FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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8.4.7 Autopsy .................................................................................................................................................1438.4.8 Membrane Analysis...............................................................................................................................1448.5 Symptoms of Trouble, Causes and Corrective Measures .........................................................................1448.5.1 Low Flow ...............................................................................................................................................1448.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute Passage .............................................................................................1458.5.1.2 Low Flow and High Solute Passage .................................................................................................1468.5.1.3 Low Flow and Low Solute Passage ..................................................................................................1488.5.2 High Solute Passage.............................................................................................................................1498.5.2.1 High Solute Passage and Normal Permeate Flow............................................................................1498.5.2.2 High Solute Passage and High Permeate Flow ................................................................................1508.5.3 High Pressure Drop...............................................................................................................................1518.5.4 Troubleshooting Grid.............................................................................................................................1539. Addendum .................................................................................................................................................1549.1 Terminology...............................................................................................................................................1549.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium Chloride (Table 9.1) ..............................................................................1639.3 Conductivity of Ions ...................................................................................................................................1649.4 Conductivity of Solutions ...........................................................................................................................1649.5 Conversion of Concentration Units of Ionic Species..................................................................................1669.6 Temperature Correction Factor .................................................................................................................1679.7 Conversion of U.S. Units into Metric Units.................................................................................................1689.8 Ionization of Carbon Dioxide Solutions......................................................................................................1689.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chloride ......................................................................................................1699.10 Osmotic Pressure of Solutions..............................................................................................................1699.11 Testing Chemical Compatibilities with FILMTEC Membranes † ..........................................................1709.12 Key Word Index.....................................................................................................................................177Page 6 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration1.1 Historical BackgroundSince the development of reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) as practical unit operations in the late 1950’s andearly 1960’s, the scope for their application has been continually expanding. Initially, reverse osmosis was applied to thedesalination of seawater and brackish water. Increased demands on the industry to conserve water, reduce energyconsumption, control pollution and reclaim useful materials from waste streams have made new applications economicallyattractive. In addition, advances in the fields of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, coupled with advances in membranedevelopment, are making membranes an important separation step, which, compared to distillation, offers energy savingsand does not lead to thermal degradation of the products.Basic membrane research is the foundation of FilmTec Corporation and the creation of the FILMTEC FT30 membrane in1963.Since then, new products have been developed and existing products have undergone improvements in their ability toimprove permeate quality and lower the total cost of water.In general, RO membranes now offer the possibility of higher rejection of salts at significantly reduced operating pressures,and therefore, reduced costs. Nanofiltration membrane technology provides the capability of some selectivity in the rejectionof certain salts and compounds at relatively low operating pressures.FilmTec Corporation was founded in Minneapolis USA in 1977. After important and dramatically evolving product changesand company development between 1981 and 1984, the FilmTec Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of TheDow Chemical Company in August 1985.To assure a continuous, consistent, high quality supply of FILMTEC products to the rapidly growing reverse osmosis andnanofiltration markets, Dow has committed significant capital and other resources to upgrade and expand its manufacturingcapabilities at FilmTec. The adoption of ISO quality assurance programs coupled with investment in advancedmanufacturing techniques and equipment, ensure the highest levels of product performance and consistency.Through the combination of selling only to approved water treatment companies and Dow’s sales network sustained byTechnical Service Centers, Dow assures the technical success of its FILMTEC products and the commercial and technicalsuccess of its customers.1.2 Desalination Technologies and Filtration ProcessesFILMTEC reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane technologies are widely recognized to offer the mosteffective and economical process options currently available. From small scale systems, through to very large scaledesalination, RO and NF can handle most naturally occurring sources of brackish and seawaters. Permeate watersproduced satisfy most currently applicable standards for the quality of drinking waters.RO and NF can reduce regeneration costs and waste when used independently, in combination or with other processes,such as ion exchange. They can also produce very high quality water, or, when paired with thermal distillation processes,can improve asset utilization in power generation and water production against demand.Figure 1.1 gives an approximate representation of the salinity range to which the main desalination processes can begenerally applied economically.The most typical operating range of the four major desalination processes is shown in Figure 1.1. Also shown is typicaloperating ranges for several generic FILMTEC membrane types.Page 7 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Page 1 and 2: DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
Page 3: 2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
Page 9 and 10: Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
Page 11 and 12: How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
Page 13 and 14: 1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
Page 15 and 16: Membrane systems are typically desi
Page 17 and 18: 1.8 Element CharacteristicsFILMTEC
Page 19 and 20: 2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
Page 21 and 22: SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.5 Water analysis for RO/NFS
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.7 Solubility products of sp
Page 27 and 28: In this process, only Ca 2+ , Ba 2+
Page 29 and 30: For the concentration ranges presen
Page 31 and 32: The conditions for CaCO 3 scale con
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.3 Langelier saturation ind
Page 35 and 36: These computations have been descri
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.5 “K” versus ionic str
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.6 Ksp for CaSO 4 versus io
Page 41 and 42: 2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Preven
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.8 K sp for SrSO 4 versus i
Page 45 and 46: 2.4.7 Silica Scale PreventionDissol
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.10 Solubility of SiO 2 vers
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Preve
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.9 Various fouling indicesIn
Page 53 and 54: Frequent shutdowns and start-ups sh
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If the differential pressure across
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1. Intake (surface) or well, before
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or combined residual chlorine (CRC)
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2.6.5 DBNPADBNPA (2,2, dibromo-3-ni
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2.6.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Mem
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2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Contain
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2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Option
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26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
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Table 3.1 System design information
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3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
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3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
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The apparent salt passage of the sy
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Instead of having a separate high-p
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3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
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In Table 3.6, the small commercial
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Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
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3.11 System Performance Projection3
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3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
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Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
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3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
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The high-pressure concentrate is fe
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If the product water from an RO sys
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Besides the above recommendations,
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4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
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The process of shimming is performe
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4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
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5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
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5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
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5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
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5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
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Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
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A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
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For the operating conditions we hav
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4. During recirculation of cleaning
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2. The cleaning pump should be size
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6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
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Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
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If the organic fouling is the resul
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There are two factors that greatly
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7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
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7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
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If the normalized actual performanc
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8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
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Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
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8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
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8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
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. Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
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. Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
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8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
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In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
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Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
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FeedThe input solution to a treatme
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Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
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SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
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9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
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Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
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9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
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9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
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Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
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satisfactory for such a determinati
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case for almost all tested biocides
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9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
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Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu
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FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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