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Contents0 Introduction and Review0.1 Introduction and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13The scientific method, 13.—What is physics?, 16.—How to learnphysics, 19.—Velocity and acceleration, 21.—Self-evaluation, 23.—Basics of the metric system, 24.—The newton, the metric unit offorce, 27.—Less common metric prefixes, 28.—Scientific notation,28.—Conversions, 29.—Significant figures, 31.0.2 Scaling and Order-of-Magnitude Estimates . . . . . . 34Introduction, 34.—Scaling of area and volume, 35.—Order-of-magnitudeestimates, 43.Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Conservation of Mass1.1 Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Problem-solving techniques, 56.—Delta notation, 57.1.2 Equivalence of Gravitational and Inertial Mass . . . . . 581.3 Galilean Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Applications of calculus, 65.1.4 A Preview of Some Modern Physics . . . . . . . . . 66Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Conservation of Energy2.1 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73The energy concept, 73.—Logical issues, 75.—Kinetic energy, 76.—Power, 80.—Gravitational energy, 81.—Equilibrium and stability,86.—Predicting the direction of motion, 88.2.2 Numerical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892.3 Gravitational Phenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Kepler’s laws, 94.—Circular orbits, 96.—The sun’s gravitationalfield, 97.—Gravitational energy in general, 98.—The shell theorem,101.—Evidence for repulsive gravity, 106.2.4 Atomic Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Heat is kinetic energy., 108.—All energy comes from particles movingor interacting., 110.2.5 Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243 Conservation of Momentum3.1 Momentum in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Mechanical momentum, 126.—Nonmechanical momentum, 129.—
Page 3 and 4: Simple NatureAn Introduction to Phy
Page 5: Brief Contents0 Introduction 131 Co
Page 9 and 10: 5.5 More about Heat Engines. . . .
Page 11 and 12: Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 13: The Mars Climate Orbiter is prepare
Page 16 and 17: of color, for instance the cold fee
Page 18 and 19: d / Reductionism.between light and
Page 20 and 21: Most students taking college scienc
Page 22 and 23: To go from acceleration to position
Page 24 and 25: 0.1.6 Basics of the metric systemTh
Page 26 and 27: f / The original definition ofthe m
Page 28 and 29: 0.1.8 Less common metric prefixesTh
Page 30 and 31: units of force and mass are confusi
Page 32 and 33: fit in the 5.04-cm cylinders.The nu
Page 34 and 35: 0.2 Scaling and Order-of-Magnitude
Page 36 and 37: to many times your own height. The
Page 38 and 39: g / 1. This plank is as long as it
Page 40 and 41: 1/4 the original area, not half.The
Page 42 and 43: m / Example 3. The big spherehas 12
Page 44 and 45: an estimate is called an order-of-m
Page 46 and 47: ProblemsThe symbols √ , , etc. ar
Page 48 and 49: 15 You take a trip in your spaceshi
Page 50 and 51: the center of the earth, g is zero,
Page 52 and 53: the column is one cell. (b) The fec
Page 54 and 55: a / Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisiera
Page 56 and 57:
Astronauts spending long periods of
Page 58 and 59:
a / The two pendulum bobsare constr
Page 60 and 61:
aluminum cylinder, making sure that
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and this makes sense, because the t
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f / Discussion question B.g / Discu
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frame 2 is fixed to a float in a pa
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accurate experiments.This chapter i
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kind used, for example, to test des
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72 Chapter 1 Conservation of Mass
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Heat energy can be convertedto ligh
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c / As in figure b, an infraredcame
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f / A realistic drawing of Joule’
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The passengers would be boiled aliv
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egion of space. Near the surface of
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instead of −g.a = gv = gt + const
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m / Discussion question C.n / A hyd
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q / A car drives over a cliff.2.1.7
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ead Appendix 1 on page 835 that int
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4 y=h5 v=06 dy = -h/n7 t=08 for i i
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the coefficients of the polynomial
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that the circle is centered on the
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f / The gravitational energyU = −
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where M is the mass of the sun, m i
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The integral has a mixture of the v
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M, we haveM = gr 2 /G= (9.8 m/s2 )(
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This is pretty decent agreement, co
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m / The WMAP probe’s mapof the co
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d / All these energy transformation
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very general and elegant manner, as
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giving us a strong hint that the pr
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with the same velocity as the surfa
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5 A grasshopper with a mass of 110
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trical energy is the Lenard-Jones f
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Problem 32.Problem 35.Problem 36.Pr
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ExercisesExercise 2A: Reasoning wit
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3.1 Momentum in One Dimensiona / Sy
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eing to the right. The initial mome
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3.1.3 Momentum compared to kinetic
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conservation of momentum is all tha
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The discovery of the neutronThis wa
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mass of a proton. He named the new
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What about a system containing obje
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q / The same collision of twopools
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less. Dividing by this much smaller
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c / Two magnets exert forceson each
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Force is not a measure of an object
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g / Static friction: the tray doesn
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The upward normal force of the rail
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Rappelling example 27As shown in th
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l / If we imagine dividing a taut r
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(Assume the force is constant.) Wha
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p / The wheel spinning in theair ha
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an energy transfer if the distance
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ope. Going around an ideal pulley h
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As in the preceding example, we hav
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3.3.1 Damped, free motionNumerical
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can also be omitted without loss of
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Steady state, no dAmpingA and δ ar
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approximately by∆ω ≈ ω o /Q .
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choosing a certain fingering, which
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words, the reason ω f comes out to
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c / Bullets are dropped and shot at
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f / Discussion question A.just go s
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invariance approach is simpler, and
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j / The geometric interpretationof
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same answer expressed in two differ
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went wrong? The answer is that when
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the sum of the x components of the
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t / Example 66.u / An artist’s re
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direction that the object is accele
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velocity vector points in the direc
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whole thing as a single vector inte
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find their dot product:b · c = ( b
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af / An object moves througha field
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post. Rotational invariance require
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the mass of the fuel tanks.)9 An ob
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(c) Discuss how your answer to part
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the mathematical behavior of the re
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would giveω res = ω o ,A res = 6.
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friction and the height of the ball
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negligible friction, show that the
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ExercisesExercise 3A: Force and Mot
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Exercise 3C: Worksheet on Resonance
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Exercise 3D: Vectors and MotionEach
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224 Chapter 3 Conservation of Momen
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An overhead view of apiece of putty
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e / Only the component ofthe veloci
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tively” two-dimensional means tha
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j / Two asteroids collide.k / Every
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a radius, it is also true in genera
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where r is the distance from the ax
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s / Discussion question D.Discussio
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The pole has three forces on it, ea
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aa / Example 10.moving to either si
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momentum tells us that L = mrv sin
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c / Analogies between rotationaland
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Radial acceleration at the surface
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The parallel axis theorem example 1
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differential. The result isarea ===
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of inertia as if the object was smo
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h / Momenta of inertia of somegeome
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4.3 Angular Momentum in Three Dimen
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14 deg, and it points along an axis
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manner like this, then the definiti
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k / Example 27.ple first learn to d
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The three special axes that cause t
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Van Allen radiation belts.This chap
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Problems 9 and 10.Problem 11.9 A un
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Now consider an analogous system co
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It has an ellipsoidal shape like an
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276 Chapter 4 Conservation of Angul
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pesky set of constraints on heat en
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sensation to tell you that anything
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Pressure of lava underneath a volca
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h / A simplified version of anideal
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5.2.2 Pressure, volume, and tempera
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Discussion QuestionsA Compare the a
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d / The beginning of the firstexpan
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Entropy increases in heat conductio
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Hawking radiation example 19Any pro
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c / Earth orbit is becoming clutter
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In terms of our previous definition
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self-check CWhy does it make sense
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meaning equal partitioning, or equa
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and taking exponentials on both sid
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ecause low-entropy states are short
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l / The Otto cycle. 1. In the exhau
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so P ∝ V −γ , where γ = 1/(1
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This is known as a Helmholtz resona
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ProblemsThe symbols √ , , etc. ar
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10 Example 25 on page 311 suggests
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end of this book, we’ll even see
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c / As the wave pattern passes the
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h / Circular and linear wavepattern
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k / Hitting a key on a pianocauses
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Our final result for the speed of t
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care, because the delay is the same
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An easy way to visualize this is in
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matician Fourier showed that any pe
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⊲ Looking up the speed of light i
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scientists, to speak of the Big Ban
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6.2 Bounded WavesSpeech is what sep
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d / An uninverted reflection. There
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wrong property of the substance: wa
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set of initial conditions could lea
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j / In the mirror image, theareas o
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to come to some definite conclusion
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each other, undergo a single invert
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shape that can create this kind of
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354 Chapter 6 WavesThis chapter is
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Problem 8.greatest magnitude. Pick
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the thickness of the filament, in t
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state. World War II convinced Einst
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a / The Michelson-Morley experiment
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f / A light beam bounces betweentwo
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Distortion of spaceThe speed of lig
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part of the universe that is recedi
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happening? If not, why not — afte
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Again we have an equation with cons
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A black hole example 3Here’s an e
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clock by adjusting them until flash
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No simultaneityPart of the concept
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the ripple becomes a cone, g. If we
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Discussion question A.Discussion Qu
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E This is similar to discussion que
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space probe in the forward directio
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7.3.4 Kinetic energySince kinetic e
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magnets sit, and their fields were
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in the ship was unchanged; one form
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Electron-positron annihilation exam
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8 (a) Reexpress the Lorentz transfo
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neously approaches −1. Give both
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ExercisesExercise 7A: The Michelson
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Exercise 7B: Sports in Slowlightlan
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sun, moon, stars, and planets were
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Two types of chargeWe can easily co
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the other acquires an equal amount
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to get the beam up to speed in the
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telling us that we know about matte
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on his desk, trying to find an arra
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the force of air friction canceled
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ectly evaluate the implications of
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that they were indeed electrically
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C Thomson found that the m/q of an
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home to the fold. (For objects imme
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Henri Becquerel (1852-1908).c / Bec
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d / A simplified version ofRutherfo
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h / Alpha particles being scattered
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Discussion QuestionsA In reality, c
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captors into allowing him to scroun
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headed in along a line closer to th
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n / Examples of the constructionof
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small sphere, it turns out that man
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alpha particle (two protons and two
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The notation ν stands for a partic
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the earth. A neutrino created above
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8.2.8 Nuclear energy and binding en
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v / A map showing levels ofradiatio
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sufficient to replace any significa
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isotopes would be stable enough to
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Problem 10.(a) Express the force on
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√An answer check is available at
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saxophone, every technological tool
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Example 1Ions moving across a cell
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c / 1. Static electricity runsout q
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Force depends only on position. Sin
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Here are a few questions and answer
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flow through it.For many substances
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Finding charge given current exampl
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selecting the frequency, and an amp
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some will flow the other. Figure l/
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electrons and nuclei of the air mol
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9.2 Parallel and Series CircuitsIn
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As far as the electric company is c
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Dependence of resistance on cross-s
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i / Example 14.j / Doubling the len
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come public fear, Edison believed t
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connected to what. This is the kind
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Problem 2.ProblemsThe symbols √ ,
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Problems 13 and 14.Problem 16.12 Wh
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(a) Draw a schematic of the circuit
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A printed circuit board, likethe ki
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Exercise 9B: The Loop and Junction
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3. A wire is added as shown to the
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a / A bar magnet’s atoms are(part
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certain direction. The weather is e
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Reduction in gravity on Io due to J
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j / Example 3.self-check AFind an e
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a dipole moment — they are define
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and divide by charge,dUq= −F xq d
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a / A topographical map ofShelburne
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10.3 Fields by Superpositiona / Exa
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puter software:V = kλ ln(z + √ )
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d / Example 12: geometry.Field of a
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h / Close to the surface, therelati
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10.4 Energy in Fieldsa / Two opposi
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self-check DWe can think of the qua
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of the inward field contributed by
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space, 3 while charge doesn’t, we
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a / The symbol for a capacitor.to t
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h / A variable capacitor.i / Discus
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in time:x ↔ qv ↔ Iself-check GH
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due to its own momentum. It perform
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or|V | =∣ LdIdt ∣ ,which in man
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the inductor resists such a sudden
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Example 26.Death by solenoid; spark
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ordering.( 1 √2+√ i ) 2 = √ 1
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10.5.6 ImpedanceSo far we have been
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impedances. The ones that represent
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ab / Power in a resistor: therate a
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function V (t), take its average (m
Page 558 and 559:
amplifier to an 8-ohm speaker, howe
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10.6 Fields by Gauss’ Law10.6.1 G
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c / Each part of the surfacehas its
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Rather than proving Gauss’ theore
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Discussion Questionsg / Discussion
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with charge, change the Coulomb con
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The symmetry between the two sides
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where dv is the volume of the cube.
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The three terms in the divergence a
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Problem 19.Problem 20.proton, for e
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(b) Based on your answer from part
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36 Find the inductance of two ident
Page 584 and 585:
a quantity u = U C /(U L + U C ), w
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ExercisesExercise 10A: Field Vector
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5. Now hook up the two solenoids in
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A large current is createdby shorti
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let’s imagine that the Lorentz co
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We therefore define the magnetic fi
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of the total torque acting on the l
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o / Magnetic forces cause abeam of
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The most recent search for magnetic
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t / Left-handed and right-handed de
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so the total field in the z directi
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For the y component, we have∫ 2k
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We can pin down the result even mor
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where r is the distance from the di
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circulates around the y axis, so at
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are both false in this situation, s
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We have found one specific example
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to a flagpole, we can cancel out a
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11.4 Ampère’s Law in Differentia
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y evaluating the field at the midpo
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i.e.F = axˆx + byˆx + cˆx + dxŷ
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k / A summary of the derivative, gr
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c / Detail from Ascending andDescen
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seen from above? In what direction
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that a changing magnetic field crea
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identically zero. However, Gauss’
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is not zero, because the strong par
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c / An Ampèrian surface superimpos
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and Maxwell’s equations becomeΦ
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j / Red and blue light travelat the
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Now let’s apply the equation c 2
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of multiplying two vectors to get a
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648 Chapter 11 Electromagnetismstud
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a / A capacitor with a dielectricbe
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elationship D = ɛE would actually
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esulting in cancellation.The opposi
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a low permeability, while the other
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n / A fluxgate compass.ally becomes
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6 Two parallel wires of length L ca
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an instant at the upper right, but
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Problem 25.20 Four long wires are a
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Problem 35.Problem 37.suming the kn
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Problem 42.√sine wave, but don’
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49 Suppose we are given a permanent
Page 672 and 673:
d, and e, and solve for a.54 Magnet
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5. Now position yourself with your
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situations. Not only that, but we w
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An image of Jupiter andits moon Io
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d / Two self-portraits of theauthor
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ultimate truth about light, but the
Page 684 and 685:
• There is a tendency to conceptu
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self-check AEach of these diagrams
Page 688 and 689:
m / Discussion question B.Discussio
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12.2 Images by ReflectionInfants ar
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Discussion QuestionA The figure sho
Page 694 and 695:
that the magnification in the third
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h / A Newtonian telescopebeing used
Page 698 and 699:
CLocate the images formed by the pe
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The only way to find out anything m
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than angles, so the distance form i
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have encountered in optics. Even th
Page 706 and 707:
g / Example 8.An anti-shoplifting m
Page 708 and 709:
degree panorama, the problem would
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l / The Hubble Space Telescopewas p
Page 712 and 713:
d / The incident, reflected,and tra
Page 714 and 715:
Finding an angle using Snell’s la
Page 716 and 717:
proportional to their velocities. C
Page 718 and 719:
concept of the focal length of a le
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of memorization. The positive sign
Page 722 and 723:
c / A practical, low-tech setup for
Page 724 and 725:
f / Double-slit diffraction.g / A w
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n / The waves travel distances Land
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Double-slit diffraction of blue and
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t / 1. There is a bright central ma
Page 732 and 733:
z / 1. A diffraction pattern formed
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hollowed-out shapes (called concave
Page 738 and 739:
Problem 23.you are able to find a p
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Problem 34.Problem 33.(a) A paralle
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(d) Suppose she sometimes uses cont
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47 The figure shows a diffraction p
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immediately to its right and left?
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3. Now imagine the following new si
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Exercise 12B: Object and Image Dist
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Exercise 12D: Double-Source Interfe
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Exercise 12E: Single-slit diffracti
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Exercise 12F: Diffraction of LightE
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energy, instead of being spread out
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correlated. If they have been playi
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c / Why are dice random?and more ac
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The area of a single square on the
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the radioactivity really will die o
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j / Calibration of the 14 C dating
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exact equation for the rate of deca
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k / In recent decades, a huge hole
Page 774 and 775:
A wave is partially absorbed.c / A
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f / The hamster in her hamsterball
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How would you extract h from the gr
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i / Wave interference patternsphoto
Page 782 and 783:
More specifically, the probability
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n / Probability is the volumeunder
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trons that we have already used for
Page 788 and 789:
equations of general validity are t
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Probability is proportional to the
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not the group velocity, which is re
Page 794 and 795:
g / The spectrum of the lightfrom t
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ment will have an effect on the thi
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typical momentum. This only an orde
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The most celebrated example is call
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k / A typical wavefunction of an el
Page 804 and 805:
which boils down tod 2 Ψdx 2 = aΨ
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the other variables are to be consi
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13.4 The AtomYou can learn a lot by
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Quantization of angular momentumThe
Page 812 and 813:
d / A cross-section of a hydrogen w
Page 814 and 815:
f / The three states of the hydroge
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g / The energy levels of aparticle
Page 818 and 819:
so∇ 2 Ψ =(− 2 ar + 1 a 2 )Ψ .
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electrical energy due to its intera
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The spdf labels are used in both nu
Page 824 and 825:
is released when these atoms steal
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duced one specific isotope, she now
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14 The photoelectric effect can occ
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Problem 25.(b) Sketch a graph showi
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it came. The rebounding photon has
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ExercisesExercise 13A: Quantum Vers
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like a nuisance if you’re just us
Page 838 and 839:
andA ==F m√(mω 2 − k) 2 + b 2
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The first and second terms in this
Page 842 and 843:
The second term, which is the total
Page 844 and 845:
Appendix 3: Photo CreditsExcept as
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Appendix 4: Hints and SolutionsHint
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assuming the string was (at least a
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time they fall. This violates both
Page 852 and 853:
Page 353: The wave pattern will loo
Page 854 and 855:
Page 600: For instance, imagine a s
Page 856 and 857:
Page 730: Judging by the distance f
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Page 46, problem 6:134 mg × 10−3
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Page 118, problem 5:E total,i = E t
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Page 215, problem 63: Since its vel
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This is unfortunately a circuit tha
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adians. The equation above then sim
Page 868 and 869:
.0.8 Notation and unitsquantity uni
Page 870 and 871:
surfaces. For comparison, a typical
Page 872 and 873:
Gravitational mass is defined by me
Page 874 and 875:
interaction between a spherically s
Page 876 and 877:
three different conservation laws:
Page 878 and 879:
The cross product has the disconcer
Page 880 and 881:
where v is the velocity of the wave
Page 882 and 883:
Chapter 8, Atoms and Electromagneti
Page 884 and 885:
The junction rule: In any circuit t
Page 886 and 887:
orI = I o exp(− R )L t,and the qu
Page 888 and 889:
For any surface that is not closed,
Page 890 and 891:
Wave optics: Wave optics is a more
Page 892 and 893:
interpreted as an equal mixture of
Page 894 and 895:
IndexA ground fault interrupter, 60
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DNA, 450Doppler effect, 332in relat
Page 898 and 899:
energies of states in, 814energy in
Page 900 and 901:
mechanical, 176ozone layer, 772padd
Page 902 and 903:
symmetry, 601systemclosed, 57Taylor
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