The Soils of Elgin County - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

The Soils ofElgin CountyVolume 1Ministry ofAgricultureand FoodAgricultureCanadaResearchBranchDirectionde la recherche

THE SOILS OF ELGIN COUNTYVolume 1REPORT NO . 63OF THEONTARIO CENTRE FORSOIL RESOURCE EVALUATIONbyL . W. SchutResources Management BranchOntario Ministry of Agriculture and FoodGuelph, Ontario1992The Ontario Centre forSoil Resource Evaluation serves as a coordinating body between three memberagencies working in the areas of soil inventory, interpretation, and research . It is made up ofcomponents of the Land Resource Division, Centre for hand and Biological Resources Research ofAgriculture Canada, Resources Management Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Foodand the Department of Land Resource Science of the University of Guelph .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe completion of this report and the soilmaps for Elgin County required the assistance ofmany people. Grateful appreciation is extended toall of the following individualswho contributed inso many ways.Assistance with legend preparation, fieldmapping and map preparation was provided byD. Aspinall, E. Wilson, and B . Stevens, OntarioMinistry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph. Soilcorrelation assistance was provided by E. Presant,Agriculture Canada, Guelph, and T. Hagerty,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph .Field assistance with sampling for soilcharacterization and interpretation was providedby B. Hohner, K. Denholm, S . Duvieusart andD. Lymbumer, Agriculture Canada, Guelph, andby D. Aspinall, T . Hagerty, E. Wilson, andJ. Alberts, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture andFood, Guelph.Assistance with data management wasprovided by C. Fitzgibbon and C. Palmer,Department of Land Resource Science, Universityof Guelph, and by J. Alberts, Ontario Ministry ofAgriculture and Food, Guelph . Special assistancewith the map computer files was provided byB. Grant, Agriculture Canada, Guelph.Laboratory analyses were done by B. Hohnerand C . Miller, Agriculture Canada, Guelph, andL. Stahlbaum, Department of Land ResourceScience, University of Guelph. Water retentionanalyses were done by K . Wires, AgricultureCanada, Ottawa. Engineering analyses were doneby staff of the Ministry of Transportation ofOntario, London, under the supervision ofR. Murphy .Assistance in preparing the water erosionsection of the report was provided by 1. Sheltonand Dr. G. Wall, Agriculture Canada, Guelph .Assistance in developing the horticultural cropinterpretations was provided by K. Priest, OntarioMinistry of Agriculture and Food, Woodstock, andJ . Gardner, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture andFood, London . The interpretations for special fieldcrops, and the C values for the water erosioninterpretations, were developed with the assistanceof H. Martin, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture andFood, St. Thomas .Cartographic assistance in preparing the maps,and also the figures in the report, was provided byD. Irvine and D. Wilson, Department of LandResource Science, University of Guelph, andD. Rouleau, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture andFood, Guelph. Map digitization was done by1 . Gillespie and G. Cameron, Ontario Ministry ofAgriculture and Food, Guelph . Preparation of themaps for printing was done by staff of AgricultureCanada, Ottawa, under the supervision ofB . Edwards and R. St. John .Climatic information contained in the reportwas provided by Dr . D. Brown, Department ofLand Resource Science, University of Guelph .General editorial comments were provided by M.Kingston and B. van den Broek, Ontario Ministryof Agriculture and Food, Guelph. Wordprocessing assistance to prepare the manuscriptwas provided by J . Alberts, M. van Dongen, andJ . Fagan, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture andFood, Guelph.

....TABLE OF CONTENTS`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .,. . . . . . . . 1.LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ''' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . , ; . . ~ . _, . . . . . . . . . . 4.. :1 :LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5INTRODUCTION .` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6HOW TO USE THE SOIL REPORT AND MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREAGeneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8HOW THE SOILS WERE MAPPED AND CLASSIFIEDSoil Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . .17Survey Intensity and Map Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , 11 . . . . . . . . . . . 17Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." .` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOILS'Soil Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . : . . . . : ` : : -. . . . ,. . ... . . ". . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . 21. >,_ . . _ .Soil Descriptions . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . 24Ayr Soils (AY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Bennington Soils (BN) . . . . . . . . . . '' . . .,... . . . . ... .. ... "', . . . . : 3 ...,. - . .- . . . . . . . . 26" .Berrien Soils (BE) . . . . . . . . . . '.. . . . . . . . 27Beverly Soils (BV) . . . . . . ." . . .-_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Bookton Soils (BO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . 28Brady Soils (BY) ; . r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .29Brant Soils (BT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."-`_ . . . . . . . . . . . , .. . ., . . . . .. . . . . . 29Brantford Soils (BF) . . . . . .'', . . . . . . .; . . . . . . 30Brisbane Soils (BI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . : : . . : ;', . . . . . i s. . . . . . 31Burford Soils (BU) ' .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Caledon Soils (CA) . . . . . ° . . . . . . . Y . . . . .~_32°'-``' Camillâ Soils' (CM)` ..-''' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Churchville Soils (CH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33Colwood Soils (CW) . . . . . .'` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . ~° ;: .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ekfrid'~~Soils (EK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . 34. _ . . .- .Fox Soils (FX) . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..'-. . . . . . . . . . . . .. " . 35. 36`'kGobles Soils (GO) - . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . .36Granby Soils (GY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Highgate Soils (HI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _ ,37Kelvin Soils (KE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ` . . . . . -" . . . . " . ' . . `` . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . . °~ . . . . . . . . . . .. . .-38Kintyre Soils (K'I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ~, 39Maplewood Soils (MA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . `' . . . . ` . . . .' . . .'` . . . . . . ` . . . . ' . . .. . . .. . . . ï . 39Melbourne Soils (ME)- . 40Middlemarch Soil.'s`(MI) . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . .'~:` . . . . . . .. . : : . . :'40Muirkirk Soils (MK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, . . . .. .,,,. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 41Muriel Soils (MU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-'`-'' . . . . . . . ..~...-. . . . , . . .' : . . . . . . 42.Norrnandâle Soils '(NO) . .' .' : . . : .. .. . : . _ ~ .. Y:._ : r ., . . . . . . . . . . . 42Plainfield Soils (PF) . . . . . . . . . . . 43.23Shédden'Soils (SHY . . . . . . .-`' . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. ..44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silver Hill Soils (SL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Southwold Soils (SO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Springwater Soils (SP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Strathburn Soils (ST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46St. Williams Soils (SW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Tavistock Soils (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Toledo Soils(TO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . .48Tuscola Soils (TU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Vittoria Soils (VI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Walsher Soils (WA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Walsingham Soils (WM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Waterin Soils (WN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Wattford Soils (WF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Wauseon Soils (WU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52Miscellaneous Land Unit Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Alluvium (AL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Eroded Channel (ER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Not Mapped (NM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Organic (OR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Scarp (SC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Valley Complex(VC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54SOIL INTERPRETATIONSA. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR COMMON FIELD CROPS . . . . . . . 55(1) Capability Classification for Mineral Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Soil Capability Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Soil Capability Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56(2) Capability Classification for Organic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 56(3) How to Determine Capability Ratings for Areas on the Soil Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56B. AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR SPECIAL CROPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61(1) Suitability Classification for Special Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Soil Suitability Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Management Factors Which May Affect the Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Climatic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62(2) How to Determine Special Crop Suitability Ratings for Areas on the Soil Daps . . . . . . . . . . . 62C. SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR WATER EROSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103(1)Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 103(2) Potential Soil Erosion Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103(3) Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104(4) How to Determine Average Annual Soil Loss from the Soil Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104(5) How to Determine Potential Soil Loss at Field Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122APPENDIX 1 Generalized Soil Information for Selected Soils in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124APPENDIX 2 Field Identification of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146(1) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 147(2) How to Identify the Soil at a Field Site . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147(3) Use of the Soil Information Collected at Field Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

LIST OF TABLES1 . Climate data for Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 92 . Correlation of major soils and land units with physiography and surficialgeology in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 . Soils and land units mapped in Elgin County and their areal extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234. Agricultural land capability ratings for common field crops in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 . Special crop groups in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616. Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops, in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657. Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788. Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . 909 . Mean K values, K ranges and potential erosion classes of surface materials forsoils of Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ : . - . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 10810 . LS values for different combinations of slope length and slope gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11011 . Generalized LS values for Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11012 . Potential soil erosion losses for given K values and slope , ,conditions in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11113 . C values for common field crops in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11214 . C values for some field crops followed by a winter cover crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11415 . C values for some specialty crops in Elgin County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11516 . C values for some common crop rotations in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11617. P values for conservation or management practices in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11718. Guidelines for assessing potential soil erosion classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

LIST OF FIGURES1 . Soil map index for Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2. General location of Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103. Main built-up areas, roads and municipal boundaries of Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104. Generalized geologic map of Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115. Generalized physiographic map of Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116. Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur near major river valleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157. Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur near transition areas between glacial till and lacustrine geologic materials . . . . . . . . . . . 158. Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur on materials of lacustrine origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 . Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soilsthat often occur in transition areas between glacial till and ice-contact drift materials,and lacustrine materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610. Diagrammatic soil profiles of typical well drained, imperfectly drained and poorlydrained soils in Elgin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . Soil textural groups and classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2512 . Soil texture classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12013 . Field Site Key to Identify Soil Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15014 . Field Site Key to Identify the Appropriate Soil Type or Land Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15215 . Field Site Key to Identify the Appropriate Soil Type When Materials are Similar . . . . . . . . . . 15416. Field Site Key to Identify the Appropriate Soil Type When Materials are Contrasting . . . . . . 156

INTRODUCTIONThe soil resource information contained in thisreport and shown on the soil maps was compiledfrom information gathered during a resurvey ofElgin County. The original soil survey for theCounty was completed in 1929 and consisted of asingle soil map published at a scale of 1:126,720, or1 centimetre on the map being equal toapproximately 13 kilometres on the ground (1) .There was no accompanying soil report.The decision to resurvey Elgin County wasmade as part of an ongoing program in Ontario toprovide improved information about the soilresources ofthe province. The field work requiredfor the resurvey of Elgin County was started in1982 and completed in 1989 . Three preliminarysoil maps (2,3,4), and preliminary agriculturalcapability interpretations (5) were made availableduring this time period .The final soil report consists of two volumes.Volume 1 contains an outline of the physiographicsetting of the soils, generalized descriptions of thesoils, soil interpretations and an appendix whichcontains generalized analytical information forselected soils. Volume 1 also contains a secondappendix which contains information that willassist in identifying the soils at field sites.Volume 2 contains detailed morphological,physical and chemical descriptions of typical soils,and also tables of statistical means andengineering test data. In addition to the soilreport, there are three soil maps published at ascale of 1 :50,000, or 1 centimetre on the map beingequal to approximately 0.5 kilometres on theground .The information contained in this report andshownon the soil maps should be used in place ofall previously published soil information for theCounty .HOW TO USE THE SOIL REPORT AND MAPSThe soil maps and report provide basic soilsinformation for both land management and landuse decision makers . Most of the information canbe placed into one of two categories: (a) the natureand properties of the soils, and (b) interpretive soilinformation including general agriculturalcapability, suitability for selected field andhorticultural crops, and erosionpotential bywater .To use the soil maps and report mostefficiently, the following steps are suggested :1 . Locate the area of interest in the 'Soil MapIndex" (Figure 1). Determine the appropriatesoil map for the area.2. Locate your site on the appropriate soil map.Natural and cultural features on themap suchas streams, roads, lot and concession numbers,should aid in locating the site .3. Note the map symbol or symbols shownwithin the boundaries of themap delineationsfor your site. An explanation of how tointerpret a map symbol appears on the soilmaps under the heading 'Key to the MapSymbols".4. Consult the map legend to obtain informationfor the map symbol . The legend providesinformation for the soil types, land units, orslopes represented in the symbol.

5. More detailed information for a specific soiltype can be obtained from Volume 1 of the soilreport, where a generalized description of eachsoil is presented. Included in thesedescriptions are comments on soil variabilityand land use. Generalized statisticalinformation is presented in Appendix 1 ofVolume 1 .6. For detailed morphological, physical andchemical descriptions of typical soils, as wellas tables of statistical means and engineeringtest data, refer to Volume 2 of the soil report.7 . For interpretations such as soil capability forcommon agricultural field crops, soilsuitability for various field and horticulturalcrops, and soil erosion interpretations, refer toVolume 1 .8. If soil information is needed to make landmanagement or land use decisions for areassmaller than 12 ha (30 acres), the informationin this report should be used in conjunctionwith additional on-site investigations . Theinformation in Appendix 2 of Volume 1 willassist in identifying the soils at field sites .It is important to understand that all soilsexhibit a range of properties. Also, because of themap scale and nature of the soil mapping, manysoil boundaries may only be approximatelylocated . There could also be inclusions of soil ornonsoil components within any map delineation .Such inclusions could occupy up to 20% of thedelineation.Figure 1.Soil map index for Elgin CountySOUTHDORCHESTERJ X-1e5 Ps\'i.DUNWICHSHEET 2SOUTHWOLDYARMOUTHMALAHIDEBAYRAMSHEET 3ALDBOROUGHSHEET 1LAKE ERIE

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREAGeneral InformationThe location of Elgin County in south-westernOntario is shown in Figure 2. Townshipboundaries, locations of cities and towns, mainroads and highways, and major water courses areshown in Figure 3.The . total area of Elgin County isapproximately 185,000 ha. Of this total,approximately 152,000 ha consists of farmlandwhich includes both improved and unimprovedland (6). Agriculture is the predominant land usein the County, with approximately 117,000 ha or63% of the total land area of the County devotedto crop production (6) . The crops that are themost extensively grown in the County includegrain corn, soybeans, winter wheat, hay, andtobacco.A summary of some of the most importantclimatic data for the County is given in Table 1 .Some of the more important geologic andphysiographic features of Elgin County thatinfluence the nature and location of the soils areshown in Figures 4 and 5. This information hasbeen generalized from detailed descriptionspublished by Chapman and Putnam (7).Information on the geology of the area is availablein publications of the Ontario Geological Survey,Ontario Ministry of Northern Development andMines. The correlation between the generalizedgeologic and physiographic information shown inFigures 4 and 5, and the soils described in thisreport, is given in Table2 The areal extents of thesoils and miscellaneous land units mapped in thecounty are given in Table 3.Schematic cross-section diagrams of sometypical landscapes in the County are provided inFigures 6 to 9 . These diagrams present conceptualrelationships of many of the soils in the Countywith surficial geology and physiographic features .times of the year, average temperatures increaseabout 1-2° C from north to south across theCounty. This change would be larger, if it werenot for the close proximity of lake Huron, whichhelps to moderate temperatures and increasesnowfall because the cold air masses pass over thisLake as they move over the region from thenorthwest.As a result of these moderating influences,some of the less hardy horticultural crops such asgrapes and tobacco are grown in the County.Areas used for such crops are often found on thewarmer south facing slopes of elevated ridges,with the ridge known as the Sparta Morainehaving the largest area of horticultural crop landin the County. Local areas that are best suited forsuch crops are most likely to occur near theshoreline of Lake Erie, unless a rapid springwarm-up of the soil is a necessity.In a study carried out by Duff et al . (9) tolocate the most profitable soils for growing grapesin the areas bordering Lake Erie, it was concludedthat there is limited potential for growing grapeson a large scale. The authors of the studyrecognized, however, that there may be somepotential for growing grapes in localized areas offavourable climate on the south facing slopes ofsome elevated ridges. Two other importantfindings of the study were: 1) that lake breezesalong the western portion of the Lake Erieshoreline have a minor effect on climatic capabilityfor areas which are more than 1 kilometre inlandfrom the Lake, and 2) that killing spring frosts arelikely to occur in inland areas adjacent to thewestern portion of the Lake Erie shoreline duringthe three weeks after blooming in most years .The most important climate elements aresummarized in Table 1 . These were derived frommaps in Brown et al . (8) and Brown and Bootsma(10) .ClimateElgin County is situated in the centre of thenorth shore of Lake Erie . This Lake has thegreatest moderating influence on the climate intheCounty . The influence is largest in spring whenwarm air coming from the southwest is cooled bythe lake . For example, April daytime hightemperatures average more than 12° C in thenorthern two-thirds of the County and averageless than 10° C along the lakeshore (8) . At other

Table 1 .Climate data for Elgin County'ElementsMean daily temperature for the yearMean daily temperaturesminimum for Januarymaximum for Aprilmaximum for Julymaximum for OctoberFrost free seasonRange of average conditionsfrom north to south8 to 9° C-7 to -9 ° C

Figure 2. General location of Elgin CountyFigure 3.Main built-up areas, roads and municipal boundaries of Elgin County10

Figure 4.Generalized geologic map of Elgin CountyERIE LOBE PT . STANLEY TILLsift clay to clayey sift texturesLACUSTRINE DEEP WATERdeposits, sifts andtor days predominatea EOLIANLACUSTRINE SHALLOWWATERdeposits, sands and gravels predominate ;includes small fluvial sands andgravel depositsFINE SANDSwind modified lacustrine sands,includes some dunesFigure 5.Generalized physiographic map of Elgin CountySt. Thomas MoraineSand plains S~ Spillways® Clay plains .Beaches-shorecliffsiia- Tiil plains Till moraines

Tab_ le 2. Correlation of major soils andElgin Countyland units with physiography and surficial geology inSoil Typeor Land UnitNatural DrainagePhysiography andUsual TopographySurficial GeologyGlacial TillMuriel (MU) Moderately well Till moraines and till Silty clay to clay tillGobles (GO) Imperfect plains ; nearly level to on end and groundKelvin (KE) Poor very strongly sloping moraines (Port StanleytopographyTill)Bennington till Moderately well Till moraines and till 40 to 100 cm of loamyphase (BNJ) plains; nearly level to lacustrine depositsTavistock till Imperfect gently sloping overlying clayeyphase (TA.T) topography glacial till (Port StanleyMaplewood till Poor Till)phase (MA.T)Bookton till Well Sand plains, deltas, and 40 to 100 cm of sandyphase 030.7) till plains, nearly level lacustrine, fluvial,Berrien till Imperfect to gently sloping or eolian depositsphase (BE.T) topography overlying clayey glacialWpPoor till (Port Stanley Till)Lacustrine Gravels or Gravelly SandsKin" (KT) Rapid Beaches and shorecliffs; Gravelly beach andHighgate (HI) Imperfect nearly level to gently nearshore deposits, andMuirkirk (MK) Poor sloping topography well to poorly developedraised shorelinesLacustrine SandsFox (FX) Rapid Sand plains, spillways, Sandy lacustrine,Brady (BY) Imperfect deltas; nearly level to fluvial, outwash,Granby (GY) Poor gently sloping topographyFrome (FR)Very poorand deltaic depositsWattford (WF) Well Clay and sand plains ; Lacustrine deposits,Normandale (NO) Imperfect nearly level to very fine and very fine sandsSt. Williams (SW) Poor gently sloping topography predominate; surfaceChurchville (CH) Very poor may be eolian-modifiedLacustrine SiltsBrant (BT) Well Clay plains ; nearly level Lacustrine deposits,Tuscola (T[J) Imperfect to,gently sloping silt and very fineColwood (CW) Poor topography sand predominateWalsher (WA) Well Sand and clay plains, 40 to 100 cm of sandyVittoria (VI) Imperfect deltas; nearly level to lacustrine depositsSilver Hill (SL) Poor very gently sloping overlying loamytopographylacustrine deposits

Table 2.Correlation of major soils andElgin County (continued)land units with physiography and surficial geology inSoil Typeor Land UnitNaturàl DrainagePhysiography andUsual TopographySurficial GeologyLacustrine Silty ClaysBrantford (BF) Moderately well Clay plains; nearly Lacustrine deposits,Beverly (BV) Imperfect level to gently sloping clay and siltToledo (TO) Poor topography, occasionally predominateSouthwold (SO) Very poor dissected with stronglysloping topographyBennington (BN) Moderately well Clay plains; nearly level 40 to 100 cm of loamyTavistock (TA) Imperfect to gently sloping lacustrine depositsMaplewood (MA) Poor topography overlying clayeylacustrine depositsBookton (BO) Well Sand plains, deltas, and 40 to 100 cm of sandyBerrien (BE) Imperfect clay plains ; nearly level lacustrine, fluvial,Wauseon (WU) Poor to gently sloping or eolian depositstopographyoverlying clayeylacustrine depositsMelbourne (ME) Moderately well Clay plains ; nearly level Lacustrine heavy clayEkfrid (EK) Imperfect to gently sloping depositsStrathburn (ST) Poor topographyFluvial DepositsBurford (BU) Rapid Spillways, deltas, older Gravelly fluvial outwashBrisbane (BI) Imperfect (higher) terraces along depositsThames River, creeks andtheir major drainagechannels; nearly level tovery gently slopingtopographyCaledon (CA) Well Spillways, deltas, older 40 to 100 cm of sandyCamilla (CM) Imperfect (higher) terraces along deposits over gravellyAyr (AY) Poor Thames River, creeks and fluvial outwashdepositstheir major tributaries; and occasionallynearly level to verygravelly ice-contactgently sloping topography stratified driftEolian DepositsPlainfield (PF) Rapid Sand plains, duned sand Eolian-modifiedWalsingham (WA) Imperfect plains; nearly level to lacustrine sand depositsWaterin (WN) Poor gently sloping topography and eolian duned sandSpringwater (SP) Very poor deposits

Table 2.Correlation of major soils and land units with physiography and surficial geology inElgin County (continued)Soil Typeor Land UnitNatural DrainagePhysiography andUsual TopographySurficial GeologyIce-contact DepositsShedden (SH)Middlemarch (MI)RapidImperfectStagnant ice moraineridges within St . ThomasMoraine; ridges usuallyaligned roughly north tosouth; gently to stronglysloping topographyIce-contact stratifieddrift; mostly stratifiedgravels and sands withsome silt and clay till ;surface may be eolianmodifiedOrganic DepositsOrganicland unit (OR)Very poorVery poorly draineddepressional wetlandareas; may include smallbodies of standing water;nearly level topographyOrganic deposits, oftenundifferentiated onsurficial geology mapsUndifferentiated DepositsAlluvium .land unit (AL)Imperfect to poorFlood plains of creeksand Thames River;nearly level topographyRecent or modernalluviumErodedChannelland unit (ER)Rapid to poor"V" shaped channels withsteeply sloping sides andno significant bottomlandUndifferentiated onsurficial geology mapsScarpland unit (SC)Rapid to imperfectSteep to very steep cliffsor bluffs found mainly alongLake Erie shoreline andThames RiverUndifferentiated onsurficial geology mapsValley Complexland unit (VC)Rapid to poor"U" shaped channels withmoderately to steeplysloping side walls andnearly level to verygently sloping floodplains ; includes riverand creek coursesModem or olderalluvium

Figure 6.Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur near major river valleys .Tuscola andColwood soilsS i:1'a?L,Kf~Sandy texturedf depositsLoamylaarstrine tee depositsGravely sand texturedfkrvial depositsClayey texturedPort Stanley Till® Clayey texturedlacustrine depositsFigure 7.Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur in transition areas between glacial till and lacustrine geologic materialsVittoria andSilver Hill soilsâY?1::.i:,a,i".Sandy textured eolianor lacustrine depositsGravelly sand textured Loa texturedlacustrine depositsl aarstrtne depositsClayey textured ® Clayey textured .Port Stanley TillIacusinne deposits

Figure 8.Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that often occur onmaterials of lacustrine origin .Clayey texturedPort Stanley TinSandy textured solianor lacustrine depositsClayey texturedlacustrine depositsMON Heavy day texturedlacustrine depositsSandytexturediiuvial depositsFigure 9.Schematic landscape cross-section showing the relationship of some soils that oftenoccur in transition areas between glacial till and ices-contact drift materials, and lacustrinematerialsToledo soilsErodedChannelitw"p-"."»WSClayey texturedlacustrine depositsLoamytexturedlacustrine depositsClayey texturedPort Stanley TillGravelly sand textured fluvialor lacustrine deposits

HOW THE SOILS WERE MAPPED AND CLASSIFIEDSoil MappingThe resurvey of the soils of Elgin County wasundertaken in a series of stages . The first stageconsisted of a sampling program in which thesoils were described and sampled according to soiltypes and their spatial distribution as indicated onthe old soil map. Data from this samplingprogram, and information gathered from existingresource publications such as geological reports,was used to build the soil legend which appearson the border of the soil maps .The second stage of the resurvey involved thedetermination of tentative soil boundaries throughstereoscopic examination of aerial photographs,and field checking of the soils occurring withinthose boundaries. At each field check, standardsoil classification guidelines outlined in '"TheCanadian System of Soil Classification" (11) and"The Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS) -Manual for describing soils in the field" (12) wereapplied . The Ontario Institute of Pedologypublication "field manual for describing soils" (13)was also used at field checks . These publicationsdefined the limits employed in this survey forslope, texture, and drainage classes . Additionalsampling was undertaken at some field checks toexpand the soil database.Field checking was mainly carried out alongpublic roads which generally provided easyaccess. Site inspections were carried out on aregular basis, especially in areas wherestereoscopic interpretations suggested major soil orlandscape differences were present. At each site,vertical soil sections were examined through theuse of a probe, auger, or shovel. Soil texture anddrainage were assessed at each site, as well assurface slope . Most examinations were made to adepth of about one metre below the surface.The final stage of the resurvey involved thecompilation of soil maps from informationcollected in the field. The information wasrecorded on site cards and on aerial photographs,and was used to compile a series of maps whichwere first published in preliminary form (2,3,4).Revisions made to those maps resulted in the finalmaps which accompany this report. Digitizationof the final maps was then undertaken to providehectarages for each soil type, and to create adigital data base from which future interpretivemaps could be produced .Survey Intensity Level and MapReliabilityThe scale of the maps and the amount ofprecision or the intensity level with which thesoils would be described and mapped were bothdetermined before the resurvey began. A"SurveyIntensity Level" was therefore assigned to theproject. The survey intensity level relates to thenumber of field checks per unit area mapped, thenumber of delineations on the map having at leastone inspection, the methodology used to establishsoil boundaries, and theminimum size area whichthe map can portray.Five survey intensity levels have been definedin the publication " A soil mapping system forCanada : Revised" (14). Survey Intensity Level 1 isthe highest intensity, having the most detailedprocedures and the greatest level of precision.Large scale surveys such as those at a scale of1:10,000 would have this intensity level . SurveyIntensity Level 5 has the lowest intensity, the leastdetailed procedures, and the lowest level ofprecision. An example would be small scalesurveys such as those at a scale of 1:250,000, whichpresent generalized information.The Elgin County resurvey was carried out atSurvey Intensity Level 3, which is an intermediatelevel. The map publication scale of 1:50,000 isconsidered appropriate for that intensity level, andat least one site inspection was carried out in mostdelineations shown on the maps (14) . In areaswhere the soil landscape was highly variable andtherefore less predictable, more site inspectionswere carried out .Since the minimum size of delineation whichcan be shown on the soil maps is 0.5 cm2, orapproximately 12 ha (30 acres) on the ground (14),the maps provide information at a level of detailwhich is most suited for making general landassessments and management decisions . Theirmost appropriate use, therefore, is for planning atthe county, township or watershed level, or forbroad targeting of soil related agriculturalprograms. For land assessments or decisionsrelated to small areas, additional on-siteexaminations of soil characteristics arerecommended. The soil identification keysprovided in Appendix 2 can be used to identifythe soils at site examinations .

Soil ClassificationSoil TaxonomyThe Canadian System of Soil Classification(11), classifies soils taxonomically according to thetype, degree of development, and sequence of soilhorizons present in the soil profile . The highesttaxonomic category is the order . Based ondifferences in soil development and horizonation,each order is subdivided into great groups ; greatgroups into subgroups; subgroups into families;and families into series . Soil series may be furthersubdivided into phases on the basis of physical orchemical features which are present. The soilsdescribed in his report are either soil series orphases of soil series. In the legend provided oneach soil map, soil series and phases of soil serieshave been grouped under the heading "soil types" .Soil orders that have been noted in ElginCounty are the Luvisolic, Brunisolic, Gleysolic,Regosolic and Organic orders . Most well andimperfectly drained soils in the County have beenclassified in the Luvisolic order. They arecharacterized by light coloured eluvial horizonsand darker coloured illuvial B horizons in whichclay has accumulated. Poorly drained soils in theCounty were usually classified in the Gleysolicorder.In this report the taxonomic classifications ofthe soils have been determined at the subgrouplevel . Examples of some subgroup classificationsfor well drained soils which occur in the Countyare Gray Brown Luvisol and Brunisofic GrayBrown Luvisol . Some examples for imperfectlydrained soils are Gleyed Gray Brown Luvisol andGleyed Melanic Brunisol. Poorly drained soilswere usually classified as Orthic Humic Gleysols.Soil SeriesThe soil series recognizes relatively detailedsoil properties related to soil development andhorizonation . Examples of some properties whichare important when defining a soil series includesoil texture, drainage, colour, and thickness ofhorizon .Standard classification guidelines (11,12,13)were applied to define the soil series described inthis report . According to those guidelines, thedetermination of soil drainage was based on anexamination of soil colours using Munsell SoilColour Charts (15) .Soil materials which are saturated for shortperiods, primarily in the spring, develop orange orrust coloured "mottles" which are primarilycausedby the oxidation of iron compounds in the soil.Soil materials which are subject to more prolongedperiods of saturation exhibit "gley" conditions.This condition is expressed as bluish-gray or graysoil colours, and are mainly caused by thereduction of iron compounds in the soil.When the depth at which these colours occurin the profile is determined, it is possible toestimate the depth at which the water table occursand for what portion of the year it is present.Examples of some typical soil profiles andassociated soil colours are depicted in Figure 10 .Forty-four soil series were identified during theresurvey of the County and are described on thesoil maps and in the report. An example is theMuriel soil (MU), which is a moderately welldrained, clayey textured glacial till soil .Soil PhasesPhases were applied to soil series whendifferences were present in soil properties whichwere considered significant for plant growth orsoil management . For example, the TO.L mapsymbol represents a Toledo loamy phase soil. Itdiffers from a Toledo soil by having 15 to 40 cm ofloamy material overlying clayey lacustrinematerial. Thirty-three phases of soil series wereidentified. Descriptions of the phases which wereapplied to soils mapped in the County are asfollows :C - 15 to 40 cm of sandy textured material overmaterials with contrasting texturesF - 15 to 40 cm of clayey textured material overmaterials with contrasting texturesL - 15 to 40 cm of loamy textured material overmaterial with contrasting texturesP - 15 to 40 cm of organic (peaty) material overmineral soil materialT - 40 to 100 cm of lacustrine sediments overclayey textured till materialW - 40 to 100 cm of loamy textured, lacustrinemodified glacial till material over clayeytextured glacial till materialSoil Profiles and HorizonsA soil profile is a vertical section of the soilthrough all its horizons and extending into theparent material (16). A soil horizon is "a layer ofmineral or organic soil or soil materialapproximately parallel to the land surface that hascharacteristics altered by processes of soilformation. It differs from adjacent horizons inproperties such as colour, structure, texture andconsistence, and in chemical, biological, andmineralogical composition" (11) . Some examples18

of soil profiles and horizons which commonlyoccur in the County are shown in Figure 10.Typical soil profiles and horizons for many of thesoils which occur in the County are provided inVolume 2.The major mineral soil horizons are designatedas A, B, and C starting with the surface layer andmoving downward in the profile. Based ondifferences in soil properties, subdivisons of thesehorizons are designated by adding lower casesuffixes to them, for example Ah, Ap, Bm, Btgj,Ckg, etc .The A horizon is most often the surfacehorizon, and usually exhibits a dark brown colourdue to enrichment with organic matter . In ElginCounty, the surface horizons usually have beencultivated and are designated as Ap horizons .They generally are non-calcareous and neutral toacid in reaction .TheB horizon underlies the surfaceA horizon,and is a chemically or physically altered layerresulting from extensive weathering and manyyears of soil formation. While the B horizon maybe slightly enriched with organic matter, it usuallydoes not exhibit the dark brown colour associatedwith the surface A horizon. In Elgin County,these horizons also are generally non-calcareousand neutral to acid in reaction. Examples of someB horizon designations which commonly occur inthe County are clay enriched Bt or Btgj horizons,and gleyed Bg horizons.The C horizon, which is commonly referred toas the soil parent material, consists of material thathas undergone I relatively little weatheringcompared to the overlying A and B horizons.Textures of these horizons in the County rangefrom heavy clays to coarse gravels. They usuallyare calcareous and mildly alkaline in reaction .Some common C horizon designations in theCounty are Ck, Ckgj, and Ckg.percent. In some map symbols, the Gobles soilmay occur on two slopes, for example GO/D>C .In this instance, Gobles soils occurring on D slopesare dominant (40 to 80 percent of the area), andGobles soils occurring on C slopes are significant(20 to 40 percent of the area) .Many symbols shown on the soil maps havetwo soil types or components . For example, theBV>TO.L/C>b map symbol is composed of twosoils, the Beverly soil (BV) and the Toledo loamyphase soil (TOI). The Beverly soil is dominant(40 to 80 percent of the area), and occurs on asimple C slope of 2 to 5 percent. The Toledoloamy phase soil is significant (20 to 40 percent ofthe area) and occurs on a complexb slope of 0.5 to2 percent.Descriptions of the components whichcomprise the symbols shown on the soil maps,and their proportions of occurrence, are providedon each map in the section titled "Key to the MapSymbols". Descriptions are also given in theGlossary at the back of this report .Miscellaneous Land UnitsA number of miscellaneous land unitdesignations were applied to areas in the County .Some areas designated as this type of unit areeither too variable or complex to identifyindividual soil series or phases of soil series .Other types of miscellaneous land units includeareas which have been disturbed, modified, orpermanently withdrawn from agricultural use .The types of miscellaneous land units applied toland areas are: Alluvium (AL), Eroded Channel(ER), Not Mapped (NM), Organic (OR), Scarp(SC), and Valley Complex (VC) .Soil Map SymbolsThe symbols shown on the soil maps are ineffect map units, and represent either 1 or 2 soils,or a miscellaneous land unit, that occur within anyarea on the soil map enclosed by a boundary. Thesoils and their respective slopes are identified inthe map symbols, and in the legend provided oneach soil map, by capitalized or small case letters.An example of a soil map symbol whichcontains only one soil type or component is theGO/D map symbol. The soil identified in thissymbol is the Gobles soil (GO) . The slopeassociated with this soil is always shown in thedenominator, and is a simple D slope of 5 to 919

Figure 10.Diagrammatic soil profiles of typical well drained, imperfectly drained, and poorly drainedsoils in Elgin County(cm)0Well drained soil(cm)0Imperfectly drained soil(cm)0Poorly drained soil50r-100Brunisolic GrayBrown Luvisol1W L-Gleyed Brunisolic GrayBrown Luvisol100Orthic HumicGleysolHorizon DescriptionsAp very dark grayish brown coloured,mineral, surface horizon enriched withorganic matter (p - man modified e.g .plough layer)Bt dark brown coloured subsurfacehorizon, enriched with day that hasmoved downwardBmBmgjyellowish brown coloured subsurfacehorizon with only slight addition ofclaybrownish coloured subsurface horizonwith only slight addition of clay; somereddish coloured mottling occurs whichis indicative of short periods ofsaturationBgi and horizons with gray gley colour andBg2 usually reddish coloured mottlingindicative of prolonged periods ofsaturationCk brownish coloured, relativelyunweathered material from which thesoil profile has developed; containscalcium carbonate that will effervescewith dilute HClCkg grayish or bluish gray coloured,relatively unweathered material fromwhich the soil profile has developed;usually has reddish coloured mottlingindicative of prolonged periods ofsaturation; contains calcium carbonatethat will effervesce with dilute HClNumbered Horizons: Soil horizons may bevertically subdivided by consecutive numeralsuffixes e.g. Bgl, Bg2, Bg3, Bg4, etc. Soilformation processes are similar in these horizons,but they are different in at least one soilcharacteristic such as colour, texture, or structure .Roman Numerals: The designations for some soilhorizons may be prefixed by roman numeralswhich indicate a significant change in texture(mode of deposition) within the profile. Forexample, when sandy loam material overlies siltyclay material, the horizons of silty clay areprefixed by the numerals "II". The numerals II, III,and TV have been applied to some soil horizonsdescribed in Volume 2 of this report.

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOILSSoil Key II . Fine sandy loam, very fine sandyloam, and loamy very fine sandparent materialsA. Soils Developed on Glacial Till Deposits(a) Well drainedI. Silty clay loam and silty clay till Wattford (WF)parent materials (b) Imperfectly drained(a) Moderately well drained Normandale (NO)Muriel (MU) (c) Poorly drainedMuriel loamy phase (MU.L) St . Williams (SW)Muriel washed phase (MUN) (d) Very poorly drained(b) Imperfectly drained Churchville (CH)Gobles (GO)Churchville peaty phase (CH.P)Gobles coarse phase (GO.C)III. Silt loam, loam, and very fine sandyGobles loamy phase (GO1)loam parent materialsGobles washed phase (GOA (a) Well drained(c) Poorly drained Brant (BT)Kelvin (KE)Imperfectly drainedKelvin coarse phase (KE.C)Tuscola (TU)Kelvin loamy phase (KE.L)Tuscola coarse phase (TU .C)Kelvin washed phase (KEN) (c) Poorly drainedII . 40 to 100 cm of loamy sediments over Colwood (CW)silty clay loam or silty clay till parentColwood coarse phase (CW .C)materialsColwood peaty phase (CW .P)(a) Well drainedIV . 40 to 100 cm of sandy sedimentsBennington till phase (BN .T) over silt loam and very fine sandy(b) Imperfectly drained loam parent materialsTavistock till phase (TA .T)(a) Well drained(c) Poorly drainedWalsher (WA)Maplewood till phase (MA .T)(b) Imperfectly drained111. 40 to 100 cm of sandy sediments over Vittoria (VI)silty clay loam or silty clay till parent (c) Poorly drainedmaterialsSilver Hill (SL)(a) Well drained V. Mostly silty clay loam and silty clayBookton till phase (BO.T)parent materials(b) Imperfectly drained(a) Moderately well drainedBerrien till phase (BE.T)Brantford (BF)(c) Poorly drained Brantford coarse phase (BF .C)Wauseon till phase (WU .T)Brantford loamy phase (BF .L)(b) Imperfectly drainedB . Soils Developed on Lacustrine Deposits Beverly (BV)I . Loamy sand and sand parent Beverly coarse phase (BV .C)materialsBeverly loamy phase (BV .L)(a) Rapidly drained (c) Poorly drainedFox (FX)Toledo (TO)(b) Imperfectly drained Toledo coarse phase (TO .C)Brady (BY)Toledo loamy phase (TO.L)(c) Poorly drained (d) Very poorly drainedGranby (GY)Southwold (SO)(d) Very poorly drained VI . 40 to 100 cm of loamy sediments overFrome (FR)silty clay loam and silty clay parentFrome peaty phase (FR .P)materials(a) Well drainedBennington (BN)2 1

VII .(b)(c)Imperfectly drainedTavistock (TA)Poorly drainedMaplewood (MA)40 to 100cm of sandy sediments oversilty clay loam and silty clay parentmaterials(a) Well drainedBookton (BO)(b) Imperfectly drainedBerrien (BE)(c) Poorly drainedWauseon (WU)VIII . Silty clay or clay parent materialswith one or more layers of heavy day(a) Moderately well drainedMelbourne (ME)(b) Imperfectly drainedEkfrid (EK)Ekfrid coarse phase (EK.C)Ekfrid loamy phase (EK.L)(c) Poorly drainedStrathbum (ST)Strathburn coarse phase (ST.C)Strathburn loamy phase (ST.L)IX.Sandy sediments over gravelly loamycoarse sand and gravelly coarse sandlacustrine beach parent materials(a) Rapidly drainedKintyre (KT)(b) Imperfectly drainedHighgate (HI)(c) Poorly drained Muirkirk (MK)C Soils Developed on Fluvial DepositsI . Less than 40 cm of sandy sedimentsIII .over gravelly fluvial outwash parentmaterials(a) Rapidly drainedBurford (BU)(b) Imperfectly drained IV.Brisbane (BI)II .40 to 100 cm of sandy sediments overgravelly fluvial outwash parentmaterials V.(a) Well drainedCaledon (CA)Caledon fine phase (CA.F)(b) Imperfectly drainedCamilla (CM)VI.Camilla loamy phase (CM.L)(c) Poorly drained Ayr (AY)Ayr fine phase (AY.F)Ayr loamy phase (AY.L)D. Soils Developed on Eolian DepositsI. Fine sand eolian parent materials(a) Rapidly drainedPlainfield (PF)(b) Imperfectly drainedWalsingham (WM)(c) Poorly drainedWaterin (WN)(d) Very poorly drainedSpringwater (SP)E. Soils Developed on Ice-contact StratifiedDrift DepositsI. Sandy sediments over stratifiedgravelly sand and sand parentmaterials, with gravel content andsand size of parent -materials highlyvariable(a) Rapidly drainedShedden (SH)(b) Imperfectly drainedMiddlemarch (MI)F. Miscellaneous Land Units1 .II.Soils developed on modem or recentalluvial deposits(a) Undifferentiated drainage andtextureAlluvium (AL)Soils developed on steeply slopingside walls of eroded channels(a) Undifferentiated drainage andtextureEroded Channel (ER)Areas of land which have beendisturbed, modified, or permanentlywithdrawn from agricultural use(a) UndifferentiatedNot Mapped (NM)Soils developed on organic deposits(a) Undifferentiated organicmaterial and mineral substratumOrganic (OR)Soils developed on steeply slopingcliffs and scarps(a) Undifferentiated drainage andtextureScarp (SC)Soils developed on steeply slopingside walls, and terrace or flood plainalluvial deposits composing creek andriver valleys(a) Undifferentiated drainage andtextureValley Complex (VC)

Table 3.Soils and land units mapped in Elgin County and their areal extentSoil or Land Total Area Soil or Land Total AreaUnit Name Symbol (ha) Unit Name Symbol (ha)Alluvium AL 14365 Kelvin KE 6802Ayr AY 63 Kelvin coarse phase KE .C 377Ayr fine phase AY.F 13 Kelvin loamy phase KE.L 1658Ayr loamy phase AY .L 12 Kelvin washed phase KE.W 43Bennington BN 21 Kintyre KT 1224Bennington till phase BN .T 367 Maplewood MA 300Berrien BE 4688 Maplewood till phase MA .T 225Berrien till phase BE.T 7022 Melbourne ME 15Beverly BV 5447 Middlemarch MI 123Beverly coarse phase BV .C 373 Muirkirk MK 27Beverly loamy phase BV .L 5094 Muriel MU 4184Bookton BO 61 Muriel loamy phase MU.L 429Bookton till phase BO.T 276 Muriel washed phase MU.W 86Brady BY 2191 Normandale NO 11370Brant BT 540 Not Mapped NM 6098Brantford BF 409 Organic OR 355Brantford coarse phase BF.C 49 Plainfield PF 11561Brantford loamy phase BF .L 112 Scarp SC 920Brisbane BI 127 Shedden SH 1936Burford BU 99 Silver Hill SL 640Caledon CA 474 Southwold SO 89Caledon fine phase CA.F 17 Springwater SP 32Camilla CM 284 Strathburn ST 689Camilla loamy phase CM .L 17 Strathburn coarse phase ST.C 13Churchville CH 57 Strathburn loamy phase ST.L 47Churchville peaty phase CH .P 30 St . Williams SW 3542Colwood CW 1307 Tavistock TA 3069Colwood coarse phase CW.C 17 Tavistock till phase TA.T 6455Colwood peaty phase CW.P 4 Toledo TO 2907Ekfrid EK 2472 Toledo coarse phase TO .C 291Ekfrid coarse phase EK.C 162 Toledo loamy phase TO .L 1028Ekfrid loamy phase EK .L 197 Tuscola TU 6318Eroded Channel ER 11252 Tuscola coarse phase TU.C 126Fox FX 949 Valley Complex VC 8772Frome FR 188 Vittoria VI 1584Frome peaty phase FR .P 69 Walsher WA 247Gobles GO 20299 Walsingham WM 11652Gobles coarse phase GO.C 409 Waterin WN 2628Gobles loamy phase GO.L 15902 Wattford WF 1510Gobles washed phase GO.W 283 Wauseon WU 510Granby GY 907 Wauseon till phase WU.T 873Highgate HI 759TOTAL 185,210

Soil DescriptionsThis section contains generalized descriptionsof the soils which occur in the County . Thedescriptions arearranged in alphabetical orderandinclude information on landform and topography,soil moisture characteristics, general soilcharacteristics, soil variability, and land use andmanagement . Guidelines for determining somesoil moisture characteristics were obtained fromthe CânSIS Manual for describing soils in the field(12). Estimates of water holding capacity wereextrapolated from water retention data obtainedfrom detailed sampling of selected soils in theCounty. That data is presented in Voliune 2 of thereportGeneralized soil profile descriptions for mostsoils are provided in Appendix 1 in this volume ofthe report. This information is presented in tableformat, and includes mean values for horizondepths, textures, pH, organic matter and CaC03 .Similar tables, along with more detailedmorphological, physical and chemical descriptionsof typical soil profiles, as well as engineering testdata, are presented in Volume 2 .Land use comments are included in the soildescriptions, and pertain to : 1) the capability ofthe soils for common field crops; 2) the suitabilityof the soils for special crops, and 3) the suitabilityof the soils for conservation tillage practices.Common field crops include grain or silagecorn, wheat, oats, barley, and forage crops . Theyare the crops for which the Canada LandInventory soil capability ratings for agricultureapply (17) . The capability ratings which apply tothe soils are given in the descriptions, and also inTable 4 of the reportSpecial crops include vegetable, fruit, and nutcrops. They also include less commonly grownfield crops such as spring canola and winterrapeseed. The types of special crops, and theapplicable soil suitability ratings for them, aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8. Examples of somespecial crops identified in the tables includepotatoes, cucumbers, peppers, strawberries,tobacco, and winter rapeseed. Comments on thesuitability of the soils for special crops areincluded in the soil descriptions, and are usuallygeneral comments related to the full range ofspecial crops which are identified in the tables .The suitability of the soils for specific crops,therefore, must be determined from the tables .General comments in the soil descriptions onthe suitability of the soils for conservation tillagepractices are based on personal knowledge of thesoils and conservation tillage practices, as well asinformation provided in the Ontario Ministry ofAgriculture and Food factsheet titled " Suitabilityof Conservation Tillage Systems to Ontario SoilTypes" (18) .Four soil textural groups are defined in thefactsheet for surface materials . Although slightmodifications were necessary, the textural groupshave been incorporated into the soil descriptionsin order to better relate potential conservationtillage practices to the soils in the County. Thedefinitions of the textural groups are as follows :1) Coarse - soil materials which contain 52% ~ormore sand, and less than 20% clay. Commonsoil textures associated with this group includesand, loamy sand, and sandy loam.2) Medium - soil materials which contain lessthan 52% sand, and less than 27% clay .Common soil textures associated with thisgroup include loam and silt loam.3) Fine - soil materials which contain either:20 to 40% clay if the sand content is more than45%; or 27 to 40 % clay if the sand content isless than 45%. Common textures associatedwith this group include silty clay loam andclay loam.4) Very Fine - soil materials which contain morethan 40% clay . Common soil texturesassociated with this group include silty clay,clay, and heavy clay.The textural triangle shown in Figure 11provides information on the soil texture classeswhich are included in the four textural groups.24

Figure 11 .Soil textural groups and classes

Ayr Soils (AY)Landform and TopographyAyr soils have developed on 40 to 100 anthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured fluvial outwash materials . They usuallyoccur on lower slope positions in landscapeswhich have nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography. Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsAyr soils are poorly drained and rapidlypermeable . The poor drainage conditionsassociated with these soils are caused by highwater table levels which are near the surface forprolonged periods during the year. Ayr soils havelow water holding capacities and slow surfacerunoff .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bg horizons usually occur in theupper sandy materials and have sandy loam,loamy sand, or sand textures . The calcareousIICkg horizons generally occur in lower gravellymaterials commonly have gravelly coarse sand,gravelly loamy coarse sand, gravelly sand, orgravelly loamy sand textures .Gray gley colours are dominant in the profile,and prominent dark brown to dark yellowishbrown mottles are also present. Soil reactionranges from neutral in the Ap horizons, to mildlyalkaline in the IICkg horizons . Soil classificationis typically Orthic Humic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Ayr soils in the County islimited. Ayr fine phase soils (AY.F) were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of clay loam textured materialsoverly the sandy and gravelly materials . Ayrloamy phase soils (AY.L) were mapped where 15to 40 cm of silt loam and loam textured materialsoverly the sandy and gravelly materials. Ayr soilswere mapped in combination with Camilla soils(CM).Land Use/Management CommentsAyr soils require file drainage in order to reachtheir potential capability for common field cropproduction . They are rated Class 2W or 2WT. Ifthey are the drained, Ayr soils are suitable forgrowing a wide range of special crops . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for Ayr soils. Ayr fine phase (AY.F)soils, however, are better suited for conventionaltillage practices .Bennington Soils (BN)Landform and TopographyBennington soils have developed on 40 to 100cm thick veneers of medium textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials . They occur inlandscapes which usually have gently undulatingtopography, and they commonly occur on mid toupper slope positions. Slopes commonly rangefrom 5 to 9% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBennington soils are well drained . They areusually moderately permeable through the uppermedium textured materials, and slowly permeablein the lower fine to very fine textured materials .The water holding capacities of Bennington soilsare high. Surface runoff is moderate on verygentle slopes, but can be rapid on steeper slopes .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually occur in theupper medium textured materials . They typicallyhave silt loam or loam textures. Clay enriched Btor IIBt horizons commonly occur where themedium textured materials contact the underlyingfine textured materials . Textures of those horizonsfrequently are silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, orsilty clay . The calcareous IICk horizons usuallyhave silty clay loam or silty clay textures . Soilreaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral in theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkhorizons. Soil classification is typically BrunisolicGray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityOccasionally very fine sandy loam or finesandy loam textures occur in the upper materials .Layers of medium textured materials also occuroccasionally in the lower fine textured materials .Bennington till phase 03N T) soils were mappedwhere 40 to 100cm of medium textured lacustrinematerials were underlain by fine to very finetextured Port Stanley till. The aerial extents ofBennington (BN) and Bennington till phase(BN.T)soils in the County are limited .Bennington soils were mapped in combinationwith Tavistock (TA) soils, -and Bennington till

phase (BN.T) soils were mapped in combinationwith Tavistock till phase (TA.T) soils .Land Use/Management'CommentsBennington and Bennington till phase soils arerated Class 2M for common field crops whentopography is not a limitation. This is mainly dueto potential moisture deficit conditions which candevelop during the growing season . When thesurface slopes are greater than 5%, they are ratedClass 3T or lower due to topographic limitations .Bennington and Bennington till phase soils arehighly suitable for growing a wide range ofspecial crops . They are rated Class Sl or Class S2for many crops if the surface slopes are not toosteep . Suitability ratings for selected special cropsare given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Bennington and Bennington till phase soils aresusceptible to water erosion. A crop rotationwhich includes a forage crop, the planting of covercrops, and maintaining high crop residue levelswill aid in reducing the risk of erosion by water.Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for Bennington and Bennington tillphase soils .Berrien Soils (BE)Landform and TopographyBerrien soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials . They usually occuron mid to upper slope positions in landscapeswhich have nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography . Slopes generally range from 1 to 5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBerrien soils are . imperfectly drained. Thecoarse textured upper materials are rapidlypermeable but have low water holding capacities .The lower fine textured materials are moderatelyto slowly permeable and generally have highwater holding capacities . Berrien soils usuallyhave slow surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap, Bmgj, and Btgj horizons usually occurin the upper coarse textured materials. Theycommonly have fine sandy loam, sandy loam, orloamy fine sand textures. Due to clay enrichment,fine sandy loam and sandy loam textures tend tooccur more often in the Btgj horizons. Thecalcareous IICkgj horizons occur in the lower finertextured materials and usually have silty clay loamclay or silty clay textures .Distinct to prominent, yellowish brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile.Soil reaction is usually medium acid to neutral inthe upper coarse textured materials, and mildlyalkaline in the lower fine textured materials . Soilclassification is typically Gleyed Brunisolic GrayBrown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally Berrien soils have layers ofgravelly materials which occur above the finetextured IICkgj horizons . Layers of silt loam orloam textured materials also occur occasionally inthe lower fine textured materials. Berrien tillphase (BE.T) soils were mapped where 40 to 100cm of coarse textured materials were underlain byfine to very fine textured Port Stanley till.Berrien soils were often mapped incombination with Wauseon (WU), Beverly (BV),Beverly coarse phase (BV.C), Toledo (TO), andToledo coarse phase (TO.C) soils. Berrien tillphase (BE.T) soils were often mapped incombination with Wauseon till phase (WU.T),Gobles loamy phase (GO.L), Gobles coarse phase(GO.C), Kelvin (KE), and Kelvin coarse phase(KE.C) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsBerrien and Berrien till phase soils are ratedClass 1 for common field crops when topographyis not a limitation. They are suitable for a widerange of special crops, and their suitability formany special crops increases if they are thedrained, or if supplemental irrigation is carriedout. Suitability ratings for selected special cropsare given in Tables 6, 7, and 8 .Berrien soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andmaintaining high crop residue levels will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils .Beverly Soils (BV)Landform and TopographyBeverly soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials .They usually occur on mid to upper slopepositions in landscapes which have nearly level orvery gently undulating topography . Slopes rangefrom 2 to 9%, with slopes of 2 to 5% mostcommon.

Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBeverly soils are imperfectly drained. They aremoderately to slowly permeable. Saturatedconditions occur in the upper horizons forextended periods of time each year . Thesaturation period is prolonged where compactionhas occurred. Beverly soils have medium to highwater holding capacities, and moderate to rapidsurface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsBeverly soil materials contain 27% or moreclay . The Ap, Btgj, and calcareous Ckgj horizonswhich commonly occur usually have clay loilm,silty day loam or silty day textures .Distinct to prominent, dark yellowishbrown toyellowish red mottles occur within the profile.Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe upperAp and Btgj horizons, to mildly alkalinein the Ckgj horizons. Soil classification is typicallyGleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally layers of medium or coarsetextured materials occur within the profile. Thelayers are variable in thickness and usually havesilt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam textures .Beverly soils were mapped where thin caps ofmedium or coarse textured materials overly thefine to very fine textured materials. Beverlycoarse phase (BV.C) soils were mapped where theupper materials consisted of 15 to 40 cm of coarsetextured materials . Beverly loamy phase (BVI)soils were mapped where the upper materialsconsisted of 15 to 40 cm of medium texturedmaterials .Beverly soils were commonly mapped incombination withBeverly loamy phase (BV L) andToledo (TO) soils. Beverly loamy phase (BVI)soils were often mapped in combination withTavistock (TA) and Toledo loamy phase (TOL)soils .Land Use/Management CommentsBeverly soils are rated Class 2D for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation.They are used extensively for growing corn andwinter wheat. Beverly soils are suitable forgrowing a fairly wide range of special crops.They are particularly well suited for special fieldcrops such as soybeans and white beans . Theirsuitability increases for many special crops if theyare tile drained . Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Beverly soils are susceptible to compaction,and care must be taken not to use heavymachinery when they are too wet. A crop rotationwhich includes a forage crop will aid inmaintaining soil structure . Beverly and Beverlyloamy phase soils are also susceptible to watererosion due to the erodible nature of their surfacematerials. Planting cover crops and maintaininghigh crop residue levels will help to reduce therisk of erosion by water .Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for Beverly coarse phase and Beverlyloamy phase soils. Conventional tillage practices,however, may be better on Beverly soils toimprove structure and enhance drainage.Bookton Soils (BO)Landform and TopographyBookton soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials . They mainly occuron upper and crest slope positions in landscapeswhich have gently undulating topography . Slopesgenerally range from 5 to 9% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBookton soils are well drained . The uppercoarse textured materials are rapidly permeableand have low water holding capacities. As aresult, these soils tend to be droughty. The lowerfine textured materials are moderately to slowlypermeable. Surface runoff is slow on nearly levelto gentle slopes, but increases on steeper slopes.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have fine sandy loamor loamy fine sand textures . The Bm horizonsusually have fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand,fine sand or sand textures. Clay enriched IlBthorizons often occur at the contact between theupper sandy materials and the lower clayeymaterials. The IICk horizons are calcareous andusually have silty clay loam or silty clay textures.Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe IICk horizons . Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Bookton soils in theCounty is limited . Occasionally Bookton soilshave gravelly layers which occur above the

underlying fine textured materials . Bookton tillphase (BO.T) soils were mapped where 40 to 100cm of coarse textured lacustrine materials wereunderlain by fine to very fine textured PortStanley till .Land Use/Management CommentsBookton and Bookton till phase soils are ratedClass 2M for common field crops whentopography is not a limitation. Due to moisturedeficit conditions which occur in these soils,management practices should be considered whichmaintain organic matter levels and improve waterholding abilities . When the surface slopes are nottoo steep, Bookton and Bookton till phase soils arehighly suitable for a wide range of special crops .Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Bookton and Bookton till phase soils aresusceptible to wind erosion . Planting cover cropsand establishing windbreaks will aid in reducingthe risk of erosion by wind. Conservation tillagepractices, particularly no-till practices, should beconsidered for these soils .Brady Soils (BY)Landform and TopographyBrady soils have developed on blankets ofcoarse textured lacustrine materials . They usuallyoccur on mid to crest slope positions in landscapeswhich have nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography. Slopes generally range from 2 to 5%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBrady soils are imperfectly drained because ofwater table levels that rise into subsoil horizonsmainly during the winter and early spring . Theyare usually rapidly permeable and have low waterholding capacities. Brady soils have slow surfacerunoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures . The Bm and Bmgj horizonsare more variable in texture, and commonly havesandy loam, loamy sand, fine sand, or sandtextures . Clay enriched Btgj horizons, whichfrequently have fine sandy loam or loamy finesand texures, usually occur above the calcareousCkgj horizons . The Ckgj horizons usually havesand, loamy sand, or fine sand textures .Distinct to prominent, yellowish brown tostrong brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutralin the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityBrady soils frequently have Btgj horizonswhich are weakly developed or discontinuous .Occasionally they do not have Btgj horizons, orthe Btgj horizons occur at depths greater than 100cm from the surface . Brady soils were most oftenmapped in combination with Fox (FX) and Granby(GY) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsBrady soils are rated Class 2F or 2FT forcommon field crops . Due to fertility limitations,management practices should be carried outwhichmaintain organic matter levels . Brady soils aresuitable for a range of special crops, especiallyfield crops such as white beans and spring canola.If they are the drained, and if supplementalirrigation is carried out, the suitability of Bradysoils increases for many special crops . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Brady soils are susceptible to wind erosion . Acrop rotation which includes a forage crop,planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andmaintaining high crop residue levels will aid inreducing erosion by wind . Conservation .tillagepractices, particularly no-till practices, should beconsidered for these soils .Brant Soils (BT)Landform and TopographyBrant soils have developed on blankets ofmedium textured lacustrine materials . Theyusually occur on upper and crest slope positionsin landscapes which have very gently undulatingto hummocky topography. Slopes range from 2 to15%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBrant soils are well drained . They are usuallymoderately permeable, but the permeabilitydecreases in horizons that are compacted or havehigh clay contents . The water holding capacitiesof Brant soils are high if permeability is notrestricted . Surface runoff ranges from slow torapid, depending on the steepness of the surfaceslope .29

General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap, Bm, Bt, and Ck horizons which occurusually have silt loam, loam or very fine sandyloam textures. The calcareous Ck horizons oftenoccur close to the surface, with the mean depthbeing 51 cm . The clay enriched Bt horizons,which occur above the calcareous Ck horizons, areusually well developed and easy to identify due totheir reddish brown to brown colours .Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe Ck horizons . Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityLayers of clayey materials frequently occurwithin the profile. The layers are variable inthickness and usually have silty clay loam or siltyclay textures. Occasionally, layers of silt or sandymaterials occur. . When they occur, the sandymaterials frequently have sandy loam or finesandy loam textures . Due to surface erosionwhich has taken place, the calcareous Ck horizonsoccur at the surface in portions of some landscapeswhere Brant soils were mapped . Brant soils weremost often mapped in combination with Tuscola(TU) and Tavistock till phase (TAX) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsWhen topography is not a limitation, Brantsoils are rated Class 1 for common field crops.They are highly suitable for most special cropswhen the surface slopes are not too steep.Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Due to the highly erodible nature of theirsurface materials, Brant soils are susceptible towater erosion. Management practices whichreduce the risk of erosion should therefore becarried out on these soils. A crop rotation whichincludes a forage crop, planting cover crops, andmaintaining high crop residue levels will aid inthis regard. Conservation tillage practices shouldbe considered for these soils .Brantford Soils (BF)Landform and TopographyBrantford soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials .They usually occur on upper and crest slopepositions in landscapes which have undulating orhummocky topography. Slopes generally rangefrom 5 to 15%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBrantford soils are moderately well drained,and moderately to slowly permeable . Waterholding capacities are high if there are nocompacted layers which restrict water movementdownward . Surface runoff is usually rapid due tothe steepness of the surface slopes .General Soil CharacteristicsBrantford soil materials contain 27% or moreclay. The Ap horizons - usually have silty clayloam, clay loam, or silty clay textures . The subsoilB and Ck horizons tend to have higher claycontents and silty clay, clay, or silty clay loamtextures. Clay enriched Bt horizons usually occurabove the calcareous Ck horizons.Distinct mottles occur at a depth of 50 . to 100cm. Soil reaction ranges from medium acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe Ck horizons. Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally layers of medium or coarsetextured materials occur within the profile. Thelayers are variable in thickness and usually havesilt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam textures .Brantford soils were mapped where thin capsof medium or coarse textured materials overly thefine to very fine textured materials . Brantfordcoarse phase (BF.C) soils were mapped where 15to 40 cm of coarse textured materials were presentat the surface. The coarse textured materialscommonly have fine sandy loam or sandy loamtextures. Brantford loamy phase (BF.L) soils weremapped where 15 to 40 cm of medium texturedmaterials were present at the surface . Themedium textured materials commonly have siltloam or loam textures . Severely eroded Brantfordsoils occupy significant portions of somelandscapes .Brantford soils were most often mapped incombination with Beverly (BV) soils. Brantfordcoarse phase (BF.C) soils were most often mappedin combination with Beverly coarse phase (BV.C)soils, and Brantford loamy phase (BF.L) soils weremost often mapped in combination with Beverlyloamy phase (BV.L) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsIf topography is not a limitation, Brantfordsoils are rated Class 2D for common field crops .When the surface slopes are not too steep, they aresuitable for a fairly wide range of special cropsincluding most horticultural crops. Suitability

atings for selected special crops are given inTables 6; 7, and 8.Brantford soils are susceptible to compaction,and care must be taken not to use heavymachinery when they are too wet . A crop rotationwhich includes a forage crop will aid inmaintaining soil structure. Brantford andBrantford loamy phase soils are also susceptible towater erosion. Planting cover crops andmaintaining high crop residue levels will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by water . Brantfordsoils, particularly those with medium or coarsetextured surface materials, are suitable for anumber of conservation tillage practices .Brisbane Soils (BI)Landform and TopographyBrisbane soils have developed on 15 to 40 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured fluvial outwash materials . Brisbane soilsmost often occur on mid and lower slope positionsin landscapes which have nearly level or verygently undulating topography . Slopes range from1 to 5%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBrisbane soils are imperfectly drained andrapidly permeable . The imperfect drainageconditions associated with these soils are due tohigh water table levels which occur mainly in thewinter and early spring. They have low waterholding capacities and slow surface runoff .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bra or Bmgj horizons usuallyoccur in the upper coarse textured lacustrinematerials and have sandy loam or loamy sandtextures. Clay enriched Btgj or IIBtgj horizonscommonly occur above the calcareous HCkgjhorizons. The clay enriched B horizons usuallyhave sandy loam textures, while the HCkgjhorizons usually have gravelly coarse sand orgravelly sand textures .Distinct to prominent, strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile.Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in theunderlying IICkgj horizons. Soil classification istypically Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityBrisbane soils mainly occur in areas which arenear or adjacent to the Thames River and largecreeks which run through the County . Frequentlythe upper lacustrine materials contain gravelwhich may range as high as 20% in some soils .Occasionally the upper materials have loamtextures, or the underlying fluvial materials consistof alternating layers of - sandy and gravellymaterials . Burford (BU) or Camilla (CM) mayoccur in landscapes where Brisbane soils weremapped .Land Use/Management CommentsBrisbane soils are rated Class 2F for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation.They are suitable for a fairly wide range of specialcrops, especially field crops such as white beans,spring canola, and winter rapeseed . Theirsuitability increases for many special crops if theyare tile drained or supplemental irrigation iscarried out. Suitability ratings for selected specialcrops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Brisbane soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management practices whichmaintain organic matter levels, will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation -tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils.Burford Soils (BU)Landform and TopographyBurford soils have developed on 15 to 40 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured fluvial outwash materials . These soilsusually occur on upper and crest slope positionsin landscapes where the topography is eitherinclined or undulating. Slopes generally rangefrom 2 to 5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsBurford soils are rapidly drained and rapidlypermeable . They have low water holdingcapacities and slow surface runoff, except onslopes greater than 5% where runoff may bemoderate .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually occur in theupper coarse textured lacustrine materials andhave sandy loam or loamy sand textures. Clayenriched Bt or IIBt horizons commonly occur31

above the calcareous Ck or IICk horizons . Theclay enriched B horizons usually have sandy loamtextures, while the Ck or IICk horizons usuallyhave gravelly coarse sand or gravelly sandtextures.Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe IICk horizons. Soil classification is typicallyBnuiisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityBurford soils mainly occur in areas which arenear or adjacent to the Thames River and largecreeks which run through the County. Frequentlythe upper materials contin gravel which mayrange as high as 20% in some soils . Occasionallythe upper lacustrine materials have loam textures,or the underlying fluvial materials consist ofalternating layers of sandy and gravelly materials.Brisbane (BI) or Caledon (CA) soils may occur inlandscapes where Burford soils were mapped .Land Use/Management CommentsBurford soils are rated Class 2FM for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation.They fiend to be draughty because of their lowwater holding capacities . Burford soils aresuitable for a wide range of special crops if thesurface slopes are not too steep . Withsupplemental irrigation, they are highly suitablefor many fruit and vegetable crops. Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Burford soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management practices whichmaintain organic matter levels, will aid inreducing the risk of wind erosion. Conservationtillage practices, particularly no-till practices,should be considered for these soils .Caledon Soils (CA)Landform and TopographyCaledon soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured fluvial outwash materials. They usuallyoccur on upper to crest slope positions, especiallyin landscapes where imperfectly or poorly drainedsoils also occur. The topography associated withCaledon soils ranges from nearly level to verygently sloping or undulating. Slopes generallyrange from 1 to 5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsCaledon soils are well drained and rapidlypermeable. They have low water holdingcapacities and slow surface runoff, except onslopes greater than 5% where runoff may bemoderate.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures. The textures of the sandyBm horizons are usually loamy sand or sand .Clay enriched Bt or IIBt horizons, which usuallyhave sandy loam textures, commonly occur abovethe calcareous IICk horizons . The IICk horizonsfrequently have gravelly coarse sand or gravellysand textures.Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe IICk horizons . Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityCaledon soils mainly occur in areas which arenear or adjacent ,to the Thames River and largecreeks which run through the County. Frequentlythe upper sandy materials have been windmodified . Occasionally Caledon soils have rapiddrainage when the Bt or 11Bt horizons are weaklydeveloped and the upper materials also containsignificant amounts of gravel. The underlyingIICk materials of some Caledon soils consist ofalternating layers of sandy and gravelly materials .Fine phase Caledon soils (CA.F) were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of clay loam or silty clay loamtextured material overlies the sandy and gravellymaterials . Caledon (CA) soils were most oftenmapped in combination with Camilla (CM) soils.Fox (FX) and Brady (BY) soils may occur inlandscapes where Caledon soils were mapped .Land Use/Management CommentsCaledon soils are rated Class 2FM forcommonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .They have fertility limitations and also tend to bedraughty. With supplemental irrigation, they arehighly suitable forawide range of special crops ifthe surface slopes are not too steep. Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Caledon soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management practices whichmaintain organic matter levels, will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind .

Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be be considered for these soils.Camilla Soils (CM)Landform and TopographyCamilla soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured fluvial outwash materials. They usuallyoccur in landscapes which have nearly level orvery gently undulating topography. Slopesgenerally range from 1 to 5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsCamilla soils are imperfectly drained andrapidly permeable . The imperfect drainageconditions associated with these soils are due tohigh water table levels which occur mainly in thewinter and early spring. Camilla soils have lowwater holding capacities and slow surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures. The textures of the Bmgjhorizons are usually loamy sand or sand . Clayenriched Btgj or IIBtgj horizons, which usuallyhave sandy loam textures, commonly occur abovethe calcareous IICkgj horizons. The HCkgjhorizons commonly have gravelly coarse sand orgravelly sand textures .Distinct to prominent, strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityCamilla soils mainly occur in areas which arenear or adjacent to the Thames River and largecreeks which run through the County. Frequentlythe upper sandy materials are wind modified andcontain gravel . Occasionally the underlying IICkgjmaterials consist of alternating layers of sandy andgravelly material . Loamy phase Camilla soils(CMI) were mapped where 15 to 40 cm of siltloam or loam textured material overlies thegravelly materials . Most often Camilla soils weremapped in combination with Caledon (CA) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsCamilla soils are rated Class 2F for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .They are suitable for a wide range of specialcrops, but generally require tile drainage orsupplemental irrigation in order to reach theirhighest potential for those crops . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Camilla soils are susceptible to wind erosion .Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management practices whichmaintain organic matter levels, will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind . Camillaloamy phase (CMI) soils are susceptible to watererosion due to the highly erodible nature of theirsurface materials . Planting cover crops andmaintaining high crop residue levels would benefitthose soils. Conservation tillage practices,particularly no-till practices, should be consideredfor Camilla and Camilla loamy phase soils.Churchville Soils (CH)Landform and TopographyChurchville soils have developed on blanketsof medium to coarse textured lacustrine materials .They have nearly level topography and occur indepressional positions in the landscape . Slopesare less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsChurchville soils are very poorly drained andmoderately permeable. The water table occurs ator near the surface for long periods each year .They have moderate water holding capacities andsurface runoff is slow .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ah horizons usually have very fine sandyloam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sandtextures. The Bg and calcareous Ckg horizons areusually coarser textured and have fine sand orloamy fine sand textures.Bluish gray or gray gley colours are dominantwithin the profile. Soil reaction ranges fromneutral in the surface horizons to mildly alkalinein the Ckg horizons . Soil classification is typicallyOrthic Humic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Churchville soils in theCounty is limited . Churchville peaty phase(CH.P)soils were mapped where 15 to 40 cm of organicmaterial occurred at the surface . The extent ofChurchville peaty phase soils in the County is alsolimited .33

Land Use/Management CommentsChurchville soils require tile drainage in orderto reach theirpotential capability for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 3W. If theyare tile drained, Churchville soils are suitable forgrowing a fairly wide range of special crops .Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Colwood Soils (CWTLandform and TopographyColwood soils have developed on blankets ofmedium textured lacustrine materials . They occurmainly on lower slopes and in depressions inlandscapes which have nearly level topography orvery gently undulating topography. Slopes areless than 2%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsColwood soils are poorly drained . They areusually moderately permeable, but thepermeability decreases in horizons that are clayeyor compacted. Because of high water table levels,they tend to remain saturated for prolongedperiods of time. The water holding capacities ofColwood soils are high if permeability is notrestricted. Surface runoff is slow.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap, Bg, and Ckg horizons which occurusually have silt loam, loam, or very fine sandyloam textures . The Ckg horizons are calcareous.Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent yellowish brown to strongbrown mottles are also present. Soil reactionranges from slightly acid to neutral in the Aphorizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons .Soil classification is typically Orthic HumicGleysol .Soil VariabilityColwood soils frequently contain layers of fineor very fine textured materials . The layers arevariable in thickness and usually have silty clayloam or silty clay textures. Occasionally, they alsocontain layers of coarse textured materials whichusually have fine sandy loam textures .Colwood coarse phase (CW.C) soils weremapped where 15 to 40 cm of coarse texturedmaterials were present at the surface. Colwoodpeaty phase (CW.P) soils were mapped where 15to 40 cm of organic materials were present at thesurface . Most often Colwood (CW) soils weremapped in combination with Tuscola (TU) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsColwood soils require tile drainage in order toreach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production. Colwood and Colwood coarsephase soils are rated Class 2W, -and Colwoodpeaty phase soils are rated Class 4W. If they aretile drained, Colwood and Colwood .coarse phasesoils are suitable for growing a wide range ofspecial crops. Colwood peaty phase soils aresuitable for most vegetable crops if they are tiledrained, but they have limited suitability for mostspecial field crops as well as fruit and nut crops .Suitability ratings for selected . special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Colwood soils are susceptible to compactionand care should be taken not to use heavymachinery when they are too wet . Althoughconventional tillage practices may be best toimprove soil structure and enhance drainage,Colwood soils are suitable for a number ofconservation tillage practices.Ekfrid Soils (EK)Landform and TopographyEkfrid soils have developed on blankets of fineto very fine textured lacustrine materials. Theyusually occur on mid to crest slope positions inlandscapes which have nearly level or very gentlyundulating topography . Occasionally the surfaceslopes are steeper and the topography is gentlyundulating . Slopes range from 1 to 9%, withslopes of 1 to 5% most common.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsEkfrid soils areimperfectly drained and slowlypermeable . They have high seasonal water tablelevels, and saturated conditions tend to occur inthe upper profile for prolonged periods of time.Ekfrid soils have medium to high water holdingcapacities, but can be draughty during dry periodsbecause of water retention by the clayey soilmaterials . Surface runoff is moderate to rapid,depending on the steepness of the surface slope.Soil cracks which may develop during the summerwill increase permeability and reduce surfacerunoff.General Soil CharacteristicsEkfrid soil materials usually contain at least40% clay . They also contain one or more layerswithin the profile which contain more than 60%

clay. The Ap horizons commonly have silty clayor clay textures . The Btgj and calcareous Ckgjhorizons frequently have silty clay, clay, or heavyclay textures .Distinct to prominent, dark yellowishbrown toyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityEkfrid soils occur mainly in the northernportions of Dunwich and Aldborough Townships .They are associated with the lacustrine clay plainwhich occurs north-west of the TillsonburgMoraine, and extends into Middlesex County. Thethickness of the heavy clay textured layers rangesfrom approximately 10 cm to more than 85 cm.Ekfrid soils were mapped where thin caps ofmedium or coarse textured materials overly thefine to very fine textured materials . Ekfrid loamyphase (EK.L) soils were mapped where 15 to 40cm of loamy materials were present at the surface .Ekfrid coarse phase (EK.C) soils were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of sandy materials were presentat the surface . Ekfrid soils were most oftenmapped in combination with Strathburn (ST) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsEkfrid soils are rated Class 3D for commonfield crops . They are capable of producingacceptable yields of crops such as corn or wheat,but good management practices are necessary .Ekfrid soils are not suitable for growing somevegetable and special field crops. They are,however, suitable for growing field crops such assoybeans, white beans, and spring canola .Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Ekfrid soils are susceptible to compaction, andcare should be taken not to use heavy machinerywhen they are too wet. A crop rotation whichincludes a forage crop will aid in maintaining soilstructure. Conventional fall tillage should becarried out on these soils to improve surfacestructure and enhance drainage.Fox Soils (F0Landform and TopographyFox soils have developed on blankets of coarsetextured lacustrine materials which frequentlyhave been wind modified . They occur mainly inlandscapes which have nearly level or very gentlyundulating topography. Occasionally they occurin duned landscapes which have gentlyundulating topography . When they occur in thesame landscape with imperfectly or poorlydrained soils, they usually occur on upper andcrest slope positions. Slopes generally range from1 to 9%, but slopes of 5% or less are mostcommon .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsFox soils are rapidly drained and rapidlypermeable. They have low water holdingcapacities which frequently results in droughtinessconditions . Surface runoff is slow, but increaseson steeper slopes if the soils are saturated.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures . The Bm horizons tend tohave higher sand contents, and sand or fine sandtextures . Clay enriched Bt horizons, which usuallyhave fine sandy loam or sandy loam textures,commonly occur above the calcareous Ckhorizons. Texture of the Ck horizons is usuallyloamy sand, sand, or fine sand .Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe Ck horizons. Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityFox soil materials generally have high mediumor fine sand contents . Those materials which havehigh fine sand contents usually occur in the upperhorizons and tend to be wind modified . The Bthorizons occurring in Fox soils are wavy andvariable in thickness and clay content. As a result,the Bt horizons in some Fox soils may bediscontinuous, completely absent, or occur at adepth greater than 100 cm from the surface . Inother Fox soils the Bt horizons may be so weaklydeveloped that the increase in clay content is noteasily recognizable . Fox soils were most oftenmapped in combination with Brady (BY), Berrien(BE), and Berrien till phase (BE.T) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsFox soils are rated Class 2FM forcommon fieldcrops when topography is not a limitation. Theyare suitable for a wide range of special crops whenthe surface slopes are not too steep . Theirsuitability increases for many special crops ifsupplemental irrigation is carried out. Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.35

Fox soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management .practices whichmaintain organic matter levels, will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils .Frome Soils (FR)Landform and TopographyFrome soils have developed on blankets ofcoarse textured lacustrine materials . They occur indepressional positions in landscapes which havenearly level topography. Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsFrome soils are very poorly drained andrapidly permeable . Saturated conditions occur ator near the surface for long periods each year dueto high water table levels. They have low waterholding capacities and surface runoff is slow .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures. The Bg and calcareous Ckghorizons tend to have higher sand contents andsand or loamy sand textures.Bluish gray to gray gley colours are dominantwithin the profile. Soil reaction ranges fromneutral in the surface Ap horizons, to mildlyalkaline in the Ckg horizons . Soil classification istypically Orthic Hun-dc Gleysol .Soil VariabilityFrome peaty phase (FR.P) soils were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of organic materials overly thesandy materials. The aerial extent of Frome andFrome peaty phase soils in the County is limited .Land Use/Management CommentsFrome andFrome peaty phase soils require tiledrainage in order to reach their potentialcapability for common field crop production.Frome soils are rated Class 3W, and Frome peatyphase soils are rated Class 4W . Due to theextreme wetness conditions associated with thesesoils, they are either not suitable or they havelimited suitability for special crops . Suitabilityincreases for some special crops, however, if theyare tile drained. Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Gobles Soils (GO)Landform and TopographyGobles soils have developed on fine to veryfine textured morainal materials which arecommonly referred to as Port Stanley till. Theyoccur on ground and terminal moraines whichcommonly have nearly level to gently undulatingtopography. Occasionally they also occur inlandscapes which are hummocky or rolling.Slopes generally range from 1 to 9%, but slopes of6% or less are most common.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsGobles soils are imperfectly drained andmoderately to slowly permeable. Saturatedconditions occur in the upper horizons for briefperiods each . year . Gobles soils have high waterholding capacities, and moderate to rapid surfacerunoff.General Soil CharacteristicsGobles soil materials contain 27% or more clay.The Ap horizons frequently have silty day loamor clay loam textures, but silty day or claytextures are also common. The Bmgj, Btgj, andcalcareous Ckgj horizons which commonly occurusually have silty clay loam or silty clay textures .Occasionally the texture of the subsoil horizonsmaybe clay loam or clay.Distinct to prominent, yellowish brown toreddish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityLocalized areas of severely eroded Gobles soilsoccur in some landscapes, primarily those whichhave surface slopes that are greater than 5% .Occasionally surface stones occur whichmayaffecttillage or harvesting operations .Gobles soils frequently occur where thinsurface caps of medium or coarse texturedmaterials overly the morainal materials . Goblesloamy phase (GO.L) soils were mapped where 15to 40 cm of silt loam or loam textured materialsoccurred at the surface . Gobles coarse phase(GO.C) soils were mapped where 15 to 40 cm offine sandy loam or sandy loam textured materialsoccurred at the surface. Gobles washed phase(GON) soils were mapped where 40 to 100 cm ofsilt loam or loam textured, lacustrine modified tillmaterials overly clayey till materials.

Gobles soils were frequently mapped incombination with Kelvin (KE) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsGobles soils, including those with loamy orcoarse phases, are rated Class 2D for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .Gobles washed phase soils are rated Class 1 .Gobles soils in general are suitable for a fairlywide range of special crops if the surface slopesare not too steep . Their suitability increases formany special crops if they are tile drained .Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Gobles soils, especially those with fine texturedsurface materials, are susceptible to compaction .Care should be taken, therefore, not to use heavymachinery when they are too wet. Acrop rotationwhich includes a forage crop . will aid inmaintaining soil structure . Gobles soils with fineor medium textured surface materials are alsosusceptible to water erosion . Planting cover cropsand maintaining high crop residue levels will aidin reducing the risk of erosion by water.Gobles soils with medium or coarse texturedsurface materials should be considered forconservation tillage practices. Conventional tillagepractices, however, are likely best on fine texturedGobles soils to improve structure and enhancedrainage .Granby Soils (GY)Landform and TopographyGranby soils have developed on blankets ofcoarse textured lacustrine materials . They usuallyoccur in low-lying or depressional positions inlandscapes which have nearly level topography.Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsGranby soils are poorly drained due to highwater table levels which occur in the subsoilhorizons for prolonged periods of time each year.They are usually rapidly permeable and have lowwater holding capacities . Surface runoff is slow .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have sandy loam orloamy sand textures . The subsoil Bg andcalcareous Ckg horizons tend to have higher sandcontents and sand or loamy sand textures .Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent dark yellowish brown tostrong brown mottles also are present. Soilreaction ranges from neutral in theAp horizons, tomildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons . Soilclassification is typically Orthic Humic Gleysol .Soil VariabilityGranby soils were most often mapped incombination with Brady (BY) soils in landscapeswhere the blankets of sandy materials tend to beconsiderably deeper than 100 cm.Land Use/Management CommentsGranby soils require tile drainage in order toreach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 3W. Duemainly to wetness limitations, they have limitedsuitability for most special crops if they are not tiledrained . Their suitability increases for a widerange of special crops, however, if they are tiledrained . Suitability ratings for selected specialcrops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Compaction can occur in Granby soils if theyare too wet . Care should be taken, therefore,when using heavy machinery. Conservationtillage practices, particularly no-till practices forfall crops, should be considered for these soils .Highgate Soils (HI)Landform and TopographyHighgate soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured lacustrine beach materials . The uppersandy materials are often wind modified . Theyfrequently occur on mid and lower slope positionsof beach ridges which are located near the flanksof terminal moraines . Slopes are usually less than5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsHighgate soils are imperfectly drained andrapidly permeable . The imperfect drainageconditions associated with these soils are due tohigh water table levels which occur mainly in thewinter and early spring. They have low waterholding capacities and slow surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap, Bm, and Bmgj horizons whichcommonly occur usually have sandy loam, finesandy loam, or loamy fine sand textures . Clayenriched Btgj horizons, which usually have sandyloam or fine sandy loam textures, frequently occurabove the calcareous IICkgj horizons . The IICkgj37

horizons usually have gravelly coarse sandy loam,gravelly loamy coarse sand, or gravelly coarsesand textures .Distinct to prominent, strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from medium acid to neutralin the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityOccasionallyHighgate soils contain alternatinglayers of sand and gravel materials which rangefrom 10 to 30 cm in thickness . In transition areasbetween the beach ridges and till moraines,shallow Highgate soils may occur where less than100 an of sand and gravel materials overly theclayey till materials. Highgate soils were mostoften mapped in combination with Kintyre (KT)soils .Land Use/Management CommentsHighgate soils are rated Class 2F for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .If they are tile drained, or if supplementalirrigation is carried out, they are highly suitablefor a fairly wide range of special crops. Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Highgate soils are susceptible to wind erosion .Plantingcover crops, establishing windbreaks, andcarrying out management practices whichmaintain organic matter levels will aid in reducingthe risk of erosion by wind. Conservation tillagepractices, particularly no-till practices, should beconsidered for these soils .Kelvin Soils (KE)Landform and TopographyKelvin soils have developed on fine to veryfine textured morainal materials which arecommonly referred to as Port Stanley till. Theyoccur on ground or terminal moraines which mostoften have nearly level or very gently undulatingopography. They occur less frequently in lowlyingor depressional areas in landscapes whichare hummocky or rolling. Slopes are usually lessthan 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsKelvin soils are poorly drained and moderatelyto slowly permeable. Saturated conditions occurin the upper horizons for prolonged periods oftime each year. Kelvin soils have high waterholding capacities and slow surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsKelvin soil materials contain 27% or more clay.The Ap horizons most often have silty clay loamor clay loam textures, but silty clay and claytextures are also common . The Bg and calcareousCkg horizons usually have silty clay loam or siltyclay textures . Occasionally the texture of thesubsoil horizons may be clay loam or clay .Grayish brown gley colours are dominantwithin the profile, and prominent dark yellowishbrown to dark brown mottles are also present.Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckghorizons . Soil classification is typically OrthicHumic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityKelvin soils frequently occur where thinsurface caps of medium or coarse texturedmaterials overly the finer textured till material .Kelvin loamy phase (KEI) soils were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of silt loam or loam texturedmaterials were present at the surface . Kelvincoarse phase (KE.C) soils were mapped where 15to 40 cm of fine sandy loam or sandy loamtextured materials were present at the surface .Kelvin washed phase (KE.W) soils were mappedwhere 40 to 100 cm of silt loam or loam textured,lacustrine modified till materials were underlainby clayey till materials.Kelvin soils were frequently mapped incombination with Gobles (GO) soils . In somelandscapes where Kelvin soils were mapped,calcareous materials occur at the surface whichwere deposited by runoff from surrounding soils.Land Use/Management CommentsKelvin soils require tile drainage in order toreach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production. They are rated Class 3W.Occasionally surface stones may occur which arelarge enough to affect tillage or harvestingoperations. Due to structure and wetnesslimitations, Kelvin soils with fine to very finetextured surface materials have limited suitabilityfor special crops . Kevin loamy phase and Kelvincoarse phase soils, however, have highersuitability for a fairly wide range of special crops .Suitability increases for many special crops if thesesoils are the drained. Suitability ratings forselected special crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and8 .38

Kelvin soils are susceptible to compaction, andcare should be taken not to use heavy machinerywhen they are too wet. Conventional fall tillagemay be best on Kelvin -and Kelvin loamy phasesoils to improve soil structure and enhancedrainage . Acrop rotation which includes a foragecrop will also aid in improving soil structure .Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for Kelvin coarse phase soils.Kintyre Soils (KT)Landform and TopographyKintyre soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured lacustrine beach materials . The uppersandy materials are often wind modified. Theyusually occur on upper and crest slope positionsof beach ridges which are located near the flanksof terminal moraines. Slopes generally range from2 to 9%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsKintyre soils are rapidly drained and rapidlypermeable. They have low water holdingcapacities and slow surface runoff, but surfacerunoff increases on slopes which are greater than5% .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually have sandyloam, fine sandy loam, 'or loamy fine sandtextures . Clay enriched Bt horizons, which usuallyhave sandy loam or fine sandy loam textures,commonly occur above the calcareous IICkhorizons. The IICk horizons are coarser texturedand usually have gravelly coarse sand or gravellyloamy coarse sand textures .Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe IICk horizons. Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityOccasionally the IICk materials consist ofalternating layers of sand and gravel . In transitionareas between the beach ridges and till moraines,shallow Kintyre soils may occur where less than100 cm of sand and gravel materials overly theclayey till materials . Kintyre soils were most oftenmapped in combination with Highgate (HI),Gobles (GO), and Gobles washed phase (GO.W)soils.Land Use/Management CommentsKintyre soils are rated Class 2FM for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .They are highly suitable for many special crops ifthe surface slopes are not too steep, andsupplemental irrigation is carried out . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Kintyre soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Management practices which maintain organicmatter levels, planting cover crops, andestablishing windbreaks, will aid in reducing therisk of erosion by wind. Conservation tillagepractices, particularly no-till practices, should beconsidered for these soils .Maplewood Soils (MA)Landform and TopographyMaplewood soils have developed on 40 to 100cm thick veneers of medium textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials . They usually occuron lower slopes or in depressions in landscapeswhich have nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography. Slopes are less than 2%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsMaplewood soils are poorly drained andusually slowly permeable . High water table levelsoften are present in these soils in the winter andearly spring, and at times may also be presentduring the growing season . Maplewood soilshave high water holding capacities and moderateto slow surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bg horizons, which usually havesilt loam or loam textures, generally occur in theupper medium textured materials . The calcareousIICkg horizons occur in the lower fine texturedmaterials and usually have silty clay loam or siltyclay textures .Grayish gley colours are dominant in theprofile, and prominent strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles are also present. Soilreaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral in theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkghorizons . Soil classification is typically OrthicHumic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityMaplewood till phase (MAJ) soils weremapped where 40 to 100 cm of medium texturedlacustrine materials were underlain by fine to very39

fine textured morainal materials consisting of PortStanley till. The till materials of these soils differfrom the usual fine textured lacustrine materialsby having coarse fragments within the profile anda tendency to have better structure.Maplewood and Maplewood till phase soilswere most often mapped in combination withTavistock (TA) and Tavistock till phase (TA.T)soils, respectively .Land Use/Management CommentsMaplewood and Maplewood till phase soilsboth require tile drainage in order to reach theirpotential capabilities for common field cropproduction . They are rated Class 2W. Duemainly to their wetness limitations, they havelimited suitability for most special crops. If theyare tile drained, however, their suitabilityincreases for many special crops . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8.Maplewood and Maplewood till phase soilsare susceptible to compaction. Care should betaken, therefore, not to use heavy machinery onthese soils when they are too wet. Conventionaltillage practices may be best on these soils toimprove soil structure and enhance drainage .Consideration should be given, however, tominimum till and no-till conservation tillagepractices for fall crops.Melbourne Soils (ME)Landform and TopographyMelbourne soils have developed onblankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials .They usually occur in landscapes which haveundulating to hummocky topography. Slopesgenerally range from 10 to 15%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsMelbourne soils are moderately well drainedand slowly permeable. Saturated conditions mayoccur in the upper horizons for short periods oftime each year. Melbourne soils have medium tohigh water holding capacities, but may bedroughty during dry periods because of strongwater retention by the clayey materials. Surfacerunoff is rapid . Soil cracks which may developduring the summer will increase permeability andreduce surface runoff.General Soil CharacteristicsMelbourne soil materials usually contain atleast 40% clay . They also contain one or morelayers within the profile which contain more than60% clay. The Ap horizons frequently have siltyclay or clay textures . Textures of the Bt andcalcareous Ckgj horizons are usually silty clay,clay, or heavy clay .Distinct mottles occur at a depth of 50 to 100cm from the surface . Soil reaction ranges fromslightly acid to neutral in the Ap horizons, tomildly alkaline in the Ckgj horizons . Soilclassification is typically Brunisolic Gray BrownLuvisol .Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Melbourne soils in theCounty is limited . They occur mainly inAldborough Township on the lacustrine clay plainlocated north-west of the St . Thomas moraine .Melbourne soils tend to occur only in landscapeswhich have steep slopes and rapid surface runoff.They were mapped in combination with Ekfrid(EK) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsMelbourne soils are rated Class 3D forcommon field crops when topography is not alimitation. They are capable of producingacceptable yields of common field crops, but goodmanagement practices are necessary. When thesurface slopes are not too steep, they are suitablefor a fairly wide range of special crops . They arehighly suitable for special field crops such assoybeans and white beans . Suitability ratings forselected special crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and8 .Conventional tillage practices may be best onthese soils to improve structure and enhancedrainage. A crop rotation which includes a foragecrop will also aid in improving soil structure.Consideration should be given, however, to no-tillconservation tillage practices for fall crops.Middlemarch Soils (MI)Landform and TopographyMiddlemarch soils have developed on coarsetextured ice-contact stratified drift materials . Thecoarse textured drift materials usually containlayers of gravelly materials. They commonly arefound on mid to lower slope positions on isolatedsandy ridges or knolls which occur in clayey tillmorainal landscapes. Slopes generally range from2 to 9% .40

Soil Moisture CharacteristicsMiddlemarch soils are imperfectly drained andrapidly permeable. High water table levels occurnear the surface, mainly during the winter andearly spring. They have low water holdingcapacities and slow to moderate surface runoff .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually have loamyfine sand, loamy sand, or fine sandy loamtextures . Clay enriched Btgj horizons, whichusually have fine sandy loam or loamy fine sandtextures, usually occur above the calcareous IlCkgjhorizons. The underlying calcareous materialsusually consist of alternating layers of sandy andgravelly materials . The sandy layers commonlyhave loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand textures .The gravelly layers frequently have gravelly loamyfine sand, gravelly fine sand, or gravelly sandtextures .Distinct to prominent, strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile.Soil reaction ranges from medium acid to neutralin theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkgjhorizons . Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityMiddlemarch soils occur mainly in thenorthern portion of Southwold Township, and thenorth-east.portion of DunwichTownship . In thoseareas they are underlain by clayey till materials ofthe St . Thomas Moraine. The sandy layers whichoccur in the underlying materials are variable inthickness and usually contain some gravel, whichmay be greater than 10% in some layers .Occasionally,. loamy or clayey layers also arepresent within the profile .In transition areas between the sandy ridgesand the surrounding till moraines, shallowMiddlemarch soils may occasionally occur wherethe underlying clayey till materials occur within100 cm of the surface . Most often Middlemarchsoils were mapped in combination with Shedden(SH) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsMiddlemarch soils are rated Class 2F forcommon field crops when topography is not alimitation . They are suitable for a wide range ofspecial crops if their surface slopes are not toosteep . Suitability increases for many special cropsif they are tile drained, or if supplementalirrigation is carried out. Suitability ratings forselected special crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and8.Middlemarch soils are susceptible to winderosion. Planting cover crops, establishingwindbreaks, and carrying out managementpractices whichmaintain organic matter levels willaid in reducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils .Muirkirk Soils (MK)Landform and TopographyMuirkirk soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by gravelly coarsetextured lacustrine beach materials . They usuallyoccur in depressions or on the lower slopes ofbeach ridges which are located near the flanks ofterminal moraines . Slopes are usually less than2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsMuirkirk soils are poorly drained and rapidlypermeable . The poor drainage conditionsassociated with these soils are due to high watertable levels which occur near the surface forprolonged periods during the year. They havelow water holding capacities and slow surfacerunoff.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bg horizons usually have sandyloam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sandtextures . The underlying IIBg and calcareousIICkg horizons, which occur in the underlyingbeach materials, usually have gravelly coarse sandand gravelly loamy coarse sand textures.Gray gley colours are dominant in the profile,and prominent strong brown to dark yellowishbrown mottles are also present. Soil reactionranges from neutral in the Ap horizons to mildlyalkaline in the underlying IICkg horizons . Soilclassification is typically Orthic Humic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Muirkirk soils in theCounty is limited . Frequently the underlyingbeach materials consist of alternating layers ofsand and gravel . Muirkirk soils may occur inlandscapes where Kintyre (KT) or Highgate (HI)soils were mapped .

Land Use/Management CommentsMuirkirk soils require tile drainage in order toreach their potential capability -for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 2W . If theyare tile drained, they are suitable for a wide rangeof special crops . Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Conservation tillage practices, particularly notillpractices for fall crops, should be consideredfor these soils.Muriel Soils (MU)Landform and TopographyMuriel soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured morainal materials whichare commonly referred to as Port Stanley till. Themorainal materials usually have been deposited asground or terminal moraines . Muriel soilsgenerally occur on upper and crest slope positionsin landscapes which most often have very gentlyor gently undulating topography. Occasionallythey also occur in landscapes which havehummocky topography . Slopes range from 2 to20%, with slopes of 2 to 9% being most common .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsMuriel soils are moderately well drained, andmoderately to slowly permeable . Saturatedconditions may occur in the surface horizons forbrief periods during the growing season. Murielsoils have high water holding capacities andmoderate to rapid surface runoff. They can bedroughty during dry periods due to waterretention by the clayey soil materials.General Soil CharacteristicsMuriel soil materials contain 27% or more clay.The Ap horizons most often have silty clay loamor clay loam textures, but silty clay or claytextures are also quite common. Clay enriched Bthorizons usually occur above the calcareous Ck orCkgj horizons . The subsoil B horizons and Ck orCkgj horizons usually have higher clay contentsand silty clay loam or silty clay textures . The Ckor Ckgj horizons usually occur at depths whichare less than 50 cm from the surface.Distinct yellowish brown mottles occur at adepth of 50 to 100 cm from the surface. Soilreaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral in theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ck or Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically BrunisolicGray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilitySeverely eroded Muriel soils occupysignificantportions of some landscapes . Muriel soils occurwhere thin caps of medium textured materialsoverly the fine to very fine textured till materials .Muriel loamy phase (MU.L) soils were mappedwhere 15 to 40 cm of loam or silt loam texturedsurface materials overly till materials. Murielwashed phase (MU.W) soils were mapped where40 to 100 cm of silt loam or loam textured,lacustrine modified till materials overly the clayeytill materials . Occasionally surface stones mayoccur in these soils which are large enough toaffect tillage or harvesting operations . Muriel soilsoften occur in combination with Gobles (GO) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsMuriel and Muriel loamy phase soils are ratedClass 2D for common field crops whentopography is not a limitation. Muriel washedphase soils are rated Class 1 . Muriel and Murielloamy phase soils are suitable for a fairly widerange of special crops. Muriel washed phase soilsare generally better suited for an even wider rangeof special crops. Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8 .Muriel, Muriel loamy phase, and - Murielwashed phase soils are all susceptible to watererosion . A crop rotation which includes a foragecrop, planting cover crops, and maintaining highcrop residue levels will aid in reducing the risk oferosion by water.Muriel loamy phase and Muriel washed phasesoils should be considered for conservation tillagepractices. Conventional tillage practices, however,may be best on Muriel soils to improve structureand enhance drainage.Nonnandale Soils (NO)Landform and TopographyNormandale soils have developed on blanketsof medium to coarse textured lacustrine materialswhich frequently have been modified by wind .They usually occur on upper and crest slopepositions in landscapes which have nearly level orvery gently undulating topography. Occasionallythey also occur in landscapes which have verygently undulating topography. Slopes range from2 to 9%, with slopes of 2 to 5% being mostcommon.

soils which occur in the eastern portion of theCounty . Suitability ratings for selected specialcrops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Plainfield soils are susceptible to wind erosion .Planting cover crops and establishing windbreakswill aid in reducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils.Shedden Soils (SH)Landform and TopographyShedden soils have developed on coarsetextured ice-contact stratified drift materials . Thecoarse texured drift materials usually containlayers of gravelly materials . They commonly arefound on upper and crest slope positions onisolated sandy ridges or knolls which occur inclayey till morainal landscapes . Slopes range from2 to 15%, with slopes of 6 to 15% being mostcommon .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsShedden soils are rapidly drained and rapidlypermeable . They have low water holdingcapacities and slow surface runoff, except onslopes greater than 5% where runoff may bemoderate to rapid .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually have loamyfine sand, loamy sand, . or fine sandy loamtextures . Clay enriched Bt horizons, which usuallyhave fine sandy loam textures, usually occurabove the calcareous Ck or IICk horizons .Textures of the Ck horizons is usually fine sand orloamy fine sand. The coarser textured calcareousmaterials which occur at depth usually consist ofalternating layers of sandy and gravelly materials .The sandy layers commonly have loamy fine sand,fine sand, or sand textures. The gravelly layersfrequently have gravelly sand, gravelly coarsesand, or gravelly loamy coarse sand textures.Soil reaction ranges from medium acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe underlying calcareous materials. Soilclassification is typically Brunisolic Gray BrownLuvisol.Soil VariabilityShedden soils mainly occur in the northernportion of Southwold Township and in the northeasternportion of Dunwich Township . In thoseareas they are underlain by clayey till materials ofthe St. Thomas Moraine . The layers of coarsetextured materials which occur at depth in thesesoils are variable in thickness. The sandy layerswhich are present in those materials usuallycontain some gravel, which may be greater than10% in some layers . Occasionally loamy or clayeylayers also occur within the profile of someShedden soils.In transition areas between the, sandy ridgesand the surrounding till moraines, occasionallyshallow Shedden soils may occur where theunderlying till materials are present within 100 cmof the surface. Severely eroded Shedden soilsoccur in small portions of some landscapes.Shedden soils were most often mapped incombination with Middlemarch (MI) and Gobles(GO) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsShedden soils are rated Class 2FM for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation.With supplemental irrigation, they are highlysuitable for a wide range of special crops.Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Shedden soils are susceptible to wind erosion .Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andmaintaining high crop residue levels will aid inreducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils.Silver Hill Soils (SL)Landform and TopographySilver Hill soils have developed on 40 to 100cm thick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerialswhich are underlainby medium texturedlacustrine materials. They usually occur on lowerslopes and in depressions in landscapes whichhave nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography. Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsSilver Hill soils are poorly drained . They aremoderately to rapidly permeable in the uppercoarse textured materials, but slowly permeable inthe lower medium textured materials. The poordrainage conditions associated with these soils areoften caused by high water table levels, whichmay occur within 50 cm of the surface forprolonged periods of time. Silver Hill soils havemedium to highwater holding capacities and slowsurface runoff.

General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons commonly have fine sandyloam, fine sand, or loamy fine sand textures . TheBg and calcareous Ckg horizons usually have finesand or loamy fine sand textures . The calcareousIICkg horizons generally have higher silt or veryfine sand contents and frequently they have siltloam or very fine sandy loam textures .Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent dark yellowish brown todark brown mottles are also present. A zone ofintensive mottling is often present in the sandymaterials above the point where they contact theunderlying loamy materials . Soil reaction rangesfrom strongly acid to neutral in the Ap horizons,to mildly alkaline in the IICkg horizons . Soilclassification is typically Orthic Humic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally the IICkg horizons have silttextures. They may also contain layers of sandy orclayey materials . Silver Hill soils frequently arefound in landscapes where better drained soilsalso occur.Land Use/Management ContinentsSilver Hill soils require tile drainage in orderto reach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 2W . Withtile drainage, they are suitable for a wide range ofspecial crops . Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Compaction can occur in St. Williams soils ifthey are too wet. Care should be taken, therefore,when using heavy machinery. Conservationtillage practices, particularly no-till practices forfall crops, should be considered for these soils.Southwold Soils (SO)Landform and TopographySouthwold soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials.They usually occur in low-lying depressional areasin landscapes which have nearly level topography.Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsSouthwold soils are very poorly drained andslowly permeable. Saturated conditions occur ator near the surface for prolonged periods eachyear because of high water table levels .Southwold soils have high water holdingcapacities, and surface runoff is slow .General Soil CharacteristicsSouthwold soil materials contain 27% or moreclay. The Ap, Bg, and calcareous Ckg horizonswhich commonly occur usually have silty clayloam or silty clay textures.Bluish gray or gray gley colours are dominantwithin the profile . Soil reaction ranges fromslightly acid to neutral in. the Ap horizons, tomildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons. Soilclassification is typically Orthic Hun-dc Gleysol .Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Southwold soils in theCounty is limited . The clayey subsoil materialsmay contain layers of medium or coarse texturedmaterials .Southwold soils may occur in areas whereToledo (TO) soils were mapped.Land Use/Management CommentsSouthwold soils require tile drainage in orderto reach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production. They are rated Class 4W . Dueto severe wetness conditions, they are not suitablefor growing most vegetable, fruit, and nut crops .If they are tile drained, they have limitedsuitability for some special field crops includingwhite beans and spring canola .Springwater Soils (SP)Landform and TopographySpringwater soils have developed on blanketsof coarse textured eolian materials . They occuronly in low-lying depressional areas in landscapeswhich have nearly level topography . Slopes areless than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsSpringwater soils are very poorly drained andrapidly permeable . The very poor drainageconditions associated with these soils are causedby high water table levels which occur at or nearthe surface for prolonged periods each year . Theyhave moderate water holding capacities in thesurface materials which have high organic mattercontents, but the water holding capacities of thesubsoil materials is low. Surface runoff is slow .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have fine sand ofloamy fine sand textures, and high organic mattercontents. The subsoil Bg and calcareous Ckghorizons usually have fine sand textures .45

Bluish gray or gray gley colours are dominantwithin the profile . Soil reaction ranges fromstrongly acid to neutral in the Ap horizons, tomildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons . Soilclassification is typically Orthic Humic Gleysol.Soil VariabilityThe aerial extent of Springwater soils in theCounty is limited . Occasionally Springwater soilsmay occur in areas where Waterin (WN) soilswere mapped.Land Use/Management CommentsSpringwater soils require tile drainage in orderto reach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 3W.Without tile drainage, they are not suitable orhave limited suitability for most special crops.Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Strathburn Soils (ST)Landform and TopographyStrathburn soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials.They usually occur on lower slopes and indepressions in landscapes which have nearly levelor very gently undulating topography. Slopes areless than 2%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsStrathbum soils are poorly drained,and slowlypermeable . High water table levels occur in theupper horizons for prolonged periods each year.Strathburn soils have high water holdingcapacities, but they can be droughty during dryperiods because of strong water retention by theclayey soil materials . Surface runoff is usuallyslow to moderate. Soil cracks whichmay developduring the summer will increase permeability .General Soil CharacteristicsStrathburn soil materials usually contain atleast 40% clay. They also contain one or morelayers within the profile which contain more than60% clay. The Ap horizons commonly have siltyclay or clay textures . The Bg and calcareous Ckghorizons commonly have silty clay, clay, or heavyclay textures .Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent strong brown to darkyellowish brown mottles are also present. Soilreaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral in theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckghorizons. Soil classification is typically OrthicHun-dc Gleysol .Soil VariabilityStrathburn soils occur mainly in the northernportions of Dunwich and Aldborough Townships .They are associated with the lacustrine clay painwhich occurs north-west of the TillsonburgMoraine . Occasionally the upper horizons mayconsist of materials which have silty clay loam orclay loam textures. The thickness of the heavyclay textured materials within the profile isvariable, ranging from 20 cm to more than 90 cmthick . Some Strathburn soils are composedentirely of heavy clay textured materials.Strathburn soils occur where thin caps ofmedium or coarse textured materials overly thefirier textured lacustrine materials . Strathburnloamy phase (ST.L) soils were mapped where 15to 40 cm of silt loam, loam, or very fine . sandyloam textured materials were present at thesurface . Strathburn coarse phase (ST.C) soils weremapped where 15 to 40 cm of fine sandy loam orsandy loam textured materials were present at thesurface . Strathburn soils were often mapped incombination with Ekfrid (EK) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsStrathburn soils require tile drainage in orderto reach their potential capability forcommon fieldcrop production. They are rated Class 3WD. Ifthey are file drained, they are suitable for anumber of special crops including cucumbers,tomatoes, soybeans, and white beans . Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8 .Strathburn soils are susceptible to compaction,and care should be taken not to use heavymachinery when they are too wet. Acrop rotationwhich includes a forage crop will aid inmaintaining soil structure . Conventional falltillage should be carried out on these soils toimprove structure and enhance drainage .St.Williams Soils (SW)Landform and TopographySt. Williams soils have developed on blanketsof medium to coarse textured lacustrine materialswhich frequently have been modified by wind .They usually occur on lower slope positions andin depressions in landscapes which have nearlylevel to very gently undulating topography.Slopes are less than 2% .646

Soil Moisture CharacteristicsSt . Williams soils are poorly drained andmoderately permeable., Water table levels occurnear the surface for prolonged periods each year,but are usually lower in the summer. They havemoderate water holding capacities and surfacerunoff is slow.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons commonly have very finesandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sandtextures. The Bg and calcareous Ckg horizons aremore variable. Textures of those horizons areusually very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam,loamy fine sand, fine sand, very fine sand, orloamy very fine sand.Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent yellowish brown to darkyellowish brown mottles are also present. Soilreaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckghorizons . Soil classification is typically OrthicHumic Gleysol.Soil VariabilitySt . Williams soil materials may be uniformthroughout the profile, or they may be variableand consist of layers of medium and coarsetextured materials. Many St . Williams soils whichoccur in the western portion of the County tend tohave uniform fine sand textures, with 30% or moreof the sand content being very fine in size. St .Williams soils were most often mapped incombination with Normandale (NO) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsSt. Williams soils require the drainage in orderto reach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production . They are rated Class 2W. Dueto wetness limitations, they generally have limitedsuitability for most special crops . Their suitabilityfor many special crops increases, however, if theyare tile drained. Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Compacton can occur in St. Williams soils ifthey are too wet . Care should be taken, therefore,when using heavy machinery . Conservationtillage practices, particularly no-till for fall crops,should be considered for these soils.Tavistock Soils (TA)Landform and TopographyTavistock soils have developed on 40 to 100cm thick veneers of medium textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials. They usually occuron upper and crest slope positions in landscapeswhich have nearly level or very gently undulatingtopography. Occasionally they occur inlandscapes which have gently undulatingtopography. Slopes range from 1 to 9°l0, withslopes of 5% or less being most common.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsTavistock soils are imperfectly drained andmoderately to slowly permeable . Temporary highwater table levels occur in the upper mediumtextured sediments for periods of time each year .Tavistock soils have high water holding capacities .Surface runoff ranges from moderate to high,depending on the steepness of the surface slope .General Soil CharacteristicsTheAp and Bmgj horizons most often have siltloam and loam textures, but very fine sandy loamtextures are also quite common. Clay enrichedBtgj horizons, which usually have loam or clayloam textures, usually occur above the calcareousIICkgj horizons . The IICkgj horizons usually havesilty day loam or silty clay textures .Distinct to prominent, dark brown to darkyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral inthe Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityTavistock till phase (TA.T) soils were mappedwhere 40 to 100 cm of medium textured materialswere underlain by fine to very fine texturedmorainal materials consisting of Port Stanley till.The materials of those soils differ from the usualfine textured lacustrine materials by having coarsefragments within the profile and a tendency tohave better structure .Tavistock and Tavistock till phase soils weremapped in combination with a number ofdifferent soils . Where the medium texturedsurface materials tended to be thick over the finetextured lacustrine materials, Tavistock soils wereoften mapped with Bennington (BN), Maplewood(MA), and Tuscola (TU) soils. Where the surfacematerials also tended to be thick over Port47

Stanley till, Tavistock till phase soils were oftenmapped with Bennington till phase (BN.T) andMaplewood till phase (MA.T) soils .Quite often Tavistock and Tavistock till phasesoils were also mapped where the mediumtextured surface materials were thin ordiscontinuous. In those landscapes, Tavistocksoils were often mapped in combination withBeverly (BV) and Beverly loamy phase (BV.L)soils, and Tavistock till phase soils were oftenmapped in combination with Gobles (GO), Goblesloamy phase (GOI), and Kelvin loamy phase(IE.L) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsTavistock and Tavistock till phase soils arerated Class 1 for common field crops whentopography is not a limitation . They are suitablefor a wide range of special crops, and suitabilityincreases for many crops if they are tile drained.Irrigation should be considered before growingcrops such as potatoes, strawberries, orraspberries. Suitability ratings for selected specialcrops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Tavistock and Tavistock till phase soils aresusceptible to water erosion and compaction . Acrop rotation which includes a forage crop will aidin maintaining soil structure and also help toreduce the risk of erosion by water . Plantingcover crops and maintaining high crop residuelevels will also aid in reducing the risk of erosion.Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices for fall crops, should be considered forthese soils .Toledo Soils (TO)Landform and TopographyToledo soils have developed on blankets offine to very fine textured lacustrine materials .They usually occur on lower slope positions andin depressions in landscapes which have nearlylevel or very gently undulating topgraphy . Slopesare less than 2%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsToledo soils are poorly drained and slowlypermeable. Water table levels occur near thesurface for prolonged periods during the year, butusually subside to lower depths during thegrowing season . Toledo soils have high waterholding capacities, and surface runoff is usuallymoderate.General Soil CharacteristicsToledo soil materials contain 27% or more clay .The Ap horizons commonly have silty clay loamor silty clay textures . The Bg and calcareous Ckghorizons tend to have higher clay contents, andusually they have silty clay loam or silty claytextures .Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent strong brown to yellowishbrown mottles are also present. Soil reactionranges from slightly acid to neutral in the Aphorizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons .Soil classification is typically Orthic HumicGleysol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally layers of medium or coarsetextured materials occur within the profile . Thelayers are variable in thickness and usually havesilt loam, loam, or kme sandy loam textures .Toledo soils occur where thin caps of medium orcoarse textured materials overly the fine texturedmaterials . Toledo loamy phase (TOI) soils weremapped where 15 to 40 cm of loamy materialswere present at the surface. Toledo coarse phase(TO.C) soils were mapped where the surfacematerials consisted of 15 to 40 cm of sandymaterials .Toledo and Toledo loamy phase soils wereoften mapped in combination with Beverly (BV)and Beverly loamy phase (BV.L) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsToledo soils require the drainage in order toreach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production. They are rated Class3W. If theyare tile drained, Toledo soils are suitable for afairly wide range of special crops. Toledo loamyphase and Toledo coarse phase soils are generallybetter suited for special crops compared to Toledosoils . Suitability ratings for selected special cropsare given in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Toledo soils are susceptible tocompaction, andcare must be taken not to use heavy machinerywhen they are too wet . A crop rotation whichincludes a forage crop will aid in maintaining soilstructure. Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for Toledo coarse phase soils .Conventional tillage practices, however, are beston Toledo and Toledo loamy phase soils in orderto improve structure and enhance drainage .

Tuscola Soils (TU)Landform and TopographyTuscola soils have developed on blankets ofmedium textured lacustrine materials. Theyusually occur on upper and crest slope positionsin landscapes which have nearly level to verygently undulating topography. Occasionally theyoccur in landscapes which have gently undulatingtopography. Slopes generally range from 2 to 9%,with slopes of 2 to 5% being most common .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsTuscola soils are imperfectly drained . Theyare usually moderately permeable, butpermeability decreases in horizons that are clayeyor compacted . Tuscola soils have high waterholding capacities if permeability is not restricted .Surface runoff is moderate to rapid, depending onthe steepness of the surface slope .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap, Bmgj, Btgj, and calcareous Ckgjhorizons which usually occur commonly have siltloam, loam, or very fine sandy loam textures . Theclay enriched Bt horizons, which occasionally alsohave silty clay loam textures, are usually welldeveloped and occur above the Ckgj horizons.Distinct to prominent, yellowish brown tostrong brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from medium acid to neutralin the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityTuscola soils frequently contain layers of fineor very fine textured materials . The layers arevariable in thickness and usually have silty clayloam or silty clay textures . Occasionally, layers ofcoarse textured materials are also present whichoften have fine sandy loam textures.Tuscola soils occur in landscapes where thincaps of coarse textured materials overly themedium textured materials . Tuscola coarse phase(TU.C) soils were mapped where 15 to 40 cm ofcoarse textured materials were present at thesurface.Tuscola soils frequently were mapped incombination with Beverly loamy phase (BVI),Tavistock (TA), and Colwood (CW) soils . Severelyeroded Tuscola soils occur in portions of somelandscapes .Land Use/Management CommentsWhen topography is not a limitation, Tuscolasoils are rated Class 1 for common field crops .They are suitable for a wide range of specialcrops, and their suitability for many special cropsincreases if they are tile drained. Suitabilityratings for selected special crops are given inTables 6, 7, and 8 .Tuscola soils are susceptible to water erosion .A crop rotation which includes a forage crop,planting cover crops, and maintaining high cropresidue levels will aid in reducing the risk oferosion by water. Conservation tillage practices,particularly no-till practices for fall crops, shouldbe considered for these soils.Vittoria Soils (VI)Landform and TopographyVittoria soils have developed on 40 to 100 cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials whichare underlain by mediumtexturedlacustrine materials . They usually occur on upperand crest slope positions in landscapes which havenearly level or very gently undulating topography.Slopes usually range from 1 to 5%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsVittoria soils are imperfectly drained. Theyareusually rapidly permeable in the upper coarsetextured materials, and slowly permeable in thelower medium textured materials . Water tablelevels often temporarily occur in the zoneimmediately above the underlying mediumtextured materials . Vittoria soils have moderate tohigh water holding capacities . Surface runoff isslow to moderate, depending on the steepness ofthe surface slope .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bmgj horizons most often havefine sand or loamy fine sand textures, but finesandy loam or sandy loam textures are alsocommon . Clay enriched Btgj or IlBtgj horizons,which often are weakly developed, usually havevery fine sandy loam or loam textures and occurjust above the calcareous IICkgj horizons . TheIICkgj horizons have higher silt contents andusually silt loam or very fine sandy loam textures .Distinct or prominent, dark yellowish browntodark brown mottles occur within the profile . Azone of intensive mottling often occurs in thelower part of the sandy materials above the loamymaterials. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid49

to neutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe IICkgj horizons . Soil classification is typicallyGleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally the IICkgj horizons have veryhigh silt contents and silt textures. They may alsocontain layers of sandy or clayey materials .Vittoria soils were mapped in combination with anumber of different soils, including Silver Hill(SL), Plainfield (PF), Walsingham (WM), Wattford(WF), and Normandale (NO) .Land Use/Management CommentsVittoria soils are rated Class 1 for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation.They are suitable for a wide range of specialcrops, and suitability increases for many specialcrops if they are tile drained, or supplementalirrigation is carried out Suitability ratings forselected special crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and8.Vittoria soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops and establishing windbreakswill aid in reducing the risk of erosion by wind.Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillpractices, should be considered for these soils .Walsher Soils (WA)Landform and TopographyWalsher soils have developed on 40 to 100anthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials whichare underlainbymediumtexturedlacustrine materials . The upper materialsfrequently have been modified by wind. Theyusually occur on upper and crest slope positionsin landscapes which have very gently undulatingtopography . Slopes range from 2 to 5% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsWalsher soils are well drained. They areusually rapidly permeable in the upper coarsetextured materials, and slowly permeable in thelower medium textured materials. Walsher soilshave moderate to high water holding capacities.Surface runoff is slow to moderate.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons most often have finesand and loamy fine sand textures, but fine sandyloam and sandy loam textures are also common .Clay enriched Btgj or IIBtgj horizons, whichusually have silt loam, loam, or very fine sandyloam textures, occur above the calcareous IICkgjhorizons . The IICkgj horizons commonly have siltloam or very fine sandy loam textures .Distinct mottles occur at a depth of 50 to 100cm from the surface. Soil reaction ranges fromstrongly acid to neutral in the Ap horizons, tomildly alkaline in the IICkgj horizons . Soilclassification is typically Brunisolic Gray BrownLuvisol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally the IICkgj horizons have veryhigh silt contents and silt textures . They may alsocontain layers of sandy or clayey materials .Walsher soils mayhave weakly developed Btgj orIIBtgj horizons, or clay enriched horizons may beabsentWalsher soils commonly occur incombination with Vittoria (VI) and Plainfield (PF)soils .Land Use/Management CommentsWalsher soils are rated Class 2M for commonfield crops when topography is not a limitation .If the surface slopes are not too steep, they arehighly suitable for a wide range of special crops .Their suitability increases for many special cropsif supplemental irrigation is carried out.Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8 .Walsher soils are susceptible to wind erosion.Planting cover crops and establishing windbreakswill aid in reducing the risk of erosion by wind .Conservation tillage practices, particularly no-fillpractices, should be considered for these soils .Walsingham Soils (WM)Landform and TopographyWalsingham soils have developed on blanketsof coarse textured eolian materials . When theyoccur with poorly drained soils in the samelandscape, they usually occur on upper and crestslope positions. When, they occur with betterdrained soils, they usually occur on mid to lowerslope positions . Walsingham soils most oftenoccur in landscapes which have nearly level tovery gently undulating topography . Occasionallythey occur in landscapes which have gentlyundulating topography. Slopes generally rangefrom 2 to 9%, with slopes of 2 to 5% being mostcommon.

Soil Moisture CharacteristicsWalsingham soils are imperfectly drained andrapidly permeable . The-imperfect drainage is dueto high water table levels which temporarily occurwithin 100 cm of the surface for periods of timeeach year . They have low water holdingcapacities. Surface runoff is slow on level areas,but increases as slopes become steeper .General Soil CharacteristicsWalsingham soil materials usually have finesand or loamy fine sand textures. The Ap andclay enriched Btgj horizons tend to have slightlyhigher day contents than those which occur in theBmgj and calcareous Ckgj horizons . As a result,loamy fine sand textures tend to occur more oftenin those horizons .Distinct to prominent, dark yellowishbrown toyellowish brown mottles occur within the profile .Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutralin the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckgjhorizons. Soil classification is typically GleyedBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol.Soil VariabilityWalsingham soils frequently have weaklydeveloped Btgj horizons, or the Btgj horizonsoccur at a depth greater than 100 cm from thesurface. Clay enriched Btgj horizons may also becompletely absent . The Ckgj horizons in manyWalsingham soils occur at a depth greater than100 cm from the surface .Walsingham soils were most often mapped incombination with Plainfield (PF), Waterin (WN),Berrien (BE), Berrien till phase (BE.T), andWauseon (WU) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsWalsingham soils are rated Class 3F or 3FT forcommon field crops. Low fertility and pHproblems are concerns with these soils . If they aretile drained, or if supplemental irrigation is carriedout, Walsingham soils are highly suitable formany special crops . Suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8 .Walsingham soils are susceptible to winderosion. Management practices which maintainorganic matter contents will benefit fertility levelsand help to reduce the risk of erosion by wind .Planting cover crops, establishing windbreaks, andmaintaining high crop residue levels, will also aidin this regard. Conservation tillage practices,particularly no-till practices, should be consideredfor these soils .Waterin Soils (WN)Landform and TopographyWaterin soils have developed on blankets ofcoarse textured eolian materials . They usuallyoccur on lower slope positions and in depressionsin landscapes which have nearly level or verygently undulating topography . Slopes are lessthan 2%.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsWaterin soils are poorly drained and rapidlypermeable. The poor drainage conditionsassociated with these soils are caused by highwater table levels which occur within 50 cm of thesurface for prolonged periods of time each year.They generally have low water holding capacities,butwater holding capacities increase in the surfacematerials if they have high organic mattercontents . Surface runoff is slow.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap horizons usually have fine sand orloamy fine sand textures. They also generallyhave high organic matter contents, with the meancontent being almost 5% . The Bg and calcareousCkg horizons most often have fine sand textures,but loamy fine sand textures are also quitecommon.Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent strong brown to yellowishbrown mottles are also present. Soil reactionranges from strongly acid to neutral in the Aphorizons, to mildly alkaline in the Ckg horizons .Soil classification is typically Orthic HumicGleysol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally the materials which occur atdepth have very fine sandy loam or very fine sandtextures. Waterin soils were most often mappedin combination with Walsingham (WM) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsWaterin soils require tile drainage in order toreach their potential capability for common fieldcrop production. They are rated Class 3W . If theyare tile drained, Waterin soils are suitable for awide range of special crops . Suitability ratings forselected special crops are given in Tables 6, 7, and8 .Compaction can occur in Waterin soils if theyare too wet . Care should be taken, therefore,when using heavy machinery . Conservation51

tillage practices, particularly no-till practices forfall crops, should be considered for these soils.Wattford Soils (WF)Landform and TopographyWattford soils have developed on blankets ofmedium to coarse textured lacustrine materialswhich frequently have been modified by. wind .They usually occur on upper and crest slopepositions in landscapes which have nearly level orvery gently undulating topography. Occasionallythey occur in landscapes which have very gentlyundulating or hummocky topography. Slopesrange from 2 to 15%, with slopes of 2 to 5 % beingmost common.Soil Moisture CharacteristicsWattford soils are well drained andmoderately permeable. Theyhave moderate waterholding capacities, and droughtiness is usually alimitation . Surface runoff is generally moderate toslow, but can be rapid on steeper slopes where thesoil materials tend to have high very fine sand orsilt contents .General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bm horizons usually have -veryfine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy finesand textures. Clay enriched Bt horizons, whichfrequently have fine sandy loam or very finesandy loam texures, commonly occur above thecalcareous Ck horizons . The Ck horizons aremore variable in texture than the upper horizons .Common textures of those horizons are very finesandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand,loamy very fine sand, very fine sand, and finesand.Soil reaction ranges from medium acid toneutral in the Ap horizons, to mildly alkaline inthe Ck horizons . Soil classification is typicallyBrunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol .Soil VariabilityWattford soil materials may be uniformthroughout the profile, or they may be variableand consist of layers of medium and coarsetextured materials. Many Wattford soils haveuniform fine sand textures, with 30% or more ofthe sand content being very fine in size .Wattford soils often occur in combination withNormandale (NO) soils .Land Use/Management CommentsWattford soils are rated Class 2M for commonfield crops when topography is not not alimitation . If the surface slopes are not too steep,they are suitable for a wide range of special crops .Their suitability for many special crops increasesif supplemental irrigation is carried out.Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8 .Wattford soils are susceptible to both windand water erosion . Acrop rotation which includesa forage crop, planting cover crops, establishingwindbreaks, and maintaining high crop residuelevels will aid in reducing the risk of erosion .Conservation tillage practices should beconsidered for these soils.Wauseon Soils (WU)Landform and TopographyWauseon soils have developed on 40 to 100cmthick veneers of coarse textured lacustrinematerials which are underlain by fine to very finetextured lacustrine materials . They usually occuron lower slope positions and in depressions inlandscapes which have nearly level or very gentlyundulating topography. Slopes are less than 2% .Soil Moisture CharacteristicsWauseon soils are poorly drained . The uppercoarse textured materials are rapidly permeable,but permeability is slow in the lower fine to veryfine textured materials. The poor drainageconditions associated with these soils if oftencaused by high water table levels which occurwithin 50 cm of the surface for prolonged periodseach year. Wauseon soils have low water holdingcapacities in the upper materials, and high waterholding capacities in the lower materials . Surfacerunoff is slow.General Soil CharacteristicsThe Ap and Bg horizons occur in the uppercoarse textured materials and usually have finesandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy fine sandtextures . Occasionally calcareous Ckg horizons,which frequently have fine sand or loamy finesand textures, also occur in the upper materials.The lower finer textured materials usually consistof calcareous IICkg horizons which have silty clayor silty clay loam textures .Gray gley colours are dominant within theprofile, and prominent dark yellowish brown tolight olive brown mottles are also present. Soil52

eaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral in theAp horizons, to mildly alkaline in the IICkghorizons. Soil classification is typically OrthicHun-dc Gleysol.Soil VariabilityOccasionally Wauseon soils have gravellylayers which occur above the IICkg horizons . Siltloam or loam textured layers also occuroccasionally in the underlying materials . Wauseontill phase (WU.T) soils were mapped where 40 to100 cm of coarse textured lacustrine materialswere underlain by fine to very fine textured PortStanley till .Wauseon soils were often mapped incombination with Berrien (BE) and Walsingham(WM) soils . Wauseon till phase soils were oftenmapped in combination with Berrien till phase(BE.T) soils.Land Use/Management CommentsWauseon and Wauseon till phase soils requiretile drainage in order to reach their potentialcapability for common field crop production .They are rated Class 2W . If they are the drained,they are suitable for a wide range of special crops .Suitability ratings for selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7, and 8.Compaction can occur in Wauseon soils if theyare too wet. Care should be taken, therefore,when using heavy machinery. Conservationtillage practices, particularly no-till practices forfall crops, should be considered for these soils.Miscellaneous Land Unit DescriptionsAlluvium (AL)Areas mapped as Alluvium occur mainly inthe floodplains of rivers, creeks, and streams .They are composed of soils which have variabledrainage conditions. Due mainly to theirgenerally low-lying or depressional landscapepositions and high water table levels, the soilswhich occur in these land units usually are eitherimperfectly or poorly drained . Many Alluviumland units remain wet for prolonged periods dueto flooding of adjacent water courses, or additionsof surface or seepage water from surroundinglands with steep slopes .The soil materials which compose these landunits are variable in texture . They may be fairlyuniform in texture throughout the profile, or theymay consist of alternating layers of materialswhich have contrasting textures . When thematerials are fairly uniform, they mainly tend tobe either medium to coarse textured, or finetextured . Silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or veryfine sandy loam textures are common in themedium to coarse textured materials . Silty clayloam or clay loam textures are common in the finetextured materials. When the materials arelayered, the textures are highly variable and rangefrom gravelly sand to clay. Most often thematerials are calcareous to . the surface, and soilreaction is mildly alkaline .Alluvium land units are generally limited intheir use for agriculture . They are rated Class 31to 51 for common field crops, which is the range ofsoil capability classes which occur. If flooding istemporary and generally occurs in early spring,the risk of growing common field crops is lower.Those areas are therefore rated Class 31 . Graincorn is frequently grown on some of the higher,more extensive floodplains bordering the ThamesRiver and large creeks . Many areas which occurwithin these land units are subject to prolongedperiods of flooding that frequently occur duringthe growing season. They are rated Class 51, sincethey are best suited for forage crops .Eroded Channel (ER)These land units consist of deep "V" shapedchannels which are the result of past and presenterosion . Small creeks and streams, which in someareas may be intermittent, are present in many ofthese land units. The soils which occur are highlyvariable in materials and drainage. Texture of thesoil materials range from gravelly sand to clay.Soil drainage ranges from rapidly drained oncoarse textured materials which may occur on thesteep side walls of the channel, to poorly drainedon fine to very fine textured materials which mayoccur in the narrow channel bottoms.The slopes of the steep side walls generallyexceed 30%. Occasionally the slopes may be lesssteep, especially in channels with short side slopes .Many channels have side wall slopes which are sosteep that they have no capability for agriculture.Areas mapped as this land unit are therefore ratedClass 6T to TT for common field crops .Not Mapped (NM)Areas of land that were disturbed or modifiedfrom their natural condition, or were permanentlywithdrawn from agricultural use, were designatedas Not Mapped on the soil maps . Such areasinclude golf courses, gravel pits, sewage lagoons,or areas that have been developed for residential,industrial, or commercial uses .53

Organic (OR)Organic land units usually consist ofdepressional wetlands which often have standingwater at the surface for long periods of time eachyear. The organic soils which occur in these landunits are very poorly drained and variable inmaterial composition and thickness . Theunderlying mineral materials are also variable,ranging from coarse textured fine sand to veryfine textured silty clay . These land units occuronly in a few small areas in the County, and theywere not rated for their capability or suitability foragricultural use .soils which may occur in the often low-lyingfloodplains.The slopes of the steep side walls generallyexceed 30% . Occasionally the slopes may be lesssteép, especially in valleys with short side slopes .The side walls are rated Class 6T to TT forcommon field crops . The alluvial terraces andfloodplains are generally limited in their use foragriculture due to flooding . They are rated Class31 to 51. These land units frequently were mappedwhere the alluvial terrace or floodplain areas werenot large enough to delineate separately on thesoil maps .Scarp (SC)Areas mapped as Scarp land units consist ofstrongly to very steeply sloping cliffs along theshoreline of Lake Erie, or they consist of similarlysloping river or creek banks adjacent to the majorwater courses which traverse the County. Theland units which occur along the Lake Erieshoreline generally have slopes which are greaterthan 30%. They have been formed by waveerosion which in many places is still active . Theunits which occur along the Thames River andmajor creeks generally tend to have surface slopeswhich are also greater than 30%. Occasionally,however, the surface slopes may range from 15 to30%.The soils which occur in these land units arehighly variable in materials and drainage.Textures of the soil materials range from gravellysand to clay. Soil drainage ranges fromimperfectly drained in the clay textured materials,to rapidly drained in the gravelly sand texturedmaterials. Areas mapped as this land unit arerated Class 6T to 717 for common field crops.These land units frequently were mapped in areaswhere they occurred adjacent to Alluvium landunits which were large enough to delineateseparately on the soil maps.Valley Complex NOThese land units consist of "U" shaped valleysthat most often are associated with the ThamesRiver and major creeks which traverse the County.The valleys most often consist of strongly to verysteeply sloping side walls, and nearly level alluvialterraces or floodplains. The terraces or floodplainsoften occupy significant portions of the land units.The soils which compose the side walls, terraces,or floodplains are quite variable in materials anddrainage . They range from rapidly drained,coarse textured soils which may occur on thevalley side walls, to poorly drained, clay textured

SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR AGRICULTUREA .Agricultural Capability Classification for Common Field Crops(1) Capability Classification for MineralSoilsThe agricultural land capability ratingsprovided in Table 4 are based on the Canada LandInventory (CLI) soil capability classification system(17) . It groups mineral soils into seven classesaccording to their potential and limitation foragricultural use for common field crops. Commonfield crops include corn, oats, wheat, barley, andperennial forage crops such as alfalfa, grasses, andbird's foot trefoil.The best soils, with no significant limitationsfor growing common field crops, are designatedClass 1 . Soils designated Classes 2 to 6 havedecreasing capability for growing common fieldcrops, and Class 7 soils have no agriculturalpotential to grow common field crops .Soil Capability ClassesDescriptions of the classes in the classificationsystem are as follows :Class 1 - Soils in this class have no significantlimitations in use for crops . These soils are levelto very gently sloping, deep, well to imperfectlydrained, and hold moisture and plant nutrientswell . They can be managed and cropped withoutdifficulty . Under good management they aremoderately high to high in productivity forcommon field crops .Class 2 - Soils in this class have moderatelimitations that restrict the range of crops, orrequire moderate conservation practices . Thesesoils are deep and may not hold moisture andnutrients as well as Class 1 soils . The limitationsare moderate and the soils can be managed andcropped with little difficulty. Under goodmanagement they are moderately high to high inproductivity for a wide range of common fieldcrops .Class 3 - Soils in this class have moderately severelimitations that restrict the range of crops, orrequire special conservation practices . Thelimitations are more severe than for Class 2 soils .They affect one or more of the following practices :timing and ease of tillage; planting and harvesting;choice of crops; and methods of conservation .Under good management they are fair tomoderately high in productivity for a fairly widerange of common field crops.Class 4 - Soils in this class have severe limitationsthat restrict the range of crops, or require specialconservation practices, or both. The limitationsseriously affect one or more of the followingpractices : timing and ease of tillage, planting andharvesting; choice of crops; and methods ofconservation . The soils are low to fair inproductivity for a narrow range of common fieldcrops, but may have higher productivity for aspecially adapted crop.Class 5 - Soils in this class have very severelimitations that restrict their capability to theproduction of perennial forage crops, andimprovement practices are feasible. Thelimitations are so severe that the soils are notcapable of use for sustained production of annualfield crops . The soils are capable of producingnative or tame species of perennial forage plants,and may be improved by the use of farmmachinery . The improvement practices mayinclude clearing of bush, cultivation, seeding,_fertilizing or water control.Class 6 - Soils in this class are only capable ofproducing perennial forage crops, andimprovement practices are not feasible . Thesesoils provide some sustained grazing for farmanimals, but the limitations are so severe thatimprovement by the use of farm machinery isimpractical . The terrain maybe unsuitable for theuse of farm machinery, or the soils may notrespond to improvement, or the grazing seasonmay be very short .Class 7 - Soils in this class have no capability forarable culture or permanent pasture. This classincludes marsh, rockland and soil on very steepslopes.Soil Capability SubclassesSubclasses are divisions within classes thathave the same kind of limitations for agriculturaluse. Thirteen different kinds of limitations havebeen recognized at the subclass level and aredescribed in the classification system. Eight of thethirteen subclasses were applied when classifyingthe soils in the County, and they have beendescribed. Guidelines for determining mostsubclasses were obtained from the previously cited55

eference and also Publication No . 89-2 of theOntario Institute of Pedology (19). Additionalassistance in determining subclasses W, M, and Dwas obtained by using a computer modeldeveloped by McBride and Mackintosh (20,21) .The subclasses applied and brief descriptionsof the limitations they represent follow:Subclass D - Undesirable soil structure and/orpermeability .Subclass E - Erosion damage, or potential damagefrom erosion, results in lower productivity .Subclass F - Low natural fertility which may ormaynot be possible to correct by additions offertilizers or manure.Subclass 1- Inundation by flooding of streams orlakes causing crop damage or restrictingagricultural use .Subclass M - Droughtiness affecting crop growthand mainly caused by low moisture holdingcapacity.Subclass S - Adverse soil characteristics. Usedwhen two of the limitations represented bysubclasses D, F or M are present and someadditional limitation occurs, for example T.Subclass T - Adverse topography due to steepnessor complexity of slopes which: a) increases thecost of farming over that of level land; b)decreases the uniformity of growth and maturityof crops; and c) increases the hazard of erosiondamage by water.Subclass W - Excess water, other than fromflooding, limits use for agriculture. The excesswater may be due to poor drainage, a high watertable, seepage, or runoff from surrounding areas .AssumptionsThe classification system, and the ratings givenin Table 4, are based upon the followingassumptions :a) The soils will be well managed and croppedunder a largely mechanized system.b) Land requiring improvements, for examplestone removal or artificial drainage, that can becarried out by the fanner himself, is classifiedaccording to its limitations or hazards for useafter the improvements have been made . Theresulting class, therefore, reflects the potentialcapability of the land in its improved state .Since it is not always feasible to install tiledrainage, alternate classes for poorly drainedsoils are also given in Table 4.c) The following are not considered: distances tomarket, kind of roads, location or size offarms, type of ownership, cultural patterns,skills or resources of individual operators, andhazard of crop damage by storm.d) The classification includes capabilities of soilsfor common field crops such as forage crops,small grains and corn. It does not includecapabilities for special crops such as soybeansor tobacco, or for horticultural crops .e) Capability classes are subject to change as newinformation on the properties, behaviour, andresponses of soils becomes available. In somecases technological advances may alsonecessitate changes.(2) Capability Classification forOrganic SoilsSeveral agricultural capability classificationsystems have been devised for organic soils whichclassifies them into seven capability classes (22,23,24) . Those systems, however, were not used toclassify the organic soils which occur in theCounty for the following reasons: a) the limitedoccurrence of organic soils in the County, b) thelimited use of organic soils for agriculture; and c)the increasing importance of wetlands ashydrologic recharge areas.(3) How to Determine CapabilityRatings for Areas on the Soil MapsThe soils or land units which occur withinareas shownon the soil maps are identified in themap symbols for those areas . Explanations of themap symbols and their components are providedon each map in the section titled "Key to the MapSymbols". Similar explanations are also given inthe Glossary at the back of this volume of thereport. Symbols shown on the maps mayrepresent one of the following: 1) a land unit,2) a single soil type which occurs on a singleslope, 3) a single soil type which occurs on twodifferent slopes ; and 4) two different soil types .When two slopes or two soil types areidentified in the map symbol, dominant andsignificant soils occur for which capability ratingsmust be determined . Dominant means that 40 to80% of the area represented by the map symbolconsists of that soil type and associated slopeclass . Significant means that 20 to less than 40%of the area represented by the map symbolconsists of that soil type and associated slopeclass .

Capability ratings for the soils and land unitsidentified in the symbols shown on the soil mapsare given in Table 4 . The following examples oftypical map symbols' will demonstrate theprocedures that should be followed when usingTable 4 to determine the appropriate soilcapability rating or ratings for symbols shown onthe soil maps .Example 1. BV .LCIn this example, 80% or more of the arearepresented by the symbol consists of Beverlyloamy phase (BV.L) soils which occur on simple Cslopes of 2 to 5%.Procedure:1) Locate the symbol'BV.L" in the first column ofTable 4 titled "Map Symbol" .2) Determine the appropriate slope class columnby locating the slope class "C" which appearsunder the heading tided "Capabilityclassification by slope classes".3) Now move horizontally across the line forBV.L soils to the C slope class column, wherethe capability rating is given. The soilcapability rating for BV .L soils which occur onC slopes is 2DE.Example 2BV.LC>bIn this example, 40% to 80% of the arearepresented by the symbol consists of Beverlyloamy phase (BV.L) soils which occur on simple Cslopes of 2 to 5% (dominant slope), and 20% toless than 40% of the area consists of Beverly loamyphase (BV.L) soils which occur on complex bslopes of 0.5 to 2% (significant slope) . Twocapability ratings must therefore be determined.Procedure:1) Locate the symbol'BV.L" in the first column ofTable 4 titled "Map Symbol".2) Determine the appropriate slope class columnsby locating slope class "C" and slope class "b"which appear under the heading tided"Capability classification by slope classes".3) Nowmove horizontally across the BV .L line tothe C slope class column, where the capabilityrating of 2DE is shown . This is the rating forBV.L soils which occur on C slopes. On thesame line, now move to the b slope classcolumn where the capability rating of 2D isshown. This is the rating forBV .L soils whichoccur on b slopes.4) The soil capability rating for the map symbolis 2DE>2D .Example 3.BV>TO.CbIn this example, 40% -to 80% of the areaprepresented by the symbol consists of Beverly(BV) soils which occur on complex b slopes of 0.5to 2%, and 20% to less than 40% of the areaconsists ofToledo coarse phase (TO.C) soils whichalso occur on complex b slopes .Procedure:1) Locate the symbols "BV" and 'TO.C' in thefirst column of Table 4 titled "Map Symbol".2) Determine the appropriate slope class columnby locating slope class "b" which appearsunder the heading titled "Capabilityclassification by slope classes" .3) Now go to the BV line and move horizontallyacross the line to the b slope class column,where the capability rating of 2D is shown .This is the rating for BV soils which occur onb slopes .4) Now go to the TO.C line and movehorizontally across the line to theb slope classcolumn . The capability rating of 3W is shownin the b slope class column, which is theappropriate rating if tile drainage is feasible orin place. If tile drainage is not feasible for theTO.C soils, the capability rating is 5W, whichis the rating shown in brackets . In Table 4,where tile drainage is not feasible for poorlyand very poorly drained soils, the non-drainedcapability rating is given in brackets .5) The soil capability rating for the map symbol,therefore, is 2D>3W if tile drainage is feasibleor in place for the TO.C soils. However, if tiledrainage is not feasible for the TO.C soils, thecapability rating would then be 2D>5W.Example 4.BV>TAb>cIn this example, 40% to 80% of the arearepresented by the symbol consists of Beverly (BV)soils which occur on complex b slopes of 0.5 to 2%(dominant slope), and 20% to less than 40% of thearea consists of Tavistock soils (TA) which occuron complex c slopes of 2 to 5% (significant slope) .57

Procedure :1) Locate the symbols 'BV" and "TA" in the firstcolumn of Table 4 titled 'Map Symbol".2) Determine the appropriate slope class columnsby locating slope class 'b" and slope class "c"which appear under the heading titled"Capability classification by slope classes".3) The soil capability ratings for the soilsidentified in the symbol are shown where thehorizontal lines and vertical columns intersect.Therefore, the capability rating for BV soilswhich occur on b slopes is 2D, and thecapability rating for TA soils which occur on cslopes is 2T .4) The soil capability rating for the map symbolis 2D>2T.Example 5.AL, ER, SC, or VCThese symbols represent miscellaneous landunits. In Table 4, a capability rating is given foreach of these units which is the range of soilcapabilities that generally occur in all areas wherethese land units were identified. The capabilitiesof the soils within individual areas mapped asthese land units, therefore, may vary . Forexample, two areas may be identified on one ofthe soil maps. as Alluvium (AL), and both arerated Class 31 to 51 in Table 4 . One of the areas,however, may be composed entirely of soils whichhave a capability of Class 31. The other area maybe composed entirely of soils which have acapability of Class 51.

Table 4.Agricultural land capability ratings for common field crops in Elgin CountyMapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitB,bCCapability classification by slope classesc D d E e F,f G,gAL Alluvium (31-5I)**AY Ayr 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*AY.F Ayr fine phase 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*AY.L Ayr loamy phase 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*BE Berrien 1 1 2T 2T 3T 3TBE .T Berrien till phase 1 1 2T 2T 3T 3TBF Brantford 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBF.C Brantford coarse phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBF.L Brantford loamy phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBI Brisbane 2F 2F 2FT 2FTBN Bennington 2M 2ME 2MT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBN .T Bennington till phase 2M 2ME 2MT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBO Bookton 2M 2M 2MT 2MT 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TBO.T Bookton.Till phase 2M 2M 2MT 2MT 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TBT Brant 1 2E 2T 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TBU Burford 2FM 2FM 2ST 2ST 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TBV Beverly 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4TBV .C Beverly coarse phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3TBV.L Beverly loamy phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3TBY Brady 2F 2F 2Fr 2FTCA Caledon 2FM 2FM 2ST 2ST _ 3T 3T 4T - 5T 6TCA .F Caledon fine phase 2M 2ME 2MT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TCH Churchville 3W 3W 3W (5W)*CH.P Churchville peaty phase 4W 4W 4W (5W)*CM Camilla 2F 2F 2FT 2FTCM.L Camilla loamy phase 2F 2F 2FT 2FTCW Colwood 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*CW.C Colwood coarse phase 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*CW .P Colwood peaty phase 4W 4W 4W (5W)*ER Eroded Channel (6T-7T)**EK Ekfrid 3D 3D 3DT 3DT 3DTEK.C Ekfrid coarse phase 3D 3D 3DT 3DT 3DTEK.L Ekfrid loamy phase 3D 3D 3DT 3DT 3DTFR Frome 3W 3W 3W (5W)*FRY Frome peaty phase 4W 4W 4W (5W)*FX Fox 2FM 2FM 2ST 2ST 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TGO Gobles 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3TGO.C Gobles coarse phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3TGO.L Gobles loamy phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3TGO.W Gobles washed phase 1 2E 2T 3T 3TGY Granby 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*HI Highgate 2F 2F 2FT 2FT 3T' Appropriate capability ratings of poorly or very poorly drained soils without drainage improvements. These ratings apply to all slope classes .w The range of capability ratings which are appropriate for the miscellaneous land unit.59

Table 4.Agricultural alnd capability ratings for common field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitB,bCCapability classification by slope classesc D d E e F,f G,gKE Kelvin 3W 3W 3W (5W)*KE.C Kelvin coarse phase 3W 3W 3W (5W)*KE.L Kelvin loamy phase 3W 3W 3W (5W)*KEN Kelvin washed phase 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*KT Kintyre 2FM 2FM 2ST 2ST 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TMA Maplewood 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*MA.T Maplewood till phase 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*ME Melbourne 3D 3D 3DT 3DT 3DT 4T 4T 5T 6TMI Middlemarch 2F 2F 2FT 2FT 3TMK Muirkirk 2W 2W 2W (4W)*MU Muriel - 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TMU.L Muriel loamy phase 2D 2DE 2DT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TMU.W Muriel washed phase 1 2E 2T 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TNM Not Mapped Not RatedNO Normandale 1 2E 2T 3T 3TOR Organic Not RatedPF Plainfield 3F 3F 3F 3F 3FT 3FT 4T 5T 6TSC Scarp (6T-7T)**SH Shedden 2FM 2FM 2ST 2ST 3T 3T 4T < 5T 6TSL Silver Hill 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*SO Southwold 4W 4W 4W (5W)*SP Springwater 3W 3W 3W(5W)*ST Strathburn 3WD 3WD 3WD (5W)*ST.C Strathburn coarse phase 3WD 3WD 3WD (5W)*ST.L Strathbum loamy phase 3WD 3WD 3WD (5W)*SW St . Williams 2W 2WE 2WT (4W)*TA Tavistock 1 2E 2T 3T 3TTA.T Tavistock till phase 1 2E 2T 3T 3TTO Toledo 3W 3W 3W (5W)*TO.C Toledo coarse phase 3W 3W 3W (5W)*TO.L Toledo loamy phase 3W 3W 3W (5W)*TU Tuscola 1 2E 2T 3T 3TTU.C Tuscola coarse phase 1 2E 2T 3T 3TVC Valley Complex (Valley walls : 6T-7T; flood plains: 3I-5I)**VI Vittoria 1 1 2T 2T 3TWA Walsher 2M 2M 2MT 2MT 3T 3T 4T 5T 6TWF Wattford 2M 2ME 2MT 3T 3T 4T 4T 5T 6TWM Walsingham 3F 3F 3F 3F 3FTWN Waterin 3W 3W 3W (4W-5W)*WU Wauseon 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*WU.T Wauseon till phase 2W 2W 2WT (4W)*` Appropriate capability ratings of poorly or very poorly drained soils without drainage improvements. These ratings apply Wall slope classes.., The range of capability ratings which are appropriate for the miscellaneous land unit.60

B .Agricultural Suitability Classification for Special CropsThe Canada Land Inventory (CLI) soilcapability classification system for agriculture (17)is designed for common field crops includingforages, small grains and corn. It is not designed,however, to classify land according to itssuitability for growing other field crops as well ashorticultural crops. Fruit and vegetable crops, andfield crops such as soybeans or tobacco, are notincluded in the classification system . Crops whichfall into these categories and are dealt with furtherin this section will henceforth be referred to asspecial crops".Since a large portion of Elgin County is usedfor growing special crops, a suitability ratingsystem for a number of important agriculturalcrops was devised for the soils of the County . Theratings are based on information obtained fromfield observations, agricultural research andextension personnel, and from review of relevantliterature . The publications "Climate and soilrequirements for economically important crops inCanada" (25), and "A Compilation of Soil, Waterand Climatic Requirements for SelectedHorticultural Crops in Southern Ontario" (26),were especially helpful .(1) Suitability Classification forSpecial CropsThe classification system used to determinesoil suitability ratings is based on a systemdeveloped by the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) of the United Nations, whichis outlined in the FAO bulletin titled "AFramework For Land Evaluation" (27). Somemodifications of the FAO system, however, werenecessary to suit local conditions and the purposefor which the system was being applied . Theresulting modified system consists of five classeswhich is the same number as in the FAO system.The most suitable soils, with no significantlimitations for crop growth and yields, aredesignated Class Sl . Soils designated Classes S2to S4 have decreasing suitability, and soilsdesignated Class N are not suitable.The suitability ratings of soils mapped in theCounty for a number of selected special crops aregiven in Tables 6, 7 and 8 . Each table providesratings for individual crops based on the responseof the crop to various soil conditions, the surfacefeatures of the soil, and management practiceswhich may be carried out. Some crops weregrouped in the tables, however, if they weresimilar or had only subtle differences in regards tothese considerations . The crop groups identified ineach table, and the individual crops whichcompose them, are shown in Table 5.Table 5.Special crop groups in Elgin CountyCropgroupsVegetable crops(see Table 6)Special field crops(see Table 7)Fruit crops(see Table 8)1 Asparagus2 Sweet potatoes3 Irish potatoes4 Cucumbers5 Tomatoes6 Peppers7 Sweet corn8 Brussels sprouts,cauliflower,cabbageTobaccoPeanutsRutabagasSoybeansWhite beansSpring canolaWinter rapeseedRaspberries, strawberriesApples, walnutsPears, plums, heart nuts,filbert nuts

Soil Suitability ClassesDescriptions of each of the classes in theclassification system are as follows :Class Sl - Soils in this class have no significantlimitations for crop growth and yields; soillimitations, if present, range from slight tomoderate.Class S2 - Soils in this class have moderate tosevere limitations for crop growth and yields .Class S3 - Soils in this class have severe limitationsfor crop growth and yields; management practicessuch as tile drainage or irrigation will result inincreased suitability for some crops .Class S4 - Soils in this class have very severelimitations for crop growth and yields;management practices such as tile drainage orirrigation will result in increased suitability forsome crops.Class N- Soils in this class have limitations whichare so severe that they are not suitable for specialcrops ; management practices such as tile drainageor irrigation do not increase suitability.Management Factors Which May AffectRatingstheThe soil suitability ratings given in Tables 6, 7,and 8 are based on inherent soil conditions andsurface features. Management factors such as theinstallation of the drainage or irrigation, however,will increase the suitability of many soils for arange of crops . The means to revise the ratingsfor these management factors, therefore, has beenincorporated into each of the rating tables .When the drainage or irrigation results in asignificant improvement in the soil suitabilityrating for a particular crop, the number of classesthe rating should be upgraded to is given in thetable . A numeric indicator of +1, +2, or +3, isshown in the table beside the appropriatemanagement factor. When the factors are notexpected to improve the rating, a dash is shown inthe table . For example, in Table 6 an Ayr soil ona simple B slope of 05 to 2% is rated Class S4 forasparagus . However, tile drainage would increasethe suitability of that soil for asparagus by twoclasses to Class S2 . This is indicated in the tableby a +2 beside "Drainage" . Irrigation is notexpected to increase the suitability of that soil forasparagus, and this is indicated by a dash beside"Irrigation'.Climatic ConsiderationsClimatic variables such as rainfall ortemperature were not considered to be limitingfactors in determining the soil suitability ratingsfor the identified crop groups . The micro-climateof a specific area, however, can have a directinfluence on crop growth and yields . Althoughthese conditions are important, they were notfactored into the ratings since they are difficult todefine at the scale of mapping .AssumptionsThe classification system, and the ratings givenin Tables 6, 7, and 8, are based upon the followingassumptions:(a) Good soil management practices that arefeasible and practical under a largelymechanized system ofagriculture areassumed.These practices include a proper fertilityprogram, management practices that result ingood soil structure and crop growth, andmanagement programs which result inminimum damage or risk of damage to thesoil;Distance to markets, accessibility to transport,location, size of farm, field shape andaccessibilty to machinery, type of ownership,cultural patterns, skill or resources ofindividual operators, or hazards of cropdamage by storms are not considered in thisclassification system;(c) Soil suitability ratings are subject to change ifnew technology or management practices suchas tile drainage or irrigation are widelyadopted, or as new information about cropyields or the behaviour and responses of thesoils becomes available.(2) How to Determine Special CropSuitability Ratings for Areas on theSoil MapsThe soils or land units which occur withinareas shown on the soil maps are identified in themap symbols for those areas . Explanations for themap symbols and their components are providedon each map in the section titled "Key to the MapSymbols" . Similar explanations are also given inthe Glossary at the back of this volume of thereport. Symbols shown on the maps mayrepresent one of the following- 1) a land unit; 2) asingle soil type which occurs on a single slope, 3)a single soil type which occurs on two differentslopes; and 4) two different soil types.When two slopes or two soil types areidentified in the map symbol, dominant andsignificant soils occur for which suitability ratingsmust be determined . Dominant means that 40 to62

80% of the area represented by the map symbolconsists of that soil type or slope class . Significantmeans that 20 to less than 40% of the arearepresented by the map symbol consists of thatsoil type or slope class .Suitability ratings for the soils identified in thesymbols shown on the soil maps are given inTables 6, 7, and 8. Ratings are not given in thetables for miscellaneous land units . The followingexamples of typical map symbols will demonstratethe procedures that should be followed whenusing the tables to determine the appropriate soilsuitability rating or ratings for symbols shown onthe soil maps. For the purpose of these examples,the suitability rating for cucumbers will bedetermined .Example 1. BVCIn this example, 80% or more of the arearepresented by the symbol consists of Beverly (BV)soils which occur on simple C slopes of 2 to 5% .Procedure:1) Locate the symbol "BV" in the first column ofTable 6 titled 'Map Symbol".2) Now move horizontally across the line for BVsoils and locate slope class "C" in the columntitled "Slope classes/Management factors" .The soil suitability rating for BV soils whichoccur on C slopes will be found on this line .3) Now move horizontally across the C slopeclass line to Crop Group column #4(Cucumbers), where the suitability rating ofClass S3 is given.4) After determining the suitability rating, movedown vertically in the same column in thetable to the lines which indicate whether theratings should change if management factors,such as drainage or irrigation, are carried out.In the line titled 'Drainage" a +1 is shown, andin the line titled 'Irrigation' a dash is shown.These indicate that drainage would improvethe rating by one class, and irrigation does notaffect the rating.5) Therefore, the suitability rating for the mapsymbol is Class S2 for cucumbers if the soilsare tile drained. If the soils are not tiledrained, however, the rating for the mapsymbol is Class S3.Example 2.BVC>bIn this example, 40 to 80% of the area representedby the symbol consists of Beverly (BV) soils whichoccur on simple C slopes of 2 to 5% (dominantslope), and 20% to less than 40% of the areaconsists of Beverly (BV) soils which occur oncomplex b slopes of 0.5 to 2% (significant slope) .Two suitability ratings must therefore bedetermined.Procedure :1) Locate the symbol "BV" in the first column ofTable 6 tided "Map Symbol".2) Now move horizontally across the line for BVsoils and locate slope class "C" and slope class"b" in the column titled "Slope classes/Management factors" . The soil suitabilityratings for BV soils which occur on theseslopes will be found on these lines.3) Now move horizontally across the C slopeclass line to Crop Group column #4(Cucumbers), where the suitability rating ofClass S3 is given . After determining thatrating, now move up Column #4 to theb slopeclass line where the suitability rating of ClassS3 is given .4) After determining both suitability ratings,move down vertically in the same column inthe table to the lines which indicate whetherthe ratings should change if managementfactors, such as drainage or irrigation, arecarried out. In the line titled "Drainage" a +1is shown, and in the line titled "Irrigation" adash is shown . These indicate that drainagewould improve both ratings by one class, andirrigation does not affect either rating.5) Since the ratings are the same for both slopes,the suitability rating for the map symbolfor cucumbers is Class S2 if the soils are filedrained. If the soils are not the drained, therating is Class 53 .Example 3.BV>TObIn this example, 40 to 80% of the area representedby the symbol consists of Beverly (BV) soils whichare the dominant soils. They occur on complex bslopes of 0.5 to 2% . In addition, 20% to less than40% of the area consists of Toledo (TO) soilswhich are the significant soils . They also occur onb slopes .

Procedure:1) Locate the symbols 'BV" and 'TO" in the firstcolumn .of Table 6 tided 'Map Symbol" .2) Determine the suitability rating for BV soils bymoving horizontally across the line for BVsoils and locating slope class "b" in the columntitled "Slope classes /Management factors" .On that line, move horizontally to Crop Groupcolumn #4 (Cucumbers), where the suitabilityrating of Class S3 is given. Now move downthe column to see if the rating should beupgraded because of management factors .Since there is a +1 beside 'Drainage", therating would be Class S2 if the BV soils are tiledrained .3) Now determine the suitability rating for TOsoils by moving horizontally across the line forTO soils and locating slope class 'b" in thecolumn titled "Slope classes/Managementfactors". On that line, move horizontally toCrop Group column #4 (Cucumbers), wherethe suitability rating of Class S4 is given . Nowmove down the column to see if the ratingshould be upgraded because of managementfactors. Since there is a +2 beside 'Drainage',the rating would be Class S2 if the TO soilsare tile drained .4) The soil suitability rating for the map symbolfor cucumbers is Class S3>S4 if the soils arenot tile drained. If the soils are the drained,the rating is Class S2 since both soils have thesame rating.upgraded because of management factors .Since there is a +1 beside 'Drainage", therating would be Class S2 if the BV soils are tiledrained .3) Now determine the suitability rating for TAsoils by moving horizontally across the line forTA soils and locating slope class "c" in thecolumn titled "Slope classes/Managementfactors" . On that line, move horizontally toCrop Group column #4 (Cucumbers), wherethe suitability rating of Class S2 is given. Nowmove down the column to see if the ratingshould be upgraded because of managementfactors. Since there is a +1 beside 'Drainage,the rating would be Class Sl if theTA soils aretile drained.4) The soil suitability rating for the map symbolfor cucumbers is Class S3>S2 if the soils arenot tile drained . If the soils are the drained,the rating is Class S2>Si .Example 4.BV>TAb>cIn this example, 40 to 80% of the area representedby the symbol consists of Beverly (BV) soils whichare the dominant soils . They occur on complex bslopes of 0.5 to 2% . In addition, 20% to less than40% of the area consists of Tavistock (TA) soilswhich are the significant soils. They occur oncomplex c slopes of 2 to 5%.Procedure:1) Locate the symbols 'BV" and 'TA" in the firstcolumn of Table 6 titled 'Map Symbol" .2) Determine the suitability rating for BV soils bymoving horizontally across the line for BVsoils and locating slope class "b" in the columntitled "Slope classes/Management factors". Onthat line, move horizontally to Crop Groupcolumn #4 (Cucumbers), where the suitabilityrating of Class S3 is given . Now move downthe column to see if the rating should be

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin CountyMapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land Unit,NaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors12 3Crop Groupa4 5""6 7 8AL Alluvium Variable Not RatedAY Ayr Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,C S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +3 +3 +2 +2 +3 +3 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -AY.F Ayr five Poor Bb N N S4 S4 S4 54 S4 S4phase C,C N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -AY.L Ayr loamy Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 . S4 S4 S4 S4phase C,C S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +3 +3 +2 +2 +3 +3 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -BE Berrien Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,C S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3E,e S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1BE .T Berrien Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2till phase C,C S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3E,e S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 -S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1BF Brantford Moderately Bb N S4 S3 S2 Sl S2 S2 Slwell C,C N S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d N N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e N N N S3 S2 S3 S3 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - - - - - - - -A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash(-) is shown.Where drainage or irrigation would.. Crop Groups1. Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Swat corn2. Sweet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower; Cabbage05

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ Crop Groups **Management 1factors *2 3 4 5 6 7 8BF.C Brantford Moderatelycoarse phase wellBEL Brantford Moderatelyloamy phase wellBbCCD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBI Brisbane Imperfect BbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBN Bennington Well BbC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBN.T Bennington Well Bbtill phaseCcD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageS3 S2 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl SlS3 S2 S2 Sl S2 $2 S2 SlS4 N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S1N N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N N- - - - - - - -S3 S3 S3 S1 Sl . S2 Sl S1S3 S3 S3 Sl S1 S2 S2 SlS4 N N S2 Sl S2 S2 SlN N N S2 S2 S3 S2 S2N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N N--S3--S3--S3--S3--S3--S3--S3--S3S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 +1 +1 +1 - +1 - +1S2 S2 S2 Sl Sl S1 Sl SlS2 S2 S2 S1 Sl S2 Sl S1S3 S2 S2 Sl Sl S2 S1 SlS4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N N N N N N N NN N N N N---+1-+1---- +1 - -S2 S2 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl SlS2 S2 S2 S1 Sl S2 Sl S1S3 S2 S2 Sl S1 S2 S1 SlS4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N NIrrigation - +1 +1 - - +1 - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation wouldnot affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.. . Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3. Irish potatoes S. Tomatoes 7. Sweet con2. Sweet potatoes 4 . Cucumbers 6. Peppers 8 . Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage66

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land Unit_NaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors * 1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7 sBooktor Well Bb S2 S2 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl SlC,c S2 S2 S2 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1Bookton Well Bb S2 S2 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl Sltill phase Cc S2 S2 S2 S1 , Sl Sl S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1BT Brant Well Bb S1 S2 S2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1C,c S1 S2 S2 S1 Sl S2 Sl S1D,d S2 S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 S1 S1E,e S2 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - ±1 +1 - - - - -BU Burford Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1 - +1BV Beverly Imperfect Bb N S4 S4 S3 S2 S3 S3 S2C,c N S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3D,d N N N S3 S3 S3 S3 S3E,e N N N S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -' A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown .Where drainage or irrigation would.. Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Sweet corn2. Sweet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6. Peppers S. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage67

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)Map Soil or Misc. NaturalSymbol Land Unit DrainageSlope classes/ Crop Groups **Management 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8factorsBV.C Beverly Imperfectcoarse phaseBV.L Beverly Imperfectloamy phaseBY Brady ImperfectCA Caledon WellCA.F Caledon Wellfine phaseBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbCCD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eF,fGgDrainageIrrigationBbCcD,dE,eF,fGgS4 S3 S3 S2 2 S2 S2 S1S4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N S4 S4 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1- - - . - - - - -S4 4 S4 S2 S2 S2 S2 S1S4 S4 S4 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2N N N S2 S2 S4 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 . +1 +1 1- - - - - - - -S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S3 S2 S3 S3N N N N N N N N,N N N N N N N- - - - - - - -+1 +1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1N S4 S3 52 51 S2 S2 SlN S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N N N S3 S2 S3 S3 S2N N N N N N N N,N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - - - - - - - -CH Churchville Very poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -' A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown..Whore drainage or irrigation would" Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Sweet men2. Sweet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6. Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage68

Table 6 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)_ Slope classes/ Crop Groups **Map Soil or Misc. Natural Management 1Symbol Land Unit Drainage factorsCH .PChurt.hvillepeaty phaseVery poorBbCcDrainageIrrigationS4S4+2-2 3 4 5 6 7 8CM Camilla Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 , S3C,c S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1CM .L Camilla Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S3' S3 S3 S3 S3loamy phase Cc S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1CW Colwood Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S3 S3 S4 S4 S3C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -CW.C Colwoot Poor Bb S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S3 S3 S2coarse phase Cc S3 S3 S3 S4 S3 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -MY Colwoot Poor Bb N S2 S2 S4 S4 N S4 S4peaty phase Cc N S2 S2 S4 S4 N S4 S4Drainage - +1 +1 +2 +2 - +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - _ - -EK Ekfrid Imperfect Bb N N N S3 S3 N S3 S3C,c N N N S3 S3 N S4 S3D,d N N N S4 S3 N S4 S3Drainage - - - - +1 - +1 +1Irrigation - _ - -EK.C Ekfrid Imperfect Bb N N N S2 S2 N S2 S2coarse phase Cc N N N S2 S2 N S3 S2D,d N N N S3 S2 N S3 S2Drainage - - - +1 +1 - +1Irrigation - - - -+1-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S4S4+2-'A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.Where drainage or irrigation would.. Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5 . Tomatoes 7. Swat turn2. Swat potatoes 4. Cucwnbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage69

Table 6 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)Slope classes/Map Soil or Misc. Natural ManagementSymbol Land Unit Drainage factors *Crop Groups **1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8EK.LEkfridloamy phaseImperfectER Eroded Rapid toChannel poorBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigation-N N N S2 S2 N S2 S2N N N S2 S2 N S3 S2N N N S3 S2 N S3 S2------NotRated+1 .-+1 - +1 +1- - - -FR Frome Very poorFRY Frome Very poorpeaty phaseFX Fox RapidBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbCcDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationGO Gobles Imperfect BbC,cD,dDrainageIrrGO.C Gobles Imperfect Bbcoarse phaseCcD,dDrainageS4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-*S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 - S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3N N N N. N N N NN N N N N N N- - - - - - - -+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - +1+1N S4 S4 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2N S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3N N N S3 S3 S3 S3 S3- +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1- - - - - - - -S4 S3 S3 S2 S1 S1 S2 S2S4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N S4 S4 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -`A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc .not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.When drainage or irrigation wouldCrop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5 . Tomatoes 7. Sweet corn2 . Sumet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage70

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)Map Soil or Misc. NaturalSymbol Land Unit DrainageGO .L Gobles Imperfectloamy phaseGONGobleswashed phase ImperfectGY Granby PoorHI Highgate ImperfectKE Kelvin PoorKE.C Kelvin Poorcoarse phaseKE.L Kelvin Poorloamy phaseKEN Kelvin Poorwashed phaseSlope classes/ Crop Groups **Management 1factors2 3 4 5 6 7 8BbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrr gationBbC,cDrainageS4 S3 S3 S2 Sl Sl S2 SlS4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2N S4 S4 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1-S2-S3-S3-S2-S2-S2-S2-S2S2 S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1-S4S4+3-S2+1S4S4+3-S2+1S4S4+3-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+2-S2-S4S4+3-S2-S4S4+2-S2S4+2-S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S3 S3 S2 53 S2 S3 S3+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1- +1 +l - - +1 - -N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4----+1-+2-+2-+2-+2-+2-S4 S4 S4 S3 S2 S3 S2 S2S4 S4 S4 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3+1 +2 +2 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -Bb N S4 S4 S3 S2 S3 S2 S2C,c N S4 S4 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3DrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigation--S4S4+2-+1-S4S4+2-+1-S4S4+2-+1-S3S4+2-+1-S3S4+2-+1-S4S4+2-+1-S4S4+2-+1-S3S4+2-" A significant irnprvvernent in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation wouldnot affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.., Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Sweet corn2 . Sweet potatoes 4 . Cucurnbers 6. Peppers 8 . Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage71

Table 6 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7 8.KT Kintyre Rapid Bb Sl Sl Sl Sl S2 Sl S2 S2C,c S1 Sl S1 Sl S2 Sl S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S2 S2 S2 S2 S3 S2 S3 S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1MA Maplewood Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S3 S4 S4 S3CX S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -MA.T Maplewood Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S3 S4 S4 S3till phase Cc S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -ME Melbourne Moderately Bb N N N S2 S2 N S2- S2well C,c N N N S2 S2 N S3 S2D,d N N N S3 S2 N S3 S2E,e N N N N S3 N N S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -IrrigationMI Middlemarch Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S3 S3 S2 S3 S2 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - +1 +1 - - +1 - -MK Muirkirk Poor Bb S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3C,c S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation wouldnot affect the ratings, a dash () is shown .Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3. Irish potatoes S . Tomatoes - 7. Sweet corn2. Sweet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6. Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage72

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land Unit_NaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors'12 3Crop Groups'"4 5 6 7 8MU Muriel Moderately Bb N S4 S3 S2 Sl Sl S2 Slwell C,c N S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d N N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e N N N S3 S2 S2 S3 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigationMU.L Muriel Moderately Bb S3 S3 S3 S1 Sl Sl Sl Slloamy phase well C,c S3 S3 S3 S1 , Sl S2 S2 SlD,d S4 S3 S3 S2 Sl S2 S2 S1E,e N N N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - - - - - - - -MU.W Muriel Moderately Bb Sl S2 S2 S1 Si Si Si S1washed phase well C,c S1 S2 S2 Si si S2 S1 SiD,d S2 S2 S2 si S1 S2 Si S1E,e S2 S3 S3 S2 S2 -S2 S2 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - +1 +1 - - - - -NM Not Mapped NotRatedNO Nocmandale Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3C,c S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - +1 +1 - +1OR Organic Very poor NotRatedA significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc .not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.Where drainage or irrigation would.» Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Sued turn2 . Sweet potatoes 4 . Cuctonbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage73

Table 6. Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors *12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7 8PF Plainfield Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3E,e S3 N N N N N N NF,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Rapid toNot RatedimperfectSH Shedden Rapid Bb Sl Sl Sl Sl S2 Sl S2 S2C,c Sl S1 S1 S1 S2 S1 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S2 S2 S2 S2 S3 S2 S3 S3F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -. Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1SL Silver Hill Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4' Drainage +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -SO Southwold Very poor Bb N N N N N N N NC,C N N N N N N N NDrainage. IrrigationSP Springwater Very poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -ST Strathburn Poor Bb N N N S4 S4 N S4 S4C,c N N N S4 S4 N S4 S4Drainage - - - +2 +2 - +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -ST.C Strathburn Poor Bb N N N S3 S3 N S3 S2coarse phase Cc N N N S3 S3 N S3 S3' Drainage - - - +1 +1 - +1 +1hrigation - - - - - - - -*A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation uwuldnot affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.», Crop Groups1. Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Swat corn2 . Sweet potatoes 4 . Cucumbers 6. Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Caulifiouxr, Cabbage74

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)Slope classes/ Crop Groups **Map Soil or Misc. Natural Management 1Symbol Land Unit Drainage factors2 3 4 5 6 7 8ST .L S3Strathburn Poor Bb N N N S3 S3 N - S2loamy phase C,c N N N S3 S3 N S3 S3Drainage - - - +1 +1 - +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -SW St . Williams Poor BbS4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,cDrainageIrrigationTA Tcvistock Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S4+3-S4+2-S4+2-C,c S3 S3 S3 ST S2 S3 S2 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2. Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - +1 +1 - - +1 -TA .T Tavistock Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2till phase Cc S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - +1 +1 - - +1 - -TO Toledo Poor Bb N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -TO.C Toledo Poor Bb S4 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2coarse phase Cc S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +l +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -TO .L Toledo Poor Bb N S4 S4 S3 S2 S3 S2 S2loamy phase Cc N S4 S4 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3Drainage - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - - -TU Tuscola Imperfect Bb S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2D,d S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - +1 +1 - - - - -S4+2-S4+2-S4+2-S4+2-S4+2-' A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown .Where drainage or irrigation would** Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5. Tomatoes 7. Sweet cons2. Sweet potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6. Peppers S. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage75

Table 6.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors'1 2 3Crop Groups ..4 5 6 7 8TU.C Tuscola Imperfect Bb S2 52 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl Slcoarse phase Cc S2 S2 S2 Sl S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - +1 +1 - - - - -VC Valley Rapid to Not RatedComplex poorVI Vittoria Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 . S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S2 S2 S2 S3 _ S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +lIrrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - -WA Walsher Well Bb S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl Sl Sl SlCc S2 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - -Wattford Well Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2F,f N N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - +1 +1 - +1WM Walsingham Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3C,c S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1WN Waterin Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -' A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc.not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.Where drainage or irrigation would, . Crop Groups1 . Asparagus 3. Irish potatoes 5 . Tomatoes 7. Sweet corn2 . Sweet potatoes 4 . Cucumbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage76

Table 6 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some vegetable crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/Managementfactors * 1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7 8WUWU .TWauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3 S4 S4C,C S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -Wauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3 S4 S4till phase Cc S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - - -* A signifuunt improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation wouldnot affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.Crop Groups1. Asparagus 3 . Irish potatoes 5 . Tomatoes 7. Sweet corn2. Swat potatoes 4. Cucumbers 6 . Peppers 8. Brussel sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage77

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin CountyMapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors 1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7AL Alluvium Variable Not RatedAY Ayr . Poor Bb S4 S4 S3 S4 S4 S4 S3C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -AY .F Ayr fine Poor Bb N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4phase Cc N N N S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - . - - -AY.L Ayr loamy Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4phase Cc S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -BE Berrien Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3E,e S4 S3 N S3 N S3 S4Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -BE.T Berrien Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2till phase C,c S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3E,e S4 S3 N S3 NDrainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - -BF Brantford Moderately Bb N S3 S2 Sl Sl Sl S2well Cc N S3 S3 S1 Sl S2 S2D,d N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3E,e N N N S2 N S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - - - - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring aanola78

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors 1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7BEC Brantford Moderately Bb S4 S2 S2 Si si si sicoarse phase well C,c S4 S2 S3 'Si si S2 S2D,d N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2` E,e N N N S2 S2 S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -BELIrrigation +1 - - - - - -Brantford Moderately Bb N S2 S2 si si S2 S2loamy phase well C,c N S2 S3 Sl Si S2 S2D,d N S3 S3 S2 S2 S3 S3E,e N N N S2 S2 S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation - - - - - - -BI Brisbane Imperfect Bb S3 N S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 N S4 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S4 N S4 S3 N S2 S2Drainage +1 - +1 - - - -BN Bennington WellIrrigation +1 - +1 - - - -Bb N S2 S2 Si si si siC,c N S2 S2 si si si S2D,d N S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e N S3 N S3 N S3 S3F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainageBN.TIrrigation - - - - - - -Bennington Well B,b N S2 S2 Si si si sitill phase C,c N S2 S2 si si si S2D,d N S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e N S3 N S3 N S3 S3F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -Irrigation* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationuwuld not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shoum.'* Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5 . White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6 . Spring canola79

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **45 6 7BO Bookton Well Bb S2 S2 si si siC,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2sisisisiD,d S3 S2 S3 S2 S3 S2 S2E,e S4 S3 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage _ _ _BO.TIrrigation ±1 +1 +1 - - - -Bookton Well Bb S2 S2 si si si si sitill phase Cc S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 si siD,d S3 S2 S3 S2 S3 S2 S2E,e S4 S3 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N NDrainage _ _ _BT Brant WellIrrigation +1 +1 +1 - - -Bb si si si si si si siC,c S2 si S2 si si si S2D,d S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S4 S2 N S2 N S2 S3F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N NDrainage_Irrigation +1 - - - - -BU Burford Rapid Bb S2 S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 siC,c S2 S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 siD,d S3 N S4 S3 S3 S2 siE,e S4 N N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N NDrainage _ _ _ _ _Irrigation +1 - +1 - -BV Beverly Imperfect Bb N S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3C,c N S4 S4 S2 S2 S3 S3D,d N S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S4E,e N N N S3 N S3 NDrainage - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - _ _ _ _ _* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationunuld not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shotm.** Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5 . White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6 . Spring aanola80

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7BV.C Beverly Imperfect Bb S4 S3 S2 Sl Sl S2 S2coarse phase C,c S4 S3 S3 Sl . Sl S2 S2DA N S4 S3 S2 S2 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - - - - - -BV.L Beverly Imperfect Bb S4 S3 S3 Sl Sl S2 S2loamy phase C,c S4 S3 S4 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N S4 S4 S2 S2 S3 S4Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -BY Brady Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -CA Caledon Well Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 SlC,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S1D,d S2 S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 S1E,e S3 S2 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -CA.F Caledon Well Bb N S3 S2 Sl Sl Sl S2fine phase CC N S3 S3 Sl Sl S2 S2D,d N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3E,e N N N S4 N S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - - - -Irrigation - - - - - - -CH Churchville Very poor Bb N S4 S4 N N N NC,c N S4 S4 N N N NDrainage - +2 +2 - - - -Irrigation - - - - - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown .'* Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3. Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2. Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring aanola81

Table 7. Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)Slope classes/ Crop Groups **Map Soil or Misc. Natural ManagementSymbol Land Unit Drainage Factors1 2 3 4 5 6 7CH .PChurchvillepeaty phaseVery poorBbc,cDrainageIrrigationCM Câmilla Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - -CM.L Camilla Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2loamy phase Cc S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -CW Colwood Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Cc S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -CW.C Colwood Poor Bb S3 S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2coarse phase Cc S3 S2 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - - - - - -CW .P Colwood Poor Bb N N S4 N N N Npeaty phase Cc N N S4 N N N NDrainage - - +2 - - - -Irrigation - - - - - - -EK Ekfrid Imperfect Bb N N S4 S2 S2 S3 S3C,c N N S4 S3 S3 S3 S4D,d N N N S3 S4 N NDrainage - - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - _ - - - - -EK.C Ekfrid Imperfect Bb N N S4 S1 S1 S2 S2coarse phase C,c N N S4 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N N N S2' S2 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - _ - - - - -N ,N--NN--S4S4+2-NN--NN--NN--NN--* A significant frnprvaernent in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown .** Crop Groups1. Tobacco 3. Rutabagas S. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2. Peanuts 4 . Soybeans 6. Spring canola82

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land Unit`NaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7'EK.L Ekfrid Imperfect Bb N N S4 S2 S2 S2 S3loamy phase Cc N N S4 S2 S2 S3 S4D,d N N N S3 S4 N NDrainage - - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation- ' - - - - - -ER Eroded Variable Not RatedChannelFR Frome Very poor Bb N S4 S4 N N N NC,c N S4 S4 N N N NDrainage - +2 +1 - - - - -Irrigation - - - - - - -FRY Frome Very poor Bb N S4 S4 N N N Npeaty phase Cc N S4 S4 N N N NDraina - +2 +1 - - - -Irrigation - - - - - - -FX Fox Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 SlC,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S1D,d S2 S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 S1E,e S3 S3 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -GO Goti1es Imperfect Bb N N S3 S2 S2 S2 S3C,c N N S4 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N N S4 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage - - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -GO.C Gobles Imperfect Bb S4 S4 S3 Sl Sl Sl S2coarse phase Cc S4 S4 S4 Sl Sl S2 S2D,d N N S4 S2 S2 S2 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - - - - - -GO.L Gobles Imperfect Bb N S4 S2 Sl Sl S2 S2loamy phase C,c N S4 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d N N S4 S2 S2 S3 S3Drainage - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -" A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shoum."" Crop Groups1. Tobacco 3. Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2. Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6 . Spring aanola83

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)Slope classes)Map Soil or Misc. Natural ManagementSymbol Land Unit Drainage Factors1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7GON Gobles Imperfectwashed phaseGY Granby PoorHI Highgate ImperfectKE Kelvin PoorKE.C Kelvin Poorcoarse phaseKE.L Kelvin Poorloamy phaseKEN Kelvin Poorwashed phaseKT Kintyre RapidBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbCcDrainageIrr gationBbCCDrainageIrrigationBbCcDrainageIrrigationBbCcDrainageIrrigationBbCCD,dE,eF,fG,gS3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S3 S2 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1S4S4+1+1-S4S4+2--S3S4+2--S4S4+2-.-S4S4+2--S4S4+2--S3S3+2-S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 .S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2S3- S3 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2+1 +1 +1 - - - +1+1 +1 +1 - - - -N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4N N N S4 S4 S4 S4-- +1 +2 +2 +2 +2---- - - -S4 S4 S2 S2 ' S2 S2 S3S4 S4 S3 _ S3 S3 S3 S3+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 - - - - - -N N S3 S3 S3 S3 S4N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4--S3S3+1-+2-S3S4+2-+2-S3S4+2-+2-S3S4+2-+2-S3S4+2-+2-S3S4+2---S4S4+2+1S2 Sl S2 S2 S2 S2 SlS2 S1 S2 S2 S2 S2 S1S2 S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 SlS3 S2 N S3 S3 S3 S2N N N N N N NN N N N N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -* A signifuant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationuwuld not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shoran."" Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring aanola84

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7MA Maplewood Poor Bb N S4 S3 S4 S4 S4 S4C,C N S4 S3 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - +2 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - -MA.T Maplewood Poor Bb N S4 S3 S4 S4 S4 S4till phase CC N S4 S3 S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - +2 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - -ME Melbourne Moderately Bb N N S3 Sl Sl S2 S2well CC N N S3 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N N N S2 S3 S3 NE,e N N N S2 N S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N NDrainage - - - - -Irrigation - - - - -MI Mrddlemarch Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 SiC,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 siDA S2 S2 S3 S3 S3 S3 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +1Irrigation +1 - - - -MK Muirkirk Poor Bb S4 S4 S3 S4 S4 S3C,C S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - -MU Muriel Moderately Bb N N S2 Sl Sl si S2well CC N N S3 S1 S1 Si S2D,d N N S3 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e N N N S2 N S3 S3F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - - - -Irrigation - - - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.*" Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5 . White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6 . Spring canola95

Table 7. Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors 1 2 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7MU.L Muriel Moderately Bb N S3 Sl Sl Sl Sl S2loamy phase well C,c N S3 S2 Sl Sl S2 S2D,d N S4 S2 S2 S2 S2 S3E,e N N N S2 N S3 NF,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainageIrrigation--------------MU.W Muriel Moderately Bb S2 Sl S1 Sl . S1 Sl Slwashed phase wellC,c S2 S1 S2 S1 S1 S1 S2D,d S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S4 S2 N S2 N S2 S3F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage -Irrigation +1 - - - - - -NM Not mapped Not RatedNO Novmandale Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S3 S3 S2 S3 S3 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S3 S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +2Irrigation +1 - +1 - - - -OR Organic Very poor Not RatedPF Plainfield Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 SlC,c S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S1D,d S2 S3 S3 S3 N S2 S2E,e S3 N N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - ' - , - -SC Scarp Rapid to Not Ratedimperfect* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2 . Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring aanola86

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors1Crop Groups **2 3 4 5 6 7SH Shedden Rapid Bb S2C,cS2D,dS2E,eS3F,f NG,g NDrainage -Irrigation +1SO Southwold Very poor Bb NCA NDrainage -Irrigation -SL Silver Hill Poor Bb S4C,cS4Drainage +2Irrigation -SP Springwater Very poor Bb NC,c NDrainage -Irrigation -ST Strathbum Poor Bb NC,c NDrainage -IrrigationSTE Strathburn Poor Bb Ncoarse phase C,c NDrainage -Irrigation -ST .L Strathburn Poor Bb Nloamy phase C,c NDrainage -Irrigation -SW St. Williams Poor Bb S4C,cS4Drainage +2Irrigation +1Sl S2 S2 S2 S2 SlS1 S2 S2 S2 S2 SlS2 S2 S3 S3 S2 SlS2 N S3 S3 S3 S2N N N N N NN N N N N N-+1-+1 - - - -N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4N N S4 S4 S4 S4- +1 +1 +1 +1 +1----- -S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3+3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2-S4S4+2--S4S4+2--NN--NN--NN--NN-NN--S4S4 S4 S4S4 S4 S4 S4+1 +1 +1 +1S4 S4 S4 S4 S4S4 S4 S4 S4 S4+2 +1 +1 +1 +1- - - - - -N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4N S4 54 S4 S4 S4--S4+2-S3+1-S4+1-S4+1-S4+1-S3S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3+3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2* A sigrrifrcant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3. Rutabagas 5. White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2. Pamuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring canola87

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or MisaLand UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7TA Tavistock Imperfect Bb N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N S3 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage - +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -TA.T Tavistock Imperfect Bb N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2till phase Cc N S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d N S3 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage - +1 +1 +1 . +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -TO Toledo Poor Bb N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4C,c N N N S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - -TO-C Toledo Poor Bb S4 S4 S2 S2 S2 S2 S3coarse phase C,c S4 S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - - - - - -TOI Toledo Poor Bb N N S4 S4 S4 S4 S4loamy phase Cc N N N _ S4 S4 S4 S4Drainage - - +1 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - - - - - -Tuscola Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 52 S3 S2 S2 S2 S3D,d S4 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - - - - - -TU.C Tuscola Imperfect Bb S3 S2 Sl Sl Sl Sl Slcoarse phase CC S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d N S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - - - - - -VC Valley Rapid to poor Not RâtedComplex* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shoum.** Crop Groups1. Tobacco 3 . Rutabagas 5 . White beans 7. Winter rapeseed2. Peanuts 4 . Soybeans 6. Spring canola88

Table 7.Agricultural land suitability ratings for special field crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope classes/ManagementFactors12 3Crop Groups **4 5 6 7VI Vittoria Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S2 S3 S3 S3 S2 S2D,d S4 S3 S3 S4 S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - +1 - - - -WA Walsher Well Bb S2 Si si si si si siC,c S2 Si S2 S2 S2 S1 S1D,d S2 S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N " N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage - - -WF WattfordIrrigation +1 - +1 - - - -Well Bb SI S2 S2 Si si si siC,c SI S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 SiD,d S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2E,e S2 S2 N S3 N S3 S2F,f N N N N N N NG,g N N N N N N NDrainage -Irrigation +1 - +1 - - - -Walsingham Imperfect B,b S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2C,c S3 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S4 S4 S3 N S2 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1 - - - +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1 - - - -WN Waterin Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -WU Wauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3C,c S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -WU.T Wauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3till phase CC S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S3Drainage +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2Irrigation +1 - - - - - -* A signifwant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigationwould not affect the ratings, a dash (-) is shown ."* Crop Groups1 . Tobacco 3. Rutabagas 5. White beans 7 . Winter rapeseed2. Peanuts 4. Soybeans 6. Spring canola89

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin CountySlopetclassesMap Soil or Misc. Natural ManagementSymbol Land Unit Drainage factors1Crop Groups **2 3ALAY'AlluviumAyrVariablePoorAY.F Ayr fine PoorphaseAY.L Ayr loamy PoorphaseBE Berrien ImperfectBE.T Berrien Imperfecttill phaseBF Brantford ModeratelywellBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,e-S4S4+2--S4S4+2Not RatedS4 . S4 S4S4 S4S4+2 +2 +2---S4 S4S4S4 S4 .S4+1 . +2 +2-S4S4+2--S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2+1 +1 +1+1 +1 -S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2+1 +1 +1+1 +1 -S2 S2 SlS2 S2 SlS3 S2 SlS3 S2 S2F,fG,gDrainageNN-S3 .N-S2N-Irrigation* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown..** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3 . Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts090

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)Map Soil or Misc. NaturalSymbol Land Unit DrainageSlopeiclassesManagementfactorsCrop Groups **1 2 3BF.C Brantford Moderatelycoarse phasewellBEL Brantford Moderatelyloamy phasewellBbC,cD,dE,eF,fGg,DrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBI Brisbane Imperfect BbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBN Bennington Well BbC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBN.T Bennington Well Bbtill phaseC,cD,dE,eF,fG,gS2 2 SlS2 S2 SlS3 S2 S1S3 S2 S2N S3 S2N N N- - -S2 S2 SlS2 S2 SlS3 S2 SiS3 S2 S2N S3 S2N N N--S3_-S3-S3S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3+1 +1 +1+1 +1 +1Sl Sl SlSi Sl SlS2 Si S1S2 S2 S2N S2 S2N N N_ _ _+1 - -Sl Sl lsiS2S1siSisiS2 S2 S2N S2 S2N N NDrainage _ _ _Irrigation +1 - ' -*A sigmfacant improvement in the ratings as a result ofdrainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries Z. Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts91

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlopelclassesManagementfactors 1Crop Groups **.BO Bookton Well Bb si si siC,c si sisiD,d S2 si siE,e S2 S2 S2F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainage - - _Irrigation +1 +1 -BO.T Bookton Well Bb si si sitill phase C,c si si siD,d S2 si siE,e S2 S2 S2F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainage - - _Irrigation +1 +1 -BT Brant Well Bb si si siC,c si si S1D,d S2 si siE,e S2 S2 S2F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainage - _Irrigation +1 - S2BU Bueford Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +123* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.**-Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Cnrpathian or 3. Pam, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsstack Walnuts92

Table 8 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlopelclassesManagementfactors 1Crop Groups **23BV Beverly Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S2C,c S3 S3 . S2D,d S4 S3 S2E,e S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation -BV.C Beverly Imperfect Bb S2 S2coarse phase C,c S2 S3 S2D,d S2 S3 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - -BV.L Beverly Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S2loamy phase Cc S3 S3 S2D,d S4 S3 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - -BY Brady Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3C,c S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1CA Caledon Well Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1CA.F Caledon Well Bb S2 S2 S2fine phase Cc S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation - - -* A sigrrifwant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries Z Apples, C arpathian or , 3. Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts93

Table 8. Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope/classesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **23CH Churchville Very poor Bb S4 N NC,c S4 NDrainage +2Irrigation -CH.P Churchville Very poor Bb S4 . N Npeaty phase Cc S4 N NDrainage +2 -Irrigation - - -CM Camilla Imperfect Bb S3 _ S3 S3Cc S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1CM.L Camilla Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3loamy phase Cc S3 S3 S3DA S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1CW Colwood Poor Bb S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 - S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - -CW.C Colwood Poor Bb S3 S4 S4coarse phase Cc S3 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - -CW.P Colwood Poor Bb N N S4peaty pie Cc N N S4Drainage - - +1Irrigation - - -EK Ekfrid Imperfect Bb S4 S3 S3C,c S4 S3 S3D,d S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - -"A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown .** Crop Groups1. Raspberries, Strawberries 2 . Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pears, Plums, Hearerauts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts94

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut hops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlopelclassesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **2 3EK.C Ekfrid Imperfect Bb S4 S3 S3coarse phase C,c S4 S3 S3D,d S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - -EK.L Ekfrid Imperfect B,b S4 S3 S3loamy phase C,c S4 S3 S3D,d S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - -ER Eroded Rapid to Not RatedChannelpoorFR Frome Very poor Bb S4 N NC,c S4 N NDrainage +2 - -Irrigation - - -FR.P Frome Very poor Bb N N Npeaty phase C,c N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation - - -FX Fox Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1GO Gobles Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2C,c S3 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation - - -*A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts95

Table 8 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope/classesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **23GO.C Gobles Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2coarse phase C,c S3 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation -GO.L Gobles Imperfect Bb S3 S2 S2loamy phase C,c S3 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation -GON Gobles Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2washed phase C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1GY Granby Poor Bb S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation -HI Highgate Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1KE Kelvin Poor Bb S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation -KE.C _ Kelvin Poor Bb S4 S4 S4coarse phase C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2IrrigationKE.L Kelvin Poor Bb S4 S4loamy phase C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** -Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3 . Pears, Plums, Hettrtnuts, Ft7bert nutsBlack Walnuts96

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)Slopetclasses Crop Groups **Map Soil or Misc. Natural ManagementSymbol Land Unit Drainage factors1 2 3KEN Kelvin Poor Bbwashed phaseC,cDrainageIrrigationKT Kintyre Rapid BbC,cD,dE,eF,fGgMA Maplewood Poor'MAX Maplewood Poortill phaseME Melbourne ModeratelywellMI Middlemarch Imperfect.MK Muirkirk PoorS4 S4 S4S4 S4S4+2 +2 +2-- -S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S3 S2 S2N S3 S3,N N NDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,c-+1S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S3-+1S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S2-+1S4S4+2-S4S4+2-S2S3 2 S2S3 S2 S2N S3 S2N S3 S3D,dE,eF,fG,gDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationN--S2S2S3+1+1S4S4+2-N--S2S2S2+1+1S4S4+2-N--S2S2S2+1+1S4S4+2-*A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2,etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown .** Crop Groups1. Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3 . Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts97

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlopetclassesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **2 3MU Muriel Moderately Bb S2 Sl Slwell Cc S2 S1 SlD,d S2 Sl SlE,e S3 S2 S1F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDraina ge_ _ _IrrigationMU.L Muriel Moderately Bb S2 _ Sl Slloamy phase well Cc S2 SlSlD,d S2 S1 S1E,e S3 S2 S1F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainageIrrigation - -MU.W Muriel Moderately Bb S1 S1 Slwashed phase well Cc Sl Sl S1D,d S2 S1 S1E,e_ S2 S2 - S2F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainage _ _ _Irrigation +1 - -NM Not Mapped Not RatedNO Normandale Imperfect Bb S3 S3C,c S3 S3 S3D,d S3 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1OR Organic Very poor Not Rated* A significant impreaerrwnt in the ratings as a result ofdrainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would notaffectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3 . Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts98

Table S. Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope/classesManagementfactors1-Crop Groups **2 3PF Plainfield Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2DA S3 S2 S2E,e S3 S3 S3F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1SC Scarp Rapid to Not RatedimperfectSH Shedden Rapid Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2E,e S3 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1SL Silver Hill Poor Bb S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - -SO Southwold Very poor , Bb N N NC,c N N NDrainageIrrigation - - -SP Springwater Very poor Bb S4 N NC,c S4 N NDrainage +2 - -Irrigation - - -ST Strathburn Poor Bb N S4 S4C,c N S4 S4Drainage - +1 +1Irrigation - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc . Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown..** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts99

Table 8 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlopetclassesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **23ST.C Strathburn Poorcoarse phaseST.L Strathbum Poorloamy phaseSW St. Williams PoorTA Tavistock ImperfectTA.T Tavistock Imperfecttill PhaseTO Toledo PoorTO.C Toledo Poorcoarse phaseTO.L Toledo Poorloamy phaseBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cDrainageIrrigationBbC,cD,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,c ,D,dDrainageIrrigationBbC,cS4 S4 S4S4 S4 S4+1 +1 +1-N- +1 +1---S4S4S4+2-S2-S4S4S4+2-S2-S4N S4 S4DrainageIrrigation - - -Bb S3 S4 S4C,c S3 S4 S4Drainage +1 +2 +2Irrigation - - -Bb S4 S4 S4C,c S4 S4 S4Drainage +1 +2 +2Irrigation - - -S4+2-S2S2 S2 S2S3 S2 S2+1 +1 +1+1 - -S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S3 S2 S2+1 +1 +1+1 - -S4 S4 S4S4 S4 S4+1 +2 +2*A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would notaffectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1. Raspberries, Strawberries 2 . Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pans, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts100

Table 8.Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fruit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc .Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope/classesManagementfactors1Crop Groups **2 3TU Tuscola Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - -TU.C Tuscola Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2coarse phase C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - -VC Valley Rapid to Not RatedComplexpoorVI Vittoria Imperfect Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S3 S2 S2Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 - -WA Walsher Well Bb Sl S1 SlC,c Sl S1 SlD,d S2 - S1 S1E,e S2 S2 S2F,f N S2 S2G,g N N NDrainage -Irrigation +1 +1 -WF Wattford Well Bb S2 S2 S2C,c S2 S2 S2D,d S2 S2 S2E,e S2 S2 S2F,f N S3 S3G,g N N NDrainage - " - -Irrigation +1 +1 +1* A significant improvement in the ratings as a result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown .** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3 . Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts

Table 8 .Agricultural land suitability ratings for some fnvit and nut crops in Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Misc.Land UnitNaturalDrainageSlope/classesManagementfactors 1Crop Groups **23WM Walsingham Imperfect Bb S3 S3 S3C,C S3 S3 S3D,d S4 S3 S3Drainage +1 +1 +1Irrigation +1 +1 +1Waterin Poor Bb S4 S4 S3C,C S4 S4 S3Drainage +2 +2 +1Irrigation - - -WU Wauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4C,C S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2Irrigation - - -WU.T Wauseon Poor Bb S4 S4 S4till phase C,C S4 S4 S4Drainage +2 +2 +2AIrrigation - - -* A significant improvement in the ratings asa result of drainage or irrigation is indicated by a +1, +2, etc. Where drainage or irrigation would not affectthe ratings, a dash (-) is shown.** Crop Groups1 . Raspberries, Strawberries 2. Apples, Carpathian or 3. Pears, Plums, Heartnuts, Filbert nutsBlack Walnuts

C .Soil Interpretations for Water ErosionI.J. Shelton, Agriculture Canada, L.W. Schut,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, andG.J. Wall, Agriculture Canada(1) IntroductionSoil erosion by water is a naturally occurringprocess that can be greatly accelerated by man'sactivity. Any practice that accelerates surfacerunoff, or reduces the natural protection affordedby vegetative cover, will generally lead toincreasing erosion levels . Uncontrolled soilerosion can reduce production potential, depletenutrients, and degrade soil quality . Sediment,fertilizers, and pesticides can adversely affectdownstream water quality after they have beenremoved from the land by water erosion .A widely accepted water erosion relationship,A = R x K x ILS x C x P, used to predict averageannual soil loss through sheet and rill erosion, iscalled the Universal Soil Loss Equation or US.L .E .(28), where:A is the average annual soil loss;R is the rainfall erosivity factor;K is the soil erodibility factor;L is the slope length factor;S is the slope gradient factor,C is the crop cover factor; andP is the conservation or management practicefactor .This section of the report provides basicinformation on the factors of the U.S.L.E. relevantto Elgin County. It also includes a briefdescription of the methodology needed to applythe U.S.L .E. to the soils in the County. For moredetailed information on the factors, andbackground informationon the methodology, referto Shelton and Wall (29) .In order to apply the U.S.L .E., values must bedetermined for the factors which compose it . ForElgin County the "R" value is 90 (30) . Soilerodibility or 'IC" values, and associated potentialsoil erosion classes for each soil type, are reportedin Table 9 . Slope length and gradient values, or"LS" values, for combinations of slope length andgradient and for representative map symbol slopeclasses, are given in Tables 10 and 11, respectively.A quick reference table for determining potentialsoil losses for given K values and slope conditionsin the County is provided in Table 12 . The soillosses provided in Table 12 are metric unit values.Crop cover values, or "C" values, for a variety ofcrops and rotations found in the County are givenin Tables 13, 14, 15, and 16. Management practicefactor 'P" values are provided in Table 17. Theguidelines used to assess potential soil erosionclasses are included in Table 18 . Information fromthese tables can be used to make site specific ormap symbol assessments of soil erosion potentialby water.(2) Potential Soil Erosion ClassesThe average annual soil loss, or "A", which isdetermined using the US .L .E. is an estimate of thepotential soil loss that can be expected for thatsoil . When the crop cover factor (C) andmanagement practice factor (P) are not included inthe equation, the calculated soil loss (A = R x K xLS) is an estimate of the potential soil loss that canbe expected under bare field conditions. Based onthis calculation, the soil can then be placed in toone of five potential soil erosion classes .Descriptions of the classes are as follows:Class 1 - Negligible - Soils in this class havevery slight to no erosion potential . Minimalerosion problems should occur if good soilmanagement practices are used . The soils in thisclass should be able to maintain sustainableproductivity under average managementpractices . The tolerable soil loss limit may beexceeded for soils that are shallow, low in organicmatter, of poor structure or previously eroded .Potential soil erosion loss is less than 6tonnes/hectare/year (3 tons/acre/year) . Thisamount represents the tolerable soil loss for mostOntario soils.Class 2 - Low - Without the use of croprotations and cross slope farming, low to moderatesoil losses will occur. Potential soil erosion lossesrange from 6-11 tonnes/hectare/year (3-5tons/acre/year) . This amount exceeds thetolerable soil loss limit for all but the deepestOntario soils.Class 3 - Moderate - Unless conservationmeasures such as conservation tillage, contourcropping and grass waterways are used, moderateto high soil erosion losses will occur. Potentialsoil erosion losses range from 11-22tonnes/hectare/year (5-10 tons/acre/year).Class 4 - High - Unless measures such asconservation tillage, forage-based rotations,terraces, cross-slope or contour strip cropping areemployed, high erosion losses will occur.Potential soil erosion losses range from 22-33tonnes/hectare/year (10-15 tons/acre/year) .Class 5 - Severe - Unless a soil cover ofpermanent vegetation is maintained, severe103

erosion losses will occur . Potential soil erosionlosses are greater than 33 tonnes/hectare/year(>15 tons/acre/year) .Potential soil erosion classes have beendetermined for the soils identified on the soilmaps for the County . Some soils shown on themaps occur on a number of surface slopes or slopeclasses, and a range of erosion classes wastherefore determined for those soils . The potentialsoil erosion class, or the range of classes, for eachsoil are given in Table 9.(3) Assumptions1 . The amount and monthly distribution ofrainfall is assumed to be relatively constantthroughout the County.2. Representative slope lengths for each slopeclass were used to calculate the LS valuesappropriate for Elgin County landscapes .3. Average levels of . management are assumed .These would include good soil managementpractices that are feasible and practical undera largely mechanized system of agriculture.4 . The average annual soil losses calculated foreach map symbol are based on representativerainfall, soil, slope and possible crop andmanagement conditions . The results give ageneral indication of the erosion potential ofthe soils represented in a map symbol, relativeto those in other symbols. Since variations insoil conditions do occur within areasdelineated on the soil maps, estimations forspecific sites require detailed informationcollected on the site anda separate calculationfor each unique combination of conditions .(4) How to Determine Average AnnualSoil Loss from the Soil MapsThe average annual soil loss, or "A", for eachsoil identified in the symbols on the soil maps canbe determined under various crop or managementconditions . The soil loss under bare fieldconditions can be determined by multiplyingtogether the rainfall (R), soil erodibility (K), andslope factors (LS). The soil loss which occurswhen specific crops are grown, or when specificmanagement practices are employed, can bedetermined by multiplying together all of thefactors which compose the equation. Thedescriptions which follow explain how the twotypes of interpretations are made.(a)Determining average annual soil loss underbare field conditionsIn order to determine the average annual soilloss (A = R x K x LS) for the symbols shown onthe soil maps of the County, the U.S .L .E. must beapplied to each of the soil types identified in thesymbols. Since the U.S.L .E. results in imperialunit values (tons/acre/year) for soil losses, thelosses which are calculated using the equationmust be multiplied by 2.24 to convert to metricunits (tonnes/hectare/year) . The steps outlined inMethod 1 indicate how to determine the averageannual soil loss using the R, K, and LS factors.A simplified means of determining theaverageannual soil loss can also be used . Average annualsoil losses are given in Table 12 for selected Kvalues and slope classes mapped in the County .The procedure for determining the average annualsoil loss from Table 12 is outlined in Method 2.For K values not shown in the table, the soil losscan still be estimated by interpolating betweenappropriate K values which are given . Soil lossvalues arrived at usingTable 12 are in metric units(t/ha/y). When using Table 12, it is important toremember that the table has been compiledspecifically for Elgin County, and the soil lossvalues are based on estimated slope lengths foreach slope class appropriate for Elgin Countylandscapes. The use of the table in areas otherthan Elgin County, therefore, is not appropriate.When the average annual soil loss has beendetermined for a particular soil using either ofthese methods, the potential erosion class for thatsoil can then be determined using Table 18 .Method 1The U.S .L.E . can be applied to soil typesidentified in the map symbols to determine thepotential average annual soil loss. Under barefield conditions, the equation is A = R x K x IS.An example is as follows :1) Take any map symbol designation from anElgin County soil map .e.g .BV>TAb>cBased on the "Key to the Map Symbols" and"Legend" descriptions provided on each soilmap, 40% to 80% of the area represented bythe symbol consists of Beverly (BV) soils whichoccur on complex b slopes of 0.5 to 2%, and20% to less than 40% of the area consists ofTavistock (TA) soils which occur on complexc slopes of 2 to 5%. A potential averageannual soil loss for each of these soils musttherefore be determined.104

2) To determine the average annual soil loss, orA, values for the R, K, and LS factors areneeded. When adjusted for snowmeltconditions, the R factor value for Elgin Countyis always 90 .3) K factor values for all of the soil types mappedin the County are given in Table 9 . Usingthat table, find the symbols 'BV" and 'TA" inthe first column tided "Map Symbol" . Nowmove horizontally across each line to thecolumn tided 'Mean K value", where the Kvalues for each soil type are given. The Kvalue for the BV soil type is 0.29, and the Kvalue for the TA soil type is 0.27.4) IS factor values for slope classes mapped inthe County are given in Table 11 . Using thattable, refer to the column titled "Complexslope" . Move down the column and find slopeclasses "b" and "c", then move horizontallyacross each line to determine the IS value foreach slope class . The LS value for the b slopeclass is 0.20, and the LS value for the c slopeclass is 0.39 .5) Calculate the average annual soil loss, A, foreach soil type by multiplying the values forthe R, K and LS factors. To convert theaverage annual soil loss, A, fromtons/acre/year to tonnes/hectare/year,multiply by 2.24 .The average annual soil loss for Beverly (BV)soils on b slopes, assuming bare soilconditions, is :A=RxKXLS=90 x0.29 x0.20 x2.24= 5.2 t/ha/yThe average annual soil loss for Tavistock (TA)soils on c slopes, assuming bare soilconditions, is :A=RxKxLS=90 x0.27 x0.39 x2.24= 9.5 t/ha/y6) The results indicate that the Beverly soils,which are the dominant soils in the area, havea lower potential erosion than the Tavistocksoils .Method 2The potential average annual soil loss for soiltypes identified in the map symbols can bedetermined from Table 12 . . The average annualsoil loss values given in Table 12 are in metricunits, and are based on an R value of 90 andestimated slope lengths for each slope class. Anexample is as follows:1) Take any map symbol designation from anElgin County soil map.e.g .BV.L>TO.Ld>bBased on the "Key to the Map Symbols" and"Legend" descriptions provided on each soilmap, 40 to 80% of the area represented by thesymbol consists of Beverly loamy phase (BV.L)soils which occur on complex d slopes of 5 to9%, and 20% to less than 40% of the areaconsists of Toledo loamy phase (TO.L) soilswhich occur on complex b slopes of 0.5 to 2%.A potential average annual soil loss for each ofthese soils must therefore be determined.2) Using Table 9, find the symbols 'BV.L" and'TO1" in the first column titled 'MapSymbol".3) Nowmove horizontally across each line to thecolumn titled 'Mean K value", where the Kvalues for each soil type are given. The Kvalue for the BV .L soil type is 0.32, and the Kvalue for the TO.L soil type is 0.23.4) Proceed to Table 12 and find the 0.32 K valuein the left hand column. Now movehorizontally across the line to the "d" slopeclass column. The annual soil loss for theBV .L soil is 53 .5 t/ha/y and is shown wherethe line and column intersect.5) Still using Table 12, find the 0.23 K value inthe left hand column, and then movehorizontally across the line to the "b" slopeclass column. The annual soil loss for theTO .L soil is 9.3 t/ha/y and is shown wherethe line and column intersect .6) The results indicate that the Beverly loamyphase (BVI) soil, which is the dominant soil,has a higher potential erosion than the Toledoloamy phase (TO.L) soil, mainly because of thesteeper slopes associated with that soil.(b)Determining average annual soilloss under known crop coversand management practicesThe preceding methods for determining theaverage annual soil loss do not take into accountvegetative cover or conservation managementpractices which maybe employed. To determinethe average annual soil loss under theseconditions, the R, K, and LS values for the soilmust be multiplied by the appropriate C and Pvalues from Tables 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. Theexample which follows demonstrates theprocedure which should be followed to determine105

the average annual soil loss using all of theUS .L.E . factors:1) Take any map symbol designation from anElgin County soil map.e.g.BEcBased on the 'TCey to the Map Symbols" and"Legend" descriptions provided on each soilmap, this map symbol represents a Berrien(BE) soil which occurs on a complex c slope of2 to 5% . For the purpose of this example, thecrop/vegetation cover for the soil is fallploughed silage corn, with the previous year'scrop being winter wheat. No conservationpractices have been employed .2) Select the appropriate R, K, LS, Cand P factorvalues for the soil and slope components ofthe symbol from the tables provided .R value for Elgin County = 90Kvalue for Berrien (BE) soil = 0.18 (Table 9)LS value for c slope = 0.39 (Table 11)C value for fall ploughed silage corn(previous year winter wheat) = 0.48(Table 13)P value for no conservation practices =1 .00(Table 17)3) Using the Universal Soil Loss Equationand themetric conversion factor of 2.24, calculatethe potential average annual soil loss (A) bywater:A=RxKxLSxCxP=90 x0.18 x039 x0.48 x1.00= 3.0 t/ac/y x 2.24= 6.7 t/ha/y4) The potential average annual soil loss for themap symbol is 6.7 t/ha/y.(5) How to Determine Potential SoilLoss at Field SitesSite or field specific interpretations are usefulfor on-farm management purposes because theyprovide farm managers or extension personnelwith a general indication of the erosion-reducingeffectiveness of various crop and managementsystems . The example which follows outlines theprocedure which should be used to estimate theaverage annual soil loss for a particular field site.The potential soil erosion class for the soil at thatsite can then be determined using Table 18.'Example ,- A particular farm field is thought tohave an ongoing water erosion problem, and thefarm manager would like to know if this is so .The field is in a corn-corn-soybeans (3yr.) rotation,and is fall moldboard ploughed . As aconservation measure, contour farming is carriedout as a standard management practice .Procedure :1) First determine the soil conditions for the field.For the purpose of this example, soilinvestigations indicate that the field iscomposed of Tavistock soils (TA) which havea slope gradient of 5%, and slope lengths of200 metres.2) Now determine all of theUS.L.E . factor valuesfor the field . For this example they are.R value for Elgin County = 90K value for Tavistock soil (TA) = 0.27(Table 9)LS value = 1.37 (for combination of slopelength = 200 metres, and slope gradient= 5%; Table 10)C value = 0.39 * see belowP value = 050 (contour farming; Table 17)* C values for a variety of crops and rotations aregiven in Tables 13,14,15, and 16 . The C value forthis particular rotation, however, is not given inthose tables and is determined as follows:The C value for corn following soybeans, withfall moldboard ploughing (FMP), is 0.47 (Table13)The C value for corn following corn, with fallmoldboard ploughing (FMP), is 0.35 (Table 13)The C value for soybeans following corn, withfall moldboard ploughing (FMP), is 0.36 (Table13)Therefore, the rotational C value isC= 0.47+0.35+0.36 =0.393 (years)3) Using the metric conversion factor of 2.24,calculate the average annual soil loss (A) bywater :A=RxKXLSxCxP=90 x0.27 x1.37 x0.39 x0.50= 6.5 t/ac/y x 2.24= 14 .6 t/ha/y= Moderate (Soil Erosion Potential Class 3;Table 18)4) Since the tolerable"A" value for deepagricultural soils is 6.0 t/ha/yr (3.0 t/ac/y) orless, the results indicate that the potentialerosion for the farm field is above the tolerablelevel. Therefore, a change in cropping orconservation practices are needed to reducethe average annual soil loss to a moreacceptable rate.106

To reduce the soil losses on the field in theexample to a more acceptable level, using achange in cropping practices, rearrange theequation to solve for the crop cover factor (C) .Since the U .S .L.E . is calculated in imperial units,the A value which should be used is 3.0 t/ac/yr .The C value needed to achieve a 3 t/ac/y soil losswould be:C=A/RxKXLSxP (where A=3.0andRxKxLSxP=16 .6)= 3 .0 /16.6= 0.18The farm operator would therefore have to choosea crop or crop rotation with an average annual Cvalue of 0.18 or less . Some alternatives are : 1) aspring disced or cultivated small grain crop (Cvalue = 0 .18; Table 13); 2) a no-till grain corn crop(C value = 0 .16; Table 13); or 3) one of three croprotations which include a forage crop (Table 16) .

Table 9 . Mean K values, K ranges and potential erosion classes of surface materials for soils of Elgin CountyMapSymbol°Soil or Land Unit NameNumber ofSitesMeanK ValuesK RangesPotentialErosionClasses **AL Alluvium 0 Not DeterminedAY Ayr 0 0.15 * 1AY.F Ayr fine phase 0 0.24 * 2-3AY.L Ayr loamy phase 0 031 * 2-3BE Berrien 13 0.18 0.08-0.31 1-4BE.T Berrien till phase 33 0.17 0.02-0.42 1-3BF Brantford 0 0.30 * 4-5BF.C Brantford coarse phase 0 0.15 * 5BF.L Brantford loamy phase 0 034 * .3-5BI Brisbane 1 0.14 1BN Bennington 0 035 * 3-5BN.T Bennington till phase 3 039 036-0.44 3-5BO Bookton 1 0.21 3-5BO.T Bookton till phase 5 0.16 0.07-0.24 3-5BT Brant 5 0.42 032-0.49 3-5BU Burford 4 0.17 0.14-020 1-3BV Beverly 12 029 021-035 2-5BV.C Beverly coarse phase 0 0.16 * 2-3BV.L Beverly loamy phase 16 0.32 0.19-0.44 2-5BY Brady 8 0.10 0.01-0.22 1-2CA Caledon 2 021 0.01-0.41 2-3CA .F Caledon fine phase 0 029 * 5CH Churchville 0 021 * 2CH.P Churchville peaty phase 0 023 * 2CM Camilla 7 0.18 0.09-030 1-3CM .L Camilla loamy phase 0 031 * 3CW Colwood 9 035 021-0.48 3CW.C Colwood coarse phase 0 0.16 * 2CW.P Colwood peaty phase 0 023 * 2EK Ekfrid 14 020 0.16-024 2-5EK.C Ekfrid coarse phase 0 0.14 * 1-3EK.L Ekfrid loamy phase 2 020 0.16-024 2-3ER Eroded Channel 0 Not DeterminedFR Frome 1 0.07 1FRY Frome peaty phase 0 0.23 * 2FX Fox 5 0.09 0.02-0.15 1-5GO Gobles 53 026 0.18-0.40 2-5GO.C Gobles coarse phase 5 0.19 0.10-032 2-4GO .L Gobles loamy phase 35 035 0.15-0.50 3-5GO.W Gobles washed phase 0 034 * 3-5GY Granby 5 0.10 0.02-0.16 1HI Highgate 19 020 0.01-0.54 2-5* Estimated salutes** Based on A= R x Kx LS for range of slope classes identified on the soil maps108

Table 9. Mean K values,K ranges and potential erosion classes of surface materials for soils of Elgin County (continued)MapSymbolSoil or Land Unit NameNumber ofSitesMeanK ValuesK RangesPotentialErosionClasses **KE Kelvin 41 0.22 0.15-0.29 2-3KE.C Kelvin coarse phase 3 0.13 0.10-0.15 1KE.L Kelvin loamy phase 4 0.30 0.22-0.39 211KE.W Kelvin washed phase 3 0.33 0.26-0.43 3KT Kintyre 21 0.15 0.01-0.42 3-5MA Maplewood 3 0.28 0.25-030 2-3MA.T Maplewood till phase 6 038 0.18-0.54 3ME Melbourne 0 0.28 5MI Middlemarch 6 0.17 0.08-032 3MK Muirkirk 1 0.17 2MU Muriel 7 0.29 0.25-0.33 4-5MU .L Muriel loamy phase 5 0.34 0.26-0.41 4-5MU.W Muriel washed phase 1 035 5NM Not Mapped 0 Not DeterminedNO Normandale 50 0.25 0.04-0S0 2-5OR Organic 0 Not DeterminedPF Plainfield 44 0.11 0.03-0.24 1-5SC Scarp 0 Not DeterminedSH Shedden 14 0.15 0.02-0.29 2-5SL Silver Hill 5 0.10 0.06-0.16 1SO Southwold 0 0.19 2SP Springwater 3 0.11 0.02-0.19 1ST Strathburn 12 0.16 0.09-0.22 1-2ST.C Strathburn coarse phase 3 0.15 0.11-0.21 2ST .L Strathburn loamy phase 0 0.28 2-3SW St. Williams 15 0.21 0.12-037 2-3TA Tavistock 7 0.27 0.23-034 2-5TA.T Tavistock till phase 40 0.39 0.16-0.50 3-5TO Toledo 20 0.19 0.10-0.31 2-3TO.C Toledo coarse phase 0 0.15 1-2TO.L Toledo loamy phase 6 0.23 0.09-032 2TU Tuscola 47 0.41 0.18-0.60 3-5TU.C Tuscola coarse phase 0 0.14 1-2VC Valley Complex 0 Not DeterminedVI Vittoria 27 0.19 0.02-0.45 2-4WA Walsher 6 0.13 0.04-030 1-3WF Wattford 6 038 0.21-0.49 3-5WM Walsingham 44 0.10 0.01-0.41 1-2WN Waterin 12 0.10 0.05-0.17 1WU Wauseon 2 0.22 0.22-0.22 2WU.T Wauseon till phase 2 0.10 0.05-0.15 1Estimated valutes'" Based on A = R x K x LS for ronge of slope classes identified n the soil maps109

Table 10.LS values for different combinations of slope length and slope gradientSlopegradient%10 15 20 25 30 40Slope length (m)50 60 75 100 125 150 200 250 30002 .063 .069 .073 .076 .080 .084 .088 .091 .095 .101 .105 .l09 .111 .120 .1250.5 .076 .083 .088 .092 .095 .101 .105 .109 .114 .l21 .l26 .131 .139 .145 .1510.8 .090 .098 .104 .108 .112 .119 .l24 .l29 .135 .143 .149 .155 .164 .172 .1782 .144 .162 .177 .189 .200 .218 233 .246 .263 .287 .307 .324 .353 .377 .3993 .205 232 .253 .270 .285 .311 .333 .351 .376 .410 .438 .463 .504 .539 .5704 256 .301 .338 .369 .397 .446 .487 .524 .573 .643 .703 .756 .849 .928 .9985 .306 .375 .433 .485 .531 .613 .685 .751 .839 .970 1.08 1.19 1.37 1.53 1.696 .385 .472 .545 .609 .667 .770 .861 .940 1.05 1.22 1.36 1.49 1.72 1.93 2.118 .568 .695 .803 .898 .980 1.14 1.27 1.39 1.56 1.80 2.01 220 2.54 2.84 3.1110 .780 .960 1.11 1.24 1.36 1.57 1.75 1.92 2.15 2.48 2.77 3.04 3.5l 3.92 4.2912 1.03 1.27 1.46 1.63 1.79 2.07 2.31 2.53 2.83 327 3.65 4.00 4.62 5.17 5.6614 1.13 1.61 1.86 2.08 228 2.63 2.94 322 3.60 4.16 4.65 5.09 5.88 6.57 7.2016 1.63 1.99 2.30 2.57 2.82 3.25 3.63 3.98 4.45 5.14 5.75 6.30 727 8.13 8.9018 1.97 2.41 2.78 3.11 3.41 3.93 4.40 4.82 5.39 622 6.95 7.62 8.80 9.83 10.8020 2.34 2.86 . 3.30 3.69 4.05 4.67 522 5.72 6.40 7.39 826 9.05 10.40 11 .70 12.8025 3.40 420 5.80 5.30 5.80 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.25 10 .75 12 .00 13 .00 15.00 17.00 18 .5030 4.60 5.60 6.50 725 8.00 920 1025 1120 12 .50 14 .50 16.00 18.50 19.00 21.00 -40 825 11 .00 1025 11.50 12.50 14.50 1625 18 .00 20.00 - - - - - -Table 11.Generalized LS values for Elgin CountySlope%SimpleSlopeSlope length(m)LSvalueComplexslopeSlope length(m)LSvalue0-2 B 100 0.16 b 30 0.202-5 C 75 0.57 C 30 0.395-9 D 65 1.20 d 30 0.839-15 E 60 253 e 30 1.7915-30 F 75 6.40 f 50 5.22>30 G 50 10.25 9 50 10.25

Table 12. Potential soil erosion losses for given Kvalues and slope conditions in Elgin County (tlhaly)KValueB b C c DSlope classes' d E e F f G g0.02 0.7 0.8 2.3 1.6 4.8 3.4 10 .2 7.2 25.8 21.1 41 .3 41 .30.04 1.3 1 .6 4.6 3.1 9.7 6.7 20 .4 14.4 51 .6 42 .1 82 .7 82 .70.06 1.9 2.4 6.9 4.7 14.5 10.0 30 .6 21 .7 77.4 63.1 124.0 124.00.08 2.6 32 92 6.3 19.4 13.4 40 .8 28 .9 103 .2 84.2 165.3 165.30.10 32 4.0 11 .5 7.9 242 16 .7 51 .0 36.1 129.0 105.2 206.6 206.60.12 3.9 4.8 13.8 9.4 29.0 20.1 61 .2 43 .3 1548 126.3 248.0 248.00.14 4.5 5.6 16.1 11.0 33 .9 23 .4 71 .4 50 .5 180.6 147.3 289.3 289.30.16 52 6.5 18.4 12.6 38.7 26.8 81.6 57.7 206.4 168.4 330.6 330.60.18 5.8 73 20.7 14.2 43.6 30.1 91 .8 65.0 232.2 189.4 372.0 372.0020 6.5 9.1 23 .0 15 .7 48.4 33.5 102.0 72 .2 25&1 210.5 413.3 413.3021 6.8 8.5 24 .1 16.5 50.8 35.1 107.1 75.8 271.0 221.0 433.9 433.90.22 7.1 8.9 25.3 17.3 ' 53.2 36.8 112.2 79.4 283.9 231.5 454.6 454.60.23 7.4 9.3 26 .4 18 .1 55 .6 38 .5 117.3 83 .0 296.8 242.0 475.3 475.30.24 7.7 9.7 27.6 18 .9 58 .1 40.2 122.4 86.6 309.7 252.6 495.9 495.90.25 8.1 10.1 28.7 19.7 60.5 41.8 127.5 90.2 322.6 263.1 516.6 516.60.26 8.4 10.5 29 .9 20 .4 62 .9 43 .5 132.6 93 .8 335.5 273.6 537.3 537.30.27 8.7 10.9 31.0 21 .2 65 .3 45.2 137.7 97.4 348.4 284.1 557.9 557.90.28 9.0 113 32.2 22.0 67.7 46.9 142.8 101.0 361.3 294.7 578.6 578.60.29 9.4 11.7 33 .3 22 .8 70 .2 48 .5 147.9 1047 3742 305.2 599.3 599.30.30 9.7 12.1 34.5 23 .6 72 .6 50 .2 153.0 108.3 387.1 315.7 619.9 619.90.31 10.0 12.5 35 .6 24 .4 75 .0 51 .9 15&1 111.9 400.0 326.2 640.6 640.60.32 10.3 12.9 36 .8 25 .2 77.4 53 .5 163.2 115 .5 412-9 336.8 661.3 661.30.34 11 .0 13.7 39 .1 26 .7 82 .3 56 .9 173.4 122.7 43&7 357.8 702.6 702.60.35 113 14 .1 40.2 27.5 84 .7 58.6 178.5 126.3 451.6 368.3 723.2 723.20.36 11.6 14 .5 41 .4 28 .3 87.1 60 .2 183.6 129 .9 464.5 378.9 743.9 743.90.37 11.9 14 .9 42 .5 29 .1 89 .5 61 .9 188.7 133.5 477.4 389.4 764.6 764.60.38 12 .3 15 .3 43 .7 29 .9 91 .9 63 .6 193.8 137.1 490.3 399.9 785.2 785.20.40 12.9 16 .1 46.0 31 .5 96.8 66 .9 204.0 144.4 516.1 420.9 826.6 826.60.42 13.6 16 .9 48 .3 33 .0 101.6 70 .3 214.2 151.6 541.9 442.0 867.9 867.90.43 13 .9 17.3 49 .4 33 .8 104.0 72 .0 219.3 155.2 554.8 452.5 888.6 888.60.44 14 .2 17.7 50.6 34.6 106.4 73 .6 224.4 15&8 567.7 463.0 909.2 909.20.46 14 .8 18 .6 52 .9 36.2 111 .3 77.0 234.6 166.0 593.5 484.1 950.5 950.50.48 15 .5 19 .4 55.2 37.7 116.1 80.3 244.8 173.2 619.3 505.1 991.9 991.90.50 16 .1 20.2 57.5 39 .3 121.0 83 .7 255.0 180.4 645.1 526.2 1033.2 1033.20.52 16.8 21 .0 59 .8 40.9 125.8 97.0 265.2 187.7 670.9 547.2 1074.5 1074.50.54 17.4 21 .8 62.1 42.5 130.6 90.4 275.4 194.9 696.7 568.3 1115.9 1115.90.56 18 .1 22.6 64.4 44.0 135.5 93 .7 285.6 202.1 722.5 589.3 1157.2 1157.20.58 18.7 23.4 66.7 45.6 140.3 97.1 295.8 209.3 748.3 610.4 1198.5 1198.50.59 19.0 23.8 67.8 46.4 142.7 98.7 300.9 212.9 761.2 620.9 1219.2 1219 .20.60 19 .4 24.2 69.0 47.2 145.2 100.4 306.0 216.5 774.1 631.4 1239.8 1239 .80.62 20.0 25.0 71.3 48.8 150.0 103.7 316.2 223.7 800.0 652.5 1281 .2 1281 .20.64 20.6 25.8 73.5 50.3 1548 107.1 326.4 231.0 825.8 673.5 1322.5 1322.50.66 21 .3 26.6 75.8 51 .9 159.7 110.4 336.6 238.2 851.6 694L6 1363.8 1363.80.68 21 .9 27.4 78.1 53.5 164.5 113.8 346.8 245.4 877.4 715.6 1405.2 1405.20.70 22.6 28.2 80.4 55.0 169.3 117.1 357.0 252.6 903.2 736.7 1446.5 1446.50.72 232 29.0 82 .7 56.6 174.2 120.5 367.2 259.8 929.0 757.7 1487.8 1487.80.74 23.9 29.8 85.0 58.2 179.0 123.8 377.4 267.0 954.8 778.7 1529.1 1529.10.76 24.5 30.6 87.3 59.8 183.9 127.2 387.6 274.3 980.6 799.8 1570.5 1570.50.78 25 .2 31 .5 89.6 61.3 18&7 130.5 397.8 281.5 1006A 820.8 1611 .8 1611 .80.80 25 .8 32.3 91 .9 62.9 193.5 133.9 408.0 288.7 1032.2 841.9 1653.1 1653.1

Table 13.C values for common field crops in Elgin CountyField CropPrevious CropManagementbefore cropRange **C ValueMean.Corn (grain) soybeans F MP 0.47soybeans - S MP 0.39winter wheat F MP 0.33-0.35 0.34corn (grain) F MP 0.34-0.35 0.35corn (grain) F MP 0.34(2nd year after hay)soybeans before winter F Ch 0.32-0.33 0.33wheatcorn (grain) S MP 0.29-0.31 - 0.30corn (grain) S MP 0.27-028 028(2nd year after hay)soybeans S D/C 027-028 028corn (grain) F Ch 0.23soybeans NT 0.23-0.25 024hay - F MP 021hay S MP 0.16corn (grain) NT 0.12-0.15 0.16Corn winter wheat F MP 0.46-052 0.48(silage) corn (grain) F MP 0.46-051 0.49corn (grain) F MP 0.44-0.49 0.47-(2nd year after hay)corn (grain) S MP 0.41-0-44 0.43corn (grain) S MP 0.38-0.41 0.40(2nd year after hay)soybeans S D/C 0.31-0-33 0.32hay F MP 027-0.28 028hay S MP 022-0.24 024soybeans NT 024-025 025Hay (grass,establishing yearlegume mix) - corn (grain) F MP 022- spring grain F Ch - 0.15-- corn (grain) S MP 0.08- spring grain us 0.04established meadow 0.006Soybeans soybeans F MP 0.48soybeans before winter F MP 0.44wheatwinter wheat F MP 0.41corn (grain) F MP 032-0.39 0.36corn (grain) S MP 036-0.40 0.37soybeans F&S Ch 0.36-0-40 0.37soybeans S D/C 0.33soybeans NT 0.32-0.34 0.33corn (grain) S Ch/D 031-0.33 032

Table 13 .C values for common field crops in Elgin County (continued)Field CropPrevious CropManagementbefore cropRange **CValueMeanSpring grain corn (grain) F MP 0 .38(barley, oats, corn (grain) S MP 0 .34corn (silage) F MP 0 .31corn (grain) S MP 0 .26(2nd year after hay)corn (grain) S D/C 0 .18corn (grain) S D/C 0.15(2nd year after hay)Winter wheat corn, spring grain, orsoybeansF MP 0.29-0.30 . 0.29soybeans F Ch 0.24soybeans C 0.14-0.18 0 .16hay F MP 0.15F MP - fall moldboard plough or conventional tillage (plough, discleultivate twice, then plant)S MP - spring moldboard plough or conventional tillage (plough, dis%ultivate twice, then plant),S DEC - spring disc (D or cultivate (C) before plantingF Ch -fall chisel ploughS Ch/D - spring chisel plough (Ch) or disc (D)NT - no tillUS - underseeded;F & S Ch - fall and spring chisel ploughC - cultivate** For the C value ranges given, the higher values for each crop type and management practice are appropriate for situations where the soilis exposed for a long period of time, for example.(1) early fall ploughing;or (2) when spring planting is delayed after seedbed preparation due to poor climatic conditions, and/orfine texturedor poorly drained soils . The lower values are appropriate for situations whereoptimum management and/or climatic conditions prevail, andthey are also appropriate for sandy or well drained soils that can be worked early in the planting season.The mean C values given in the table should be used for general conditions, and also when the management history is not known.Some crops or management practices in the County may not be represented in this table due to insufficient data .

Table 14 . C values for some field crops followed by a winter cover cropField CropWinter cover cropManagementbefore field crop * C value **Grain corn or sweet corn Grass and/or legume . S MP 0.24cover crop plougheddown in the spring (e.g .red clover, sweet clover,rye grass, etc.)Broadleaf cover crop (e .g . S MP 0.30oilseed radish, buckwheat)Silage corn Grass and/or legume S MP 0.28cover cropBroadleaf cover crop S MP 0.36Soybeans following a Grass and/or legume S MP 024corn or small grain cropGrass and/or legume F & S Ch 024Grass and/or legume S D/C 0.22cover cropSoybeans following Grass and/or legume S D/C 0.19soybeanscover crop* S MP - spring moldboard plough or conventional tillage (plough, dis%ultivate twice, then plant)S DIC - spring disc (D) or cultivate (C) before plantingFb S Ch -fall and spring chisel plough** The C values given are one year averages

Table 15 .C values for some speciality crops in Elgin CountySpecialty CropAsparagusCauliflowerCucumbersOrchardPeanutsPeasPeppersPotatoesRaspberriesRutabagasStrawberriesTobacco with ryeor winter wheatTomatoesManagement15-20 years continuousfall or spring discspring tillage or cultivation1) cultivated, bare soil2) 100% ground cover1) fall tillage or cultivation2) spring tillage or cultivation1) spring moldboard ploughedfollowing a corn or small graincrop, and then peas followed bygrass and/or legume cover crop2) fall and spring chisel ploughedfollowing a corn or small graincrop, and then peas followed bya grass and/or legume covercrop3) spring cultivation followinga corn or small grain crop, thenpeas followed by a grass and/orlegume cover crop4) spring cultivation followingsoybeans or peas, then peasfollowed by a grass and/orlegume cover crop1) fall tillage or cultivation2) spring tillage or cultivation1) fall tillage or cultivation2) rotation with winter cover crop(average c-value)1) 10-15 years continuous, bare soil2) 10-15 years continuous, 75%ground coverfall tillage or cultivation4-5 years continuous, straw coverin winter1) spring moldboard ploughedbefore tobacco and rye or winterwheat2) spring moldboard ploughedbefore tobacco, disced before ryeor winter wheat1) fall tillage or cultivation2) spring tillage or cultivation

Table 16.C values for some common crop rotations in Elgin CountyRotation * C value **Silage corn (2; FMP), Soybeans (1 ; F chisel), Winter wheat (1; FMP) 0.40Silage corn (2; FMP), Soybeans (1 ; cultivate), Winter wheat (1 ; FMP) 0.38Silage corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1 ; FMP), Hay (1) 0 .33Silage corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1 ; F chisel), Hay (1) . 0 .31Silage corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1 ; FMP, underseeded with hay), Hay (1) 0.28Silage corn (2; FNP), Hay (3) 0.20Silage corn (3; FMP), Winter wheat (1; FMP) 0.43Grain corn (1 ; FMP), Soybeans (1 ; FMP), Winter wheat (1 ; FMP) 0.33Grain corn (1 ; FMP), soybeans (1 ; FMP) . 0.42Grain corn (2; FMP), Soybeans (1 ; F chisel), Winter wheat (1; FMP) 0 .33Grain corn (2, FMP), Soybeans (1 ; cultivate), Winter wheat (1 : FMP) 0 .31Grain corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1; FWIP), Hay (1) 0.29Grain corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1; F chisel), Hay (1) 027Grain corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1; FMP, underseeded with hay), Hay (1) 024Grain corn (2; FMS), Spring grain (1; FMP), Hay (3) 0.19Grain corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1 ; F chisel), Hay (3) 0.18Grain corn (2; FMP), Spring grain (1 ; FMP, underseeded with hay), Hay (3) _ 0.16Grain corn (2; FMP), Hay (3) 0.15Grain corn (3; FMP), Winter wheat (1; FMP) 0.33Grain corn (3; F. chisel), Winter wheat (1 ; FMP) 0.28Soybeans (3; FMP), Winter wheat (1 ; FMP) 0.39Soybeans (1; FMP), Winter wheat (1 ; FMP) 0.36Tobacco (SNIP), Rye (grain), Rye (winter cover) 0 .31-2 yr . total C value for 1 yr. averageTobacco (SNIP), Rye (SNIP) 0 .31Tobacco (SNIP), Rye (D) 028Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of years that the crop is grown consecutively.The abbreviations in parentheses are:FMP - fall moldboard plough;SNIP - spring moldboard plough;F chisel - fall chisel plough;D - disc.** The C values given are averages that were determined by summing the individual C values of all crops in the rotation and dividing thatnumber by the number of years in the rotation .

Table 17.P values for conservation or management practices in Elgin CountyPracticeP valueUp and down slop farming (cultivation and planting) 1 .00Cross-slope farming 0.75Contour fanning (2-7 percent slopes) 0.50Strip-cropping, cross slope 0.37Strip-cropping, on contour 0.25Table 18 .Guidelines for assessing potential soil erosion classesPotential soil erosionloss classes1 Negligiblet/ha/y33 >15

GLOSSARYAlluvium materialBlanketCalcareousCoarse fragmentsCoarse texturedColluvialConsistenceControl sectionDistinct mottlesrefers to materials depositedby rivers and streams,usually on riverbeds andfloodplains .a mantle of unconsolidatedmaterials thick enough tomask minor irregularities inthe underlying unit but stillconforming to the generalunderlying topography.refers to materials containingsufficient calcium carbonateto effervesce with 0.1 Nhydrochloric acid .rock or mineral particlesgreater than 2.0 mm indiameter .a term applied to soilmaterials which fall withinthe coarse textural group .The coarse textural group isa group of soil textureswhich contain 52% or moresand, and less than 20% clay .Common soil texturesassociated with this groupinclude sand, loamy sand,and sandy loam (see Figure11).describes soil material thathas moved downhill andaccumulated on lower slopesand/or at the base of slopes .the degree of cohesion oradhesion of the soil mass.the vertical section of soilupon which classification isbased (usually 1 metre) .spots of colour in soilhorizons, caused by impededdrainage, whose contrastwith the basic horizoq is low .Dominant andSignificantEluvial horizonEolianFine texturedFluvialterms which refer to therelative proportions ofcomponents which constitutethe symbols shown on thesoil maps . Dominant meansthat 40-80% of the arearepresented by the mapsymbol consists of that soiltype or slope class :Significant means that 20 toless than 40% of the arearepresented by the mapsymbol consists of that soiltype or slope class. Whenonly a single soil type isshown in a map symbol, oronly a single slope class inshown in amap symbol,80%or more of the arearepresented by the mapsymbol consists of that soiltype or slope class .a soil horizon formed by theprocess of leaching ofcarbonates, iron, humus, etc .by soil solutions.sediments transported anddeposited by wind .a term applied to soilmaterials which fall withinthe fine textural group. Thefine textural group is a groupof soil textures which containeither: 1) 20-10% clay if thesand content is more than45%; or 2) 27-40% clay if thesand content is less than45%. Common soil texturesassociated with this groupinclude silty clay loam andclay loam (see Figure 11).river sediments laid downdirectly in front of, or . incontact with, glacial ice .Stratified sands and gravelspredominate.

Glacial tillGley coloursIce-contactstratified driftIlluvial horizonInclusionsLacustrinematerialMap Delineationa heterogeneous mixture ofsand, silt, clay, gravels andstones deposited directly byglacial ice . In Elgin County,only Port Stanley till occurswhich is a silty clay till,usually with less than 5%coarse fragments .gray, greenish gray, or bluishgray colours caused by thereduction of iron and otherelements under poordrainage conditions .poorly stratified sands andgravels laid down in crevicefillings in stratified driftstagnant ice. May includemodified till layers. In ElginCounty this material usuallyoccurs as short ridges withlocal relief to 10 m (see also'Moraine, stagnant").a soil horizon in whichmaterial, such as iron or clay,has accumulated and hasbeen leached from overlyingsoil horizons.minor proportions of soils ornonsoils within a mapdelineation, that occur inunmappable amounts(usually less than 20 percentof the total area) .material deposited in lakewater, and later exposed,either by lowering of thewater level, or by uplifting ofthe land. Nearshore, shallowwater deposited Laustrinematerial usually consists ofsand and silt, while silt andclay predominate in offshore,deep water depositedmaterial.a single area on the soil map,bounded by a continuousline and containing a mapsymbol . Also called a mappolygon .Medium texturedMoraine, endMoraine, groundMoraine, stagnantOrganic soilOutwashParent materialPhysiographya term applied to soilmaterials which fall withinthe medium textural group.The medium textural groupis a group of soil textureswhich contain less than 52%and and less than 27% clay.Common soil texturesassociated with this groupinclude loam and silt loam(see Figure 11) .an accumulation of earthdeposited as a ridge orridges in front of a recedingglacier as it temporarilypaused.an* accumulation of earth inthe form of undulatingplains, and depositedpredominantly under glacialice.a portion of an end morainecharacterizedby rapid downmeltingof ice cut off from aglacier.a soil composed primarily ofplant and animal materials,and containing more than17% organic carbon, or morethan 30% organic matter byweight.sediments washed out bymelt water flowing from orthrough glacial ice and laiddown as stratified sands,gravels or cobbles .the unconsolidated and moreor less chemically weatheredmineral or organic matterfrom which the solum of thesoil has developed bypedogenic processes.a description of nature ornatural phenomema ingeneral e.g. the publicationtitled "The Physiography ofSouthern Ontario" (7)describes the major surfacefeatures of Southern Ontario,with special emphasis on thelocal landforms composed ofunconsolidated materials.

ProminentmottlesRaised shorelineSoil horizonSoil morphologySoil permeabilitySoil profileSoil reactionspots of colour in soilhorizons, caused by impededdrainage, whose contrastwith the basic horizon colouris high.wave-cut side slopes ofglacial till or hummockyridges of mainly stratifiedsands and gravels, depositedat the shore of an ancientglacial lake.a distinct layer of soil,approximately parallel to theground surface. Usually twoto six horizons occur withinone metre of the groundsurface .the constitution of the soil,including the texture,structure, consistence, colourand other physical, chemical,and biological properties ofthe various soil horizons thatmake up the soil profile.the ease with which gases orliquids penetrate or passthrough the soil . The soilpermeability classes used todescribe the soils in thisreport are based on thosedescribed in the publication"CanSIS Manual fordescribing soils in the field"(12).a vertical section of the soilthrough all its horizons, andextending in to the parentmaterialthe degree of acidity oralkalinity of a soil, usuallyexpressed as a pH value.Descriptive terms commonlyassociated with certainranges in pH are : extremelyacid, 45 or less ; verystrongly acid, 4.6-5 .0 ;strongly acid, 5.1-5 .5 ;mediumacid, 5 .6-6 .0, slightlyacid, 6.1-6.5; neutral, 6.6-73,slightly alkaline, 7.4-7.8,moderately alkaline, 7 .9-8 .4;and strongly alkaline, 8.5 ormore . These descriptions arecontained in the publication"CanSIS Manual fordescribing soils" (12) .Soil structureSoil textureFigure 12.the combination orarrangement of primary soilparticles into secondaryparticles, units or peds .the relative proportions ofthe various particle sizefractions in a soil, asdescribed by the soil textureclasses shown in Figure 12.The sand portion of thetriangle may be furthersubdivided into coarse sand,sand, fine sand and very finesand, based on theproportions of various sandsizes within the sandfraction. . Likewise, loamysand may be divided intoloamy coarse sand, loamysand, loamy fine sand andloamy very fine sand . Whenthe gravel percentage isbetween 20 and 50 percent,the textural class is modifiedby "gravelly", e.g. gravellysandy loam . When thegravel percentage is greaterthan 50 percent, the texturalclass name is modified by"very gravelly", e .g . verygravelly sandy loam.Soil Texture Classes

Soil typeSolumSpillwayStereoscopeSurficialgeology .the primary soil unit in thisreport for which alldescriptive and interpretiveinformation applies .the upper horizons of a soilin which the parent materialhas been modified and inwhich most plant roots arecontained . It usually consistsof A and B horizons .an abandoned channelformed by flowing glacialmeltwater.an optical instrument used toobtain a three-dimensionalimage of the land surfacefrom aerial photographs .that branch of geologydealing with surfacelandforms and theunconsolidated materials thatcomprise them.Tolerable soil lossVeneerVery fine texturedthe rate at which soil can beremoved before theagricultural productivity ofthe land is adverselyaffected .a layer of unconsolidatedmaterial up to one metrethick deposited on thesurface of some othercontrasting deposit.a term applied to soilmaterials which fall withinthe very fine textural group .The very fine textural groupis a group of soil textureswhich contain more than40% clay. Common soiltextures associated with thisgroup include silty clay andclay (see Figure 11).* Most definitions for this glossary were based on the following sources :Agriculture Canada, Research Branch. Revised 1976. Glossary of Terms in Soil Science. Publication1459, 44 pp .Soil Conservation Society of America . 1970. Resource Conservation Glossary. 52 pp .

4. Schut, L.W. and W.G. Stevens . 1989.Preliminary Soils of Elgin County, WesternPortion, Southern Ontario. Ontario Institute ofPedology. Preliminary map PM .37, scale1:50,000.REFERENCES1 . Department of Chemistry, Ontario Agricultural 11 . Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on SoilCollege . 1929 . Soil map of the County ofElgin . Survey. 1987 . The Canadian system of soilOntario Soil Survey Report No . 2. Map scale classiication . 2nd ed . Agriculture Canada.1:126,720. Publication 1646 . 164 pp .2. Schut, L.W., E.A. Wilson and W.G . Stevens. 12. Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey .1988 . Preliminary Soils of Elgin County, Eastern 1982. The Canada Soil Information SystemPortion, Southern Ontario . Ontario Institute of (CanSIS) Manual for describing soils in the field.Pedology . Preliminary map PM .35, scale Revised. J.H. Day, editor . Research Branch,150,000 . Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. 170 pp .3 . Schut, IN ., E.A . Wilson and W.G. Stevens . 13 . Ontario Institute of Pedology . 1985 . field1988. Preliminary Soils of Elgin County, Central manual for describing soils . 3rd edition .Portion, Southern Ontario . Ontario Institute of Ontario Institute of Pedology and UniversityPedology. Preliminary map PM .36, scale of Guelph. O.I.P . Publication No . 85-3 .1:50,000.14 . Mapping System Working Group, CanadaExpert Committee on Soil Survey . 1981 . A soilmapping system for Canada : Revised. LandResource Research Institute, AgricultureCanada, Ottawa. Contribution Number 142 .94 pp .5. Wilson, E.A. and L.W. Schut. 1988.Preliminary Agricultural Sod Capabilities forCommon Field Crops in Elgin County. OntarioInstitute of Pedology . Publication No . 884 .6. Statistical Services Unit, Economics and PolicyCoordination Branch. 1990 . 1990 AgriculturalStatistics for Ontario. Ontario Ministry ofAgriculture and Food. Publication 20.7. Chapman, L.J . and D.F. Putnam . 1984. Th ePhysiography of Southern Ontario. ThirdEdition. Ontario Geological Survey, SpecialVolume 2, 270 pp. Accompanied by mapP. 2715, (coloured) scale 1:600,000 .8. Brown, D.M ., G.A. McKay and L.J. Chapman .1968. The Climate of Southern Ontario .Climatological Studies No . 5, MeteorologicalBranch, Ontario Department of Transport.9. Duff, J.P., L.T. Thomas, D.J . Day, K.M. Kingand R Protz . 1979 . Locating the PotentiallyMost Profitable Soils for Growing Grapes in theAreas Bordering Lake Erie. Department of LandResource Science, University of Guelph,Guelph . Tech . Memo 79-3 .10. Brown, D.M ., and A. Bootsma. 1991 . FreezeRisk During Spring and Autumn in Ontario .Factsheet, Agdex 072 . Ontario Ministry ofAgriculture and Food .15 . Munsell Soil Colour Charts . 1975 . MunsellColour. Baltimore, Maryland 21218 .16 . Research Branch, Canada Department ofAgriculture. 1976 . Glossary of Terms in SoilScience. Revised . Agriculture Canada.Publication 1459. 44 pp .17. Environment Canada . 1972. Canada LandInventory soil capability classification foragriculture . Report No . 2 . 16 pp.18 . Nolan, S.,D. Aspinall, and J. Heard . Suitabilityof Conservation Tillage Systems to Ontario SoilTypes. 1990 . Factsheet, Agdex 512. OntarioMinistry of Agriculture and Food.19 . Brokx, M. A., F.G. Burrows and E.W . Presant.1989 . Révised Site Determination of SoilCapability for General Field Crops in the RegionalMunicipalities ofHaldimand-Norfolk and Niagara .Ontario Institute of Pedology. OIP No . 89-2 .19 pp .20. McBride, RA . and E.E . Mackintosh. 1984 . Soilsurvey interpretations from water retention data: I.Development and validation of a water retentionmodel. Soil Sci . Soc. Am. J. 48:1338-1343 .122

21 . McBride, RA. andE.E . Mackintosh . 1984 . Soilsurvey interpretations from water retention data:II. Assessment of soil capability ratings and cropperformance indices . Soil Sci. Soc . Am. J .48:1343-1350 .22 . Leeson, B., and Soil Science Department ofUniversity of Guelph . 1969 . An Organic SoilCapability Classification for Agriculture and aStudy of the Organic Soils of Simcoe County .Federal-Provincial Rural DevelopmentAgreement. ARDA.23 . Hoffman, D.W., and C.J. Acton . 1974 . TheSoils ofNorthumberland County . Report No . 42,Ontario Soil Survey. Research Branch,Agriculture Canada and Ontario AgriculturalCollege.24 . Mathur, S.P ., and M.P . Levesque. 1987 . ARevised Agricultural Capability Rating SchemeforOrganic Soils in Canada. Land ResourceReseach Centre, Research Branch, AgricultureCanada . (unpublished manuscript).27 . Soil Resources Development and ConservationService, Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations, Rome. 1976 . A frameworkfor land evaluation . Soils Bulletin 32.28 . Wischmeier, W.H. and D.D . Smith. 1978 .Predicting rainfall erosion losses - a guide toconservation planning. United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. AgricultureHandbook No. 537.29 . Shelton, I .J . and G.J . Wall . 1989 . Soil erosion bywater interpretations for Ontario soil surveyreports . Unpublished Ontario Institute ofPedology/Agriculture Canada report.30. Wall, G.J.,W.T . Dickinson and J. Greuel . 1983.Rainfall erosion indices for Canada east of theRocky Mountains. Can . J. Soil Sci . 63:271-280.25 . Research Branch, Agriculture Canada . 1981 .Climate and soil requirements for economicallyimportant crops in Canada. Prepared by P.A .Dube. 55 pp .26. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 1990 .A Compilation of Soil, Water and ClimaticRequirements for Selected Horticultural Crops inSouthern Ontario. Prepared by E.W . Presant .Ontario Institute of Pedology. Publication 90-3. 82 pp .

APPENDIX 1Generalized Soil Information for Selected Soilsin Elgin County

ALLUVIUM (AL) - clayeyGENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEMainly fine to very fine (clayey) textured alluvial materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Apk 11 22 5 30 14 46 24 L 3.8 7.3 7.6Bmgjkl i l 47 2 26 13 45 29 CL 1 .8 7.4 7.1Bmgjk2 6 76 1 21 8 44 35 CL 1 .9 7.3 4.5Ckg 5 6 22 2 35 43 C _ 7.5 26.6ALLUVIUM (AL) - loamyGENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEMainly medium (loamy) textured alluvial materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES- Depth fo -Organic--No. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Apk 17 20 1 39 17 43 18 L 3 .0 7.3 8.9Bmgjkl 13 66 1 43 17 41 17 L 1 .3 7.4 9.3Bmgjk2 8 84 1 45 16 37 18 L 0.9 7.4 5.9Ckg 7 11 58 13 30 11 SL 0.1 7.5 19.1BERRIEN SOIL (BE)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS 40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialDRAINAGEImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 17 24 1 71 15 18 11 SL 3 .2 6.5 0.3Bmgj 11 51 2 81 19 13 6 LS 0.8 6.7 0.1Bt9j 8 54 3 69 15 16 15 SL 0.6 6.8 0.6IICkgj 14 1 10 1 50 40 SIC 7.5 20 .3

BERRIEN SOIL TILL PHASE (BE.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialImperfectHorizonNo . ofSamplesep toHorizonBase (cm)Gravel%MEAN HORIZON VALUESSand%VF Sand Silt% %Clay%TextuneUrgamcMatter%pH inCaCl2CaCO3%Ap 36 24 2 71 15 18 11 FSL 3 .0 6.6 0.6Bmgj 37 53 2 78 18 13 9 FSL 0.6 6.6 0.3Btgi 17 61 4 71 i l 11 18 FSL 0 .5 . 6.9 0 .3IlCkgi 24 2 16 4 ' 44 40 SIC 7.6 20.4BRISBANE SOIL (BI)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS Coarse textured fluvial sand and gravel materialDRAINAGEImperfectHorizonNo. ofSamplesDepth toHorizonBase (cm)MEAN HORIZON VALUESGravel Sand VF Sand Silt% % % %Clay%TextureOrganicMatter%pH inCaCI2CaCO3%Ap 1 23 5 72 _ 7 20 8 SL 2.7 5 .3Bm 1 32 3 71 8 21 7 SL 1.6 6.2Bmgjl 1 55 18 76 6 16 8 SL 0 .7 6.9Bmgj2 1 96 15 82 4 10 8 LS 0.3 7.0Bmgj3 1 110 7 91 3 5 4 S 0 .3 6.8Ckgj 1 9 92 3 6 2 S 7.4 8.5BENNINGTON SOIL - TILL PHASE (BN.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till material .WellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 3 23 1 42 22 44 15 L 7 .2 6.0Bm 5 62 1 54 27 37 10 VFSL 0.6 6.6IIBt 2 92 1 21 8 45 34 CL 0 .5 6 .4IICk 3 3 18 6 48 34 SICL 7.4 12.9126

BOOKTON SOIL (BO)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS 40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialDRAINAGEWellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth torgamcNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC1 2 %Ap 3 28 3 87 9 9 4 S 1 .0 7.1 0.8Bm 3 57 0 85 7 6 9 LS 0.7 7.0 0.217Bt 2 74 0 48 8 21 31 SCL 0.7 6.8 0.4IICk 2 1 14 8 40 47 SIC 7 .6 19 .8BOOKTON SOIL - TILL PHASE (BO.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEBRANT SOIL (BT)40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialWellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrgameNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 6 24 2 78 14 15 7 LFS 2.3 5.9 0.1Bml 6 51 6 83 14 13 4 LFS 0.7 6.2Bm2 5 68 3 87 13 8 4 FS 0.3 6.8 0.4IIBt 3 94 2 34 9 36 30 CL 0.5 6.9 0.1IICk 3 4 26 7 41 33 CL 7.5 11 .0GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEMedium (loamy) textured lacustrine materials which most often have silt loamtexturesWellMEAN HORIZON VALUES--Depth toUrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 5 22 1 35 20 50 15 SIL 3.7 6.8 0.3Bm 4 50 0 38 29 55 8 SIL 1 .3 6.9 0.3Bt 4 51 0 29 22 48 23 L 0.5 6.9 1.4Ck 7 1 19 14 66 14 SIL 7 .6 27 .5127

BURFORD SOIL (BU)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse textured fluvial sand and gravel materialRapidMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toorganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 4 24 13 69 i l 20 11 SL 2 .5 7 .2 3 .1Bm 3 54 18 74 13 18 8 SL 0 .9 7 .1 0 .9Bt 2 74 20 72 8 13 16 GSL 0 .7 7 .1 0.5Ck 2 22 86 7 9 6 GIS - 7 .6 18 .7BEVERLY SOIL (BV)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEHorizonNo. ofSamplesStratified, fine to very fine (clayey) textured lacustrine materials which most oftenhave silty clay loam or silty clay texturesImperfect-DepptoHorizonBase (cm)Gravel%MEAN HORIZON VALUESSand%VF Sand%Silt%Clay%TextureOrganicMatter%pH inCaCl2Ap 17 23~ . 0 15 5 54 31 SICL 3 .3 6 .6 .2Btgj 12 46 0 8 2 50 43 SIC 0.9 7 .0 .7Ckgj 20 0 4 0 56 40 SIC 7 .5 21.9CaCO3%BEVERLY SOIL - COARSE PHASE (BV.C)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 1 21 0 65 19 21 14 FSL 2.4 7 .3 1 .9Aegj 1 34 0 74 14 17 9 FSL 1 .7 7 .1 0.5IIBtgj 1 45 0 12 4 45 43 SIC 0.8 7 .3 0.8IICkgj 1 0 6 0 52 42 SIC 0.0 7 .6 19 .0

BEVERLY SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (BV.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC l2 %Ap 22 23 0 42 19 39 19 L 2.9 6.6 0.8IIBtgj 13 50 0 14 4 46 41 SIC 1 .0 7.0 0.5IICkgj 19 92 0 9 3 52 39 SICL 7.6 18 .5BRADY SOIL (BY)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial material, occasionally having a veneerof eolian material having fine sand or loamy fine sand texturesImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth to-OrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % . turc % CaCl2 %Ap 10 24 1 80 10 14 7 LS 3.9 6.2 0.1Bm 9 62 0 86 9 11 3 LS 1.0 6.1Bmgj 7 67 1 89 7 8 3 S 0.7 6.1Btgj 9 89 1 79 9 10 11 SL 0.4 6.4 1.7Ckgj 8 3 93 11 5 3 S 0.1 7.4 17 .6CALEDON SOIL (CA)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial material over coarse textured fluvial sandand gravel materialWellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth to-organicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 2 22 3 66 17 25 9 SL 3.0 6.6Bm 2 47 3 71 17 24 6 SL 0.8 6.8Bt 2 64 4 38 11 38 25 L 0.5 5.8IIBt 1 75 24 61 5 14 25 GSCL 0.6 6.411Ck 2 33 80 3 12 9 GLS 0.2 7.3 20 .5129

CAMILLA SOIL (CM)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEHorizon_No. ofSamplesCoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial material over fluvial gravel and sandmaterialImperfect- Depth-toHorizonBase (cm)-Gravel%MEAN HORIZON VALUESSand%VF Sand%Silt%Clay%TexturcOrganicMatter%pH inCaCl2Ap 8 25 3 70 i l 21 8 SL 3.0 6 .5 0.6Bmgj 4 47 7 72 8 18 10 SL 0.9 6.8 1 .2Btgj 6 63 14 64 9 22 15 SL 0 .7 6.8 0.6IICkgj 9 34 84 6 12 5 GLS 0 .1 7.5 25.6CaCO3%COLWOOD SOIL (CW)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEStratified, medium (loamy) textured lacustrine materials which most often have siltloam texturesPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % hure % CaCl2 %Ap 10 31 1 31 15 48 20 L 3.9 6 .8 0.4Bgl 10 59 2 28 17 52 20 SIL 0.8 7.0 0.5Bg2 6 82 1 30 18 50 20 SIL 0.8 7 .0 1 .2Ckg 5 0 20 16 67 14 SIL 7 .5 6.0EKFRID SOIL (EK)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEMainly very fine (heavy clay) textured lacustrine materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDeptti-to - OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 15 19 0 17 4 39 43 C 3.4 6.8 0.5Btgj 10 38 0 6 1 34 60 HC 1 .4 7.0 0.6Ckgjl 13 63 0 3 0 38 60 HC 7.6 19.7Ckgj2 8 0 2 0 39 60 HC 7.7 26.8

EKFRID SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (EK.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over mainly very fine (heavy clay)textured lacustrine materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth to - OrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 3 18 0 50 9 28 22 L 4.4 7.1 0.3IIBtgj 2 38 0 15 4 33 53 C 1 .2 7.5 2.4IICkgjl 3 88 0 4 0 36 60 HC 7.6 22 .3HCkgj2 2 0 1 0 36 63 HC 7.5 27 .0FROME SOIL (FR)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial materialVery poorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 3 27 1 79 5 12 9 LS 4.7 6.6Bg 3 62 2 85 7 9 5 LS 1 .0 7.0 1.5Ckg 3 6 92 3 6 2 S 0.3 7.4 21 .5FOX SOIL (FX)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial material, occasionally having a veneerof eolian materialRapidMEAN HORIZON VALUES_Depth to__fie _No . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 9 29 1 85 8 10 5 LS 2.0 6.9 0.5Bml 7 55 1 88 8 8 4 S 0.5 7.0 0.4Bm2 6 92 1 89 8 7 4 S 0.3 6.9 0.4Bt 4 97 1 77 i l 12 11 FSL 0.3 6.8 0.3Ck 5 1 89 8 7 4 FS 0.1 7 .5 9 .5

GOBLES SOIL (GO)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSFine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till.DRAINAGEImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 41 20 1 20 7 45 35 CL 3.6 7.1 1.1Bmgj 12' 39 3 17 7 43 40 SIC 1 .4 7.1 1.1Btgj 30 44 1 13 4 41 47 SIC 1 .0 7.2 0.9Ckgj 56 2 10 2 45 44 SIC . 0.1 7.5 20 .5GOBLES SOIL - COARSE PHASE (GO.C)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial tillImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toorganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples . Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 6 22 3 72 13 19 10 FSL 2.6 6.7 0.2Bmgj 2 30 1 76 29 17 8 FSL 0.8 6.5 0.2IIBtgj 5 45 1 27 11 35 38 CL 0.8 7.0 0.5IICkgj 5 1 10 2 48 41 SIC 7 .5 11 .5GOBLES SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (GO.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialDRAINAGE Imperfect ,MEAN HORIZON VALUESe toNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay TextoreHorizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % %OrganicMatter%pH inCaC12Ap 38 23 1 32 14 48 20 L 3.1 6.9 0.7Bmgj 5 34 2 46 19 38 16 L 1 .1 6.8 0.3IIBtgj 31 46 1 19 8 44 36 SICL 0.8 7.1 0.7IICkgj 37 3 16 5 48 35 SICL 0.1 7.6 19.4CaCO3%

GOBIES SOIL - WASHED PHASE (GO.W)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured lacustrine modified glacial till material efine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth to-- - -OrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaC12 %Ap 13 23 5 39 13 42 19 L 3.5 6.9 1 .0Bmgj 9 46 6 41 13 45 15 L 1 .2 6.8 0.4Btgj 4 51 1 36 12 41 24 L 0.8 7.2 0.8Ckgj 8 10 38 10 44 18 L - 7.5 14.7GRANBY SOIL (GY)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured lacustrine or fluvial material, occasionally having a veneerof sandy textured eolian materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES_-DepfffwoOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl 2 %Ap 5 28 0 70 7 18 12 SL 6.7 6.8 0.3Bg1 4 60 1 79 7 15 7 LS 1 .5 7.0 0.9Bg2 2 79 1 92 3 5 3 S 0.9 6.7Ckg 6 2 82 3 11 7 LS 7.5 20.0HIGHGATE SOIL (HI)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over coarse textured gravellysand and sand lacustrine beach materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES-_Depth to --OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 19 23 6 69 15 22 9 FSL 2.7 6.6 0.2Bm 12 46 7 78 12 17 5 LFS 0.6 6.5Bmgj 14 59 6 76 18 17 7 FSL 0.6 6.6 0.2Btgj 14 67 8 68 11 18 14 FSI 0.6 6.7 0.5IICkgj 5 21 71 12 21 8 GCSL 7.5 17 .2133

KELVIN SOIL (KE)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEFine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toorganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC0 3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % Caq %Ap 44 24 1 22 7 40 38 CL 4 .8 6.7 0 .5Bgl 33 51 0 18 6 38 44 C 1 .4 6 .9 0 .2Bg2 20 84 1 18 5 39 43 C 0 .8 6 .8 0.2Ckg 40 2 12 3 43 46 SIC 0 .1 . 7 .5 17 .0KELVIN SOIL - COARSE PHASE (KE.C)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE165 to 40 an of coarse (sandy) textured material over clayey textured glacial tillmaterialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth to-OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 4 25 1 69 16 15 FSL 4.70 6 .8 0 .8IICkg 5 0 27 3 32 41 C 7 .6 17 .1KELVIN SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (KE.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over clayey textured glacial tillmaterialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toorganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 4 21 0 41 16 36 23 L 2 .9 7 .0 0.8IIBg 2 42 0 37 19 32 31 CL 0.7 7 .2 0.3IICkg 4 2 15 5 45 40 SIC 0.2 7 .5 16.4

KELVIN SOIL - WASHED PHASE (KE.W)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured lacustrine modified glacial till materialoverfine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth torganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 3 27 0 16 9 59 25 SIL 4.2 6.7 0.1Bg 4 61 2 22 11 55 23 SIL 1 .1 7.0 0.6Ckg 3 12 30 11 49 20 L 7.5 20.8KINTYRE SOIL (KT)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over stratified coarse texturedgravelly sand and sand lacustrine beach materialRapidMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toftanicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % _ ture % CaCl2 %Ap 22 23 6 75 13 17 8 FSL 2.4 6.7 0.7Bm 26 51 7 78 14 16 6 LFS 0.6 6.7 0.9Bt 12 70 10 72 12 13 15 SL 0.7 7.1 0.6IICk 17 38 84 5 10 6 GLCS 7.5 24.3MAPLEWOOD SOIL (MA)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth-toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt . Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 3 37 0 34 14 42 24 L 4.0 6.1Bg 3 68 0 28 12 46 26 L 1.4 6.6IlBg 3 102 0 10 3 56 34 SICL 1.4 6.7IICkg 1 0 2 0 62 36 SICL 7.5 25 .9

MAPLEWOOD SOIL - TILL PHASE (MA.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS 40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialDRAINAGEPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES- .Depth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 6 24 0 54 33 30 16 VFSL 3 .1 7 .1 0.7Bg 5 46 2 61 33 21 18 VFSL 1 .0 6 .9 1 .9Ckg 6 68 0 36 28 52 13 SIL 7.6 20 .811Ckg 5 2 8 1 55 37 SICL 7 .7 21 .6MIDDLEMARCH SOIL (MI)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS Ice-contact stratified drift material consisting mainly of coarse (sandy) texturedmaterial over stratified coarse textured gravelly sand and sand materialDRAINAGEImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaCl2 %-Ap 6 22 6 73 17 17 10 FSL 2 .8 6 .8 1 .0Bm 7 52 4 73 15 19 8 FSL 1 .0 6.5 0.3Btgj 4 79 2 76 18 12 13 FSL 0 .4 7 .0 2.5IlCkgj 4 96 18 69 15 19 13 FSL 7 .6 22.7IIICkgj 2 3 84 41 14 3 LFS 7 .7 23 .1MUIRKIRK SOIL (MK)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS Coarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over stratified coarse texturedgravelly sand and sand lacustrine beach materialDRAINAGEPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turn % CaCl 2 %Ap 1 25 13 60 14 25 15 FSL 10.0 6.8IIBg 1 51 21 80 5 14 5 GLCS 2.2 6.9IICkg 4 42 82 6 14 5 GLCS 7 .4 18 .2

MURIEL SOIL (MU)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEFine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till materialModerately wellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth t oOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 7 20 2 18 8 48 34 SICL 2 .0 7 .2 2.8Bt 1 30 7 14 9 35 52 C 1 .8 7 .0 0.2Ck 7 1 11 4 50 39 SICL 7 .6 15 .4MURIEL SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (MU.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialModerately wellMEAN HORIZON VALUES_DepthtoOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaC12 %Ap 5 15 4 34 11 45 21 L 2 .3 7 .1 0.4Hat 4 34 1 15 5 43 42 SIC 0 .8 7 .3 4.3IICk 5 2 10 2 48 41 SIC 7 .6 15.5MURIEL SOIL - WASHED PHASE (MU.W)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured lacustrine modified glacial till material efine to very fine (clayey) textured glacial till materialModerately wellMEAN HORIZON VALUES-__Depthto -OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaCl 2 %Ap 1 23 11 43 14 42 14 L 2 .3 M' 1 .4Bm 1 62 1 28 17 59 12 SIL 0 .8 7.3 0 .8Ckl 1 69 3 32 i l 56 12 SIL 0.4 7.5 16 .6Ck2 1 3 26 14 61 13 SIL 7.6 23 .7

NORMANDALE SOIL (NO)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse to medium (sandy to loamy) textured lacustrine material with very fine sandcontent often exceeding 30%ImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES- Depth to OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaCh.Ap 50 25 1 76 29 16 7 FSL 2.8 6 .3 0.5Bmgjl 41 53 1 79 35 15 6 LFS 0.8 6.4 0.3Bmgj2 13 70 0 79 36 15 6 LES 0.3 6 .0 0.1Btgj 23 74 1 74 30 14 12 VFSL 0.4 - 6 .5 0.1Ckgj 28 1 77 42 18 6 LFS 0.1 7 .5 15.0PLAINFIELD SOIL (PF)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse textured eolian fine sand or eolian modified lacustrine fine sand materialRapidMEAN HORIZON VALUESOrganicDepth toNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex - Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 28 22 0 88 15 8 4 FS 1.7 6 .3 0 .5Bml 27 52 0 92 14 6 2 FS 0.6 6.0 0.1Bm2 22 88 1 94 13 4 2 FS 0.2 6 .1 0.1Bt 8 90 0 82 18 10 8 LES 0.2 6 .3 0 .2Ck 15 0 93 .16 5 3 FS 7 .5 18.1

SHEDDEN SOIL (SH)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS Ice-contact stratified drift material consisting mainly of coarse (sandy) texturedmaterial over stratified coarse textured gravelly sand and sand materialDRAINAGEHorizonNo . ofSamplesRapidDepth toHorizonBase (cm)MEAN HORIZON VALUESGravel Sand VF Sand Silt% % % %Clay%TextureeorganicMatter%pH inCaC12Ap 15 20 3 74 18 16 10 FSL 3.0 6.7 1.0Bra i l 48 4 84 18 i l 4 LFS 0.8 6.6 0.3Bt 11 68 4 74 19 10 17 FSL 0.5 6.9 0.4Ck 17 90 9 78 19 13 8 LFS - 7.6 18.1IICk 9 104 21 81 10 9 10 GLCS 7 .6 18 .4IIICk 4 1 73 35 20 7 VFSL 7.5 13 .7CaCO3%SILVER HILL SOIL (SL)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over medium(loamy) textured lacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepthto,OrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 5 27 0 76 12 15 9 FSL 4.1 6.5 0.8Bg 5 62 1 82 14 13 6 LFS 0.8 6.7 0.6Ckg 3 82 1 80 11 15 4 LS 7.5 16 .4IICkg 6 0 38 16 53 9 SIL 7.6 24.5SPRINGWATER SOIL (SP)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse textured eolian fine sand or eolian modified lacustrine fine sand materialVery poorMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depthto-OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 3 30 0 81 17 11 7 LFS 6.5 6.2Bgl 3 67 0 89 16 7 4 TS 1 .1 6.2 0.9Bg2 1 100 0 95 4 3 2 FS 0.5 0.0Ckg 3 0 97 . 20 2 2 FS 7.5 18 .3139

STRATHBURN SOIL (ST)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS Mainly very fine (heavy clay) textured lacustrine . materialDRAINAGEPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth to Organic -No. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % Cacl2 %Ap 12 24 0 8 1 36 55 C 4.9 6 .9 1 .1Bgl i l -44 0 4 0 31 65 HC 1.6 7 .0 0.6Bg2 8 72 0 3 0 31 66 HC 0.9 7.2 0.4Ckg 8 0 3 1 35 62 HC 0.2 7 .5 12.4STRATHBURN SOIL - COARSE PHASE (ST.C)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over mainly very fine (heavy clay)textured lacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toorganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %AP 4 19 1 71 7 15 14 FSL 2.1 7.2 0.9Bmgj 2 29 0 81 5 10 9 LS 0.8 7.2 1.0IICkg 4 0 2 0 32 66 HC 7 .7 27.5ST .WILLIAMS SOIL (SW)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse to medium (sandy to loamy) textured lacustrine materials with very fine sandcontent often exceeding 30%PoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES-DepthOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 16 26 0 70 23 19 11 FSL 4.5 6 .5 0.5Bg 1 14 55 1 72 33 18 9 VFSL 1.0 6.6 0.4Bg2 7 88 0 75 32 15 10 VFSL 0.5 6 .5 0.7Ckg 17 0 77 35 18 5 LFS 7.5 16.0

TAVISTOCK SOIL (TA)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEHorizonNo . ofSamples40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialImperfect-DepthtoHorizonBase (cm)Gravel%MEAN HORIZON VALUESSand%VF Sand%Silt%Clay%TextureOrganicMatter%pH inCaC12Ap 13 27 0 40 19 39 20 L 3.3 6.9 0.4Bmgj 12 52 1 41 20 39 20 L 0.7 7.0 0.7Btgi 4 53 2 38 16 32 30 CL 0.9 7.0 0.5IICkgj 8 0 8 2 52 40 SIC - 7.6 25 .0CaC03%TAVISTOCK SOIL - TILL PHASE (TA.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay. Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 26 26 1 29 16 52 18 SIL 3.0 7.0 0.7Bmgj 25 49 1 34 19 50 16 SIL 1 .2 7.1 0.5Btgj 12 54 1 31 14 45 23 L 0.7 7.2 1 .0IICkgj 23 . 2 15 6 46 34 SICL 7.3 19 .4TOLEDO SOIL (TO)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEStratified fine to very fine (clayey) textured lacustrine materials which most oftenhave silty clay loam or silty clay texturesPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDept torgamcNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 21 21 0 21 4 39 40 C 4.9 6.8 0.4Bgl 19 47 0 15 3 41 45 SIC 1.4 6.9 0.3Bg2 19 76 0 13 3 39 47 C 0.7 6.9 0.3Ckg 23 0 8 2 42 50 SIC 7.6 16.7

TOLEDO SOIL - COARSE PHASE (TO.C)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very (clayey) texturedlacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth to - OrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % Ca Cl2 %Ap 1 25 0 72 10 15 14 SL 3.4 7.4 3 .1Ckg 1 38 1 89 9 7 4 S 0.5 7.6 _ 19.9IICkgl 1 62 0 0 1 49 49 SIC 7 .6 26.8IICkg2 1 0 0 1 43 56 SIC 7.6 24 .1TOLEDO SOIL - LOAMY PHASE (TO.L)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE15 to 40 cm of medium (loamy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES- -Depth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tore % CaC12 %Ap 7 27 0 45 17 32 23 L 3.7 6 .5 0 .3IIBg 5 64 0 34 15 33 34 CL 0.7 6.7 0.2IICkg 7 1 10 4 47 43 SIC 7.6 21 .6TUSCOLA SOIL (TU)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGEStratified medium (loamy) textured lacustrine materials which most often have siltloam and loam texturesImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 55 24 1 33 19 51 16 SIL 2 .8 6.9 0.6Bmgj 23 48 0 32 22 52 16 SIL 0 .6 . 7.0 0.6Btgj 26 52 0 21 15 54 24 SIL 0.6 7 .0 0.5Ckgj 68 0 17 12 67 15 SIL 7.6 19.5

VITTORIA SOIL (VI)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over medium(loamy) textured lacustrine materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 28 24 2 76 21 17 8 FSL 3.0 6.4 0.4Bmgjl 20 49 3 85 21 il 4 LFS 0.7 6.5 0.3Bmgg2 13 71 1 90 27 7 3 FS 0.3 6.5 0.5IIBtgj 8 93 0 48 31 38 13 L 0.3 6.2IICkgj 16 0 25 16 61 14 SIL 7.5 23.6WALSHER SOIL (WA)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured eolian or lacustrine material over medium(loamy) textured lacustrine materialWellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaCl2 %Ap 6 22 2 79 15 15 5 LFS 2.2 6.0Bml 5 50 1 86 13 11 3 LFS 0.8 5.8Bm2 3 66 0 78 13 18 5 LFS 0.4 5.7IIBtgj 2 105 1 33 22 52 16 SIL , 0.4 6.3IICkgj 4 0 32 23 58 10 SIL 7.4 15 .0

WATTFORD SOIL (WF)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse to medium (sandy to loamy) textured lacustrine material with very fine sandcontent often exceeding 30%WellMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % tune % CaCl2 %Ap 6 23 1 73 36 20 7 VFSL 2.4 6.3 0.2Bml 6 39 1 79 32 17 4 LFS 0.5 6.3 0.1Bm2 3 76 0 74 36 20 6 VFSL 0.2 6.2Bt 5 78 0 74 28 15 11 FSL 0.2 6.6Ck 5 0 75 29 18 7 FSL 0.3 7.5 18 .2WALSINGHAM SOIL (WM)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGECoarse textured eolian fine sand or eolian modified lacustrine fine sand materialImperfectMEAN HORIZON VALUES-Depth toOrganicNo. of Horizon Gravel Sand- VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 44 22 1 86 18 9 5 LFS 2.70 6.30 0.40Bmgj 1 44 64 0 92 19 6 2 FS 0.50 6.20 0.20Bmgj2 20 76 0 95 18 4 2 FS 0.30 6.20 0.10Btgj 18 83_ 0 81 20 7 6 LFS 0.40 6.00 0.20Ckgj 37 0 94 23 4 2 FS 0.00 7.50 14.0WATERIN SOIL (WN)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS -DRAINAGECoarse textured eolian fine sand or eolian modified lacustrine fine sand materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUES-DeptftoOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % ture % CaC12 %Ap 13 28 0 79 17 12 8 LFS 4.8 6.6 0.3Bgl 12 58 0 86 18 9 5 LFS 1.1 6.6 0.4Bg2 il' 94 0 . 88 19 8 4 FS 0.6 6.5 0.2Ckg 9 5 93 16 5 3 FS 0.1 7.4 14.1

WAUSEON SOIL (WU)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALSDRAINAGE40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured lacustrine materialPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaC03Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaC12 %Ap 2 23 1 57 19 25 20 FSL 5.4 6.6 0.3Bgl 2 42 0 77 25 16 8 FSL 0.7 6.9 0.4Bg2 2 62 2 81 23 i l 9 FS 0.6 6.9 0.1IICkg 2 0 5 0 44 52 SIC - 7.4 10 .0WAUSEON SOIL - TILL PHASE (WU.T)GENERALIZED PROFILE CHARACTERISTICSPARENT MATERIALS 40 to 100 cm of coarse (sandy) textured material over fine to very fine (clayey)textured glacial till materialDRAINAGEPoorMEAN HORIZON VALUESDepth toOrganicNo . of Horizon Gravel Sand VF Sand Silt Clay Tex- Matter pH in CaCO3Horizon Samples Base (cm) % % % % % turc % CaCl2 %Ap 3 34 1 67 8 20 13 FSL 6.2 7.1 1.5Bg 3 65 1 74 6 17 9 FSL 0.6 7.0 0.4Ckg 4 86 1 91 41 7 2 FS 7.5 18 .7IICkg 3 2 13 4 45 41 SIC 7.5 23 .6

APPENDIX 2Field Identification of Soils

Field Identification of Soils(1) IntroductionGuidelines for identifying soils at field sites areprovided in this appendix . The purpose ofincluding these guidelines as part of the reportwas to ensure that future data collection on thesoils of Elgin County can be correlated with thepublished descriptions and interpretations . Theguidelines are based on the soil drainagegroupings and mapping methodology used in thecompilation of the 1:50,000 scale soil maps .Flow charts are provided in Figures 13, 14, 15and 16 which will assist extension personnel,consultants and others in identifying soil types atfield sites. Some knowledge of the geology,physiography, and the soils of Elgin Countywould be useful when using the charts. Inaddition, it is important to have an understandingof the mapping system used in the survey . Sincebackground information on these subjects iscontained in preceding sections of the report, it isrecommended that the soil report be thoroughlyreviewed before conducting field investigations .In order to use the flow charts effectively, it isnecessary to be familiar with the techniques forassessing soil properties such as drainage andtexture. Guidelines and descriptions which willassist in the determination of these properties areprovided in the Agriculture Canada publication"CanSIS Manual for Describing Soils in the Field"(12), and also in the Ontario Institute of Pedologypublication "field manual for describing soils" (13) .It is possible to identify the soil type at mostsites using Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 . At siteswhere it is difficult to determine the soil type, itmay be necessary to consult the soil descriptionsin Volume 1 and the analytical data in Volume 2,before assigning the soil type designation.Field identification of soils should beconsidered under the following conditions:1 . The areal extent of the site under investigationis approaching or less than 12 hectares, whichis the minimum size area that can bedelineated on the 1:50,000 scale soil maps .2 . The site under investigation occurs in an areawhere the soils and topography are quitevariable . Since the map symbols on the150,000 scale soil maps only identify amaximum of two soil types and slope classes,additional soil types or slope classes mayoccur which are not identified in the symbol.These additional soil types or slope classes arereferred to as inclusions. Although their arealextent is usually limited, they can occupy upto 20% of a delineation. Areas where soil andtopographic variability may be high can beinferred from the soil map by looking at thenumber of soil types and slope classes mappedin the general vicinity of the site underinvestigation . In addition, there is a discussionon the variability of each soil type identifiedon the soil maps in the Soil Description sectionof this report.3. The site under investigation covers only aportion of a delineated area . Although themap symbol indicates the relative proportionof the soil types and slope classes within adelineation, it does not identify their spatialdistribution . It is important to understand thatthe soil types and slope classes identified in amap symbol do not necessarily occur in auniform pattern across the delineation . Sincethe area of investigation covers only a portionof the area, it is possible that only one of thesoil types or slope classes identified in the mapsymbol occurs in the area . It is also possiblethat the site may be comprised of inclusions.(2) How to Identify the Soil at a FieldSiteTo identify the soil at a - field site, it isrecommended that the following procedure befollowed :1 . Locate the site under investigation on the1:50,000 soil maps . Using the "Key to the MapSymbols" description on the border of themap, determine the soil types and slopeclasses identified in the map symbol for thearea. It may also be useful to examine thesymbols in the surrounding delineatins, anddetermine the soil types and slope classesidentified in those symbols .2. Refer to the appropriate soil and profiledescriptions in Volume 1 and 2 forbackground information on soil properties .This awareness will facilitate correlation of thedata collected on-site with the publishedinformation.3 . Determine the slope class at the site.4. Expose the soil profile at the site using aDutch auger, soil probe, or shovel . If possible,the soil should be examined to a depth of onemetre .147

5. Proceed to Figure 13 and determine theappropriate drainage class for the site .Guidelines for determining soil drainageclasses are provided in the Ontario Institute ofPedology (OIP) publication "field manual fordescribing soils" (13) . Soil colours should bedetermined using Munsell soil colour charts(15) .6. Proceed to Figure 14 to begin keying the siteto the appropriate soil type or land unit.Figure 14 directs the user to the appropriateland unit if the site falls into one of, thosecategories, or it directs the user to moredetailed soil identification keys in Figures 15and 16 . When using Figure 14, it is necessaryto determine if the materials comprising thesoil profile are similar or contrasting .Materials are considered to be contrastingwithin the soil profile if there are significantdifferences in the gravel and stone content .They are also considered to be contrasting ifthe soil texture of adjacent soil horizons isdifferent by two or more textural classes .These differences often are the result of achange in the mode of deposition of thematerials e.g. lacustrine, morainal, or fluvialdeposition.7. If the materials are similar throughout the soilprofile, use Figure 15 to determine the soiltype for the site. Guidelines for determiningsoil texture classes are provided in the OIPpublication-"field manual for describing soils"(13) .8. If the materials at the site are contrasting, useFigure 16 to determine the soil type for thesite. Use the OIP publication "field manual fordescribing soils" (13) if assistance is needed indetermining soil texture classes.The following example provides furtherexplanation of the procedures which should befollowed to determine the soil type and slope classat a field site.1 . Locate the field site on the appropriate soilmap for the area, and determine the mapsymbol for the delineated area on the map inwhich the field site is found . For the purposeof this example, the symbol is :BECThe symbol indicates that the area where thefield site is found consists of imperfectlydrained Berrien (BE) soils which occur onsimple C slopes of 2 to 5% .2 . Go to the Soil Descriptions section of the soilreport and read the description of Berriensoils . Now go to the soil profile descriptionsin Volume 2 of the report and review thedescriptions for Berrien soils .3. Now measure the slope gradient and length atthe site. For the purpose of this example, theslope gradient is 4%, and the slope length is 75m. Using the slope classes in the OIPpublication "field manual for describing soils"(13), this is a simple C slope.4. Using a Dutch auger, soil probe, or shovel,expose the soil to a depth of 1 m.5 . Now determine the drainage class for the soilat the site. For the purpose of this example,the Munsell soil colour charts (15) indicate thatthe soil colour is 10YR5/3 throughout theprofile, the mottle colour is 10YR5/8, and thedepth to mottles is 60 cm. Using the soildrainage chart in the OIP publication "fieldmanual for describing soils" (13), the soil isimperfectly drained.6. Proceed to Figure 14 and begin to key the siteto the appropriate soil type or land unit. Forthis example, the materials exposed at the siteconsist of 0 to 55 cm of sandy (sandy loam)textured materials which overly 55 to 100 cmof clayey (silty clay) textured materials whichdo not contain coarse fragments of any size.These materials are contrasting according tothe guidelines given in the descriptions box inFigure 14 .7. Since the materials are contrasting, proceed toFigure 16 to key the site to the appropriate soiltype . Based on the soil informationdetermined at the site, the soil type is aBerrien (BE) soil.8. The soil type and slope class determined forthe site, therefore, supports the soil type andslope class identified in the map symbol forthe area. The agricultural capability rating forimperfectly drained Berrien soils which occuron simple C slopes can now be determinedfrom Table 4. If suitability ratings for specialcrops are needed, refer to Tables 6, 7 and 8 . Ifthe potential erosion class is needed, it can becalculated using the soil erodibility (K) factorvalue from Table 9, and the slope length andgradient (LS) factor value from Table 10 .148

(3) Use of the Soil InformationCollected at Field SitesAs shown in the previous example, soilinformation determined at field sites can be usedto verify the soil information given in the mapsymbol for an area . This will ensure that theappropriate interpretive information contained inthe report is applied to that area . Interpretiveinformation contained in the report includesagricultural capability ratings for common fieldcrops , (Table 4), suitability ratings for selectedspecial crops (Tables 6, 7, and 8), and potential soilerosion loss classes (Table 9). Methods todetermine the average annual soil loss for specificcropping and management conditions are alsoprovided in the section of the report titled "SoilInterpretations for Water Erosion" .If the soil information determined at field sitesis significantly different from the informationgiven in the map symbol for the area, remappingof the area at a more appropriate scale should beconsidered before applying the interpretiveinformation contained in the report . Theinformation collected at a series of field sitescarried out in the area can be used for thispurpose .

Figure 13 : Field Site Key To IdentifySoil Drainage .YES5PROMINENT MOTTLESoccurat 0-50 cm In depth.With GRAY GLEY COLOURSat 0-50 cm in depth.NOMOTTLES ARE PRESENT( 2 percentcoverage inmottled zone .)DISTINCT MOTTLES occurat 0-50 cm In depth orPROMINENT MOTTLES occurat 50"100 cm In depth.i--YES -I-NO-"-YESThe material haszGRAY GLEYCOLOURS .NOThe material is clayeytextured or 35 percent (volume) ofparticles >2mm In size .YES

piaPOORLYDRAINEDIMPERFECTLYDRAINEDrFOOTNOTES(1) Readily visible orange or reddish coloured areas whichmost often are 5 mm or less in diameter.(2) Gley colours are usually bluish gray, greenish gray orgray .(3) Bright orange or reddish coloured areas that contraststrongly with the surrounding soil material .(4) Readily seen orange or reddish coloured areas that donot contrast strongly with the surrounding soilmaterial .(5) Usually loose, non-aggregated material having 52% sand content .(6) Moderately packed, weakly to moderately aggregatedmaterial having

Figure 14 :Field Site Key To Identify The Appropriate Soil TypeOr Land Unit .ALLUVIUMLand Unit(AL)lThe site has anorganic surfaceat least 15 cmIn thickness.YESSTART;TYESNOAugeror dig a 1mdeep observationpit to assesssoil materials .The site occurs onaflood plainadjacent to acreek or river .NOSurfaceslopeIs less thanis percentYESYESThesite occurson the sidewall00- of a channel orcreekvalley .NO

ORGANICYES - 0-1 Land Unit(OR)The Organicmaterial Is > 40 cmdeep.NO15-40 cm of PEATYorganic materialoverliesmineral material.Phase( .P)See Phase DescriptionsTable below and proceedto point A in Figure 15 to. determine soil to whichphase applies.YES i' Go to Figure 16.one materialoverliescontrasting materielwithin 100 cm ofthe surface.The channel orvalley has asignifigant floodplain areaSCARPLand Unit(SC)NO Go to Figure 15.YESVALLEYCOMPLEXLand Unit(VC)ERODEDCHANNELNO -_ Land Unit(ER)PHASE DESCRIPTIONSANDSYMBOLS.C - Coarse phase: upper or surfacematerial is sandy textured..L - Loamy phase : upper or surfacematerial is loamy textured..F - Fine phase : upper or surfacematerial is clayey textured ..P - Peaty phase : 15-40 cm of organicmaterial overlies mineral material .Note: The symbols .C, .L, F or .P areadded to the appropriate soilname symbol to denote thephase; eg. MUC, BV .L, etc .Contrasting material includesmaterial which has a significantdifference in gravel and stonecontent or has a soil texturewhich is different by two or moretextural classes .

A iFigure 15 :Field Site Key To Identify The Appropriate SoilType When Materials Are Similar .Determine the type ofunderlying material.STARTSoil material is similarto a depth greater .than 100 cm .Material Is clayey textured .I -YESIMaterial contains coarse(> 27 percent clay) I--YES -i fragments.(> 2 mm)FYES -a-NONOMaterials contain layer(s)of heavy clay at least15 cm thickL NOMaterial is sandy textured .(52 percent sand)IF-YES ~.1 Material has mainly VFS,LVFS, VFSL or FSL textures.YESABBREVIATIONS1NO -VFS - Very Fine SandLVFS - Loamy Very Fine SandVFSL - Very Fine Sandy LoamFSL - Fine Sandy LoamFS - Fine SandLFS - Loamy Fine SandSL - Sandy LoamLS - Loamy SandS - SandNOMaterial has FSorLFS textures.YESMaterials are considered similarwhen there is no significantdifference in gravel and stonecontent or when the soil textureis either the same or differs onlyby one textural class .Material has SL, LS orS textures.YES

DRAINAGE CLASSESRapidly Drained' I I IImperfectly Well-Drained2Drained Poorly Drained Very Poorly DrainedModerately Well-Drained 3oror3MELBOURNE (ME) O( EId:RID (EIQ or -~ STRATHBURN (ST)3BRANTFORD (BF) or --~ BEVERLY (BV) TOLEDO (rO) -orf-WATTFORD (WF) O( NORMANDALE (NO) -O( ST. WILLIAMS (SW) OfCHURCM/ILLE (CMPLAINFIEID (PF) or WALSINGHAM (WM) or WATERIN (WN) OfSPRINGWATER (SP)1FOX (FX) or BRADY (BY) -or GRANBY (GY) orFROME (FR)BRANT (BT)j-or TUSCOLA (TU) or COLWOOD (CW)

Figure 16 : Field Site Key To Identify The Appropriate Soil TypeWhen Materials Are Contrasting . *Site Is a phase of aYESdefined soil which muststill be determined .STARTThe underlyingmateriel is not gravellysandy textured.,'q'-One materialoverlies acontrasUng materielwithin 100 cm ofthe surface.The upper materialIs 15-40 cm thickNIONO40-100 cm of loamytextured materialoverlies clayeytextured material .The underlyingmaterial is gravellysandy textured.--YES -YESFYESUpper materialcontains coarsefragments (>2 mm) .PHASE DESCRIPTIONSANDSYMBOLSL NO.C - Coarse phase: upper or surfacematerial is sandy textured..L - Loamy phase : upper or surfacematerial is loamy textured ..F - Fine phase : upper or surfacematerial is clayey textured ..P - Peaty phase: 15-40 cm of organicmaterial overlies mineral material .mineral material .Note : The symbols C, .L, F or .P areadded to the appropriate soilname symbol to denote thephase ; eg. MLI.C, BV .L, etc.NO40-100cm of sandytextured materialoverlies loamytextured material.NOYESYES~-YESContrasting material includesmaterial which has a significantdifference in gravel and stonecontent or has a soil texturewhich is different by two or moretextural classes .40-100 cm of sandytextured materialoverlies gravelly sandytextured material .YES 00Site occurs on nearlylevel or very gentlyundulatingtopography .LNO

Select applicable phasefrom the Phase DescriptionsTable and proceedto pointA in Figure 15.DRAINAGE CLASSESRapidyr1Well-Drained2Moderately Well-Drained 3Imperfectly DrainedPoorly DrainedaBURFORD (BU) 1OrBRISBANE (BI)MURIELWASHED3 GOBLES WASHEDOrPHASE (MU.W)PHASE (GO.W)KELVIN WASHEDPHASE (KE.W)17-Underlying materialcontains coarsefragments (>2 mm).BENNINGTON 2P- TILL PHASE (BN.T) or2BENNINGTON IBM -Or - "TAVISTOCKTILL PHASE (TAT)TAVISTOCK (TA)IorOrMAPL.EWOOD--~ TILL PHASE (MAT)MAPLEWOOD (MA)Underlying materialcontains coarsefragments (>2 mm).BOOKTON 2YES-TILL PHASE 030.7) -OrNC)--m-BOOKTON (BO) 2- Or BERRIENBERRIENTILL PHASE (BE.T)(BE)I-Oror-~WAUSEONTILL PHASE (WU.T)WAUSEON (WU)iz2WALSHER (WA)orVTTORIA (VQ SILVER HILL (SL)2CALEDON (CA) or CAMILLA (CM) AYR (AY)ii17Site occurs on gentlyto steeply slopingdune or knoll .YEStSHEDDEN (SH)~--- Or - ->- MIDDL EMARCH (MI)10 KINTYRE (Kn OrHIGHGATE (HI)OrMUIRIQRIC(MK)157