MR (provisional) Hybrid Canola breedersHyola®50 Early-mid 2007 R Hybrid Pacific SeedsCB Taurus Late 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Canola BreedersConventional high stabilityVictory 3001 Early-mid 2008 R-MR Hybrid CargillHerbicide tolerantClearfield varietiesPioneer®43C80 Early 2009 MS Open pollinated Pioneer Hi-BredPioneer®44C79 Early 2008 MS Open pollinated Pioneer Hi-BredPioneer®45Y82 Early-mid 2010 R-MR (provisional) Hybrid Pioneer Hi-BredPioneer®46Y83 Mid 2009 R Hybrid Pioneer Hi-BredHyola®571CL Early-mid * R Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®575CL Mid-early 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®676CL Mid 2011 MR-R (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsClearfield juncea canola varietiesOasis CL Mid 2008 R Open pollinated ViterraTriazine tolerant varietiesATR Cobbler Early-mid 2008 MS Open pollinated NuseedATR Marlin Mid-late 2008 MR Open pollinated NuseedCBArgyle Mid 2009 MR Open pollinated Canola BreedersCrusher TT Mid 2011 MR (provisional) Open pollinated Pacific SeedsFighter TT Mid-early 2011 R-MR (provisional) Open pollinated Pacific SeedsThumper TT Mid-late 2011 R-MR (provisional) Open pollinated Pacific SeedsCB Jardee HT Mid 2010 MR Hybrid Canola BreedersCB Junee HT Early-mid 2011 MR (provisional) Hybrid Canola BreedersCB Tumby HT Early-mid 2010 MR Hybrid Canola BreedersCB Mallee HT Early-mid 2010 MR Hybrid Canola BreedersCB Telfer Early(very) 2010 MS-S Open pollinated Canola BreedersCB Scadden Mid 2010 MR-MS Open pollinated Canola BreedersCBTanami Early 2007 MS-S Open pollinated Viterra SeedsHurricane TT Mid-early 2008 MR Open pollinated Pacific SeedsVictorian Winter Crop Summary 39

CanolaTable 1 (continued): Canola varieties being marketed in Victoria in 2011:Year of Blackleg resistanceVarietyMaturityTyperelease ratingTriazine tolerant varietiesMarketerHyola 444TT Early-mid 2011 R-MR (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola 555TT Mid-early 2011 R-MR (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola 751TT Mid-late 2011 R-MR (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsTriazine tolerant high stability varietiesMonola76TT Mid 2009 R-MR Open pollinated Nuseed Crop NetworkMonola77TT Mid 2009 R-MR Open pollinated Nuseed Crop NetworkRoundup Ready varietiesPioneer – 45Y21 Mid 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Pioneer Hi=BredPioneer – 45Y22 Mid-mid/late 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Pioneer Hi=BredPioneer – 46Y20 Mid-late 2010 R-MR Hybrid Pioneer Hi-bredGT61 Early-mid 2008 MR-MS Open pollinated Pacific SeedsGT Scorpian Early 2010 MR Open pollinated NuseedGT Mustang Mid 2010 R-MR Open pollinated NuseedGT Cougar Mid 2010 MR Open pollinated NuseedCB Eclipse Early-mid 2010 MR Hybrid Canola BreedersHyola®404RR Early-mid 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®502RR Early-mid 2008 MR Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®505RR Mid-early 2011 R (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®601RR Mid-late 2008 MR-R Hybrid Pacific SeedsHyola®606RR Mid-late 2011 MR-R (provisional) Hybrid Pacific SeedsRoundup Ready high stability varietiesV5001 Early-Mid 2010 MR Hybrid CargillTable 2: Canola time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists. Note,early season varieties are not recommended to be sown in the Wimmera, North Central and North East but in a late sowingwhen soils are very wet they may be an option.MALLEE April May June JulyEarly Season X X X X < < *WIMMERA April May June JulyEarly Season < < < * * * * *Early-Mid Season > > X X X < < < * *Mid Season > X X X < < < > X X X < < < * *Mid Season > X X X < < < > X X X < < < * *Mid Season > X X X < < < > > X X X X X > > > X X X X X X X X X X X < < X X X X X X X < < < X X < < *Mid Season > X X < < *>earlier than ideal (or a later maturing variety is preferred), X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable, * only anacceptable option if very good subsoil moisture is available at sowing.40Victorian Winter Crop Summary

CanolaTable 3: Canola disease guide summary.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence InoculumsourceBlacklegSclerotiniastem rotDamping offAlternaria leafspot and blackspotLeptosphaeriamaculansLeaf lesions, which maydevelop into canker on stemat or near ground level, plantdeath.Sclerotinia spp. White fluffy growth on thestem, causing plant partsabove this point to die.Affected area greyish white,sclerotia form on and insidethe stems.Rhizoctonia spp.,Pythium spp.andFusarium spp.AlternariabrassicaePre-emergence rot andseedlings fail to emerge. Postemergent plants collapse atground level with leavesturning orange/purple.Dark target like round spotswhich initially appear onleaves. Can spread to stemsand pods and cause podshattering.Spores from canolastubble are released inautumn to infect leavesof the new crop.Favoured by damphumid spring weatherduring flowering.In soils that have notbeen cultivated postopening rains. Duringcold wet periods.Infection spreads withwet humid weatherduring spring.ControlCanola stubble. Resistant cultivars. Avoidsowing next to last year’scanola stubble. Fungicidescan be used.Survives assclerotia in thesoil.Hyphal growth inthe soil.FungicidesSeed dressings. Cultivationafter the break of theseason.Canola stubble. Use clean seed. Use seeddressings if seed isinfected.Table 4: Long term predicted conventional canola yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorianregions expressed as a percentage of the yield of Garnet. The numbers in brackets indicate the number ofsite years in that area.Wimmera North Central North East South WestGarnet t/ha 1.88 1.27 1.90 3.02AV Garnet 100(3) 100(3) 100(3) 100(6)AV Sapphire 81(18) 74(12) 79(15) 84(18)Hyola 50 103(3) 100(3) 101(3) 102(6)Hyola 76 * * * 97(5)Monola 130CC 84(3) 79(4) 83(4) 85(5)Victory 3001 * * * 94(4)Table 5: Long term predicted IMI Tolerant canola yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regionsexpressed as a percentage of the yield of 45Y77. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site yearsin that area.Wimmera North Central South West45Y77 t/ha 0.85 0.59 2.53Hyola 571CL 103(3) 106(4) 110(3)Pioneer 44C73 102(4) * 93(3)Pioneer 44C79 93(3) 101(4) 86(3)Pioneer 45Y77 100(5) 100(4) 100(5)Pioneer 46Y78 111(5) 103(4) 112(5)Victorian Winter Crop Summary 41

CanolaTable 6: Long term predicted yield performance data of mid season TT varieties for 2000-2009 for Victorianregions expressed as a percentage of the yield of Bravo TT. The numbers in brackets indicate the numberof site years in that area.Wimmera North Central North East South WestBravo TT t/ha 1.09 0.80 1.22 2.06ATR Barra * * 92(3) 99(5)ATR Cobbler 101(4) 103(4) 102(4) 99(8)ATR Marlin 93(5) 90(5) 92(5) 101(10)ATR409 94(5) 93(5) 95(5) 103(10)BravoTT 100(8) 100(7) 100(9) 100(17)CB Argyle 93(4) 95(4) 93(4) 99(8)CB Boomer 88(3) 97(3) * 88(3)CB Jardee HT * * * 112(5)CB Scaddan 91(3) 89(4) * 98(5)CB Tanami 94(3) 97(4) * 90(3)CB Telfer 86(3) 97(4) * 84(3)CB Tumby HT * * * 106(3)Flinders TTC 89(4) 85(3) 90(3) 95(7)Hurricane TT 93(3) 94(4) * 98(5)Lightning TT * * * 97(3)Monola 76TT 100(3) 104(4) * 99(5)Monola 77TT 103(3) 102(4) * 101(5)Rottnest TTC 97(4) 97(4) 97(4) 98(8)Tawriffic TT 99(4) 100(4) 96(4) 101(8)ThunderTT 92(6) 94(4) 96(6) 98(11)Tornado TT 87(9) 86(6) 90(10) 93(19)Table 7: Yield of early season canola varieties in 2010 Victorian Mallee trials expressed as a percentage ofthe yield of AV Garnet (Conventional and imidazolinone tolerant) and Cobbler (triazine tolerant).Mallee early SeasonConventional/IMITriazine tolerantUltima Hopetoun UltimaAV Garnet t/ha 1.32 * *Cobbler t/ha * 1.77 1.15ATR Cobbler * 100 100AV Garnet 100 * *CB Agamax 77 * *CB Mallee HT * 94 63CB Tanami * 85 84CB Telfer * 85 108Fighter TT * 109 113Hyola 433 90 * *Hyola 50 85 * *Oasis CL 87 * *SaharaCL 89 * *Tarcoola 81 * *Tawriffic TT * 107 72Site Mean (t/ha) 1.15 1.77 1.06CV (%) 5.11 4.22 8.99LSD (%) 8 6 1442Victorian Winter Crop Summary

CanolaTable 8: Yield of mid season conventional canola varieties in 2010 Victorian trials expressed as apercentage of the yield of AV Garnet.North Central North East South WestDiggora Wunghnu StreathamAV Garnet (t/ha) 2.88 2.63 1.37AV Garnet 100 100 100CB Agamax 94 79 93Hyola 433 100 96 112Hyola 50 97 104 122Victory V3001 87 76 97Site Mean (t/ha) 2.69 2.46 1.44CV (%) 4.71 9.64 8.75LSD (%) 7 15 13Table 9: Yield of mid season imidazolinone tolerant canola varieties in 2010 Victorian trials expressed as apercentage of the yield of Hyola 571CLNorth Central North East Wimmera South WestDiggora Dookie Wunghnu Minyip Tarranyurk HamiltonYield Hyola 571CL(t/ha)2.49 2.52 2.17 2.83 2.36 1.52Hyola 571CL 100 100 100 100 100 100Hyola 575CL 110 93 81 105 110 90Hyola 676CL 102 106 82 111 100 113Pioneer 44Y84 97 110 99 99 90 80Pioneer 45Y82 96 99 75 98 86 80Pioneer 46Y78 * 98 75 82 * 89Pioneer 46Y83 * 100 87 86 * 78Site Mean (t/ha) 2.53 2.51 1.81 2.72 2.17 1.37CV (%) 7.59 6.69 10.37 4.8 11.25 11.48LSD (%) 13 11 17 8 18 *Victorian Winter Crop Summary 43

CanolaTable 10: Yield of mid season triazine tolerant canola varieties in 2010 Victorian trials expressed as apercentage of the yield of Cobbler.Yield Cobbler(t/ha)North Central North East Wimmera South WestDiggora Charlton Dookie Wunghnu Minyip Tarranyurk Streatham2.28 2.03 2.21 1.90 2.26 2.33 0.96ATR Cobbler 100 100 100 100 100 100 100ATR Snapper * * 121 113 104 107 103ATR Stingray * * 122 108 102 126 157CB Argyle 83 * 96 98 90 92 38CB Jardee HT 107 * 126 102 101 117 127CB Junee HT 129 * 145 * 126 140 *CB Mallee HT 117 102 109 98 100 91 128CB Scaddan 99 74 103 91 100 126 114CB Tanami 78 90 73 74 89 104 *CB Telfer 86 90 95 96 107 106 *CB Tumby HT 111 * 130 106 97 124 96CrusherTT 112 123 135 115 122 134 184Fighter TT 108 104 121 102 105 128 160Hyola 444TT * 74 111 98 107 122 199Hyola 555TT 129 118 135 112 134 152 190Hyola 751TT 125 103 148 * 123 156 201Monola 603TT * * 109 99 96 104 112Monola 704TT * * 114 89 105 122 87Monola 76TT 97 99 116 112 98 123 112Monola 77TT 74 94 124 106 105 111 123Tawriffic TT 100 105 117 114 107 124 129Thumper TT 103 95 131 106 116 125 237Site Mean (t/ha) 2.37 2.01 2.56 1.94 2.40 2.78 1.31CV (%) 5.32 14.1 10.39 6.67 5.92 10.14 10.6LSD (%) 9 23 19 11 9 17 1744Victorian Winter Crop Summary

CanolaTable 11: Yield of herbicide tolerant canola varieties in 2009 Victorian trials, including Roundup Readyvarieties, expressed as a percentage of the yield of Hyola 502 RR.NB: Due to no successful trials incorporating Roundup Ready varieties being completed in 2010 the datafrom 2009 is repeated in this 2011 publication.Wimmera North East South WestHorsham Shepparton Hamilton TeesdaleHyola 502 RR2.18 1.0 3.38 2.51t/haTriazine tolerantATR Cobbler 95 110 57 106ATR Marlin 93 94 66 90ATR409 94 101 72 100BravoTT 71 102 63 91CB Argyle 76 64 41 98CB Jardee HT 84 117 72 96CB Scaddan 100 99 68 91CB Tanami 77 100 49 90CB Telfer 75 106 63 99CB Tumby HT 106 101 59 94Hurricane TT 106 104 68 90Hyola 751TT 89 70 64 70Lightning TT 109 66 83 92Monola 76TT 101 101 59 92Monola 77TT 97 94 63 88Rottnest TTC 94 96 82 102Tawriffic TT 105 106 66 86Roundup ReadyCB Eclipse * 98 * 103GT Cougar 89 104 72 102GT Mustang 111 91 81 110GT Scorpion 100 132 81 121GT61 94 117 67 106Hyola 502RR 100 100 100 100Hyola 601RR 99 121 92 96Pioneer 46Y20 108 113 80 89ClearfieldHyola 571CL 83 72 85 90Pioneer 44C79 93 106 58 70Pioneer 45Y77 76 83 77 105Pioneer 45Y82 108 139 79 122Pioneer 46Y78 93 103 79 99Pioneer 46Y83 72 140 79 93Site Mean (t/ha) 2.05 1.03 2.39 2.46CV (%) 11.14 12.76 10.71 10LSD (%) 17 21 17 16ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPritchard Agricultural Consulting and ExtensionFelicity Pritchard HorshamMarcroft Grains PathologySteve Marcroft HorshamVictorian Winter Crop Summary 45

Field PeasINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Field pea grain yields were very high in 2010 and generallyabove 2.5 to 3 t/ha across the SE Australian cropping zone,with experimental yields above 4t/ha recorded. High yieldsresulted from relatively high spring rainfall, favourablegrowing temperatures (e.g. no severe frost or heat eventsduring grain fill) and relatively low disease pressurecompared to recent seasons. Localised water logging in theWimmera and central cropping regions of Victoria andsouthern NSW however caused some regional cropdamage and losses. In addition late season rainfall resultedin some crop lodging at maturity, grain damage (e.g. seedcoat wrinkling and mould) and pod shattering in sensitivevarieties (non sugar pod types) regionally.The long growing season and late season rainfall events in2010 were particularly well suited to later flowering varietiessuch as Kaspa. This contrasted sharply with recentseasons where low rainfall at grain filling limited yield. Ingeneral the semi-dwarf varieties were much better able tomaximise yield potential compared to traditional tallgrowing varieties such as Parafield, which produced toomuch biomass for the growing season in 2010.All pea varieties produce grain suitable for stockfeedpurposes, but segregation is needed for selling to specifichuman consumption markets. Currently more than 95 percent of Australian production is from dun types (e.g.coloured seed coat) of which more than 90 per cent is nowfrom the variety Kaspa. The grain produced from Kaspa(i.e. marketed as Kaspa type) is preferred for snack food insouthern India over other pea grain types and attracts aprice premium. Agronomically Kaspa is the preferredvariety for production in most cropping regions for its easeof harvest, pod shatter resistance and high yield potential.However limited adaptation in short growing seasons haslimited crop expansion in low rainfall regions.FIELD PEASstockfeed use. Blue and white grain types can also be soldfor a price premium to domestic splitting or canningprocessors. However suitable grain quality is required andcost of segregation and delivery should be considered. Toavoid limiting the marketing of Kaspa type grain for export,growers should avoid sowing seed contaminated withParafield. The reason being that Parafield grain is distinctand less preferred by splitting and snack food importingmarkets.Generally Kaspa type varieties and conventional field peavarieties have high disease tolerance to the major fungaldiseases in Victoria’s Wimmera-Mallee (i.e. downy mildew,ascochyta blight and powdery mildew). Growers shouldhowever consider delayed sowing and using appropriateseed fungicides in disease prone regions. In southernregions, growers should consider foliar fungicides ifpowdery mildew occurs at early pod fill stage. Bacterialblight can be serious in colder cropping regions (e.g.southern Wimmera and south west), particularly inpaddocks prone to water logging and frost. Growers inthese regions should avoid early sowing, ensure seed forsowing is not infected with bacterial blight and considergrowing varieties with higher tolerance. Extended croprotation and avoidance of paddocks close to the previousyear’s pea stubble will also reduce crop disease risk. Fieldpea appears less prone to virus symptoms than other pulsecrops in Victoria however control of aphids is important toensure spread of virus is minimised both in crop and insubsequent seed used for sowing.New variety options planned for release from PulseBreeding Australia include dun types with high resistanceto bacterial blight (OZP703) by 2012 and over the next 4-5years: new Kaspa type lines with high resistance to virusand powdery mildew with improved tolerance to high soilboron, a higher yielding semi-dwarf white seeded line and aforage pea.Two new varieties, PBA Twilight and PBA Gunyah,available to growers in 2011 will now expand theadaptation range of the Kaspa plant type. Both of thesenew lines are early to mid season flowering varieties andhave similar agronomic features to the variety Kaspa. PBAGunyah has a broader adaptation however PBA Twilightgenerally performs better in shorter growing seasons. Inlonger growing season districts such as the Wimmera bothlines are better suited to delayed sowing than Kaspa, tomanage disease and frost risk. In low rainfall regions bothlines are much more reliable, particularly if the growingseason finishes abruptly due to hot weather and lowrainfall. PBA Twilight, PBA Gunyah and Kaspa produce thesame marketable grain and therefore can be used on farmin different scenarios (e.g. varying sowing time orpaddocks) to better manage seasonal risk associated withfrost, drought and disease.The following chapter on field peas briefly summarisessome of the key comparative information, more detailedinformation can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au andwww.pulseaus.com.au Up to date and detailed informationon pulse diseases can be down loaded from the DPIwebsite www.dpi.vic.gov.au.Taller growing varieties remain good alternative options toKaspa types, particularly in cropping regions prone tobacterial blight (e.g. Parafield) for the production of hay(e.g. Morgan) or in areas prone to drought and frost (e.g.Sturt). Other semi-dwarf varieties provide opportunities fortargeting different grain markets (e.g. Excell, Maki bluepeas) or if powdery mildew resistance is needed (e.g.Yarrum), but are generally not as well adapted in Victoriacompared to Kaspa or the new Kaspa type varieties (e.g.PBA Twilight and PBA Gunyah). Marketing opportunitiesfor white and blue peas will mostly be restricted to46Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Field PeasVARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeders Rights apply.Semi-dwarf dun seeded – KASPAA late flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which producesspherical dun type grain. Kaspa is broadly adapted and hashigh yield potential. Kaspa is better suited to longergrowing season environments. Kaspa is moderatelyresistant to downy mildew (Parafield strain). Kaspa willneed to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight, PSbMVand powdery mildew in disease prone areas. Kaspa hasfair lodging resistance at maturity and pods are resistant toshattering. Developed by Australian Field Pea BreedingProgram and marketed by AWB Seeds Pty Ltd.Semi-dwarf dun seeded – PBA GUNYAHAn early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which producesKaspa type grain. PBA Gunyah is broadly adapted and hashigh yield potential. PBA Gunyah (Parafield strain) is bettersuited to shorter growing season environments. Resistantto downy mildew and less susceptible to powdery mildew.PBA Gunyah will need to be managed for blackspot,bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in diseaseprone areas. PBA Gunyah has fair lodging resistance atmaturity and pods are resistant to shattering. Developed byAustralian Field Pea Breeding Program and marketed byAWB Seeds Pty Ltd.Semi-dwarf dun seeded – PBA TWILIGHTAn early flowering, semi-dwarf field pea which producesKaspa type grain. PBA Twilight is broadly adapted and hashigh yield potential. Better suited to short growing seasonenvironments. PBA Twilight is resistant to downy mildew(Parafield strain) and less susceptible to powdery mildew. Itwill need to be managed for blackspot, bacterial blight,PSbMV and powdery mildew in disease prone areas. PBATwilight has fair lodging resistance at maturity and pods areresistant to shattering. Developed by Australian Field PeaBreeding Program and marketed by AWB Seeds Pty Ltd.Semi-dwarf blue seeded – EXCELLAn early to mid season flowering, semi-dwarf pea whichproduces medium sized, spherical, smooth blue seedsuitable for premium human consumption markets. Excellis best suited to medium rainfall environments of Victoriaand southern NSW and can be unreliable in SA and WA.Excell is moderately resistant to downy mildew (Parafieldstrain). Excell will need to be managed for blackspot,bacterial blight, PSbMV and powdery mildew in diseaseprone areas. Excell has good lodging resistance. Pods aresusceptible to shattering. Can be freely marketed. Nolonger protected by PBR. Developed by Australian FieldPea Breeding Program.Tall field pea – MORGANA tall, late flowering, semi-leafless pea, which producessmall Australian dun type grain. Morgan was released forthe lower rainfall regions of Central and Western NSW as adual purpose pea that could also be used for forage indrought years. Morgan is moderately resistant to downymildew. Morgan is also less susceptible to bacterial blightbut this disease will still need to be managed to avoidserious losses. Morgan will need to be managed forblackspot, PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew indisease prone areas. It has fair lodging resistance atmaturity, but may still require specialised pea pickup frontsfor harvesting. Pods are susceptible to pod shattering.Grain size is small and less suitable for humanconsumption markets. Developed by Australian Field PeaBreeding Program and marketed by Hart Bros Seeds.Tall field pea – PARAFIELDA tall, mid to late season flowering pea, which produceslarge Australian dun type grain. Parafield is broadlyadapted, but is best suited to low rainfall environments.Parafield is less susceptible to bacterial blight but thisdisease will still need to be managed to avoid seriouslosses. Parafield will need to be managed for blackspot,PSbMV, powdery mildew and downy mildew in diseaseprone areas. Parafield has poor lodging resistance and willrequire specialised pea pickup fronts for harvesting. Podsare susceptible to shattering. Can be freely marketed. Nolonger protected by PBR. Developed by Australian FieldPea Breeding Program.Tall field pea – STURTA tall, early to mid season flowering pea, which producesmedium to small, spherical, smooth white seed. Sturt isbroadly adapted, but is best suited to low rainfallenvironments and has higher tolerance to frost at podding.Sturt is less susceptible to bacterial blight, but this diseasewill still need to be managed to avoid serious losses. Sturtwill need to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV, powderymildew and downy mildew in disease prone areas. Sturthas poor lodging resistance and will require specialisedpea pickup fronts for harvesting. Pods are susceptible toshattering. Developed by Australian Field Pea BreedingProgram and marketed by Premier Seeds.POTENTIAL NEW VARIETIESOZP0703 (to be named) (2012):An early to mid flowering, semi-dwarf field pea whichproduces Australian dun type grain. OZP0703 has highyield potential and is broadly adapted. OZP0703 has goodfield resistance to bacterial blight disease and is beingreleased for regions prone to this disease. OZP0703 willneed to be managed for blackspot, PSbMV and powderymildew. OZP0703 has good downy mildew resistance tothe Kaspa strain of this disease. OZP0703 has fair lodgingresistance at maturity. Pods are susceptible to shattering.Available 2012: Will be marketed by AWB Seeds Pty Ltd.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 47

Field PeasTable 1: Field pea time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.May June July AugustMALLEEKaspa, Parafield, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight, Sturt, Excell > X X X X < X X X X < < X X X X < X X X X < > * * * * * * X X X X X < earlier than ideal, * if conditions allow (eg raised beds, dry season, non-waterlogging paddocks), X optimum sowing time,

Field PeasTable 4: Disease resistance characteristics of field pea varietiesDowny mildew resistanceBlackspotBacterial blightresistanceVarietyParafield strain Kaspa strainPowdery mildewresistanceBundi S MS R MS MSCeline S S S S SExcell S MS MR S SKaspa S MS MR S SMaki S High S S S RMorgan MS MS R S SPBA Gunyah S MS R S SPBA Twilight S MS R S SParafield MS-MR MS S S SSturt MS-MR MS MS S SYarrum S S-MS S S ROZ0703 MS-MR MS MS R SS = Susceptible MS = Moderately susceptible MR = Moderately resistant R = ResistantTable 5: Field pea disease guide.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts ControlAscochytablight (BlackSpot)Peas andmostlegumesMycosphaerellapinodes.Phomapinodella,Ascochyta pisi.Bacterial blight Pseudomonassyringae pv, pisi,P.syringae pvsyringae. .Downy mildewPowderymildewSeptoria leafblotchPerenosporaviciae.Erysiphepolygoni.Septoria pisi.VIRUS DISEASESPSMV Pea seedbornemosaic virusBWYVBeet westernyellows virusMost obvious on stems andlower leaves. Purplish-blackdiscolouration of lower stem.Dark brown spotting of podsand leaves. Blackening ofstem base and upper taproot.Water-soaked spots onleaflets and stipules.Yellowish brown fan-shapedlesion on stipules.Brown blotches on upperleaf surface. Underside ofleaves covered by massesof fluffy ‘mouse-grey’spores.Leaves covered by a film ofpowdery white spores.Infected plants have a bluewhitecolour.Straw coloured blotches onleaves, stems and tendrils.Pin-head size black spotswithin lesions.Downward curling of leaves,mosaic, stunting.Yellowing and stuntingCommon in all pea growingregions; most crops areaffected to some extent.Favoured by wet conditions.Most damage in early sowncrops.Sporadic in wetter regions.Most severe in early sowncrops already damaged byfrost or heavy rain.Sporadic in all regions.Damage most severe inwetter districts.Can occur in most regionstowards the end of theseason. Most common inlate-sown crops.Present in most pea growingregions. Damage mostsevere on short, semileaflesscultivars.Present in all pea growingregions.Prevalent in all peaproduction areas.Peas.Peas.Peas.Peas.Hostrange islimited toFabceaeWide hostrange.Mostpulses,brassicasand manyweedspeciesCrop rotation.Later sowing.Fungicidal seeddressings.Disease free seed.Crop rotation.Late sowing.Disease free seed.Resistant varieties.Fungicidal seeddressings.Resistant varieties.Avoid late sowing.Foliar fungicideapplication atflowering is aneconomic option fordisease prone areas.Destroy crop residue.Most varieties aremoderatelysusceptible. Croprotation.This virus is highlyseed borne in peas.Virus free seed isrecommendedManaging aphids andweeds, resistantvarieties.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 49

Field PeasTable 6: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Kaspa. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area.Mallee Wimmera North East South WestKaspa t/ha 1.53 1.78 2.52 1.65Bundi 103(35) 100(21) * 101(4)Dunwa 96(17) 94(11) * *Excell 87(32) 87(19) 88(3) 85(3)Helena 94(15) 94(4) * *Kaspa 100(44) 100(25) 100(3) 100(4)Morgan 88(8) 90(4) * *Parafield 95(44) 94(25) 97(3) 92(3)Sturt 104(43) 105(25) 100(3) 100(3)SW Celine 103(8) 104(5) * *Yarrum 98(21) 100(9) * 99(3)Table 7: Yield of field pea varieties in 2010 Victorian Mallee NVT and DPI trials, expressed as a percentageof the yield of Kaspa.Ultima Hopetoun Sea Lake BeulahKaspa t/ha 2.02 2.46 2.80 3.36Kaspa 100 100 100 100Parafield 100 96 123 90PBA Gunyah 107 100 * 90PBA Twilight 102 106 104 94Sturt 123 100 133 105Yarrum * 101 121 82Site mean (t/ha) 2.15 2.53 3.43 3.11CV (%) 12.65 6.59 7.91 6.36LSD (%) 21 11 19 1150Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Field PeasTable 8: Yield of field pea varieties in 2010 Victorian Wimmera NVT and DPI trials, expressed as apercentage of the yield of Kaspa.Kaniva Tarranyurk HorshamKaspa t/ha 3.02 2.46 4.37Kaspa 100 100 100Parafield 95 97 96PBA Gunyah 108 103 103PBA Twilight 114 112 95Sturt 122 122 109Yarrum * * 79Site mean (t/ha) 3.43 2.79 4.22CV (%) 9.37 5.62 8.06LSD (%) 16 10 11Table 9: Grain weight (gms/100 seeds) of field pea varieties in 2010 Victorian trials.Ultima TarranyurkKaspa 23.3 23.99Parafield 19.9 21.01PBA Gunyah 24.4 23.04PBA Twilight 23.8 20.8Sturt 23.2 22.45Yarrum * *ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesTony Leonforte DPI HorshamHelen Richardson DPI HorshamVictorian Winter Crop Summary 51

LentilsINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Climatic conditions were generally very favourable for lentilproduction in most areas in 2010. Rainfall was generallyaverage or above average and fell at the right times forlentils. Temperatures were also close to optimum for lentilproduction with few or no frost or major heat eventsoccurring.LENTILSIt is good practice to know the best disease managementstrategy for your chosen variety. The lentil diseasemanagement guide and the Pulse Australia website (seebelow) are excellent reference points for this detail.Research in South Australia in 2009 confirmed theimportance of a pre-canopy closure fungicide applicationfor the management of botrytis grey mould and good levelsof resistance in Nipper.Sowing was generally undertaken in ideal moistureconditions although some challenges did face growers.Mice caused emergence problems for most pulse cropsand lentils were no different with a 30-40 per cent reductionin plant numbers established in some cases. Paddockswith heavy stubble loads seemed to be worst affected. Withthe heavy cereal crops and lodged and flooded crops in2010 this issue needs to be monitored in 2011.During winter some crops in low lying areas or on heavytextured soils became waterlogged. Lentils can benegatively impacted by water logging and this mayinfluence paddock selection.Ascochyta blight was identified in some crops, particularlyin the Mallee, and required the application of fungicides.Botrytis grey mould was also prevalent in spring,particularly in early sown Mallee crops. Late botrytis greymould infection also caused the death of growing tips.These diseases and virus observed late in the Mallee mayhave resulted in higher seed infection and innoculumlevels. Growers should be prepared for higher disease andvirus levels in 2011.Rainfall at harvest caused loss of yield through loss of podsand seeds and weather damage characterised by awrinkled seed coat and brittle seed resulting in lowersplitting yields. Where possible this has proven a strongrecommendation for desiccation and early harvest andneeds to be remembered in future seasons. Marketershave been sending grain samples to overseas buyers in anattempt to maximise returns from the damaged seed.Variable seasons, characterised by dry weather andclimatic extremes, have had a large effect on lentilprofitability in the last 10 years in Victoria. Lentils still offera profitable crop option if poor soils (poorly structured soils,subsoils high in salinity and boron) are avoided andmanagement strategies are sound.Employing stubble retention and reduced tillage systemswhere possible is beneficial as good soil structure isimportant for lentils. New varieties, starting with PBA Flash,PBA Bounty and PBA Blitz will reduce the impact ofclimatic stresses such as drought and heat and help toavoid financial losses in poor years.Seed for 2011 should be tested for cucumber mosaic virusand alfalfa mosaic virus if symptoms were observed in theseed crop. This will enable a strategy to be developed tomanage virus in 2011. Aphids multiply rapidly in lentilcrops. Seed treatment, an early insecticide application andcontinued monitoring and action may be needed to avoidrapid aphid build up and virus spread within the crop and tonearby chickpea crops. Thin crop stands are moreattractive to aphids. Control of Heliothis and Etiella toprevent damage to grain remains important.As proven with most crops in recent seasons, sowing earlywill maximise yield in most years but be aware of diseaseand lodging in years with average to above averagerainfall. In general, sowing in mid May in the Mallee throughto mid June in the more southern parts of the Wimmeraachieves most of the benefits of early sowing.Planning weed management and avoiding crop injury byapplying herbicides as recommended, taking into accountsoil and climatic conditions, also remains important. It isthen critical to harvest lentils as early as possible withoutaffecting quality (less of a problem in green lentils). Alwaysbe prepared for harvest to avoid rain or severe windsdamaging mature crops.VarietiesWhen selecting lentil varieties, growers need to take intoaccount variety differences for grain yield, diseaseresistance (BGM and ascochyta blight), agronomicadaptation and marketability. A large range of lentil varietychoice is now available, offering growers the opportunity toexploit particular management and or market opportunities.However all current varieties still have limitations whichgrowers need to know and manage. Careful varietyselection along with the correct implementation ofrecommended agronomic management packages willincrease the chances of maximising grain yield andquality(see PBA variety release brochures, Lentil Ute Guideand www.pulseaus.com.au for detailed managementinformation).Growers can spread their disease, yield and marketingrisks and harvest time by growing more than one variety.However variety purity is very important in lentils with arestriction of 1 per cent for varieties not of the same type.This is of particular concern when growing varieties withdifferent seed coat colour and or different cotyledon colour.Be aware of the potential for contamination from volunteeror ‘escaped’ lentils in paddocks when changing to newvarieties with different seed coat colours ie Northfield toNipper or Nugget to PBA Flash. Price differences can occurbetween varieties across seasons. Northfield, and to alesser extent Aldinga have achieved a price premium overother varieties in some years, however this will not alwaysoccur.New varietiesPBA Flash and PBA Bounty, available for sowing in 2010and PBA Blitz available in 2011 will give Victorian lentilgrowers further variety choice and new managementoptions in lentils. All are red lentils developed by PulseBreeding Australia (PBA) and are licensed to PB Seeds PtyLtd. PBA has formed a partnership with PB Seeds tomultiply, release and manage PBA varieties identified forcommercial release until 2011. PB Seeds have invested inthe small scale multiplication of a number of promising PBAlentil lines, of which only those which offer significantadvantage to farmers will be released, to increase thespeed of variety delivery to growers.52Victorian Winter Crop Summary

LentilsThe following chapter on lentils briefly summarises some ofthe key comparative information available, more detailedinformation can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au andwww.pulseaus.com.au Up to date and detailed informationon pulse diseases can be down loaded from the DPIwebsite www.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeder Rights applyRed lentil – ALDINGAAldinga has medium-large seed with good millingcharacteristics. Aldinga is moderately resistant to foliarinfection by ascochyta blight but moderately susceptible toseed infection. It is also moderately susceptible to botrytisgrey mould and lodges more than other varieties. It hasbeen a preferred variety for some farmers using no tillsystems.Red Lentil - PBA BLITZPBA Blitz is a medium sized red lentil with a grey seed coatthat is early flowering and is suited to short growingseasons and environments. It has improved early vigourand an erect growth habit which is suited to no-till and interrowsowing. PBA Blitz is resistant to foliar ascochyta blightand moderately resistant to seed infection. It is moderatelyresistant to botrytis grey mould. PBA Blitz is rated asintolerant of soil boron and salinity. It has demonstratedsimilar but generally improved milling characteristicscompared to Nugget.Red Lentil - PBA BOUNTYPBA Bounty is a high-yielding small seeded red lentil that isbroadly adapted and suited to most lentil growingenvironments. PBA Bounty is moderately resistant toascochyta blight, moderately susceptible to botrytis greymould and has improved tolerance to salinity compared toNugget. PBA Bounty has a prostrate plant growth habitearly in the season compared with all other varieties. PBABounty produces a round seed that is slightly larger (10%)than Nipper but still likely to be sold into similar markets forsplitting or the production of “footballs” (whole seed with theseed coat removed).Red Lentil – PBA FLASHPBA Flash is a high yielding red lentil with a medium seedsize and is suited to all current lentil growing areas butparticularly shorter season growing areas where its higheryield and earlier maturity improves reliability of yield,especially in lower yielding situations. Earlier maturity alsomakes PBA Flash the best variety for timely crop topping tocontrol weeds. It is moderately resistant to ascochytablight, susceptible to botrytis grey mould and has improvedtolerance to boron and salinity compared to Nugget. PBAFlash has improved standing ability at maturity relative toother lentil varieties which may make it more prone to poddrop in windy environments, timely harvest is required.PBA Flash is likely to be well suited to medium red lentilgrain markets, similar to Nugget, particularly for splitting.Red lentil – PBA JUMBOPBA Jumbo is a high yielding large seeded red lentil with agrey seed coat that is mid flowering and maturity similar toNugget. It is targeted as a replacement for Aldinga and iswell suited to no-til inter-row sowing into standing stubble. Itis resistant to foliar and seed ascochyta blight butmoderately susceptible to botrytris grey mould which mayrequire timely management. Tolerance to soil boron andsalinity is similar to PBA Flash. PBA Jumbo is suited tomedium to high rainfall regions where it produces uniformlarger seed size well suited to premium large red splitmarkets.Red lentil – NIPPERResistant to ascochyta blight and botrytis grey mould. It issimilar to Northfield in many characteristics, includingrelatively short height and seed shape, but it has a greyseed coat. It is best adapted to the Wimmera wheredisease is more common. Nipper is also resistant to theexotic disease Fusarium wilt, has improved salinitytolerance and generally lodges less than other varieties.Red lentil – NORTHFIELDMid season variety with a small rounded seed and a tanseed coat that can attract a premium price. Northfield hasresistance to foliar and seed infection by ascochyta blightbut it is susceptible to botrytis grey mould. It is betteradapted to the Wimmera than the Mallee region.Red lentil – NUGGETNugget is a mid season variety with a medium size seedand a grey seed coat. It is moderately resistant to foliarinfection by ascochyta blight but moderately susceptible tomoderately resistant to seed infection. Nugget ismoderately resistant to botrytis grey mould.Green lentil - BOOMERLarge seeded green lentil that is tall and vigorous but canlodge when growing conditions are favourable. Sowingearly can increase lodging and result in smaller seed.Boomer is moderately resistant to foliar infection byascochyta blight but moderately susceptible to seedinfection. It is moderately resistant to botrytis grey mould.Early harvest is important to prevent shattering andproduce good coloured seed.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 53

LentilsTable 1: Commercial contacts for lentil varieties.Variety Commercial Partner/Licensee Registered End Point Market restrictionsRoyalty(ex. GST)Aldinga AFCA 1994 NonePBA Blitz PBSeeds 2010 $5.50 Open marketing to authorised tradersBoomer# AWB Seeds 2005 $5.00 Open marketing to authorised tradersPBA Bounty PB Seeds 2009 $5.00 Open marketing to authorised tradersPBA Flash PBSeeds 2009 $5.00 Open marketing to authorised tradersPBA Jumbo PBSeeds 2010 $5.50 Open marketing to authorised tradersNipper# AWB Seeds 2005 $5.00 Open marketing to authorised tradersNorthfield AFCA 1996 NoneNugget# Seedmark Pty Ltd 1999 $5.00 Open marketing to authorised tradersTiara# AWB Seeds 2006 $8.00 Under contract, registered buyers# Farmers choosing to buy lentil seed should check the royalty/marketing arrangements for that variety with the seed agent.Table 2: Lentil time of sowing guideIn the Wimmera, the highest yields are from sowing in early May to mid June. However early sowing increases the risk of yieldand quality losses from botrytis grey mould and ascochyta blight. Early sowing also increases the likelihood of crop lodging.June is usually considered the best option for the Wimmera. In the Mallee, sowing in mid May balances yield and grain qualityissues. This table is a guide only and has been compiled from experimental data and observations of the breeder and localdepartmental agronomists.MALLEE/Northern WIMMERA April May June JulyAldinga, Boomer, Nipper,Northfield, Nugget. PBABounty, PBA Blitz, PBA Flash,PBA Jumbo> X X X X X X X X earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable54Victorian Winter Crop Summary

LentilsTable 3: Lentil variety agronomic guide (may vary with sowing time and location)Variety Grain type Seed coat Seed size(g/100)#Flowering time# Maturity# Lodging# Shattering#Salinity#Aldinga Red Green Med/Large Mid Mid S MR IPBA Blitz Red Grey Med/Large Early-Mid Early MR MR IBoomer Green Green Large Early-Mid Mid-late MS MS IPBA Bounty Red Grey Small Mid Mid MS MR MIPBA Flash Red Green Med Mid Early-Mid MR MR MIPBA Jumbo Red Grey Med/Large Mid Mid MS MR MINipper Red Grey Small Mid-late Mid MR MR MTNorthfield Red Tan Small Mid-late Mid MS MR INugget Red Grey Med Mid Mid-late MS/MR MR ITiara Green Green Very Large Very late Very late MSR = resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible, I=intolerant, MT=moderately tolerant, MI= moderately intolerant. # ratings relative to Digger. Can flower and mature relatively earlier if sownearly.Table 4: Disease rating for current lentil varieties (National ratings as supplied by PBA)Disease ratingAscochytaBotrytis (BGM)FoliarSeed/PodResistant CModerately resistantNipper, Northfield, PBABlitz, PBA JumboNipper, Northfield, PBAJumboNipperBoomer, Nugget , PBABoomer D , DiggerBountyAldinga, Digger, PBA Blitz, PBA Bounty Nugget DModerately susceptible PBA Flash B Nugget, PBA Flash Aldinga, PBA Bounty,PBA JumboDiggerAldinga, Boomer, Digger, Tiara D (p)Tiara (p)Susceptible Tiara (p) PBA FlashNorthfieldB Note the revised status of PBA Flash, Nugget, Digger and Tiara for ascochyta blight foliar infection. . C No variety with aResistant (R) rating is immune to disease, and fungicide application may be required under severe disease pressure. D Nugget,Boomer and particularly Tiara have a tendency for greater vegetative growth and height, which can predispose them to botrytis.(p) = provisional ratingVictorian Winter Crop Summary 55

LentilsTable 5: Lentil disease guideDisease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts ControlAscochytablightAscochytalentisBotrytisgrey mouldBotrytiscinereaandbotrytisfabaeVIRUS DISEASESAMV AlfalfamosaicvirusCMVBWYVCucumbermosaicvirusBeetwesternyellowsvirusOn leaves, small round whitishgrey lesions with brownmargins. Lesions contain smallblack fruiting bodies of thefungus. Lesions can also formon stems causing prematuredeath. Pod infection canultimately result in darkdiscolourations on seed.Leaves: White roundlesions/spots without blackfruiting bodies as in ascochytablight.Stems: Pale brown greylesions form on stems that arecovered with fluffy grey mould.Botrytis grey mould can causebranches to die and causediscoloured and shrivelledseed.In severe cases large brownpatches can form in the crop.Tip necrosis. Young leaves arepale green, small twisted anddistorted, a faint mosaicpattern may appear.Yellowing, stunting. Youngleaves are pale green, smalltwisted and distorted, a faintmosaic pattern may appear.Yellowing, stunting. Producesmost severe symptoms of theviruses and patches resembleroot disease or herbicideresidue damage.Common in all lentilgrowing regions insouthern Australia. Allvarieties exceptNorthfield and Nipper areat risk of seed infectionby ascochyta blight.Damage is most likely inwet seasons.Most likely to occur indense, lodged cropswhen there is frequentrain late in spring.Prevalent in lentilproduction regions. Highaphid numbersCommon in all lentilgrowing areas. Highaphid numbersPresent in all lentilproduction areas. Highaphid numbers.Lentils – seed,stubble andself sownplants.Most legumesincludingchickpeas, fababean andvetch.Wide hostrange includingmost pulses,somehorticulturalplants andweedsWide hostrange includingmost pulses,somehorticulturalplants andweedsWide hostrange includingmost pulses,somehorticulturalplants andweedsFungicidal seeddressings.Resistantvarieties.Foliar fungicides.Crop rotation.Avoid earlysowing.Fungicidal seeddressings.Low plantdensity.Avoid earlysowing.Foliar fungicides.Crop rotation.Resistantvarieties.Virus free seed,management ofweeds, resistantvarieties.Virus free seed,management ofweeds, resistantvarieties.Managing weedsand aphids,resistantvarieties.56Victorian Winter Crop Summary

LentilsTable 6: Long term predicted yield performance based on NVT, DPI Vic and PBA data for 2003-2009 for Victorianregions expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years inthat area.Mallee WimmeraNugget t/ha 1.34 1.28Aldinga 96(10) 93(17)Boomer 102(9) 99(18)Nipper 94(17) 96(27)Northfield 90(17) 91(27)Nugget 100(17) 100(27)PBA Blitz 107(5) 106(13))PBA Bounty 105(13) 104(23)PBA Flash 107(13) 107(23)PBA Jumbo 109(7) 107(15)Table 7: Yield of lentil varieties in 2010 Victorian trials, expressed as a percentage of the yield of Nugget.MalleeWimmeraCulgoa Birchip Ultima Beulah Tarranyurk HorshamNugget t/ha 1.40 1.77 1.48 2.8 1.63 2.98Aldinga 74 * * 100 * 100Boomer 58 128 84 93 97 100Digger 87 * * 94 * 89Nipper 113 104 105 89 98 90Northfield 63 * * 89 * 87Nugget 100 100 100 100 100 100PBA Blitz 91 97 96 100 85 101PBA Bounty 106 103 89 111 94 111PBA Flash 64 71 62 90 88 90PBA Jumbo 93 85 85 107 95 97Site Mean (t/ha) 1.39 1.94 1.37 2.93 1.65 2.89CV (%) 10.39 8.81 11.06 7.22 9.25 9.41LSD (%) 18 15 19 13 15 16Table 8: Grain weight (gms/100 seeds) of lentil varieties in 2010 Victorian trials.Birchip Ultima TarranyurkAldinga - - -Boomer 6.51 6.52 5.25Digger - - -Nipper 3.45 3.49 3.96Northfield - - -Nugget 4.19 4.34 4.07PBA Blitz 5.05 4.43 4.29PBA Bounty 3.96 4.08 4PBA Flash 4.1 4.2 4.8PBA Jumbo 5.05 5.02 4.13ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesMichael Materne DPI HorshamHelen Richardson DPI HorshamSouth Australian Research and Development InstituteLarn McMurrayPulse AustraliaWayne HawthornVictorian Winter Crop Summary 57

Faba BeansINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Many faba bean growers across Victoria experienced someof their highest yields for the last ten to fifteen years in2010. The 2010 season had a promising start withsignificant rainfall at the end of April. A large percentage ofFaba bean crops across the state were sown into wellwatered seed beds.Fungicide was applied a minimum of twice to more thanninety percent of the crops grown across Victoria due tohigh moisture in the soil resulting in abundant crop growth.Spring rainfall was favourable for crops and also for fungaldiseases where some crops received a third fungicideapplication. Fungicide application proved valuable and iswarranted in similar circumstances in 2011.Seed coat colour and quality of faba beans harvested priorto the mid December (8 and 9) rainfall was of premiumcondition. Water staining was evident on crops post thatrain.Several Wimmera faba bean crops were harvested afterthe heavy rainfall and 1 in 200 year flood of January 2011.It was very uncharacteristic that faba bean crops in theWimmera were being harvested in mid to late January.Crops harvested post the rain and floods of January 2011experienced water staining with less than one percent shotseed. Early harvest remains a priority to maximise quality.There are varying sizes of faba bean seeds and colour thatare identified by different names. Small-seeded types (Viciafaba var. minor) may be called faba bean or tickbean andare commonly used for human consumption and animalfeed. Medium and large size seed types (V. faba var.major) may be called broad bean and are used morecommonly as a dry broad bean or as a green bean.Faba beans grown in Australia are predominately exportedfor the human consumption export market to the MiddleEast. These markets demand high visual quality standardsto meet market specifications in a relatively small worldexport market. Australia competes with China and theEuropean Union, particularly France, for a share of the300,000 tonne Middle East market.Middle Eastern countries use faba bean for humanconsumption as part of the staple diet. It is referred to as‘foul’ which is equivalent to bread as a staple in Australiandiets.To maintain access to the high quality human consumptionfood market in the Middle East, Australian faba beansrequire no seed blemish from disease. For many growersacross the Wimmera and north central regions of Victoria,who sprayed for disease and insects along with harvestingwhen initially ripe, the 2010 season produced favourableyield, good seed quality and colour. If 2011 provides goodsowing conditions and adequate rain during the grain fillperiod, it is highly recommended that growers again spraybean crops for disease control. The 8 week and 15 weekgrowth stages are the important timing to minimiseascochyta blight and chocolate spot levels in order toharvest disease free seed.Anecdotally, Aquadulce and Kareema rated better forchocolate spot resistance compared to Nura and Farah.FABA BEANSKareema, a broad bean variety, was released late in 2009for growers across Southern Australia. Kareema is a directreplacement for the variety Aquadulce and isrecommended specifically for the high rainfall (450mm)regions of Victoria.Fiesta and Farah are the most commonly grown varieties inVictoria. Nura, released in 2005, has better chocolate spotresistance than Fiesta and Farah, however requires alonger season environment to be high yielding. Barkool hasbeen outclassed by Fiesta and Farah. Less than onepercent of the faba bean crop in Australia is sown to Fiordand the area sown to the green coated variety Icarus, isless than Fiord, even less area is sown to Manafest. Thetotal area sown to faba bean is not large, having declinedover recent years due to low rainfall resulting in very lowyields and production. Australia exports ninety nine percentof production.The following chapter on faba bean briefly summarisessome of the key comparative information, more detailedinformation can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au andwww.pulseaus.com.au Up to date and detailed informationon pulse diseases can be down loaded from the DPIwebsite www.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeder Rights applyBROAD BEANSAQUADULCETall late flowering broad bean with some tolerance towaterlogging and iron and manganese deficiencies. Bestsuited to high rainfall districts (>450mm). It is susceptible toascochyta blight, chocolate spot and rust.KAREEMAKareema, a broad bean variety, was released in 2009 as adirect replacement for the variety Aquadulce. Kareemadefinitely requires a long growing season similar toAquadulce and rainfall greater than 450mm. Kareema ismoderately susceptible to chocolate spot. Kareema is onlyrecommended for the south west region of Victoria. Seed isavailable from KeithSeeds Pty Ltd.FABA BEANSASCOTReleased in 1996 from a selection of Fiord, Ascot hasimproved ascochyta blight resistance. Ascochyta blightresistance reduces the need for fungicide application,reduces lodging and improves seed quality. However,Ascot is susceptible to chocolate spot and has yieldedsimilar to or less than Fiord in Victoria. Ascot matures at asimilar time to Fiord and has similar grain size, beingsuitable for human consumption where it is mainly used forcanning. Released 1996, Ascot is no longer protected byPlant Breeders Rights.58Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Faba BeansDOZADoza, released in 2008, is specifically recommended forcentral and northern NSW and southern Queensland; it isvery early flowering. Seed size of Doza is 50 grams/100seeds, bigger than Fiord but smaller than Fiesta and Cairo.Doza is not recommended for southern Australia. Seed isavailable from Viterra seeds.FARAHFarah is a direct Arabic translation of Fiesta and will be areplacement for this popular variety. Farah has greaterascochyta blight resistance both leaf and pod than Fiesta,similar to the variety Ascot, which reduces the grainstaining from ascochyta at harvest. Farah yield is similar toFiesta across southern Australia and performs best inmedium rainfall environments. Released 2004, tested as483/3 and marketed by Seedmark Pty Ltd.FIESTASince its release in 1998 Fiesta has taken over theproduction area once grown to Fiord. A medium sizedbean, Fiesta has shown high yields and wide adaptationthroughout southern Australia. It has good seedling vigourand is of medium height. Seed is similar in colour to Fiordbut approximately 50 per cent larger. Fiesta is moderatelysusceptible to chocolate spot and ascochyta blight.MANAFESTA variety with excellent early vigour and early erectbranching. This variety has improved tolerance tomanganese and iron deficiency. Seed size is similar toIcarus, but light brown in colour. Manafest has moderateresistance to chocolate spot and rust, but is susceptible toascochyta blight. Fungicide will be needed early in thegrowing season to control ascochyta blight. Best suited tomedium to high rainfall zones. Registered in 1999.NURAA new variety with good resistance to ascochyta blightsimilar to Farah. It has moderate resistance to chocolatespot and rust, similar to Icarus. Nura is shorter than Fiestaand Farah and less likely to lodge, however the bottompods are closer to the ground. It flowers about seven dayslater than Fiesta, however it matures at a similar time.Tested as Ic*As7/3, registered 2005 and marketed by AWBSeeds.FIORDFiord has early maturity and produces small, light brownseeds similar to Ascot, suitable for human consumption.Fiord is susceptible to chocolate spot, ascochyta blight andrust. Fungicide applications are required in most districts tocontrol these diseases. Due to its disease susceptibility andseed size Fiord has been superseded by other varieties,however some splitting markets still prefer Fiord to Fiesta.Released in 1980.Table 1: Faba bean time of sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.MALLEE April May June JulyAscot, Farah, Fiesta, Fiord > X X X X X X X X X X X < X X X X X X X < X X X > X X X X X X X earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptableVictorian Winter Crop Summary 59

Faba BeansTable 2: Faba bean disease guide summary.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts ControlAscochyta blight AscochytafabaeFaba bean,Vetch.Chocolate spotRustStem nematodeSclerotinia stemrotBotrytis fabaeBotrytiscinereaUromycesviciae-fabaeDitylenchusdipsaciSclerotiniatrifoliorum var.fabae,SclerotiniasclerotiorumVIRUS DISEASESSCSV Subterraneanclover stuntvirusBLRVBean leaf rollvirusLarge, light tan to greylesions on leaves. Smallblack fruiting bodies developwithin lesions. Centres oflesions may fall out, leavingholes in leaves. Sunkenlesions on stem similar incolour to leaf lesions. Brownblackdiscolouration of grain.Passive phase: smallchocolate covered spotsscattered over leaves.Aggressive phase: tissuearound spots turn dark greyand black. Leaves die andblacken.Numerous small, orangebrownrust pustules,surrounded by a light yellowhalo on the leaves of infectedplants.Patches of malformed andstunted plants with curlingleaves and water-soakedspots. Stem may die back,turning reddish-brown colour.Infection usually begins closeto ground level and slimy wetrot extends into stem anddown into the roots. Plantseasily pulled from soil andhave blackened basecovered with cottony, whitefungus growth. Usuallyisolated plants that suddenlywilt and collapse. Sclerotiniaon surface and within stemturn from white to black.Stunting, tip yellowing, smalland thick leaves.Inter-veinal yellowing, leafrolling, stunting, leatheryleaves.Table 3: Faba bean variety agronomic and disease guide.Common in all fababean growing areas insouthern Australia.Usually the firstdisease present in newcrops. Most severe inwet seasons. Sporesspread by wind andrain. Infected seed.Occurs in all areaswhere beans aregrown. Disease usuallybecomes established inlate winter andbecomes more severeas day temperaturesincrease during spring.Spores spread by windand rain. Can destroyunprotected crops inwet seasons.Most prevalent innorthern Australia.Crops usually affectedlate in the season.Most severe in wetseasons. Nematodecan survive manyyears in seed, straw orsoil.Rapid development ofdisease in wet, coolconditions. Foliar formof disease spread byair-borne spores.Fungus survives in thesoil for many years.Prevalent in all beangrowing areas,symptoms appear earlyon faba bean.Occurs in all beangrowing areas.Faba bean.Faba bean,vetch.Faba bean, pea,oat, wild oat.Infected seedstraw or soil.Foliarfungicides.Resistantvarieties egAscot.Crop rotation.Controlvolunteer plants.Clean seed.Foliarfungicides.Resistantvarieties egIcarus.Crop rotation.Controlvolunteer plants.Foliarfungicides.Crop rotation.Controlvolunteer plants.Seed test.Crop rotation.Wide host range. Crop rotation.Lower seedingrates, wider rowspacing andgood weedcontrol.Sub clover, fababean, lupin,lentil, chickpea,lucerne,soybean.The host rangeis limited tofabaceae.Nura Small Buff Mid Early-mid MR-R MS-MR MRR = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptibleT = tolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, S = susceptible;Managingaphids andweeds.Managingaphids.Variety SeedsizeSeedcolourFloweringtimeMaturity AscochytablightChocolatespotRustAquadulce Large Buff Late Mid-late MS MS MS TKareema Large Buff Late Mid-Late MR-R MS MRAscot Small Buff Mid Early R VS S SFarah Medium Buff Mid Early-mid MR-R S S MTFiesta Medium Buff Mid Early-mid MS-MR S S MTFiord Small Buff Early Early MS VS S SManafest Medium Buff Mid Mid VS MS MS TTolerance to Mn &iron deficiency60Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Faba BeansTable 4: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Fiesta. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in that area.Mallee Wimmera North Central North East South West(Irrigation)Fiesta VF t/ha 1.89 2.31 3.57 2.99 3.59Cairo * 96(15) 98(3) 98(5) *Doza * 91(10) * 92(3) *Farah * 101(18) 99(5) 101(6) *Fiesta VF 100(3) 100(26) 100(7) 100(11) 100(3)Fiord 99(3) 96(23) 99(7) 98(11) *Manafest 85(3) 85(22) 82(5) 85(9) 90(3)Nura * 96(25) 94(7) 97(11) *Table 5: Yield expressed as a percentage of the yield of Fiesta and grain weight (gms/100 seeds) of fababean varieties in 2010 Victorian NVT and DPI trials.North CentralWimmeraKerang Katamatite Kaniva Horsham WonwondahYield Yield Yield Yield Yield Gms/100grainsFiesta VF t/ha 5.62 0.94 2.90 3.67 5.09Doza 113 109 87 83 56.79Farah 103 174 107 107 103 71.29Fiesta VF 100 100 100 100 100 72.16Fiord 106 79Nura 88 215 102 85 94 66.63Site Mean (t/ha) 5.49 1.61 3.33 3.39 5.02CV (%) 13.06 13.91 8.73 12.49 7.34LSD (%) 22 22 14 22 12ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesMary RaynesDPI HorshamHelen Richardson DPI HorshamUniversity of AdelaideJeffery PaulWaite CampusVictorian Winter Crop Summary 61

LupinsINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010An early break to the season and regular rainfall producedsome excellent lupin crops in 2010. For farming systemsand soils where lupins are adapted, they provide a noncerealrotational option. Good quality seed and timelysowing are key elements to successful lupin production.New varieties with greater resistance to a range of lupindiseases such as cucumber mosaic virus CMV) should bea priority when selecting varieties. Most varieties are stillsusceptible to brown leaf spot and agronomic managementis required to prevent this disease.Surveys confirm that Victoria remains free of anthracnose,a serious seed borne lupin disease which also limits marketoptions for grain from infected areas. The disease ispresent in WA and SA commercial lupin crops and it isimportant that seed is obtained from reputable sources toprevent accidental introduction of anthracnose into Victoria.CMV was observed in 2010 crops which highlights theneed to ensure clean seed is used. Seed testing isavailable to confirm the presence of CMV and other virusesand is recommended. Monitoring and managing the spreadof aphids may also assist to manage this disease.LUPINSThe following chapter on lupins briefly summarises some ofthe key comparative information, more detailed informationcan be found at www.nvtonline.com.au andwww.pulseaus.com.au. Up to date and detailed informationon pulse diseases can be down loaded from the DPIwebsite www.dpi.vic.gov.au. For an up to date list of lupintraders and their contact details visit the website,http://www.pulseaus.com.au/crops/lupinsVARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes Plant Breeder Rights applyNarrow leaf lupin - JINDALEETall, mid flowering and late maturing variety suited to highrainfall, long season areas. Jindalee is resistant tophomopsis, moderately susceptible/moderately resistant tobrown leaf spot and moderately susceptible toanthracnose. Registered 2000 and marketed by AWBSeeds.Narrow leaf lupin – MANDELUPA high yielding variety suited to medium to low rainfallzones, although may lodge in high rainfall zones. Ismoderately resistant to phomopsis and anthracnose andresistant to aphids. Registered in 2004 and marketed bySeedmark Pty Ltd.Sclerotinia was also observed in some lupin crops in 2010.Seed from infected crops should not be resown and ifsignificant soil infection has occurred rotation with cerealswill reduce the problem.A major issue for lupins in 2010 was mice. Firstly duringestablishment of the crop, seed was eaten and then atflowering mice targeted the flowers and forming pods.Monitoring for the presence of mice and baiting whereappropriate is critical to limit damage, which can be severe.Like most crops in 2010 a portion of the harvest wasaffected by frequent late rains which reduced quality of thesample. In most instances the conditions were beyond thecontrol of growers and seed held for sowing should beassessed for germination percentage and vigour.For growers upgrading from older varieties, Mandelup isreadily available and yields well under most conditions.Coromup has yielded well compared to the other namedvarieties in Victoria, although seed supply is still to beconfirmed in the eastern states. Coromup has slightlyhigher protein content of the grain compared to othernarrow leaf lupin varieties, which is a market advantage,but may not attract a premium. Jenabillup is another newvariety with good yields in trials.Lupins are divided into two types, the more commonlygrown narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) and thelarge seeded and larger leafed albus types (Lupinus albus).The albus types may fit into human food and aquaculturemarkets as well as high protein stock feed markets. Narrowleaf types are generally grown for high protein stock feedeither for sale or supplementary feeding on farm.Narrow leaf lupin - MOONAHBest suited for low - medium rainfall areas. Moonah is tallerthan Merrit and has rapid early growth. Moderatelyresistant phomopsis and moderately resistant tomoderately susceptible to anthracnose. Althoughreasonably drought tolerant it may be susceptible to wiltingon some soil types. Registered 1998.Narrow leaf lupin - QUILINOCKHigh yielding narrow leaf lupin but susceptible toanthracnose. It is early flowering for low to medium rainfallareas. Quilinock has moderate resistance to stemphomopsis. Production in eastern states has been limitedby seed availability. Registered 1999.Narrow leaf lupin - WONGAAnthracnose resistant with medium height and lodgingresistance. It is moderately susceptible to moderatelyresistant to brown leaf spot and resistant to phomopsis.Best suited to medium rainfall districts when resistance toanthracnose is required. Registered 1997 and marketed byNaracoorte Seeds.Narrow leaf lupin – COROMUPEarly maturity high quality (high protein) variety with largeuniform seeds, excellent for dehulling. A tall varietymoderately susceptible to lodging. Resistant to stem andseed-pod phomopsis, moderately resistant to anthracnoseand moderately resistant to moderately susceptible tobrown leaf spot. Registered in 2006, protected by PlantBreeders Rights and marketed by Coorow Seeds.Narrow leaf lupin – JENABILLUPHigh yielding narrow leaf lupin moderately resistant tolodging. Resistant to aphid colonisation, brown leaf spotand pod/seed phomopsis and moderately susceptible toanthracnose. Registered in 2007, protected by PlantBreeders Rights and marketed by Viterra Seeds, available2011.62Victorian Winter Crop Summary

LupinsAlbus lupin - KIEV MUTANTThe most widely grown albus variety. It is of moderateheight, grows vigorously, flowers early but matures late.Requires rainfall higher than 450mm to yield well.Albus lupin - LUXORA new release with resistance to Pleiochaeta root rot. Alittle taller than Kiev Mutant and suitable for lower tomedium rainfall regions and high rainfall regions wherePleiochaeta root rot is a problem. Luxor is 100 per centsweet and should not be grown within 2 km of other albusvarieties to avoid bitter contamination. Released 2008 andmarketed by Viterra Seeds.Albus lupin - ROSSETTAA release selected for improved yield and Pleiochaeta rootrot resistance compared to Kiev Mutant. It is late flowering,making it suitable for medium and higher rainfall regionsalthough has compared well with other albus varieties inthe Mallee. It is tall and 100 per cent sweet, so should notbe grown near other albus varieties. Released 2007 andmarketed by Viterra Seeds.Bitter, large seeded albus lupin -LUPINI beanVarieties are Lago Azzurro, Mount Beauty and Murphy.They must be grown in complete isolation from sweet albusvarieties due to the high alkaloid content of the seed andthe potential to cross with sweet albus varieties. Productionis for a niche market.Table 1: Optimal lupin sowing times for rainfallzones and soil types.Rainfall zone Optimum sowing timemm/yr Sands Shallow sand overclay, sandy loams,loamsBelow 350 Mid April-earlyMayLate April-earlyMay350-450 Early-mid May Mid mayAbove 450 Mid May Late MayTable 2: Lupin sowing guide.This table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.MALLEE April May June JulyNARROW LEAFCoromup, Jenabillup, Jindalee, Mandelup,Merrit, Moonah, Quilinock, Tanjil, Wonga> X X X X < X X X X < > X X X X < > X X X X < > X X X X < > X X X X < X X X X < X X X X < X X X X < X X X X X earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptableVictorian Winter Crop Summary 63

LupinsTable 3: Lupin variety agronomic guide and disease reactions.Floweringshattering tolerance deficiency noseHeight Lodging Pod Drought Mn Anthrac-timeBrownleafspotPleiochaetaroot rotPhomopsisStem PodCMV Aphidseed resisttransmitNARROW LEAFCoromup E T MS R T MR MR-MS R R R MR RJenabillup E T MR R T MS R R MR- R MR RMSJindalee L T MR R MI MS MR MR R R MSMandelup E T MS MR T MR MS R MR R MS RMoonah E T MR-MS MR-MS T MR-MS S MS MR MS MS MR-SQuilinock E M MS MR T S-VS MR-MS S MR MS MSWonga E M MR MS MS R R MS-MR S R S MR MRALBUS LUPINKiev E M R MS R VS MR VS MR S R SMutantLuxor E-M M-T R MS VS MR R MR S R SRosetta M-L T R MS VS MR MR MR S R SFlowering time; E=early, M=mid, L=lateHeight; S=short, M=medium, T=tall`Lodging and disease reactions; R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=verysusceptible. T=Tolerant. I=IntolerantTable 4: Lupin disease guide.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source ControlFUNGAL DISEASESBrown leaf spotPleiochaeta root rotRhizoctoniaAnthracnosePleiochaetasetosaPleiochaetasetosaRhizoctoniaspp.ColletotrichumlupiniDark web like spots onleaves and pods,infected leaves dropoff, lesions may girdlestem.Browning and rottingof tap and lateralroots, seedling plantdeath.Bare patches in crop,spear tipped rootends, hypocotyl rotand stain.Stems bend over, darkbrown lesions in crookof bend. Dark lesionshave pale pink/orangecentres on leaves,stems and pods. Podsand leaves abovecrook twist anddeform,Very common butlosses usually minorin dry areas, yieldloss can besignificant in cooldamp areas.Serious reduction inlupin plant densityand vigour.Can be severe inisolated patches,reduces standdensity, favoured byminimum tillage,wet soils and mildconditions.Severe infectionscan result incomplete cropfailure.Spores survive insoil and lupin trash.Rain splash andwind blown rainspread the disease.Spores in soilinfecting rootsusually at seedlingstage, spread alsoby rain splash.Soil borne infectionon wide host range,survives as fungalfragments in soiland plant debris.Spores surviving insoil can betransported byvehicles, machinery,animals and people.Spread in crop byrain splash andwind.Fungicide seeddressings, croprotation, varietyselection, earlysowing.Rotation minimum 4years betweenlupins, sowing 4-5cm deep to avoidspore layer,fungicide seeddressings.Tillage prior andduring sowing,rotation has noeffect, increasedseeding rate.Clean seed andmachinery, 4 yearbreak betweenlupins, resistantvarieties, fungicideseed dressingsreduce seedlinginfection.64Victorian Winter Crop Summary

LupinsTable 4: (continued) Lupin disease guide.Disease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Inoculum source ControlVIRUS DISEASESCMVBYMVCucumbermosaic virusBean yellowmosaic virusAll growth afterinfection is dwarfed,leaflets are yellowedand bunched.Brown streaks onstem, shepherd crook,pods blackened andflat, plants wilt and die.Early widespreadinfection severelyreduces yield. Minorinfections preventuse of harvestedgrain as seed.Can be severe inhigher rainfallareas, usuallytransmitted frompasture.Seed borneinfection in narrowleaf lupin, aphidstransmit the diseasewithin a crop.Seed borne inalbus, aphid spreadin crop, many hostspecies.Sow clean seed,use a seed test,high sowing ratesand cereal barriersaround cropsreduce aphidtransmission.High plant density,cereal barrier,control weed andvolunteer lupins.Table 5: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Mandelup. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of site years in thatarea.Mallee North Central North EastMandelup t/ha 1.93 1.25 2.49Belara 92(19) 89(8) 97(5)Coromup 94(13) 93(5) *Danja 86(22) 89(10) 88(6)Jenabilup 100(7) 100(3) *Jindalee 85(34) 88(14) 92(7)Mandelup 100(28) 100(13) 100(7)Moonah 92(33) 92(12) 93(7)Quilinock 95(20) 98(9) 97(5)Tanjil 89(13) 92(4) 93(4)Wonga 89(33) 91(14) 94(7)Table 6: Yield of lupin varieties expressed as a percentage of the yield of Mandelup and grain weight in2010 Victorian trials.Walpeup Hopetoun ElmoreMandelup t/ha 0.95 2.17 4.09 Gm/100 seedsCoromup 78 94 91 18.22Jenabillup 45 96 96 15.8Mandelup 100 100 100 17.42Wonga 29 106 85 14.64Site Mean (t/ha) 0.73 2.18 3.99CV (%) 8.48 5.76 6.14LSD (%) 14 9 10ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesHelen Richardson DPI HorshamFrank HenryDPI HorshamVictorian Winter Crop Summary 65

ChickpeasINTRODUCTION – Lessons from 2010Prolonged spring rainfall has highlighted the benefits ofhaving a diverse range of crop types to spread risk.Chickpeas with their relatively later maturity compared toother pulse crops were able to utilise late spring rainfall andgenerally maintain good seed quality through a wetharvest. On the flip side, the favourable spring rainfall alsoexposed the risks associated with early sowing. Largechickpea canopies are at high risk of yield loss from botrytisgrey mould (BGM) when wet humid conditions prevailduring flowering and podding. Large well-grown chickpeacrops can also lodge prior to harvest which can increasethe risk of BGM.The frequent rainfall events during podset were alsoconducive to ascochyta blight infection of pods which oftenresults in pod abortion. All varieties are susceptible to podinfection and require fungicides during podset forprotection. The ascochyta blight rating of varieties relatesonly to their foliar resistance. This season’s long poddingduration meant that more than one fungicide at poddingwas required to protect all pods.With both BGM and ascochyta blight reported in 2010crops, it is very important that seed used for sowing in 2011is treated with a fungicide seed dressing.The level of virus in chickpea crops in 2010 wasdramatically less than the 2009 season. This is likely due tothe reduced aphid numbers resulting from the coolertemperatures and the thicker crop canopies making cropsless attractive to aphids.There were numerous reports of 2010 crops suffering frompoor germination. This was caused by the severe heatevent in November of 2009. This issue highlights theimportance of checking germination and seed viability andmaking the appropriate adjustments to sowing rates.Growers who have stored seed from the 2009 seasonshould be aware of this issue and be extremely cautious ifconsidering using this seed to sow in 2011.The medium to large seeded kabuli, Genesis114 wasreleased in 2010. This variety has moderate ascochytablight resistance and is a replacement for Kaniva and analternative to Almaz. Genesis114 has an erect plant habitwhich provides excellent lodging resistance andharvestability.The release of the new variety PBA Slasher providesgrowers with a desi variety which combines ascochytablight resistance, high yield and good seed quality. PBASlasher provides a high yielding desi alternative to theproduction of small kabuli types as it is suited to both themedium whole seeded desi and split markets. PBA Slasherwas developed by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) and iscommercialised by AWB Seeds Pty Ltd. The PBA chickpeaprogram has formed a partnership with AWB Seeds tomultiply, release and manage PBA chickpea varietiesidentified for commercial release until 2011.Variety selection must be based on ascochyta blightpressure, yield and marketing opportunities, knowing thatdisease management is critical to success. It is veryimportant to know the ascochyta blight resistance rating foryour chosen variety and understand the diseasemanagement package associated with growing that variety.CHICKPEASResistant varieties, such as Genesis 509, Genesis 090and PBA Slasher, still require a foliar fungicide applicationat podding to reduce seed infection, maximise quality andprevent yield loss. Moderately resistant varieties, such asAlmaz, require 2-4 strategic fungicide applications toprevent yield loss.A larger range of chickpea types are now available tofarmers, creating greater marketing opportunities than inthe past. However, this also means that understandingmarkets is an important part of variety selection.The following chapter on chickpea briefly summarisessome of the key comparative information, more detailedinformation can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au andwww.pulseaus.com.au Up to date and detailed informationon pulse diseases can be down loaded from the DPIwebsite www.dpi.vic.gov.au.VARIETY DESCRIPTIONSdenotes plant breeders rights apply.Desi type – GENESIS TM 508Has good ascochyta blight resistance and is likely torequire only one fungicide application during podding. Seedis less preferred than Howzat and lower prices are paid forgrain. Genesis 508 is lower yielding than Howzat (in theabsence of ascochyta blight) in short season areas such asthe Mallee and when the season ends relatively early.Therefore it is only suited to areas with greater than380mm annual rainfall on heavier soils (eg Wimmera greyclays) and on sandy loam soils in the northern Wimmeraand southern Mallee. Released 2005 and marketed byAustralian Agricultural Crop Technologies.Desi type – GENESIS TM 509Has good ascochyta resistance and is likely to require onlyone fungicide application during podding. Seed is lesspreferred than Howzat and similar to Genesis 508. Genesis509 yields similarly to Howzat and higher than Genesis508. It has shown broad adaptation and is suited to boththe Wimmera and Mallee regions. Released 2007 andmarketed by Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.Desi type – HOWZATSusceptible to ascochyta blight, Howzat has moderateearly vigour. Initially prostrate rather than erect, butstanding ability improves towards maturity. Early floweringwith brown grain of medium size. Howzat is lesssusceptible to botrytis grey mould than most currentvarieties. Strategic application of fungicides to controlascochyta blight is required. The variety has excellentadaptation to most chickpea growing regions. Released2000 and marketed by Australian Agricultural CropTechnologies.Desi type – PBA SLASHERResistant to foliar infection by ascochyta and is likely torequire only one fungicide application during podding. Seedis medium size tan-brown which has excellent millingquality, suitable for both split and whole seed markets. PBASlasher has mid flowering and maturity. It is susceptible tobotrytis grey mould, similar to Genesis TM varieties.Released 2009 and marketed by AWB Seeds.66Victorian Winter Crop Summary

ChickpeasKabuli type – ALMAZModerately resistant to ascochyta blight. Seed is slightlylarger than Kaniva but smaller than Nafice. Yield is equal orbetter than Kaniva and offers a much lower disease riskoption. Almaz will require at least 3 fungicide applicationsto be successfully grown in Victorian growing conditions.Best adapted to the traditional kabuli growing areas.Released 2005 and marketed by AWB Seeds.Kabuli type – BUMPERVery susceptible to ascochyta blight. A medium-tall varietywhich flowers in mid season. It has medium lodgingresistance. Bumper produces larger, slightly whiter grainthan Kaniva which may offset its slightly lower yield.Released in 1998 and marketed by Australian AgriculturalCrop Technologies.Kabuli type – GENESIS TM 079Resistant to ascochyta blight, Genesis 079 is likely to onlyrequire one fungicide application during podding. It is ahigh yielding small seeded type (6-7mm) with relativelyhigh yields in short season environments. Genesis 079 isthe earliest flowering and maturing kabuli variety available.Released 2009 and seed is available directly fromAustralian Agricultural Crop Technologies.Kabuli type – GENESIS TM 090Genesis 090 has good ascochyta blight resistance and islikely to require only one fungicide application duringpodding. It has shown wide adaptation and excellent yieldstability, including in drier environments. Genesis 090 has asmaller seed, approximately 1mm smaller than that ofKaniva. Genesis 090 has the potential to be grown as agood alternative to desi chickpeas or as a higher yieldingbut lower value alternative (smaller seed) to kabulis suchas Almaz and Nafice. Released 2005 and marketed byAustralian Agricultural Crop Technologies.Kabuli type – GENESIS TM 114Moderate resistance to ascochyta blight and when grown inVictoria is likely to require strategic fungicide applications(2-4 sprays) throughout the growing season. Seed size islarger than Kaniva (8-9 mm) and has been higher yieldingthan Almaz and Nafice. Genesis 114 has an erect planthabit and excellent lodging resistance. Released 2010 andmarketed through Australian Agricultural CropTechnologies.Kabuli type – GENESIS TM 425Resistant to ascochyta similar to Genesis 090 which willrequire one fungicide application during podding but hasphytophthora resistance superior to other kabuli varieties.Targeted as a small to medium kabuli option for northernNSW. Released 2007 and marketed through AustralianAgricultural Crop Technologies.Kabuli type – KANIVAVery susceptible to ascochyta blight. Kaniva was the mainkabuli variety grown in south-east Australia. It can be veryprofitable despite requiring regular fungicide sprays. It haspoorer standing ability than most varieties.Kabuli type – NAFICEModerately resistant to ascochyta blight. Seed is largerthan Kaniva and slightly larger than Almaz. Yield is equal orbetter than Kaniva and offers a much lower disease riskoption, however Nafice will require at least 3 fungicideapplications to be successfully grown in Victorian growingconditions. Best adapted to the traditional kabuli growingareas. There has been some reports of poor seed colourwhich requires further evaluation. Released 2005 andmarketed by AWB Seeds.Victorian Winter Crop Summary 67

ChickpeasTable 1: Chickpea time of sowing guideThis table is a guide only and has been compiled from observations of the breeder and local departmental agronomists.MALLEE April May June JulyDESIHowzat, Tyson > > X X < X X X X < > X X X X < X X X X X X X > X X X X X < > X X X > X X X X X X < X X X X X X < > X X X X X < X X X X < earlier than ideal, X optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptableTable 2: Chickpea variety agronomic guide and disease reactionVariety Ave 100seed wt(grams)Seed colour Early growth Flowering Maturity Height LodgingresistanceBotrytis greymouldAscochytablightDESIGenesis 508 16 Dark brown Medium Mid-late Mid Medium MR S RGenesis 509 16 Dark brown Medium Mid Early-mid Medium MR MS RHowzat 21 Light brown Medium Mid Early-mid Medium MS MS SPBA Slasher 18 Tan-brown Poor-Mod Mid Mid Medium MS S RTyson 13 Dark brown Poor Mid Early Short R S SKABULIAlmaz 39 Cream Medium Late Mid-late Med-Tall MS S MS-MRBumper 45 Cream-white Good Mid Mid-late Medium MS VS VSGenesis 079 24 Cream Good Very early Early Short MR S RGenesis 090 27 Cream Good Early Mid Medium MR VS RGenesis 114 37 Cream Medium Late Mid-late Medium MR S MS-MRGenesis 425 28 Cream-white Good Mid Mid Medium MR S RKaniva 36 Cream Good Late Mid-late Medium S S SNafice 40 Cream Medium Late Mid-late Medium MS S MS-MRDisease tolerance; R = Resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = verysusceptible68Victorian Winter Crop Summary

ChickpeasTable 3: Chickpea disease guide summaryDisease Organism Symptoms Occurrence Hosts ControlAscochyta blight AscochytaChickpea.rabiei.Grey mouldSclerotiniaPale brown lesions onleaves, stems and pods.Lesions may have a greycentre containing small blackfruiting bodies. Infectedstems wither and break.Botrytis cinerea. Poor emergence and deathof young plants. Soft rot atthe base of the stem. Greymould growth on leaves,stems and pods. Lodging ofplants in dense crops.Discolouration of seed withgrey mould.Sclerotiniasclerotiorum.Scattered dead plants withina crop. Cottony white fungalgrowth on the lower stems ofdead plants. Soft rot andwhite mould on stems andpods.Damping-off Pythium spp. Poor crop establishmentunder wet conditions. Seedrotting in the ground. Suddendeath of young seedlings.PhytophthoraPhoma blightRoot lesionnematodeVIRUS DISEASESAMVCMVBWYVPhytophthoramegasperma.Phomapinodella.Pratylenchusthornei andPratylenchusneglectus.Alfalfa mosaicvirusCucumbermosaic virusBeet westernyellows virusPlants suddenly wither anddie, particularly afterwaterlogging. Dark brown toblack discolouration of thetap root.Blackening of the stem nearground level. Dark, tancoloured lesions on leaves,stems and pods.Ill-thrift, lack of branching ofroot system, small darkstripes on roots.Tip necrosis.Desi varieties leaves andstems become red/brown.Kabuli varieties leaves andstems turn yellow.Yellowing, stunting,offshoots.Desi varieties leaves andstems become red/brown.Kabuli varieties leaves andstems turn yellow.Yellowing, stunting,offshoots.The internal tissues of themain stem at the base andturn brown.Occurs in all regions.Affects both kabuli anddesi types. Most severe inspring.Occurs in all regions.Affects both kabuli anddesi types. Most severe inwet seasons. Dense cropsare more likely to beaffected.Occurs in all chickpeagrowing regions. Mostsevere in wet seasonswhere chickpea is plantedin fields recently croppedto chickpea.Problem in all regions,particularly in soils thatbecome very wet just aftersowing. More severe onkabuli than desi chickpea.Most serious disease innorthern Australia. May bea problem in poorlydrained soils in southernAustralia under wetconditions.Common in most chickpeagrowing regions. Mostsevere in wet seasons.Favoured by wheat inrotation with chickpea,medic and vetch.Occurs in all chickpeagrowing areas.Seasons and districts withmajor aphid flights.Prevalent in chickpeagrowing regions.Seasons and districts withmajor aphid flights.Occurs in all chickpeagrowing areas.Seasons and districts withmajor aphid flights.Chickpea,most pulses,including lentiland fababean.Most pulses,oilseeds andbroadleafweeds.Chickpea,most pulses.Chickpea,lucerne.Mostlegumes.Wheat,chickpea,medic, vetch,narbon bean.Wide hostrangeincludingmost pulses,somehorticulturalplants andweedsVery widehost range,includingmost pulses,pastures,horticulturalcrops andweedsVery widehost range,includingmost pulses,brassicas andweedsFungicide seeddressing, foliarfungicides, rotation,avoid susceptiblevarieties, avoid earlysowing.Fungicide seeddressings, lowerplant densities, avoidearly sowing.Crop rotation. (Seeddressings of nobenefit.)Fungicide seeddressings, avoidpoorly drained soils.Resistant varieties.Crop rotation.Crop rotation(predictive soil testavailable).Virus-free seedResistant varietiesVirus-free seedResistant varietiesManaging aphidsand weeds, resistantvarietiesVictorian Winter Crop Summary 69

ChickpeasTable 4: Long term predicted yield performance data for 2000-2009 for Victorian regions expressed as apercentage of the yield of Howzat (desi) or Genesis 090 (kabuli). The numbers in brackets indicate thenumber of site years in that area.DesiKabuliMallee Wimmera Mallee WimmeraHowzat t/ha 0.95 0.87Genesis 090 t/ha 0.95 0.94Almaz * * 75(14) 70(17)Genesis 079 105(9) 108(12) 104(19) 99(20)Genesis 090 99(22) 104(24) 100(19) 100(20)Genesis 114 * * 84(12) 82(17)Genesis 425 * * 92(16) 87(17)Genesis 509 102(24) 107(28) * *Genesis 510 100(15) 105(18) * *Genesis 836 97(12) 100(14) * *Howzat 100(24) 100(28) * *Nafice * * 67(12) 64(14)PBA HatTrick 99(15) 103(19) * *PBA Slasher 112(15) 114(19) * *Sonali 95(19) 95(22) * *Table 5: Yield of desi chickpea varieties in 2010 Victorian trials expressed as a percentage of the yield ofPBA Slasher.MalleeWimmeraBirchip Ultima Beulah Hopetoun Kaniva TarranyurkPBA Slasher t/ha 2.81 2.44 2.72 2.90 1.73 1.99Flipper * * 91 73 * *Genesis 079 106 100 97 * 106 91Genesis 090 99 99 * * 101 99Genesis 509 93 96 92 74 93 81Howzat * * 97 87 * *PBA HatTrick 94 90 94 84 91 80PBA Slasher 100 100 100 100 100 100Site Mean (t/ha) 2.83 2.47 2.62 2.45 1.69 1.78CV (%) 5.73 9.41 8.70 8.03 10.37 11.13LSD (%) 9 16 17 14 17 1870Victorian Winter Crop Summary

ChickpeasTable 6: Yield of kabuli chickpea varieties in 2010 Victorian trials expressed as a percentage of the yield ofGenesis 090.MalleeWimmeraBirchip Ultima Kaniva TarranyurkGenesis 090 t/ha 2.67 2.45 1.88 1.81Almaz 92 92 88 92Genesis 079 107 115 94 82Genesis 090 100 100 100 100Genesis 114 96 98 103 85Genesis 115 98 93 102 107Site Mean (t/ha) 2.67 2.43 1.89 1.71CV (%) 5.76 4.46 11.08 5.91LSD (%) 9 7 * 9Table 7: Grain weight (gms/100 seeds) of chickpea varieties in 2010 Victorian trials.Desi varietiesKabuli varietiesTarranyurk Birchip Ultima Tarranyurk Birchip UltimaAlmaz - - - 54.88 38.3 38.1Flipper - - - - - -Genesis 079 28.72 23.7 23.7 27.2 23.1 23.4Genesis 090 35.57 31.6 31 33.89 34.4 31.7Genesis 114 - - - 40.03 41.2 41.5Genesis 115 - - - 45.91 43.9 45.9Genesis 509 18.17 16.4 17.1 - - -Howzat - - - - - -PBA HatTrick 24.08 21.4 19.9 - - -PBA Slasher 22.48 18.1 18.1 - - -Victorian Winter Crop Summary 71

ChickpeasTable 7: Grain Yields (t/ha) and Gross Margins (GM, $/ha) of chickpea varieties grown in an ascochytablight management trial* at Kalkee, 2005. Underline indicates yield or gross margin significantly different tofortnightly application. Shaded treatments are the suggested management option for varieties when grownunder high disease pressure.FungicideRegime 1No.SpraysGenesis 090 Genesis 509 Genesis 508 Nafice Almaz Sonali Howzat Kanivat/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2 t/ha GM 2Fortnight 7 2.19 $1,191 2.01 $383 1.74 $291 1.56 $945 1.71 $1026 1.68 $270 1.82 $320 1.18 $550Strategic 4 2.16 $1,218 2.05 $457 1.72 $346 1.30 $776 1.37 $790 0.44 -$90 0.18 -$180 0.00 -$240Podding 1 1.90 $1,019 1.95 $469 1.65 $364 0.85 $450 0.71 $327 0.20 -$129 0.04 -$183 0.00 -$195Podding_D 1 1.80 $988 1.87 $443 1.60 $351 0.79 $398 0.58 $222 0.18 -$130 0.03 -$183 0.00 -$192Nil 0 1.85 $999 1.91 $469 1.67 $388 0.85 $449 0.53 $190 0.11 -$144 0.01 -$176 0.00 -$180*Ascochyta blight stubble spread over trial site to maximise disease pressure. Resistant varieties grown side by side with susceptible varieties.1. Fungicide regime: Chlorothalonil @ 1.5L/ha was used for all treatments except Podding_D (Dithane @ 1L/ha). All fungicides applied at awater rate of 100L/ha.2. Gross Margin ($/ha): Based on production costs of $180/ha + $15/ha/application where chlorothalonil applied (1.5L/ha) and$12/ha/application where dithane applied (1L/ha). Seed prices January 2006: Desi = $350, Kabuli 9mm = $850, 8mm = $750, 7mm = $550,6mm = $330, Screen = $200). All Kabuli varieties were screened to calculate seed size distribution.Table 8: Grain Yields (t/ha) of desi chickpea varieties grown in an ascochyta blight management trial* atHorsham, 2005. Underline indicates yield significantly different to fortnightly application. Shadedtreatments are the suggested management option for varieties when grown under high disease pressure.Fungicide No. Sprays Genesis Genesis Genesis PBA Howzat SonaliRegime 1090 509 508 SlasherFortnightly 7 2.29 2.30 2.24 2.34 2.34 2.51Strategic 4 2.46 2.34 2.08 2.63 0.82 1.24Podding 1 2.39 2.30 2.01 2.30 0.88 1.36Nil 0 2.13 2.37 2.13 2.37 0.38 0.73*Ascochyta blight stubble spread over trial site to maximise disease pressure. Resistant varieties grown side by side with susceptible varieties.1. Fungicide regime: Chlorothalonil @ 1.5L/ha was used for all treatments. All fungicides applied at a water rate of 100L/ha.Table 9: Grain Yields (t/ha) of kabuli chickpea varieties grown in an ascochyta blight management trial* atHorsham, 2005. Underline indicates yield significantly different to fortnightly application. Shadedtreatments are the suggested management option for varieties when grown under high disease pressure.Fungicide No. Sprays Genesis Almaz Nafice KanivaRegime 1090Fortnightly 7 1.74 1.59 1.48 1.49Strategic 4 1.82 1.18 1.14 0.00Podding 1 1.67 1.20 1.22 0.07Nil 0 1.72 1.00 1.05 0.00*Ascochyta blight stubble spread over trial site to maximise disease pressure. Resistant varieties grown side by side with susceptible varieties.1. Fungicide regime: Chlorothalonil @ 1.5L/ha was used for all treatments. All fungicides applied at a water rate of 100L/haACKNOWLEDGMENTSDepartment of Primary IndustriesKristy HobsonDPI HorshamJason BrandDPI HorshamHelen Richardson DPI HorshamThe Kalkee disease management and gross margin trial(table 7) was conducted by Jason Brand. Horsham trial(tables 8&9) was conducted by Pulse Breeding AustraliaChickpea Program. All other yield data is from the NationalVariety Trials.72Victorian Winter Crop Summary