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figure 4.Share of where internet was used in the last 12 months (%)MaleFemaleInternet café2012200849.3 50.376.071.0Home201238.433.020088.0 9.0Work2012200836.5 25.415.0 18.0Anotherperson’s homePlaceof education201220082012200829.9 20.22.0 3.024.3 27.511.0 13.0Source: RIA Data 2012figure 5.Share of individuals using email and accessing social networks (%)MaleFemaleHow social network is accesedBothOnly PC/laptopOnly mobile16.516.531.627.251.956.3Signed upfor social network59.266.9Has email address72.981.1Source: RIA Data 201220 / Global Information Society Watch
figure 6.Monthly expenditure on mobile phone in USD PPPMaleFemaleNationalSouth Africa37.820.628.6Botswana34.724.928.6Namibia26.117.120.9Nigeria23.814.420.2Cameroon23.018.620.7Tanzania22.123.022.5Ghana21.619.120.3Kenya18.816.517.5Uganda14.011.313.1Rwanda7.88.98.3Ethiopia6.77.16.8Source: RIA Data 2012female-owned businesses with a working internetconnection.Female entrepreneurs mainly claimed that theydid not make use of mobile phones for business purposesas they were not relevant and they found noneed for them. Significant gender differences werefound in Ethiopia, where 47.8% of female businessowners compared to 28.7% of male owners statedthat they had no need for mobile phones, and inSouth Africa, where 55.1% of women entrepreneurscompared to 35.6% of men made the same claim.High costs, lack of need and unavailability of internetservices are the main reasons why businessesdo not make use of internet facilities to conducttheir activities. The nature of businesses also playsa role in the communication devices that entrepreneursopt for, and generally they opt for ICTs fromwhich they will derive the highest benefit at the lowestcost.Conclusions and recommendationsThe sex-disaggregated overview in this study indicatesthat women and men do not access and useICTs equally. Women generally have less access toICTs and use them sub-optimally, and this increasesas the technologies and services become more sophisticatedand expensive.The analysis shows that on average, womenearn comparatively less than men. In general, fewerwomen than men have tertiary education, and evenin the secondary and primary levels, the majority ofthe countries have fewer women completing theselevels, emphasising the continued gender gap ineducation. These findings indicate that it is mainlythis underlying gender gap in income and educationthat contributes to the exclusion of women in theICT domain. This gap is reflected in the higher shareof female entrepreneurs who were pushed into theinformal sector to make a living and has further influencedthe differences between male and femaleentrepreneurs in terms of access and use of ICTs forbusiness purposes.While the descriptive analysis shows that mobilephone and internet access have increased amongwomen, modelling of the data indicates that there isa negative correlation between mobile adoption andbeing female and a negative causal relationship betweenusing the internet and being female.This evidence shows that to a large extent, genderinequities in access to and use of ICTs cannot beaddressed through ICT policies per se, but requirepolicy interventions in other areas that would allowwomen and girls to enjoy the benefits of ICTs equally.This would include policies and programmes thatincentivise the education of girls, which in turn willincrease the income that women have to spend onICT services. Partnerships could be created to providevocational and ICT skills training for womenentrepreneurs to address the educational gap andincrease their earning potential. ■21 / Global Information Society Watch
Page 5 and 6: Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 7: IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
Page 10 and 11: excluded. 9 And while recent data n
Page 12 and 13: ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
Page 14 and 15: egime, increasing surveillance of t
Page 16 and 17: Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
Page 18 and 19: figure 2.Share of individuals with
Page 22 and 23: figure 7.Main reasons why individua
Page 24 and 25: A digital postcard urging people to
Page 26 and 27: and set the scene for a new point o
Page 28 and 29: activity, exhorting citizens to exe
Page 30 and 31: to citizens. 30 The situated experi
Page 32 and 33: Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
Page 34 and 35: ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
Page 36 and 37: Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
Page 38 and 39: Violence against women onlineJan Mo
Page 40 and 41: elated forms of VAW have become par
Page 42 and 43: Men often feel that they own their
Page 45 and 46: ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
Page 47 and 48: Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
Page 49 and 50: mapping platform for sexual harassm
Page 51 and 52: 1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
Page 53 and 54: TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
Page 55 and 56: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
Page 57 and 58: academic groundwork is needed, both
Page 59 and 60: empowered and disempowered by them.
Page 61 and 62: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
Page 63 and 64: Country reports
Page 65 and 66: P is for PIN: “The website works
Page 67 and 68: Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
Page 69 and 70: Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
Page 71 and 72:
(1) If any person deliberately publ
Page 73 and 74:
BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
Page 75 and 76:
Due to the popularity and widesprea
Page 77 and 78:
a position of privilege.” 7 It be
Page 79 and 80:
the councils that the spaces alone
Page 81 and 82:
gradually become the primary field
Page 83 and 84:
Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
Page 85 and 86:
• Of the five MPCTs selected, two
Page 87 and 88:
• MPCT managers should regularly
Page 89 and 90:
protest movement that has gained si
Page 91 and 92:
to arise as to the evolving nature
Page 93 and 94:
CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
Page 95 and 96:
domestic violence, and the exacting
Page 97 and 98:
colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
Page 99 and 100:
• Women activists and human right
Page 101 and 102:
CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline
Page 103 and 104:
CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
Page 105 and 106:
The different uses of ICTs for wome
Page 107 and 108:
cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
Page 109 and 110:
and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
Page 111 and 112:
costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
Page 113 and 114:
côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
Page 115 and 116:
family expenses according to their
Page 117 and 118:
was any kind of consultation before
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violence and violence against women
Page 121 and 122:
Write Me In is a series of digital
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Online protests over “virginity t
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ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
Page 127 and 128:
the exchange take as much as 80% of
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indiaThe internet as a pathway for
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Using ICTs in support of women’s
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• Develop gender-sensitive techni
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The skill of using modern technolog
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However, non-official surveys indic
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iraqICTs and the fight against fema
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multimedia presentations in their v
Page 143 and 144:
Both these groups emerged from the
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Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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in 2009. The Dunn et al. study foun
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end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
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japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
Page 153 and 154:
Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
Page 155 and 156:
Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
Page 157 and 158:
ut the case was ultimately dismisse
Page 159 and 160:
kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
Page 161 and 162:
huge online following. Known as an
Page 163 and 164:
Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
Page 165 and 166:
For example, although the abovement
Page 167 and 168:
In addition to the cases mentioned
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Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
Page 173 and 174:
Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
Page 179 and 180:
NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
Page 187 and 188:
PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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with Pakistan’s internet ranking
Page 191 and 192:
PERUWomen against violence: Using t
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een delays in the judicial response
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infrastructure, clear processes and
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employment. While science courses a
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One of the protesting organisations
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county libraries have been trained
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trained to be accustomed to gatheri
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ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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a threat to the South African publi
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spainShaping the internet: Women’
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and up to 23% to 25% in industrial
Page 215 and 216:
Economic activityAt the end of the
Page 217 and 218:
Action stepsSwitzerland has ratifie
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• Conducting social campaigns and
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gender equality in the new constitu
Page 223 and 224:
inheritance rights. However, in man
Page 225 and 226:
thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
Page 227 and 228:
Table 1.Selected examples of online
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ugandaUsing ICTs to create awarenes
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united statesThe flame war on women
Page 233 and 234:
Council that addresses online haras
Page 235 and 236:
Because of this the DWU became cons
Page 237 and 238:
venezuelaICT and gender violence in
Page 239 and 240:
company PDVSA 41 (2), the National
Page 241:
This image from Pakistan captures t
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