Parenting Styles in Relation to Academic Performance and ...

Parenting Styles in Relation toAcademic Performance and Academic StressKristin BradleyAnderson University

2Literature Review

Literature Review3Smith & Renk (2007) They examined the relationships among coping strategiesused by college students, social support, parenting stylesused by mothers and fathers, and academic-related stressin college students.StressFemalesAuthoritarian FathersNo SignificanceFoundMalesAcross all Parenting Styles &Gender of Parent

Literature Review4Silva, Dorso, Azhar, & Renk (2007) They examined the relationships among the perceivedparenting styles experienced by college students during theirchildhoods, college students’ present levels of anxiety, theiracademic motivation, and their academic success.AnxietyGPAParenting StylePermissiveAuthoritarianAuthoritativeMother FatherParenting StylePermissiveAuthoritarianAuthoritativeMotherFather

Literature Review5Turner, Chandler, & Heffer (2009) They examined relations among parenting style,academic performance, self-efficacy, and achievementmotivation in college students.GPAAuthoritativeParenting*Self-Efficacy

6Definitions

Definitions7Parenting Styles: Permissive parenting is defined as “relativelynoncontrolling and tend to use a minimum ofpunishment with their children.”(Buri, 1991, p. 111)

Definitions8Parenting Styles: Authoritarian parenting is defined as “highlydirective with their children and value unquestioningobedience in their exercise of authority over theirchildren. Being detached and less warm than otherparents…discourages verbal give-and-take andfavor punitive measures to control their children’sbehavior.”(Buri, 1991, p. 111)

Definitions9Parenting Styles : Authoritative parenting is defined as “providingclear and firm direction for their children, butdisciplinary clarity is moderated by warmth, reason,flexibility, and verbal give-and-take.”(Buri, 1991, p. 111)

Definitions10 Academic Performance: is defined in the presentstudy as the self-reported GPA of a participant on a4.0 scale. Academic Stress: is defined as the “fear of fallingbehind with coursework, finding the motivation tostudy, time pressures, financial worries, and concernabout academic ability”(Smith & Renk, 2007, p. 412).

Hypotheses11 H 1a : Students who were reared by authoritativemothers will have higher GPAs than studentsreared by authoritarian or permissive mothers. H 1b : Students who were reared by authoritativefathers will have higher GPAs than studentsreared by authoritarian or permissive fathers.

Hypotheses Continued12 H 2a : Students who were reared by authoritarianmothers will have higher academic stress thanstudents reared by authoritative or permissivemothers. H 2b : Students who were reared by authoritarianfathers will have higher academic stress thanstudents reared by authoritative or permissivefathers.

13Method

Participants14 Participants included 104 volunteer undergraduatestudents from a private, small Midwestern university. Mean of 19.5 years Females = 79 and Males = 25 Year in SchoolJunior13%Senior6%Sophomore30%Freshmen51%

Measures15Parental Authority Questionnaire1 2 3 4 5Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Strongly AgreePermissiveAuthoritarianAuthoritativeWhile I was growing up my mother felt that in a well-run home the childrenshould have their way in the family as often as the parents do.Even if his children didn’t agree with him, my father felt that it was for ourown good if we were forced to conform to what he thought was right.As I was growing up I knew what my mother expected of me in my family,but also felt free to discuss those expectations with my mother when I feltthat they were unreasonable.(Buri, 1991)

Measures16Academic Stress Scale(Adapted from Perceived Stress Scale)0 1 2 3 4Never Almost Never Sometimes Fairly Often Very OftenIn the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed” academically?In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all theacademic tasks that you had to do?In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way inyour academics?(Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983)

Procedure17 Request of Participation Purpose of Study & Instructions Consent Form Demographic Questionnaire PAQ and Adapted Version of PSS (counterbalanced) Contact Information for Researcher

18Results

Design19 Two separate ANOVAs of mothers’ parenting GPA Academic Stress 3x2 Between Subjects DesignParenting StylesPermissiveAuthoritarianAuthoritativeStudent’s GenderFemaleMale

Results20 Dependent Variable: GPA n=98 α=0.05Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)Parenting Style of MotherSum of Squares df Mean Square F-Ratio pGender 0.001 1 0.001 0.006 0.937Parenting Style 0.083 2 0.041 0.184 0.832Gender*Parenting Style0.419 2 0.209 0.930 0.398

Results21 Dependent Variable: Academic Stress n=98 α=0.05Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)Parenting Style of MotherSum of Squares df Mean Square F-Ratio pGender 31.139 1 31.139 0.891 0.348Parenting Style 322.583 2 161.292 4.617 0.012Gender*Parenting Style11.304 2 5.652 0.162 0.851

Results22Academic Stress Scale Score35302520151050Parenting Style of Mother_X=26SD=5.83_X=20.32SD=7.07_X=17.89SD=5.38Permissive Authoritarian AuthoritativePermissive>Authoritative, p=0.012

Design23 Two separate ANOVAs of fathers’ parenting GPA Academic Stress 3x2 Between Subjects DesignParenting StylesPermissiveAuthoritarianAuthoritativeStudent’s GenderFemaleMale

Results24 Dependent Variable: GPA n=93 α=0.05Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)Parenting Style of FatherSum of Squares df Mean Square F-Ratio pGender 0.000 1 0.000 0.002 0.964Parenting style 0.222 2 0.111 0.573 0.566Gender*Parenting Style16.806 2 0.049 0.255 0.775

Results25 Dependent Variable: Academic Stress n=93 α=0.05Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)Parenting Style of FatherSum of Squares df Mean Square F-Ratio pGender 0.140 1 0.140 0.004 0.950Parenting style 10.485 2 5.242 0.147 0.863Gender*Parenting Style51.202 2 25.601 0.718 0.491

Discussion26 Church Affiliated Institution Students come from traditional households wherethe mother typically stays at home and takes on themain role as the nurturer. From this you may expect college students’academic performance and academic stress to beaffected by the mothers’ parenting style more thanthe fathers’ parenting style.

Discussion27 Students reared by permissive mothers have notlearned how to be academically responsible andtherefore have difficulty functioning well in aUniversity setting where time management andmotivation are important in succeedingacademically.

Discussion28 Future Research: Research other possible variables that may beinvolved in college students’ academic performanceand academic stress.•Academic Motivation•Coping Strategies•Beliefs about Academic Ability•Contingencies of Self-Worth

References29Baldwin, D., McIntyre, A., & Hardaway, E. (2007). Perceived parenting styles on college students' optimism. CollegeStudent Journal, 41(3), 550-557. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.Buri, J. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110-119.doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701.Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and SocialBehavior, 24(4), 385-396. doi:10.2307/2136404.Glasgow, K., Dornbusch, S., Troyer, L., & Steinberg, L. (1997). Parenting styles, adolescents' attributions, and educationaloutcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development, 68(3), 507-529. doi:10.2307/1131675.Heaven, P., & Ciarrochi, J. (2008). Parental styles, conscientiousness, and academic performance in high school: A threewavelongitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(4), 451-461.doi:10.1177/0146167207311909.Joshi, A., Ferris, J., Otto, A., & Regan, P. (2003). Parenting styles and academic achievement in college students.Psychological Reports, 93(3), 823-828. doi:10.2466/PR0.93.7.823-828.McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents.Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 806-827. doi:10.1177/0192513X07311222.Silva, M., Dorso, E., Azhar, A., & Renk, K. (2007). The relationship among parenting styles experienced during childhood,anxiety, motivation, and academic success in college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theoryand Practice, 9(2), 149-167. doi:10.2190/CS.9.2.b.Turner, E., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R. (2009). The influence of parenting styles, achievement motivation, and self-efficacyon academic performance in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 50(3), 337-346. Retrievedfrom PsycINFO database.