Wel1come Trust - Wellcome Trust

TheWel1come Trust.1968-70ANNUA L REPORT/WEL

TheWellcome Trust1968-70Eighth Report52 Queen Anne Street London WIM 9LA

ContentsI The Trustees and their staff 9II Introduction 16III Development of Policy 25Dermatology 25Clinical Pharmacology 26Migraine 27Tropical Medicine 28Veterinary Medicine 29IV Grants Programme 32Scientific Programme 32Training and PersonalAwards 47V History of Medicine 50History ofMedicine Advisory PanelSOThe Wellcome Institute ofthe History ofMedicine SOAppendices:A. Extract from the Will ofSir Henry S. Wellcome S5B. General Statement ofPolicy 56C. Grantsawarded1968-70 61D. Wellcome Medals and Prizes 117E. Publications ofthe Wellcome Institute 119

The Wellcome TrustBoard of Trustees:CluJirman:The Rt. Hon. the Lord Franks of Headington, zc,G.C.M.O.. K.c.B.,C.B.B.Deputy CluJirman:Professor Sir John McMichael, M.D., F.R.CoP., F.R.S.Trustees:Professor H. Barcroft, M.D., F.R..CoP., F.R.S.The Rt. Hon. the Lord Murray of Newhaven, K.C.B.R. M. Nesbitt, Esq.Professor R. H. S. Thompson, D.M., D.8c., F.R..C.P., F.R.C.hth.Scientific A.dviser:C. E. Gordon Smith, C.B., M.D., F.R..C.P., F.R..C.Path.Secretary:P. O. Williams, M.A., M.B., F.R..C.P.Filutncial Secretary:J. E. K. Carte, F.C.A.DeputySecretary:Edda Hanington, MD.

Staff of the Trust:Director:P. O. Williams, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.P.Medical Division:Edda Hanington, M.D., Assistant DirectorJoan Masterson, SecretaryB. A. Bembridge, M.D., Assistant DirectorJean Shephard, SecretaryD. G. Metcalfe, Assistant Administrative OfficerPatricia Goddard, SecretaryTropical Medical Division:B. E. C. Hopwood, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H., D.I.H., Barrister-at-LawAssistant DirectorRosemarie Ellory, SecretarySheila Goddard, Administrative AssistantDirector's Office:Joan E. Masom, Director's SecretaryValerie A. Ellard, B.A., Administrative AssistantAdministrative Division:M. A. F. Barren, Administrative OfficerDiana Speller, SecretaryD. G. Hooker, Office ManagerMargot Galwey, Registry

ITHE TRUSTEES AND THEIR STAFFThe Trustees were deeply moved to learn of the deathin March 1969 of Mr. Lancelot Claude Bullock whohad been one of the original five Trustees appointed bySir Henry Wellcome. As a member of the firm ofMarkby, Stewart and Wadesons, who were Sir HenryWellcome's legal advisers, he had been personally concernedin the drafting of the Will by which the Trustwas created, and of the explanatory Memorandumwhich was to accompany it. This close familiarity withthe founder's aims and intentions naturally lent specialvalue to the advice which Mr. Bullock was able to giveto his co-Trustees from the beginning of their responsibilitiesin 1936 until his retirement in 1961.As mentioned in the Seventh Report of the Trust'sactivities, Sir John Boyd retired as Scientific Adviser tothe Trustees on the occasion of his birthday on 18thSeptember, 1968. Sir John had been a Trustee from1956 until his retirement in 1966, when he agreed tocontinue to act as scientific adviser in pathology,microbiology and tropical medicine for a further twoyears, and it is fitting that the Trustees should nowacknowledge his help and advice during the twelveyears of his association with the Trust.Sir John had served in the Indian Army and in theR.A.M.C. before he became Director of Pathology in9

the War Office in 1944. In 1946 he joined the staff ofThe Wellcome Foundation Limited as Director of theLaboratories of Tropical Medicine. This post herelinquished to become a Trustee.Sir John concerned himself particularly with tropicalmedical research. The depth of his experience madepossible the creation of the research policy which isoutlined in the section of this report dealing withtropical medicine (p. 28).Sir John devoted a considerable amount of time andinterest to the Trust's work. He was always willing tomeet people and discuss their research with them, andhe made a number of visits overseas on behalf of theTrust. His former post with The WellcomeFoundationbrought to the Trustees a special insight into theproblems of the business.In October 1969 the Trustees appointed Dr. C. E.Gordon Smith, Director of the MicrobiologicalResearch Establishment, Porton Down, as ScientificAdviser in microbiology and tropical medicine, for aperiod of three years. Dr. Gordon Smith has subsequentlybeen appointed Dean of the London School ofHygiene and Tropical Medicine. His experience in theTropics and on the Tropical Medicine Research Boardof the Medical Research Council, will be of specialvalue to the Trust in developing its programme for thesupport of research in the Tropics.10

MeetingsDuring 1968-1970 the Trustees have held their usualmonthly meetings and the AdvisoryPanels on veterinarymedicine and the history of medicine have metregularly.In addition, there have been several meetings to discussspecific problems, such as the support of dermatology.(See p. 25).VisitsIn December 1968 Professor Thompson and Dr.Williams visitedresearchorganizationsin SouthAmericaand the West Indies. Professor Barcroft visited theTata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay inApril 1969. He also saw research projects supported bythe Trust in Bangkok, Ceylon and Singapore.In October 1969 Professor Thompson opened thelaboratories for schistosomiasis research at JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore, for which the Trusthas provided a grant.Professor Thompson, Dr. Williams and Dr. L.Goodwin, Director of Science at the Nuffield Instituteof Comparative Medicine, London Zoo, visited theWellcome Trust Research Laboratories in Nairobi inJanuary 1970 to discuss future developments there.They also visited the universities in Addis Ababa andKampala.The Trustees have in addition been present at theopening of a number of buildings which had been11

provided by the Trust. Sir John McMichael openednew dermatology laboratories which had been providedfor the work of Professor S. Shuster at NewcastleUniversity, and Dr. Williams was present at CambridgeUniversity when the new pharmacology laboratorieswere opened.The Trustees were particularly happy in November1970to visit the new laboratories provided at UniversityCollege for the work of Professor Sir Bernard Katz.The Trustees wish to express their congratulations tohim on the award of the Nobel Prize. His work on thetransmission of the nerve impulse at the neuromuscularjunction has been extensively described in connectionwith his award. It is of particular satisfaction to theTrustees to note that his work is a logical extensionfrom that of Sir Henry Dale. The laboratory in whichheworks has been enlarged during the past few years withthe aid of grants provided by the Trust. (The picturesfacing this page illustrate the essenceofhis achievement.)Trustees' OfficeIn July, 1969 the Trustees agreed that the titles of theirsenior staff should be brought into line with those ofthe staff of other foundations and describe moreeffectively their function. Consequently, it was decidedthat the Secretary to the Trust should hold the jointtitles of Director and Secretary to the Trustees. Theother medical staff would be Assistant Directors, andDr. Hanington would in addition be the DeputySecretary to the Trustees.12

Nerve endi ng in m uscle .'---- Nerve with'---- neum -tran smitt ervesicles/ ...Nerv es with___vesiclesco nta iningacet yl-cho line~ N e u m mu scu larju nction~ I11 U S cl eElectron micro scopic picture of neuro-m uscular en d-plate.

Two new medical Assistant Directors have joined thestaff of the Trust. In September 1969 Dr. B. E. C.Hopwood took over responsibility for tropicalmedicine. His previous experience in Uganda andEthiopia as well as with the Medical Research Councilmade him an ideal recruit. Dr. B. A. Bembridgejoined the staff shortly after the period covered by thisreport, in September 1970. He has special researchexperience in ophthalmic pathology.With these additions reorganization has been possibleso that the medical staff can now be more concernedwith the scientific topics of medical research. Throughthis shape it is hoped to create greater continuity ofthought and policy by co-ordinating various projectssupported by the Trust.Miss Joan Etherington resigned her appointment withthe Trust in May 1970. It is difficult to pay adequatetribute to Miss Etherington as she occupied so manyroles during the growth of the Trust. She conveyed toall those with whom she had contact a belief in thepurpose of the Trust and worked extremely hard tosee that this attitude was justified. We wish her everyhappiness in her new life.During the past two years Dr. Williams has givenlectures on the following subjects: Opportunities andResponsibilities of Foundations and Universities inTropicalCountries (SeventhConferenceof the IndustrialCouncil for Tropical Health, Harvard University,October, 1969), The Wellcome Trust and Tropical13

Medical Research (Tropical Medicine Research BoardMeeting, Medical Research Council, October, 1969),Medical Research in the World Setting (Royal Societyof Medicine Symposium on the Problems of WorldMedicine, May, 1970), Bilateral Co-operation betweenCountries in Research Training (Council for InternationalOrganization of Medical Sciences, September1970). Dr. Hopwood gave a paper on The ProvisionofMedical Care in Developing Countries (Royal Societyof Medicine Symposium on the Problems of WorldMedicine, May 1970). Dr. Hanington spoke about herresearch on the role of tyramine in the aetiology ofmigraine at meetings in London, Copenhagen andVienna.In order to provide accommodation for the additionalstaff, the Trust has leased the basement of 54, QueenAnne Street. Plans are now going ahead to build newoffices for the Trust at Ulster Place, London, N.W.I.It is hoped that these will be ready by 1973.The Trust continues to be a centre where visitors fromall over the world call to discuss their research programmesand matters relating to the Trust's activities.During the two years of this report there were nearly500 visitors.The Trustees would like once again to record theirgratitude to the many scientific advisers and otherswho have helped them in assessing the applicationswhich have come before them for consideration andparticularly to the members of their advisory panels.14

Wellcome Trust Advisory Panels 1968-1970History of MedicineThe Rt, Hon. the Lord Cohen of Birkenhead, M.D., F.R.C.P., J.P.(Chairman).Professor W. C. Gibson, M.D., D.Phil., F.A.C.P.Mr. F. Greenaway, M.A., M.Sc., F.R.I.C., F.M.A.Professor A. R. Hall, M.A., Ph.D.Dr. C. Newman, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P.Professor Dr. moo et Phil J. S. SteudelThe Rt. Hon. the Lord Murray of Newhaven.Dr. P. O. Williams, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.P. (Secretary).Dr. F. N. L. Poynter, Ph.D., D.Litt., Hon.M.D.(Kiel) (Assessor).Veterinary MedicineProfessor R. H. S. Thompson, M.A., D.M., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.Path.(Chairman).Professor R. R. A. Coombs, Sc.D., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.Professor W. F. H. Jarrett, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.C.Path., M.R.C.V.S.Professor C. S. G. Grunsell, Ph.D., M.R.C.V.S.Mr. S. L. Hignett, F.R.C.V.S., B.Sc.,Mr. I. H. Pattison, B.Sc., F.R.C.V.S.Dr. P. O. Williams, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.P.Dr. Edda Hanington, M.D. (Secretary).15

ITINTRODUCTIONWith the reduction in the rate of increase in theavailability of government funds the role of the grantgivingfoundations in financing medical research hasbecome increasingly important. The universities arevery short of funds for the support of new developmentsin medical research. Itis apparent that they are examiningways to carry out their function within the newframework, and no doubt they may be able to makesome adjustments, but it seems inevitable that researchwill bear the main brunt of the shortage of funds. At atime when the importance of research tends to beassessed according to its practical value, it is thosecentres of the highest quality which, due to theiroriginality, are so in advance of their time that are mostlikely to suffer.This is a sad position for this country's medicalresearch,and for the standards of its universities and one whichwill make the universities tum more and more toprivate funds for support. The resources of the foundationsare inadequate to meet such a challenge. If theywere to devote their entire income to this purpose itwould be of little avail except as a temporary subsidy.Since the foundations must maintain the utmostflexibility in the use oftheir funds they cannot undertakemore than a very small number of long term commitments.It would not be appropriate even at a time of16

financial stringency to alter this policy as this wouldbe to the detriment of their main function, which is toensure that they can act quickly when they can find theopportunity to create change and development.The Wellcome Trustees are able to report a substantialgrowth in their activities during the period underreview. During the two years 1968-70 grants totalling£5,780,268 were awarded. This is more than twice theamount allocated during the previous two year period,and nearly one third of the £18,000,000 allocated bythe Trust since it was founded in 1936. The diagramand table on pages 18and 20illustrate the rate ofgrowthof the Trust since 1962 and the change in type of awardsnow being made.In its report for 1964-66 the Wellcome Trust outlinedparticular areas in which it considered that there wasa special need for research support. The same generalpolicy has been pursued during the period covered bythis report.The most important and largest category of supportprovided by the Trust is that of research assistance(£2,033,000 or 35 per cent of allocations). Theseawards provide scientific and technical assistance andexpenses for research workers undertaking specificprojects. It was envisaged in the last report that itmight prove appropriate to provide for the longer termsupport of some projects for a period of up to fiveyears. The period under review has seen the gradualextension of this policy. An account of some of the17

Growth of the Wellcome Trust 1962-70£6.000.000Grants forBuildings£5.000,000Grants forResearchAssistanceGrants forFellowships£4,000,000Other categories ofResearch support(See page 20)£3,000.000£2,000,00039%£1 .000,00034%1962-1964181964-1966 1966- 1968 1968-1970

work supported by the Trust in this way is describedin Section IV of this report.It is especially in the category of research assistancethat the Trust feels that there is a gap to be :filled. Someyears ago the Medical Research Council started theResearch Group Scheme intended to give longer termteam support to university staff, but with the provisothat the university must take over the cost in the nextquinquennium. This was an extremely importantschemewhich has apparently ceasedto be viable becausethe universities, in their present financial uncertainty,cannot accept the responsibility of taking over thesegroups. This type of longer term support is essentialif a good research worker in a university is to developand maintain a trained team, and it is hoped that thelong-term grants described in the MRC's latest reportmay help to solve this problem.The second largest category for support (£990,287) isthat of research fellowships. These fellowships enablethe Trust to encourage interest and give training inselected neglected fields, as well as to help foreignnationals to work in this country.The MRC has adopted a new policy for the allocationof research training scholarships, and has shown in itsAnnual Report for 1969-7{) its interest in selectedfields to which it gives preference. The Trust considersthat there are other subjects and departments in whichresearch training scholarships are needed, and has made69 such awards in the two year period.19

ALLOCATION OF FUNDS 1962-19701962-64 1964-66 1966-68 1968-70Total Allocation 2,178,450 2,667,712 2,779,732 5,780,268Buildings 784,550 946,064 429,267 405,600(37%) (36%) (16%) (7%)Equipment 427,520 288,498 362,965 347,588(20%) (I01%) (13%) (6%)Research Assistancet 148,932 244,000 961,000 2,033,000(61%) (9%) (34%) (35%)Fellowships 336,175 560,000 570,000 990,287(15%) (21 %) (21 %) 08%)University Awards 63,000 242,000(2%) (4%)History of Medicine" 335,846 341,400 340,000 450,370(15%) (13%) (12%) (8%)Veterinary Medicine 461,000(8%)Other Groups 145,427 287,750 53,500 850,423(61%) (10l%) (2%) (14%)• Including History of Medicine Institute.t Including Units.20

Other forms of support are available from the Trust toassist university research workers. The travel grantsscheme (£78,326 over the past two years) and overseasfellowships, come into this category.The Trust's policy vis-a-vis grants for equipment hasevolved further. The MRC has expressed its anxietythat the demand for equipment is below that appropriatefor present day research sophistication and hasoffered to consider applications for this type of support.In view of this it has not seemed to the Trustees to benecessary to make equipment grants except in unusualcircumstancesand so allocations have fallen to £347,588.Very few grants have been awarded to provide buildings.Such grants are made only in caseswhere the Trustis particularly anxious to develop a project and wherenew accommodation is essential for these programmesto be carried out. It is unfortunate that there is stilllittle sign of recognition in government quarters of theneed to provide funds for this purpose. The allocationfor buildings over the past two years amounted to£405,600.In addition the Trust provides awards of various kindsin order to stimulate interest and give training in topicswhich the Trustees consider have been neglected. Thus,in the period under review, £229,000 was provided tohelp encourage the development of dermatology (page25) and £461,000 for work in veterinary medicine(page 29).21

Although the Trustees always have in mind the ultimateobjective of medical research, the improvement of thehealth of man, they have always considered that a highlevel of activity in research in the basic sciences relatedto medicine is essential for the progress of medicalresearch. Indeed, many of the ideas which later becomeincorporated into the practice of medicine originatefrom studies in physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology.From the total allocation of £5,780,268 duringthe period under review, £882,196 or 15 per cent wasallocated to the support of the basic sciences.The international position of the Trust has enabled itto encourage research in relation to the Tropics.£951,800 has been allocated for this purpose during thepast two years. (More details are given in Section III.)The intensification of world wide interest in the problemsof developing countries gives the Trust furtheropportunity to assist research in tropical medicine.Through co-operative schemes, travel grants, fellowshipsfor overseas workers and exchange arrangementsit seeks to emphasize that neither medicinenor researchcan afford to recognize territorial boundaries. TheWellcome-London-Harvard Scheme recently introducedwill provide appointments for citizens of GreatBritain and the United States to work in the tropicsand this illustrates effectively the application of theseprinciples.Efforts to increase co-operation in medical research inEurope continue. An Anglo-German Committee has22

een set up with six members nominated by the Trustin consultation with the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(German Research Association) to award visitingresearch fellowships tenable in the United Kingdomand the Federal Republic of Germany. Members oftheCommittee are Professor G. V.R. Born, Professor A. C.Dornhorst, Professor R. A. Gregory, Professor K.Fleischhauer, Professor T. M. Fliedner and ProfessorG. Meyer-Schwickerath. The first meeting of thecommittee was held shortly after the end of the periodcovered by this report and it is hoped that the firstWellcome Anglo-German Fellowshipswill be awardedearly in 1971. Fellowships have also been providedthrough the European Societyfor Clinical Investigationand a special travel grant scheme to enable Italianscientists to visit British research institutions is beingplanned in association with the Mario Negri Foundationin Milan. Preliminary contacts have been made inother countries and a closer relationship is beingestablished with other grant-giving foundations inEurope. The apparent recognition of English as thecommon language of science will go a long way tofacilitate such interchange.The establishment of interdisciplinary projects continuesto be difficult. Consideration continues to begiven to new ways in which this type of developmentcan be fostered.In the History of Medicine, the Trust has, through itsAdvisory Panel, made contact with universities with a23.1

view to establishing university departments. The decisionhas been taken to establish departments atCambridge and Oxford Universities. The Trust'sInstitute of the History of Medicine continues todevelop and the rebuilding operations will be completedearly in 1971.In this report we have attempted to set out the differentways in which the Trust acts in support of medicalresearch and fulfils a role of importance not only forthe development of knowledge but in maintaining anddeveloping intellectual standards in universities.24

III DEVELOPMENT OF POLICYThe topics in this section are those which reflect the efforts of theTrust to develop research in selected neglected fields. They indicatethe positive way in which the Trust can use its funds.DermatologyIn our last report attention was drawn to special support whichthe Trustees were providing for research in dermatology. Despitethe economic importance of skin disease in the community, researchin this field has been relatively neglected. Even today there areonly four Chairs of Dermatology in the United Kingdom, and thelack of career prospects has been one of the chief factors in thefailure to attract suitable recruits into academic dermatology.This position became clear at a symposium which the Trusteesarranged in October 1969 in order that some of the leading researchworkers in dermatology could put forward their views on ways inwhich research in this field might be encouraged. Following thesediscussions the Trustees were able to formulate a programme aimedat remedying some of the deficiencies that had been described tothem. In order to try to attract young men of the right calibre intothis field the Trustees decided to provide support for three yearresearch training programmes in dermatology for suitable candidateswho have already had experience in clinical medicine. The Headsof the Institute of Dermatology of the University of London, andthe Department of Dermatology of the University of Newcastlewere asked to submit proposals for this type of support. In orderto ensure an interdisciplinary approach these training programmesare to include periods at other specified centres for training inparticular fields, e.g. electron microscopy, biochemistry etc.Realising that there is, at present, a shortage of suitable posts foracademically trained dermatologists, the Trustees offered to bridgethe gap until the subject received its due recognition from theuniversities. They agreed to support the creation of lectureships indermatology for periods of up to five years until the university25

concerned could take over the cost of these posts. Support in thiscategory has already been provided for Bristol University.In addition, the Trustees will continue to consider ad hoc requestsfor support for specified research programmes. Since the MedicalResearch Council has now also expressed its wish to give priorityto the support of dermatology the Trust will in future put its mainemphasis on the encouragement and training of new recruits atselected centres.Clinical PharmacologyClinical Pharmacology is a relatively new but rapidly developingfield. In an endeavour to encourage suitable young men into thisfield, the Trustees, in 1966, established competitive fellowships forresearch and training. In July 1969 a discussion was held, underthe chairmanship of Sir John McMichael, between the representativesof some clinical pharmacology departments in the Universityof London and members of the Trust to review the Trust'sprogramme.The discussion indicated that the 'best way in which the Trust mightsupport clinical pharmacology in future would be by awardingfellowships for training in two or three selected departments whichprovide scope for the full development of the subject. Thesefellowship awards would not be advertised, but the heads of thesedepartments could approach the Trust for support for suitablecandidates. These should be men with considerable clinical experiencewho have obtained the MRCP.Introductory courses to the subject will no longer be supported,but a short basic training in the various disciplines involved,e.g. statistics and biochemistry, might form part of the generaltraining programme. This could involve-working in two or morecentres and possibly spending a year or two in training at anappropriate centre abroad. Thus the Trustees might considersupport for a comprehensive training programme for an individualover a three year period. The training programme would be adjustedto the interests and needs of the individual. Awards of this typehave already been made.26

,:o _ ~..,.._.,.,.._,u_c'...., -~- _~ . . "__. ,.,.'-' _~Pro fesso r Shuster explaini ng a demons tra tio n to Sir John a nd Lad y McMich acla nd Dr . W illia ms a t th e new ly o pe ned Wellcorn e La borat o ry fo r Resea rch intoSki n Diseases. U niversity of Newcastle.

Other organizations are now taking so much interest in this fieldthat the Trustees have decided that they need no longer includeclinical pharmacology in their list of neglected topics.MigraineThe work on migraine supported by the Trust forms a good exampleof interdisciplinary research.Following the observation by Dr. Edda Hanington, the Trust'sDeputy Secretary, that tyramine, a common constituent of manyfoodstuffs will induce attacks of migraine in about 30 per cent ofmigraine sufferers the Trustees agreed to support further Viork onthis topic. They have done this in two ways. Dr. Hanington hasrun an Out Patient Clinic at the Middlesex Hospital and undertakenepidemiological studies with the assistance ofthe Migraine Association.This clinical work has increased the precision of definitionof the syndrome and allowed her to test the use of a new drug thattheoretically should interfere with the production of tyramineheadache. Some of the patients attending the clinic volunteered forstudies on the metabolism of tyramine. The clinical aspects of thiswork were undertaken by Dr. P. Mullen in the Department ofNeurology at the Middlesex Hospital while the biochemical investigationswere directed by Dr. Ivor Smith at the CourtauldInstitute of Biochemistry. These studies have demonstrated thatpatients who react to tyramine fail to conjugate it to the sameextent as normal subjects. A hereditary factor is highly significant inthe incidence of migraine and this conjugation defect suggests thatmigraine in these patients is probably due to an inherited enzymedefect. Work on the metabolism of other monoamines is now beingcarried out.Other work on migraine supported by the Trust includes studiesat the B.F.I.M.R.A. laboratories on the substance in chocolatewhich induces attacks of migraine. Chocolate is the most commonlyimplicated food indicated by patients as· precipitating attacks andis cited by 75 per cent of dietary migraine sufferers.Finally Dr. Merton Sandler has been supported in studies of the27

elationship of monoamine oxidase to migraine attacks and of themetabolites of tyramine excreted by patients who are sensitive totyramine.This work on migraine is now co-ordinated through a steeringcommittee under the chairmanship of Professor R. H. S. Thompson.Tropical MedicineResearch in tropical medicine has been one of the Trust's dominantinterests since its inception. This policy has been a reflection ofSir Henry Wellcome's own activities and the importance of tropicalmedicine was affirmed by the Trustees in their statement made inthe report for 1964-66.In no better way could the policy of the Trustees be exemplifiedthan by the work of Dr. Henry Foy and Dr. Athena Kendi, sinceit began in 1938. Each biennial report by the Trust has bornewitness to the energy, enterprise and scientific imagination of Dr.Foy, so very ably complemented by Dr. Kondi. These reportsrecord the history of these co-workers' association with the Trustand the scientific results of their endeavours. The story beginningwith malaria in Thessalonika in 1938 does not end with the studiesof nutritional deficiencies and tropical anaemias in Kenya. AlthoughDr. Foy has relinquished the direction of the Wellcome ResearchLaboratories in Nairobi from the end of 1970 he will continue hisexciting work on the effects of pyridoxine deficiency with somesupport from the Trust. The Trustees wish to take the opportunityprovided by this report to pay tribute to the work of Dr. Foyandhis collaborator Dr. Kondi and at the same time to wish them weDin their retirement.A recent example of the further implementation of the Trust'spolicies is provided by the Wellcome-London-Harvard Scheme.This scheme was announced in the press in the United Kingdomand the United States simultaneously in February, 1970, afterprolonged consultations involving the Trust, the London School ofHygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Department of TropicalPublic Health of the Harvard School of Public Healih. The schemecontains an offer to provide one million pounds over the next ten28

years to be divided between the two schools. The aim of thescheme is to provide an opportunity for young scientists from theUnited States and United Kingdom to make a career in tropicalmedical research and to spend most of their time studying problemsin the tropics. This scheme has been developed to counter the trendin recent years towards reduced recruitment and lessened interest inthe diseases of the tropics by citizens of Europe and America. TheTrustees take the view that it is extremely important that theavailable international talent should focus on these problems sothat they can be solved as rapidly as possible. It is hoped that, inthe course of time, closer links will be also forged between Harvardand London.The London School already has under close consideration a proposalto set up a study of Chaps' disease caused by Trypanosomacruzi in Brazil and there is likely to be a further programme ofresearch on schistosomiasis in the Sudan. The Department ofTropical Public Health in Harvard, under the guidance of ProfessorT. H. Weller aims to appoint scientists of high calibre to thedepartment and to encourage them to develop deep interests inresearch in the tropical field. One appointment, that of Dr. R.Morrow, lately from Makerere, has been made at Harvard.The Trust's support for Tropical Medicine is outlined in Section IVwhere these activities are described under four major groupings:-1. studies of Leishmania2. collective studies of nutrition, multiple infections and theireffects on immune capacity3. tropical sprue and malabsorption4. individual support of a variety ofresearch programmesVeterinary MedicineA brief account was given in the 1966-68 Report of the Trust'.policy in support of research in veterinary medicine. The aimcontinues to be to encourage new recruits into this field, and toenable young men to continue in research despite the attractions ofpractice. The Trust also supports specific programmes, especially29

those in neglected fields and interdisciplinary projects. particularlythose linking animal and human medicine. In order to meet theseaims the Trustees provide research training scholarships for newlyqualified veterinarians who wish to obtain a Ph.D degree. Theseawards can be held in any veterinary school or institute recognizedby a university. Up to eight scholarships are awarded annually ona competitive basis. The response to this scheme has been mostencouraging.For the veterinarian who has already had some research experiencethe Trustees award eight Wellcome Research Fellowships annuallyfor periods of up to three years. Two of these fellowships areawarded in conjunction with the Animal Health Trust. Tho Trusteesrecognize the need to encourage research in the clinical veterinaryfield and two ofthe eight fellowships are designated for this purpose.In 1970 one of these fellowships was awarded for work on glaucomain the dog. Several veterinarians who have been in clinical practicehave enquired' about the scheme for retraining fellowships to enablemen to return to academic life. and two such awards have been made.In the two years under review the Trustees have awarded £461.000for the support of work in the veterinary field.The members of the Veterinary Panel have met quarterly to advisethe Trustees on requests for support. At recent meetings of thePanel veterinarians from various research centres have been invitedto talk about their research. These talks and subsequent discussionshave proved most informative. In the past year we have welcomedtalks by Dr. A. C. Palmer from the Veterinary School at Cambridge.and by three Animal Health Trust Centre Directors, Dr. Archerof the Equine Research Centre. Newmarket. Dr. Crighton of theSmall Animals Centre. Newmarket, and Dr. Sellars from the FarmLivestock Research Centre at Stock.In the past two years several visits have been made to veterinarycentres. In July 1969 Professor R. H. S. Thompson performed theopening ceremony at the Cambridge School of Veterinary Medicineof an Experimental Unit financed by the Trust to assist work underProfessor A. T. Phillipson on the metabolic physiology of herbivores.and under Dr. A. C. Palmer on neuropathology. Some members ofthe Veterinary Panel visited Glasgow Veterinary School where a30

Resea rch Laboratories at the Veteri nary School.Cambridge Universi ty.

grant of £25,000 has since been made to provide a building forProfessor W. F. H. Jarrett and Dr. G. M. Urquhart for their workon parasitology and leukaemia.Visits have also been made to three of the Animal Health TrustCentres, the A.R.C. Institute at Comptonand the Veterinary Schoolsat Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Liverpool Universities.The Veterinary Panel have given special consideration to the supportof veterinary research in tropical countries. It was felt that one ofthe most suitable ways in which the Trustees might encouragetropical veterinary research is by supporting work in this fieldlinking centres in Britain with centres in the Tropics. It is hopedthat the frequency with which linked projects will be undertakenwill increase as a result ofour schemes for research training scholarshipsand overseas research fellowships. The Trustees have set aside£50,000 per annum for tropical veterinary research and agreed thatthe following categories of support should be provided:-1. Research Training Scholarships for veterinary graduates intropical veterinary medicine. These will provide a three yearcomprehensive training programme for graduates who wisheventually to undertake research work relevant to the Tropicseither in this country or overseas. The scholarships will beavailable irrespective of nationality and will be held at selectedcentres in this country.2. Overseas Research Fellowships for periods of up to threeyears to be linked to and sponsored by suitable institutions inthe United Kingdom. These are to be held by veterinary graduatesor post doctoral workers. These fellowships could alsoprovide opportunities for lecturer grade staff to 'gain overseasresearch experience.3. Support for tropical veterinary research projects either at homeor overseas if they are linked with this country.The support available from the Trust is not sufficient to provide~or graDts overseas. Institutions must therefore receive their mainfUnding and normal research support from elsewhere.31e

IVGRANTS PROGRAMMEScientific ProgrammeFrom the 960 grants made by the Trust during the past two yearssomeof the larger awardshave beenselected to illustratethe subjectsbeing assisted. It is hoped that this method of presentation willshow the way in which the Trust's support promotes developmentof medical research. From this account one is bound to leave outmany interesting and important new projects.Reproduction and the Newborn ChildWith the strong emphasis of other foundations as well as governmentson the'problems of population control the Trustees have notfelt that they needed to pay special attention to that important field.They have felt however that the concentration on populationcontrol might lead to neglect of studies on reproduction and thecare of the foetus and newborn child. In any quantitative controlsystem it is essential that the remaining product should be of thehighestquality.The work by ProfessorD. Lacy at St. Bartholomew'sHospital has been supported before but the additionalgrants givenin this period were because of his interesting observations on theLeydig and Sertoll cells, and their role in problems of testiculardysfunction and related abnormalities in man. These cells are themajor sites for steroid production in the testis, the Leydig cellsbeing concerned with the maintenance ofaccessory sexcharacteristicsand the Sertollcellswhichplayan important role in the synchronizationand maintenance of germ cells.In the female, continued interest has been paid to the problemsofthe initiation of parturition. The mechanism first described byMr. G. C. Liggins in Auckland, New Zealand,who receives supportfrom the Trust, has been pursued from other angles by Dr. S. R.Stitch at Leeds and Professor A. C. Turnbull and Dr. A. D.Griffiths at the Welsh National School of Medicine.Professor S. M. M. Karim, now head of the Pharmacology32

Department at Makerere Univenity, Kampala has received supportfrom the Trust to work on the part played by prostaglandins inparturition and has shown these substances to be so useful thatthey are now used routinely to induce labour in the Departmentof Obstetrics at Makerere. He has also shown that they are valuablein the induction of abortion.Studies on the foetus and newborn have taken several directions.Thus Dr. D. G. Walker at the Department of Biochemistry atBirmingham is studying the development of enzymes in the foetus,observations that may be very important in explaining deficiencysyndromes and congenital disorders. This work has its counterpartin the studiessoon to be started by Dr. P. Kalpaktsoglouin Athenswho will be investigating the immunological maturity of childrenof malnourished mothers.Finally Professor D. V. I. Fairweather and his colleagues atUnivenity College Hospital have been helped to develop methodsfor the immunoassay of hormoneswhichare important in regulatingmaternal metabolism during pregnancy.When the child is born it is subjected to great stress and if it isabnQl'lDal it may need intensive care. The Neonatal Research Unitat the Royal Postgraduate MedicalSchool,Hammersmithcontinuesto receive support from the Trust to study the care of thesechildrenand the relationship of prematurity and cerebral anoxia to mentaldeficiency. Studies on the special problems of the newborn are alsobeingsupportedat two other centres,the Department of Paediatrics,University College Hospital Medical School where Dr. E. O. R.Reynolds was given a univenity award to extend his work onhyaline membrane disease and the Universityof Manchester whereDr. A. J. Barson is studying the role of tissue antibodies in theproduction of malformation.The Nervous SystemIn the last report the Trustees noted the imbalance betweenfundamental neurological research and studies of clinical neurologicaldisease. Two grants have been made to help to bridge thisgap. Dr. P. K. Thomasat the Royal Free Hospitalhas beensupported33

to establish an electron microscope unit to study peripheral nervedisease. The work on the neurological and neuropathological effectsof Vitamin B12 deticiency and chronic cyanide intake is referred toin the section on nutrition (page 39).The work of Professor A. S. Paintal in the Vallabhbhai Patel ChestInstitute at Delhi on the neurological control of respiration hasalso attracted the attention of the Trustees. They have given himequipment and supported visitors to go and work with him. Someof his studies are related to the neurological defects caused byleprosy.Endocrine disordersThe hormonal regulation of the animal body continues to be ofgreat interest not only because each year we are able to understandmore about the way that hormones act and how their secretion iscontrolled but also because new hormones are still being discovered.The Endocrine -Unit at Hammersmith where the team directed byProfessors Russell Fraser and lain McIntyre is supported by theTrust continues to work on calcium metabolism, and the part playedby calcitonin and the effects of diabetes.The Trustees have also helped Professor A. G. Everson-Pearce atthe Royal Postgraduate Medical SChool, Hammersmith to extendhis investigations. He has observed that in the intestine there aregroups of so-called APUD cells which have a similar structure toother groups which are known to produce hormones. He is studyingthose cells in the hope that they can be shown to secrete hormoneswhich have not yet been discovered.The value of the new radioimmunoassay methods for detectingsmall quantities of hormones is very important in the developmentof endocrinology. These methods are being used to study theThyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and the Long Acting ThyroidStimulator (LATS) in the Endocrinology Unit oftheDepartment ofMedicine in Newcastle. The team doing this work is led by ProfessorR. Hall, a former Wellcome Senior Research Fellow. Dr. W. R.Greig of the University of Glasgow works on the thyroid andespecially the long-term effect of radiation treatment. He has beengiven a University Award.34

The Liver,.The metabolic functions of the liver are multiple and complex andits disorders are correspondingly ill understood. Work on theliver is therefore of special interest to the Trust and several projectshave been supported. Mention has already been made in the sectionon Tropical Medicine of the work of Drs. Foy and Kondi on theinduction of cirrhosis and possibly carcinomatous change in theliver of baboons on a pyridoxine-deficient diet. A counterpart tothese studies are those of Professor I. Samuel on the incidence andaetiology of liver cancer in Ethiopia.Studies on liver metabolism and the diagnosis and treatment ofdisorders of the liver are being supported by the Trust at a numberof centres. At King's College Hospital, London, Dr. Roger Williamshas developed research on several aspects of liver metabolism. TheTrustees have supported him to do the work by providing not onlya grant to help pay for his team but also funds to build a laboratoryon top of his ward. Dr. Williams has been intimately involved inthe work on hepatic transplantation in association with ProfessorR. Y. CaIne in Cambridge. In Oxford the Trust has supportedDr. G. Alberti to undertake studies on liver metabolism in patientswith various diseases. His new post has been established at theinstigation of Professor P. Beeson, Head ofthe NuffieldDepartmentof Medicine, in co-operation with Sir Hans Krebs, for whom theTrust provided laboratory accommodation. Dr. P. 1. Scheuer oftheRoyal Free Hospital is studying by electron microscopy the pathologicalchanges in diseased livers.Finally Dr. S. J. Saunders works in Cape Town on the treatmentofpatients with hepatic failure and Dr. R. A. Smallwood,a WellcomeAustralian Fellow, studies bile acid metabolism in children inMelbourne.The Basic Sciences of MedicineThe Trustees have not considered it necessary to take specialsteps to promote increased research in the basic medical sciences.The grants that have been made therefore indicate those topics in3S

which there appears to be most interest at the present time. Afew examples from the awards made illustrate some of these topics.The Department ofPharmacology at the Royal College ofSurgeonswhere Professors G. V. R. Bom and J. Vane direct the researchhas received particularly strong support from the Trust. Thisdepartment is a hive of activity which undertakes work on suchtopics as platelet function and studies of bradykinin and angiotensinand the substances produced during anaphylaxis. Severalgrants were given including one for increased accommodation. Thisaccommodation will also be used by the Department ofAnaesthesiawhere Professor J. P. Payne conducts research, using computertechniques, on the cardio-respiratory changes during anaesthesia.Other work on the respiratory system has been based around thecomputer which is being increasingly used to elucidate the interrelationshipof the many factors controlling respiration. The workby Professor S. J. G. Semple at St. Thomas's Hospital on thechemical control ofventilation is now being examined with the helpof this new approach. The neurophysiological aspects of respirationare being examined in the Department of Physiology in Oxford,the effect of chronic lung disease at Edinburgh (Professor K.. W.Donald) and anaesthesia at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School(Dr. O. Holmes). The Trustees were also pleased to provide a grantfor a symposium to be held on the centenary of the birth of SirJoseph Barcroft in Cambridge in 1972. Sir Joseph's work in thisand other fields will form the background for the symposium.The field of neurophysiology and neurohumoral transmissioncontinues to attract much interest. In recent years the techniquesdeveloped on the peripheral nerve have been extended to theinvestigation of the function of the brain. Work supported hasincluded studies ofthe organization of the visual system, the effectsofsteroid hormones on function, the regulation oftemperature, andthe analysis of single unit behaviour from the auditory nerve.There continue to be many aspects of chemical transmission still tobe studied and the method of transmission in the brain is still onlypartially understood.Studies of muscle are also being made at a number of centres.Work on the metabolism of cardiac muscle is being supported in36

Wellcome Pa rasito logy U nit No . 2in ca m p in Ethi opian H ighlan ds.

the Department of Biochemistry at Bristol University and at theInstitute of Cardiology. Grants have been made for studies of theelectrical properties ofskeletal muscle and its metabolism at Bristol,Birmingham and Cambridge and attheRoyal Postgraduate MedicalSchool.Biochemistry has been supported by a wide range of grants. Inparticular one should draw attention to the accommodationprovided for Professor A. Neuberger's Department of ChemicalPathology at St. Mary's Hospital so that the work on proteinmetabolism and steroid hormones can be expanded. Professor B.Spencer's group in the laboratories provided by the Trust at TrinityCollege, Dublin has received funds to meet the costs of his programmeon sulphate metabolism. In the two years covered by thisreport £882,000 was allocated for research in the basic sciences ofmedicine.LeishmaniaThe Trust's interest in this disease complex has been consolidatedby the application of a multi-disciplinary approach. This approachis designed not only to elucidate the problems presented by thedisease itself but also to use Leishmllnia as a model for epidemiological,protozoological and immunological investigation.Dr. R. Lainson and Dr. J. Shaw have continued their work begunin 1963 on the isolation of all available strains of Leishmania fromman, wild animals and sandfties from different areas in Brazil.A significant observation has been a distinction between two typesor strains in Brazil. These are distinguishable as 'fast' or 'slow'gro~ng according to their behaviour in hamsters and culture, andare to be found side by side in both man and wild animals in thesame forest area. The possibility that each strain may be responsiblefor human lesions remains to be investigated. The addition of anentomologist, Mr. R. D. Ward, to the staff ofthe Unit has permittedan intensification of the search for the vector of the disease fromanimals to man.In Ethiopia, Professor R. S. Bray has completed the establishmentof a unit in association with the Faculty of Science at the Haile37

Sellassie I University, Addis Ababa, and is undertaking similarepidemiological field studies to those in South America. He andhis colleague, Mr. R. W. Ashford, have recently succeeded inisolating a Leishmania species from a Hyrax which is the first timethe parasite has been found in an animal reservoir in Ethiopia.Linked to these field studies is a programme of immunologicalresearch carried out jointly between the Addis Ababa unit andDr. D. Dumonde's department at the Mathilda and TerenceKennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London. This is concernedwith an investigation of the immunology of diffuse cutaneousLeishmaniasis and a continuation of the studies of the cellularbasis of the immune response in the cutaneous forms of the diseasein the guinea pig and man. Immunological research is also beingundertaken by Dr. J. Nauel who is a Trust-supported member ofthe W.H.O. Research and Training Centre for Immunology inLausanne. This work under the direction of Dr. D. S. Rowe beganin August, 1970 and is concerned mainly with the analysis ofLeishmania antigens and the mode of action of sensitizedlymphocytes.On his return from Uganda Dr. D. G. Bradley, who holds theRoyal Society Tropical Fellowship at Oxford, turned his attentionfrom schistosomiasis to Leishmaniasis. He is also undertakingimmunological work under a grant from the Trust.Very recently, Professor W. Peters of the School of TropicalMedicine,Liverpool,received a grant to undertake chemotherapeuticstudies at the cellular level. He proposes to begin by evaluating thenormal drug response to Leishmania. This work is an extensionofProfessor Peters' interest in the resistance of malarial parasites tochemotherapeutic agents and will later be extended into a study ofTrypanosoma cruzi.A meeting held by the Trust during the Parasitology Congress inWashington in September, 1970, was attended by the majority ofthe participants in these programmes.' The meeting revealed asatisfactory degree of complementary progress and confirmed thevalue of Leishmania as a 'model' parasite. It was agreed that whilstthe main task was still the identification and classification ofLeishmania strains, it would be valuable to include clinical and38

pathological approaches. While the muco-cutaneous forms are atpresent the main health hazard, the re-emergence of Kala-azar inIndia was noted as a significant possibility.NutritionThe Trust has established a number of activities in this field whichat first sight appear to be less connected than the investigationsundertaken on Leishmania. Mention of the retirement of Dr. Foyand Dr. Kondi from the Wellcome Laboratories in Nairobi hasbeen made elsewhere. Following their observation that lack ofriboflavin and pyridoxine were significant in the production ofanaemia in malnourished populations they have undertaken intensivenutritional studies of these factors in baboons. Believing cirrhosisof the liver from pyridoxine deprivation might be a precursor ofmalignant change they have continued their experiments and havenow shown that some of the baboons so deprived are excretingalpha-fete-proteinin their urine.Two ofthe alpha-fete-proteinpositivebaboons who have died had tumours in their livers. Two otherbaboons that died were negative for alpha-fete-protein and have notbeen shown to have tumours. This work will continue to receivesupport from the Trust. The pioneering efforts of Dr. Foy andDr. Kondi will be continued at the Wellcome Laboratories inNairobi under the direction of Dr. L. G. Goodwin, Director ofScience at the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine at theLondon Zoo. The programme of research will continue to be onnutrition and anaemia but especially on the importance of vitaminB12 and folic acid. Dr. R. Siddons has initiated research on B12deprivation in Nairobi and the team in the laboratories will continuethe development of the programme. Dr. D. Gatenby Davies hasbeen appointed local director of the Nairobi laboratory.Despite the importance of malnutrition in the world today it isvery neglected as a subject for research, especially in Britain. TheTrustees were therefore pleased to provide funds to build alaboratoryat the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine whereProfessor John Waterlow, formerly Director ofthe M.R.C. TropicalMetabolism Research Unit in Jamaica, has been appointed to the39

Chair of Nutrition. This new laboratory will provide the opportunitiesfor Professor Waterlow and his staff to continue anddevelop their research on the biochemical and metabolic effects ofmalnutrition and the part these play in clinical medicine.A relatively long-term venture has been a multi-disciplinary studyof the possibility that cyanide toxicity, arising from the use ofcassava as a food, might cause a tropical neuropathy. The Trustheld a symposium in October 1969 attended by 70 scientists withvarying interests in this field. The co-operative approach to thissyndrome has resolved itself into a continuation of the epidemiologicalstudies in Nigeria with follow-up of patients in the villageof Epe combined with an attempt to reproduce the disease inanimals given a cassava diet. In Britain the experiment to studychronic cyanide deficiency in vitamin B12-depleted baboons hasbeen continued. During the next year the stage will have beenreached when neuropathological changes might be expected to occur.Professor D. S. Maclaren, head of the department of ClinicalPathology, American University of Beirut, has been provided withequipment and running expenses to study the special requirementsof the malnourished child with marasmus and to pursue thehypothesis that such children have special requirements for aminoacidsduring recovery.Work on iron overload polycythaemia and cirrhosis under ProfessorT. A. Bothwell in Johannesburg has been supported by the Trust.This condition is caused by the high iron content of the local beerdue to the utensils in which it is prepared. Also in South AfricaDr. B. L. Pimstone ofthe University ofCapetown has been studyingthe endocrine changes associated with malnutrition.Other work on nutrition includes studies of the breeding of tilapia,the lake fish of East Africa, by Professor Mohammed Hyder at theZoology Department of University College, Nairobi. This fish isan extremely important source of protein in this region. Unfortunatelyin the shallow, hot, artificial pools it breeds before it isbig enough to be eaten. Professor Hyder is particularly interestedin this phenomenon. A laboratory provided by the Trust wasopened by Mr. B. M. Geeaga, Chairmanofthe College Council duringthe visit in January 1970by Professor Thompson and Dr. Williams.40

Tropical Sprue and MalabsorptionThe Trustees continue to support research on tropical sprue andintestinal absorption at various centres. A book describing theinternational co-operative study mentioned in previous reports isnow complete and will be published in 1971. It will be entitled'Tropical Sprue and Megaloblastic Anaemia'.The Wellcome Unit in Vellore which is directed by Professor S. J.Baker was first supported in 1957. It has continued to study theaetiology of tropical sprue and the abnormalities in patients withthis disease.Continuing epidemiological studies have shown that in a furthersmall outbreak of epidemic sprue in a previously affected village,the age specific attack rate showed a marked change towards theyounger age group with maximum incidence in the young children.This strongly suggests an infectious aetiology for the disease.Dr. E. Boulter who was seconded for a year from the MicrobiologicalResearch Establishment, Porton Down undertookvirological studies and has developed techniques not previouslyavailable in Vellore. A virus which caused malabsorption anddiarrhoea in monkeys has been obtained, but its role, if any, inhuman disease is not yet clear. Extensive studies of intestinalbacteria have been undertaken by Professor P. Bhat with a viewto understanding their role both in patients with sprue and inasymptomatic individuals. It appears that the bacterial colonisationfound in some patients is a secondary phenomenon and not thecause ofthe condition.Professor A. N. Radhakrishnan has been particularly concernedwith the mechanism of intestinal absorption in normal and pathologicalstates and has made studies on the intestinal enzymesconcerned. The close integration of a number of disciplines isessential ifwe are to obtain an understanding ofthe sprue syndromeand it is therefore most pleasing to see the way in which this groupis associated with the other research units at Vellore. It seemsprobable that, apart from its work on sprue, the Wellcome Unit hashad far-reaching effects on the College at Vellore through thedevelopment of a research tradition.41

Dr. B. S. Drasar at St. Mary's Hospital and Professor R. A.Shooter at St. Bartholomew's Hospital as well as the Vellore Groupare working on the part played by intestinal bacteria in chronicdiarrhoea. Dr. F. Klipstein, who has established a unit in PuertoRico, has also been helped by the Trust to study the influence ofmalnutrition on absorption and to investigate the aetiology ofsprue in the West Indies. Similar work not directly related to tropicalsyndromes includes studies by Dr. E. G. Sladen on the absorptionof electrolytes and water and by Dr. J. T. Harries on paediatricgastroenterology. Both these scientists work under Dr. A. Dawsonat St. Bartholomew's Hospital.Other Tropical AwardsThe scope of these awards is considerable both in topographicalterms and in subject matter. Some examples will suffice to illustratethis.In South America the Trustees have agreed to set aside £20,000to develop a programme for advanced training in clinical researchin collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization. Thismoney is to provide three fellowships each year for citizens ofSouth American countries to take advantage of the facilities ofinstitutions in other countries within that region. Since there area number of institutes and clinical departments in the Caribbeanand in Central and South America where excellentresearch is beingundertaken it is anticipated that this proposal will lead to astrengthening of the role of medical research in the universities ofthe countries of South America.In the Caribbean the Trust has made a final award to ProfessorLouis Grant and his colleagues to complete their studies on theforms and rodent reservoirs of leptospirosis occurring in Jamaicaand other parts of the area. Similarly, Dr. Graham Sergeant hasbeen enabled to continue his work in delineating the natural historyofsickle cell anaemia in Jamaica. For a shortperiod Dr. P. I. Condonundertook ophthalmic examinations of patients and this has addedto the clinical knowledge of the disease.In Africa the work under the direction of Professor W. Parson42

investigating the aetiology and transmission of Buruli ulcer hascontinued to receive the Trust's support. As part of this exercise adrug trial is about to be completed and the effects of B.C.G.vaccination on a large scale are presently under investigation. TheTrust's interest in trypanosomiasis particularly in Africa, has beenmaintained by providing funds for Mr. John Ford to complete hisstudies of the ecology of the tsetse fly which will result in thepublication of a treatise on this subject. Dr. Rogers, also attached tothe Hope Department of Entomology in Oxford, is currently inEast Africa and will undertake behavioural studies of the tsetse flyfollowing the principles laid down by Mr. Ford. Earlier, Dr. M. P.Hutchinson investigated an outbreak of sleeping sickness in S. W.Ethiopia, an area where this disease has not previously beenreported. His reports and intensive field work enabled a plan to beput to the government for the control of trypanosomiasis in thisarea.In New Guinea Dr. G. G. G. Crane has been helped to continuehis interesting studies on tropical splenomegaly. Finally, in theUnited Kingdom, the Trust's deep interest in tropical medicine asan important research subject has been emphasized by an awardto the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene to enableManson House, the headquarters of the Society, to provide betterlibrary and meeting facilities for its members. The London Schoolof Hygiene and Tropical Medicine was assisted in replacing theoriginal electron microscope provided by the Trust in 1958. Anunusual departure has been an agreement to provide research.training scholarshipsfor two scholars to attend the M.Sc. course inparasitology at the London School. This was on the understandingthat these scholarships would be awarded to students of suchpotential that they were likely to continue to Ph.D. level. It isanticipated that students from this course will play an importantrole in tropical medical research in future years.VirologyThe, elucidation of the importance of viruses to man will be anexpanding field for a long time to come. The work of Dr. 1. E.43

Banatvala at St. Thomas's Hospital on the role of interferon inrubella virusinfection, and other clinical problems and of ProfessorJ. A. Dudgeon and Dr. W. C. Marshall of the Department ofMicrobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, London on rubella virusvaccine trials has received support. The latter group is particululyinterested in the way in which the rubella virus causes damage tothe foetus.The Trust has also helped to establish the new department ofvirology at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School by providingfor the posts of two virologists to work with Professor A. P.Waterson. Other work has been supported under the direction ofProfessor N. Goldblum on the biological, immunological andmolecular properties of arthropod-borne viruses and Professor U.Bachrach on the antiviral action of oxidized polyamines. Both ofthese projects are being undertaken at the Hadassah University inJerusalem.Dr. R. E. Webb at St. Thomas's Hospital received further supportfrom the Trust to continue his research on virus encephalitis.Cardiovascular SystemResearch on cardiovascular diseases rarely lacks support but thereare always topics which warrant special attention. The Trusteeshave been especially interested in the work of Dr. R. G. Gosling atthe Department of Physics at Guy's Hospital Medical School.His studies have been concentrated on two areas. The first is thedevelopment of a type of alarm which will warn patients when theartificial arteria-venous shunts used for attachment to an artificialkidney are narrowing due to thrombosis. His other work is on therelationship of site of atherosclerosis to the stress waves in bloodvessels. The approach of a physicist to these problems is yieldingmuch new information.Professor P. Harris at the Institute of Cardiology wished to developfurther his studies on heart metabolism. He stressed the neglectof this aspect during the post-war era of mechanical and surgicaladvance. Experimental research ofthis type had not been previously44

undertaken at the Institute of Cardiology. The Trustees thereforeprovided animal accommodation and funds to help pay for thework.A grant was also made to Dr. R. D. Lowe, a former WellcomeSenior Fellow, to continue his work on the cardioregulator systemsin the hind brain. He has now become Dean-Elect of St. George'sHospital Medical School but still hopes to continue with hisresearch in the laboratories provided by the Trust some years agoto help promote research during the development of this medicalschool on its new site.ImmunologyThe enormous development of the science of immunology in recentyears is beginning to have considerable bearing on clinical medicine.The Trustees have made several grants to help build this bridge.At Cambridge they have provided assistance over five years so thatProfessor R. R. A. Coombs can create increased clinical linksespecially to develop methods for the study of diseases associatedwith immunological reactions.Other grants have been made in connection with the immunologicalreactions to organ transplantation. Awards have been made toProfessor Sir Michael Woodruff in Edinburgh and Professor K. A.Porter at St. Mary's Hospital who work on the kidney and Dr.Roger Williams who is studying liver transplantation. A grant forlaboratory accommodationwasprovided so that Dr.W. A. Mitehisoncould increase his clinical interests when he moves to UniversityCollege, London. A major grant was made in Australia to buildaccommodation for a department ofimmunogenetics in the Walterand E1iza Hall Institute. The work to be directed by ProfessorO.J. V. Nossal will be on three main areas in which the interactionsof immunology with genetics, neoplasia and development arestudied.A grant has been given to Professor E. Parry, Head of the Departmentof Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Medical School,Zaria, North Nigeria, to allow a group under his supervision tostudy the effect of multiple infections upon the immune response.4S

This work is also being supported by the Medical Research Counciland through this joint approach it has become possible for Dr.A. D. M. Bryceson, Dr. B. M. Greenwood and Dr. D. Warrell toform a research unit within the Department of Medicine to applyphysiological and immunological techniques to the elucidation ofcommon tropical infections in the area. Professor M. S. R. Hutthas returned from the Department of Pathology at MakerereUniversity to take up a Chair of Geographical Pathology created atSt. Thomas's Hospital as a result of a grant by the Trust. SinceProfessor Hutt's main research interest centres on the immuneresponse, it is anticipated that the combined problems of malnutrition,infection and immunity will form the core of his research.The work initiated by Professor R. G. Hendrickse as head of thePaediatric Department in Ibadan has been continued under theoverall direction of his successor, Professor A. U. Antia, andDr. A. Adeniyi has continued to follow up cases of malarialnephrosis and to investigate new cases in Ibadan. The co-operativestudies originally established with Professor J. F. Soothill have beenmaintained.Engineering and MedicineSeveral departments of engineering have in recent years turnedtheir attention to the biological field. Two directions in which theyhave shown special interest are the mechanical properties ofartificialhip joints and the biomechanics of locomotion. Work in this fieldis being undertaken at the Department of Engineering of theUniversity of Strathclyde under the direction of Professor R. M.Kenedi and under Professor H. Ford at Imperial College, London.The Strathclyde group is also studying the mechanical properties ofskin and the relationship of these to pressure damage.DentistryThe Trustees made one of their few grants for buildings to theDental School, Bristol University. Under the direction of ProfessorA. I. Darling the department will beable to extend its research ondental caries and other disorders of the teeth.46

Training and Personal AwardsResearch Training ScholarshipsSixty-nine research training scholarships have been awarded duringthe period of this report. The majority of these scholarships areawarded to graduates who are citizens offoreign countries and whohave taken their undergraduate courses in Britain. Other scholarshipsare awarded for training in subjects or departments not includedamongst those supported by the Medical Research Council.Normally scholars are expected to have a Fint Class or UpperSecond Class degree, but students with a lower qualification mayoccasionally be considered if they are specially recommended bytheir supervisors.Wellcome Research FellowshipsDuring the period under review 154 fellowships were, awarded,enabling research workers of post-doctoral status to develop theirresearch programmes.Since the Medical Research Council provides fellowships forBritish research workers, the majority of the Trust's awards aremade to foreign graduates wishing to extend their experience byworking in Britain. Occasionally fellowships are awarded to Britonsengaged in research programmes which are of special interest tothe.Trustees.Wellcome Senior Research Fellowships inClinical ScienceThis scheme continues to fill a special need by providing posts formen of proven ability who wish to extend their research on a fulltimebasis prior to taking academic appointments. Since the schemebegan in 1962, 17 awards have been made. During the period underreview awards of this kind were made to Dr. W. G. Bradley,Newcastle General Infirmary, Dr. E. G. Sladen, St. Bartholomew'sHospital, and Dr. S. Allison, University of Bristol.The first Australian Senior Research Fellows were appointed in1969. They are Dr. J. Prineas of Sydney University and Dr. R. A.Smallwood of Melbourne University.47D

Sir Henry Wellcome Travelling Research FellowshipsThese fellowships, administered on behalf of the Trust by theMedical Research Council, were first awarded in 1961.A further grant of £129,500 to provide support of this kind for thenext five years was made in 1970.A list of fellows appointed during the period under review is givenon page 71.Vacation ScholarshipsThe heads of several university departments have indicated to theTrust that the provision of support to enable students to undertakeresearch during their vacations is most valuable. As a result 46vacation scholarships were awarded in 1968-70.In addition a few vacation scholarships are awarded so that studentsmay spend a period of training at special centres in the Tropics(page 83).Lord Florey FellowshipsIn 1968 the Royal Society expressed a wish to provide a memorialto the late Lord Florey, President of the Royal Society from 1960to 1965. They felt that the provision of postdoctoral visiting fellowshipsin the paramedical sciences between the United Kingdom andAustralia would be a fitting memorial as Lord Florey had maintainedthroughout his life an active interest in the development ofscience and medicine in Australia.The Trustees awarded a grant of £20,000 to the Royal Society toenable it to inaugurate this scheme.The first Florey Fellow was appointed shortly after the periodcovered by this report, and he will take up his fellowship in April,1971.Wellcome-Carlsberg and Wellcome-Swedish FellowshipsThe Wellcome-Carlsberg and Wellcome-Swedish fellowship arrange-48

ments continue to be a success. The Swedish scheme has proved sopopular and so many good applications have been received thatduring the period underreview nine fellowships have been awarded,instead of the one per year originallyproposed.Travel GrantsDuring the two years covered by this report £78,000 has beenallocatedfor travel awards by the Scientific Trustees attheir regularfortnightly meetings.These awards make it possible for active research workers to viaittheir colleagues overseas in order to discuss research programmesand learn new techniques. The Trustees consider that this type ofvisit is more valuablefor research workers than attendance at largeinternational congresses.Travel grants are not normally awarded to members of institutionswhich have their own travel funds. It is hoped that some of thespecial funds, such as the cancer charities, will develop their owntravel schemes, as the funds available to the Trustees for thispurpose are inadequate to cover all branches of medicine.SymposiaAI indicatedabove, the Trusteesdo not encourage applications forsupport for large international congresses. Theydo believe, however,that small international symposia can be extremely valuable. A listof meetings of this kind which have been supported by the Trust isgivenon page 102.Awards are also made to some societies to help them to pay for theattendance of some of their younger members at congresses.Applications from individuals for this type of support are notconsidered.49

VTIlE HISTORY OF MEDICINEHistory of Medicine Advisory PanelIn accordance with the terms of Sir Henry Wellcome's Will theTrustees pay special attention to research in the history ofmedicine.In order to carry out this task, an international panel ofadvisers forthe history of medicine was appointed under the chairmanship ofLord Cohen of Birkenhead. This panel has met four times duringthe period ofthis report and has advised the Trustees on applicationswhich had been received. It has also examined ways in which theacademic development ofthe history ofmedicine might be promotediii the universities.Foilowing an approach to medical schools in the United Kingdom,applications to set up university departments in the history ofmedicine were submitted by three universities, It has now beendecided that departments should be created at the Universities ofCambridge and Oxford.The Trust has continued to support the Sub-Department of theHistory of Medicine at University College and has been gratifiedto learn that University College proposes to include some of thecosts in its own budget, an indication that it recognizes the importanceofthis development.The panel also advises the Trustees in matters of general policy inrelation to the Institute of the History of Medicine.The Wellcome Institute of the History of MedicineThe Wellcome Institute is an international centre of research andstudy in the history ofmedicine maintained entirely by the WellcomeTrust. It incorporates a Museum and a Library which are open tothe public daily (except Sundays) from 10 a.m, to S p.m, and whichreceive an average of 20,000 visitors each year. The historicalcollections, which are the largest of their kind in the world, werebegun by the late Sir Henry Wellcome in 1895, but have been conso

siderably extended by the Wellcome. Trustees since the founder'sdeath in 1936.During the last five years the Museum has been completely reorganizedand its premises modernized and expanded. New studyrooms are now available for researchers working on the Museum'sspecial collections. A permanent exhibition illustrating the historyof medicine from the earliest times to the present day is in preparation.In addition, two or three temporary exhibitions on specialtopics are always on view. Among those which have been openedsince the publication ofthe last report are exhibitions on 'Vision andthe Eye', 'Rehabilitation', 'Posology and the Medicine Bottle', 'TheHistory of Cardiology' and a Library exhibition on 'Dickens andMedicine'. The historic pharmacies, reconstructed from originalsin several countries, with their contemporary contents, continue toattract great interest, as does the series of dioramas (with recordedcommentaries) illustrating 'Stages in the Growth of ModemMedicine'. Postcards and leaflets ofthese are available to the public.The Museum's collection of original paintings or medical interestdating from the fifteenth century are now housed in a modern airconditionedpicture store, but a number are always on view to thepublic in the museum galleries. The very large collection of printsand drawings contains about 20,000 portraits of doctors andscientists and the catalogue of these by the keeper, Dr. R. Burgess,has now been completed and is in the press. The IllustrationsDepartment has about 25,000 photographic negatives and suppliesan average of 10,000 prints and slides each year.The Institute has a substantial publication programme whichincludes catalogues ofthe collections in the Library and the Museumas well as a Historical Monograph series and two quarterly journals.The third volume of the Catalogue of Western Manuscripts (postA.D. 1650) is in press. In 1969 the first of the Museum's Catalogueswas published, this being the Catalogue of Medical Ceramics byDr. J. K. Crellin.A complete list of the Institute's official publications will be foundon page 119.A special committee is responsible for the supervision of the affairsof the Wellcome Institute, and holds regular meetings to consider51

the development and budget of the Institute. It has recently consideredin particular the question of the proper conservation of thevaluable collections. Following a report by Mr. F. Greenaway andDr. A. E. Werner certain modifications have been made in theheating and ventilation of the Institute. Dr. Werner has beenappointed consultant on conservation to the Institute.Institute StaffIn August 1969 Mr. J. W; Barber-Lomax resigned his post asAssistant Director of the WeUcome Institute. During the previousfive years he had worked extremely hard to establish the Institute inits present form. His friendly personality and intense interest in andknowledge of the Wellcome organization had been an enormousasset and he will be sadly missed.New appointments include Mr. C. A. Sizer as Curator of theMuseum. He joined the Institute in January 1969from the City ofLiverpool Museum. Mr. G. Wilson became . Secretary of theInstitute in November 1969. He was formerly Deputy Secretary ofthe Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene.52

THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE OFTHE IllSTORY OF MEDICINEDirector:F. N. L. Poynter, PhD., D.Litt., Hon.M.D.(Kiel)Secretary:G. Wilson, F.e.s.Librarian:E. Gaskell, B.A., A.L.A.Curator:C. A. Sizer, B.Sc., F.G.S., F.M.A.Staff:R. R. A. Burgess, Ph.D.J. K. Crellin, Ph.D., M.Sc.,B.Pharm., M.P.S.H. R. Denham,AL.A.E. J. Freeman, B.A.,AL.A.R. G. Hodgkinson, Ph.D.P. M. Hully, B.A., F.L.A.R. M. Price, M.A., A.L.A.H.B.Sutton,B.A.,AL.A.I. R. Symons. M.A., A.L.A.C. H. Talbot, B.D., Ph.D., F.S.A, F.R.Hist.S.M. Winder, M.A, A.L.A.Conservation Consultant:A. E. Werner, M.A., M.Sc.,D.PhiI., F.S.A., A.R.I.e., F.M.A.53

APPENDIX AExtracts from the Will ofSir Henry Solomon Wellcome(dated February 29th, 1932)Sir Henry Wellcome by his Will vested the whole of the sharecapital of the Wellcome Foundation Limited in his Trustees and,after providing for certain personal and specific bequests, directedthat the whole of the dividends declared by the Foundation should,for all time, be devoted by his Trustees to the following purposes:1. '.•• the advancement of research work bearing upon medicine surgerychemistry physiology bacteriology therapeutics materiamedica pharmacyand allied subjects and any subject or subjects which have or at any timemay develop an importance for scientific research which may conduce tothe impro~ent of the physical conditions of mankind and in particularfor the discovery invention and improvement of medicinal agents andmethods for the prevention and cure of disorders and the control orextermination of insect and other pests which affiict human beings andanimal and plant life in tropical and other regions and elsewhere •.•'2. '••• the establishment and endowment and future maintenance of anynew Research Museum or Library and for thepurchase and acquisition ofbooks manuscripts documents pictures and other works of art and otherobjects and things for such Research Museums or Libraries and forconducting researches and collecting information connected with thehistory of medicine surgery chemistry bacteriology pharmacy and alliedsciences ••• every Research Museum or Library for the time being maintained••• shallbe carried on under the title of "The Wellcome ResearchMuseum" or "The Wellcome Research Library" or such other titleincluding the name "WeUcome" as my Trustees may deem most appropriate.• .'55

APPENDIX BGeneral Statement of Policy(first published in 1966)The income of the Wellcome Trust has increased in recent years.The Trustees in consequence are now able annually to make allocationsand grants on a scale which has significance, particularlyin the United Kingdom, for the shape and development of medicalresearch. They have therefore re-examined their policy to ensurethat they are using the funds at their disposal to the best advantage.The Trustees consider that one of the principal aims in the administrationof the funds of the Wellcome Trust as a charitable foundationis to give flexibility to the methods by which medical researchis financed.Their intention is to support promising new advances and inadequatelysupported or interdisciplinary subjects which offeropportunities for development, until such time as these can beabsorbed into regular budgets. They do not consider it to be theirfunction to make up the deficiencies created in regular budgets byinadequate allocations from public funds.The view of the Trustees on the most effective ways in which theycan use the funds at their disposal is set out in the followingparagraphs.Until now the Trust has used most of its funds by way of grantsto support projects put forward by individual research workers.Each application has been assessed on its scientific quality andimportance, and awards have been made for those projects whichwere judged most promising by these criteria. The Trustees intendto continue to allocate a large proportion of the funds of the Trustin this way because they believe that the mainspring of new developmentswill usually be the ideas of individual researchers. The basicS6

and clinical sciences of medicine will continue to receive help asmen and projects of high scientific quality can be identified.In addition the Trustees plan in future to look for investigatorsof high promise so that more emphasis can be given to certainselected problems; The following spheres of research give anindication of possible directions in which the Trustees could providesupport.IIIInadequately supported subjects. The progress of medical researchin different fields is uneven. Some subjects which might on scientificgrounds have been expected to advance rapidly have not done so.Furthermore, the emphasis of research does not always reflect theimportance of a subject for human welfare, the chief objective of.the Trust set out in the Founder's Will. The Trustees therefore willencourage research in fields giving such opportunities for developmentand, with the aid of qualified advisers, seek ways in whichthey can increase interest and performance in these fields.Interdisciplinary subjects. The opportunity for new advances ofknowledge that can arise from linking two or more disciplines iswell known: molecular biology is a current example. Such creativelinks are often difficult to bring about because increased specializationreduces the number of researchers with a sufficient knowledgeof more than one field. For example, the increasing emphasis ofbiochemists on pure organic chemistry can weaken its links withclinical medicine. In another field, increased association betweenophthalmology and medicine can be of help in tackling many ofthe unsolved problems of the influence of general diseases on theeye. Recognizing the value of such special interdisciplinary teamresearch, the Trustees will consider opportunities for its promotion,including arrangements for longer-term support where desirable.ill Established centres andfield research overseas. Association betweenestablished centres and work in developing countries can increaseknowledge. The Trust has already organized twoschemes wherebyworkers in this country have collaborated with' colleagues abroadto study problems of mutual interest, the basic laboratory research57

eing done in the United Kingdom and the field research abroad.Such links are leading to advances in knowledge unlikely otherwiseto occur.IVVVIEndemic tropical diseases. The Trustees have for long had a specialinterest in the diseases of tropical countries and have supported anumber of projects overseas. They still consider that the importantproblems of health and disease in the tropics are insufficientlystudied, largely because they occur in countries which have littlemoney to devote to research. The Trustees hope therefore to devisemeans by which they can help to develop work on tropical diseasesin established laboratories of the United Kingdom and to associatethis work with centres overseas where the diseases are endemicand the problems can be studied in patients. In addition to providinggrants as at present, they may wish in due course to demonstrate apattern of study by concentrating efforts on one such disease.Veterinary medicine and animal nutrition. Animals provide most ofthe protein foods consumed by man. From the standpoint of thewelfare of man, study of the nutrition and diseases of animals isimportant. Work on animals is also relevant because comparativestudies yield facts which assist the understanding of similar problemsin man. Sinceveterinary medicine has laggedbehind human medicine,advances can be expected from increased application of the principlesand methods evolved for the latter. The Trustees therefore intendto foster the development of research in this field, and, in particular,to promote more work on the tropical diseases of animals, since theneed for protein foodstuffs is so much greater in the developingcountries.Historyof medicine. The history of medicine was a special interestof Sir Henry Wellcome which the Trustees will continue to support,believing that doctors and medical researchers should be betterinformed about the ways in which the great advances in knowledge,especially during the last century, have created the standards ofmedical practice and research which exist today. Their majorexpenditure in this field will continue to be on their Museum andLibrary in Euston Road, andon the recently created Sub-Department58

of the History of Medicine at University College, London. Theyhope that these centres will be a source of interest and inspirationto others in the development of medical history as a Universitysubject.VIIResearch fellowships. The Trustees at present award about SOresearch fellowshipseach year. Some ofthese awards are competitive,such as those for clinical and veterinary research and the Sir HenryWellcome Travelling Research Fellowships. But the majority areprovided for graduates from overseas who wish to come to theUnited Kingdom to extend their research experience. The Trusteesbelieve that at present there is no shortage of fellowships forgraduates of the United Kingdom who wish to undertake researchin their own country.The Trustees intend for the future to provide fellowships of thefollowing kinds:(a) awards to encourage research in inadequately supported fieldsof medicine;(b) competitive awards for graduates from a greater number ofcountries overseas who wish to extend their research experience byworking in the United Kingdom. These competitive awards willgradually replace the present ad hoc fellowship. Some will be ofsenior status;(c) awards to permit research workers in one field to obtain trainingin a second field and thus acquire interdisciplinary qualifications.VIU Communication between research workers in medicine. The Trusteeswill continue their present policy which is designed to improvecommunications between research workers. They will therefore go onproviding travel grants, support for symposia and small internationalmeetings and grants to aid publication and illustration. They mayalso occasionallygivehelp to medical research libraries and museums.In the past the Trustees have normally allocated most of the fundsof the Trust on a short-term basis. In the future they intend tomake a large part of the funds available in this way: but to undertakenew developments on the lines now proposed it will be neces-S9

sary sometimes to give longer-term support for projects whichthey wish to encourage. When the Trustees assumesuch longcr-tcnnresponsibilities they will work in close collaboration with theuniversity or other institution concerned so that the project mayalwaysbe closelylinked with the developmentplans of the institution.Up to the present, 4S per cent of the funds of the Wellcome Trusthave been used to build research accommodation. The need forbuildings is not likely to diminish, but the Trustees consider it inappropriateas a policy that so large a proportion of their fundsshould continue to be used in this way. In order to make fundsavailable to promote the objectives stated earlier the Trustees willin future take a stricter viewon requestsfor the provisionof researchaccommodation and will normally consider them favourably onlywhen a building proposed is to accommodate a programme ofresearch which the Trustees in any case desire to support. Theytake the view that, in general, laboratory space for research workerspaid from public funds should be provided from public funds; itsprovision should not be dependent on a charitable foundation suchas the WellcomeTrust.In other respects the Trustees will continue to make appropriatetypes of grants for the research programmes which they thinkshould be supported.60

APPENDIX CGrants awarded 1968 to 1970IUniversity AwardsUniversity of Livcrpool:Dr. J. B. Oess:Senior Fellowship for fiveyears:Genetics (October 1968)University of Sheffield: Dr. P. Howard:Supplementary salary (to SeniorLecturer level) andresearchassistance for five years:Respiratory diseoses (October 1968)University QfSt. Andrews: Dr. A. SerafiniFracassini:Supplementary salary and research assistance for five years:BiocMmistry(November 1968)University College, London: Dr. E. O. R. Reynolds:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturer level) andresearchassistance for five years:Pudiatrics (FebrU/ll'Y 1969)University of Glasgow: Dr. W. R. Greig:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturer level) andexpenses for five years:Endocrinology (March 1969)University of Dundee: Dr. G. B. James:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturer level) for three years:Obstetrics (April 1969)University College, London: Dr. E. K. Assem:Supplementary salary and expenses for fiveyears:Phmmacology (July 1969)University of Bristol: Dr. R. P. Warin:Establishment of a post of Consultant Lecturer inDermatologyfor five years:Dmnotology (March 1970)University of London: Dr. M. I. M. Noble:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturer level) andexpenses for fiveyears:Physiology (May 1970)61

University of Glasgow: Dr. R. M. Harden:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturerlevel),expenses and equipment for five years:EndOcrinology (May 1970)University of Glasgow: Pr. R. N. M. Mac8ween:Supplementary salary (to Senior Lecturer level) for five years:Transplantation (May 1970)University College, London: Dr. J. Fletcher:Supplementary salary (to Consultant level) for five years:Haematology (July 1970)Total allocation:£242,000nWeI/come Research UnitsWeUcomeParasitology Unit No.1, Belem, Brazil:(Dr. R. Lainson):LeishmaniasisWeUcomeParasitology Unit No.2, Addis Ababa. Ethiopia:(Dr. R. S. Bray):LeishmaniasisWeUcomeTrust Research Laboratories, Nairobi:(Dr. L Goodwin):Nutrition in the tropicsCO-O}JB'iltive Projects:Co-operative research on Sprue:linked study in London, Singapore, Nairobi and India.Co-operative research on cyanide toxicity:linked study in London and IbadanCo-operative research on ophthalmic aspects ofsystemic disease:linked study at Royal Postgraduate Medical School,London, and Institute of Ophthalmology, LondonTotal allocation:£742,70062

ill Capital Grants for Building ProjectsInstitute of Psychiatry, London:New wingfor the deYelopment ofexperimentalp/rarmacology in relation to mental disorders(October 1968)Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of MedicalResearch, Royal Melbourne Hospital:Department ofImmunogenetics (October 1968)Royal College ofSurgeons:Departments ofP/rarmacology andAnaesthetics(November 1968)University of Dundee:Department ofPathology(December 1968)University of Teheran:SchoolofPublicHealth (January 1969)St. Mary's Hospital Medical School:Department ofChemical Pathology(January 1969)Royal Victoria Hospital, Newcastle:Department ofDe17Tl/ltoiogy (Feb11l/lT'}l196~University of Bristol:Dental School (Aprill96~University of Oxford:NuffieldDepartment ofClinical Medicine(April 1969)Institute of Cardiology, London(July 1969)University of Sheffield:Department ofChildHealth (July 196~University College Hospital Medical School:Department ofClinical Pharmacology (January 1970)Imperial College, LondonBiomechanics Unit (March 1970)University of Oxford:Sir William DunnSchoolofPathology(March 197~63•

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine:Nutrition Research Unit(October 1968)Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene:Alterationsandimprovements at Manson HOlUe(April 1970)University College, Galway:Department 0/Anatomy (May 1970)St. Mary's Hospital, LondonDepartment0/ Dermatolo,y (June, 1970)University College, London:Department 0/ ZooloO (July 1970)King's College Hospital Medical School:Liver Unit, Department 0/ Medicine (July 1970)Total allocation:£4OS,600IV Research Equipment (as gift or loan)Professor E. Bursell,University College ofRhodesia.Gaschromato,raph andoxygraph:tropiCQ/ medicineDr. Henry Foy,Wellcome Research Laboratories, Nairobi.Spectro-jIulJrimeter andhutolo,ical equipment:tropicalmedicineDr. W. H. H. Andrews,The London Hospital.Accessories/or a Mingopaph: Sur,eryProfessor Russell Fraser,Royal Postgraduate Medical School, LondonScintillation spectrometer: biochemistryProfessor H. G. Spector,St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, LondonRefrigeratedcentrifu6e andrecordingspectrophotometer: neuropharmacoloO64

Professor J. B. Stenlake,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.Cary Spectropoltuimeter tI1UI accessoms:drug metabolismProfessor P. G. Wright,Makerere University College, Kampala, UgandaLandro,er:physioloODr. J. A. Barrowman,London Hospital Medical School.Spectrophotometer: physioloODr. D. T. Plummer,Chelsea College of Science and TechnololY, London.Micro titration assembly, auto-burette lI1Iit,automatic titrator, syringe buretterecorder.electrophorem apparatus.Dr. V. H. T. James,St. Mary's Hospital, LondonRepairs to liquidscintillation spectrometerprovidMJ by the Trust in 1962: biochemistryDr. Helen Muir,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, LondonVarious equipment: biochemistryProfessor R. G. Burwell,Institute of Orthopaedics,Electron microscope andaccessoriu: orthoJIMdksProfessor K. McCarthy,University of Liverpool.Electron microscope: bacterioloODr. F. 1. Imms,St. Thomas's Hospital, London.Fluorimeter: physioloODr. D. C. D. Happold,University of Ibadan, Nigeria6-pen automatic operation recorder: zooloODr. J. G. Devlin,University College, Dublin.Micro-inImuno-electrophoretlc apparatus: immunolooProfessor D. Lacy,St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London.Ekctron microscope: endocrinoioo65

Dr. T. Glover,University of Liverpool.Accessories for electron microscope: biologyDr. A. O. Gyldenholm,King's College, London.Ultra-microtome: biologyDr. C. M. H. Pedler,Institute of Ophthalmology.Electron microscope andaccessories: ophthtzlmologyProfessor A. P. Waterson,Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.Spectrophotometer andaccessories: virologyProfessor P. Harris,Institute of Cardiology, London.Electron microscope: cardiac diseasesDr. A. Ungar,School of Pharmacy, London.Equipment andlaboratory supplies: pharmilcologyProfessor W. H. Bannister,Royal University, Malta.Twospectrophotometers: biochemistryDr. D. F. Horrobin,Nairobi Medical School, Kenya.Recording equipment: physiologyMr. J. L. Robinson,Walton Hospital, Liverpool.Multi-channel recorder andotherequipment: neurologyProfessor M. G. K. Menon,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India.Preparative ultracentrifuge andotherapparatus:molecular biologyDr. D. F. Cole,Institute of Ophthalmology, LondonVarious equipment: ophthtzlmologyDr. T. Ramakrishnan,Indian Institute of Science, Banga1ore, India.Scintillation counter andultracentrifuge: biochemistry66

Dr. M. Randic,Zagreb University, Yugoslavia.Electrophysical apparatus: physiologyDr. A. C. Young,St. Mark's Hospital, London.Projector: radiologyDr. V. S. Mathur,University of Oxford.Servoscribe andother equipment: physiologyProfessor W. C. Bowman,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.Polygraph andoscilloscope: pharmacologyProfessor R. W. Haines,Makerere University College, Uganda,Ultramicrotome andaccessories: electron microscopyProfessor O. E. Lowenstein,University of Birmingham.Computer: physiologyDr. J. D. N. Nabarro,Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London.Liquidscintillation counter: biochem#tryDr. A. S. Tavil,Royal Free Hospital, London.Electrophoresis apparatus: gastroenterologyDr. V. P. Whittaker,University of Cambridge.Chemical transmitter: biochemistryProfessor A. H. Rose,Bath University ofTechnology.Amino acidQIUl/yser: tropical medicineDr. S. Gurnani,Regional ResearchLaboratory,Hyderabad, India.Lysozyme modelkit: biochemistryDr. D. Barltrop,St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.Polarograph andultra-centrifuge: paediQtrics/toxicology67

Dr. B. N. Davies,St. Bartholomew'sHospital, London.Spectrophotometer: neurophysiologyDr. F. Hartley,SChool of Pharmacy, London.Contribution towartb taperecorder, andanalogueratemete: withdigital conllerter andprintout: neuroplrarmtlCOlogyDr. A. B. Sen,Central Drua R.eaean:h Institute, Lueknow, India.Fluorescence microscope andaccessories, freeze dryingIDIit, centrifuge: helminthology ,Dr. R. I. Russell,Central Middlesex Hospital, London.Two/low inducers: gastroenterologyProfessor G. V. R. Born,Royal Collegeof Surgeons. London.Scintillation counter andstimulator: haematologyProfessor C. T. Dollcry,Royal Postgraduate MedicalSchool, London.Varian Aerograph 1,400 with flame ionisationdetector, jfow controller: pharmacologyProfessor M. Ginsburg,ChelseaCollege of Science and Technology, LondonLiquidscintillation spectrometer: pharmacologyE. T. C. Spooner,London SChool of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine.Electron-microscope: tropical medicineProfessor L. B. Strana,UniversityCollege Hospital MedicalSchool, London.Desk computer: respiratory disordersDr. I. A. Maanua.Institute of Dermatology, London.DelIelopment costs0/a skin reflectancespectrophotometer: clermatologyProfessor P. 1. Hare,Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.Accessorieslor electron microscope: dermatologyDr. W.1. Cunliffe,General Infirmary, Leeds.Gas liquidclrromatograplric apparatus: dermatology68

Professor W. Mu11igan,Kabete Veterinary School, Kenya.Equipment: veterinary parasitologyProfessor D. S. McLaren,American University of Beirut, Lebanese Republic.Polarimeter withsodium lomp, diffusion pumpassembly,rotarypumpassembly andaccessories: nutritionDr. C. A. Ross,UniversityCollege,Cork.M.S.E. ultracentrifuge: biochemistryMr. 1. A. N. Corsellis,Runwell Hospital. Wickford, Essex.Canola electronic desk calculator: neuropathologyDr. A. R. Salim,Universityof Khartoum, Sudan.Deep-freeze cabinet: tropical medicine: virologyProfessor H. Pinol Aguade,Universityof Barcelona.Spectrophotometer: dermatologyDr. 1. McDonald Blair,UniversityCollege,London.Atomic absorption spectrophotometer: biochemistryProfessor A. S. Breathnach,St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.Electron microscope: dermatologyProfessor Sir Charles Stuart-Harris,Universityof Sheffield.Computer: respiratory disordersProfessor A. S. 1ones,Universityof Birmingham.Spectrophotometer andaccessories: biochemistryDr.R.G.S~,Guy's Hospttal Medical School, London.Spectrophotojluorimeter andaccessorie«:neuropharmacologyDr. D. M. Matthews,WestminsterHospital, London.Densitometric scanner: tropiCQI medicine: biochemistryTotal allocation:£347,S8869

VGrants for Research Fellowships (other than for researchin the History ofMedicine or Veterinary Medicine)1. Wellcome Senior Research Fellowships in Clinical Sciencea) Current Fellows:1965 Dr. R. Smith,University College Hospital Medical School.(Terminated 1968)1966 Dr. F. Cockburn,Department of Child Health and Life, Edinburgh.1967 Dr. J. Steiner,The MaudsIey Hospital, London.Dr. B. Hulme,St. Mary's Hospital Medical School.1968 Dr. D. Barltrop,St. Mary's Hospital Medical School.Dr. J. H. Dagg,Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow.1969 Dr. W. G. Bradley,Newcastle General Infirmary,Dr. B. G. Sladen,St. Bartholomew's Hospital.1970 Dr. S. Allison,University of Bristol,Dr. R. H. T. Edwards,Royal postgraduate Medical School.Dr. A. Douglas,University of Newcastle.b) Australian Fellows:1969 Dr. J. Prineas,University ofSydney,Dr. R. A. Smallwood,University of Melbourne.70

2. Clinical Pharmacologya) Fellowships in Oinical Pharmacology:Dr. D. B. CaIne, University College Hospital Medical Scflool.Dr. M. E. Conolly, Royal Postgraduate Medical School.Dr. A. Richens, Whittington Hospital, London.Dr. A. J. Boakes, Charlog Cross Hospital Medical School.b) Scholarships in Clinical Pharmacology:Professor H. Schnieden, University of Manchester.Funds to provide two scholarships for training inclinical pharmacological research methods.3. Delegated Awardsa) Sir Henry Wellcome Travelling Research Fellowships(awarded by the Medical Research Council from a blockgrant of £129,500 over five years renewed in 1970)1969 Dr. S. Y. Ali, Institute of Orthopaedics, to:The Rockefeller University, New York.Dr. C. J. Bostock, University of Edinburgh, to:University of Colorado.Dr. J. J. Connon, Queen's University, Belfast, to:Harvard University.Dr. M. D. R. Jones, BruneI University, to:Cologne University.Dr. M. Peacock, Leeds General Infirmary, to:University Hospital, San Francisco.1970 Dr. P. Asquith, Birmingham General Hospital, to:University of Chicago.Dr. C. G. Beardwell, Univeisity of Manchester, to:National Institutes of Health, U.S.A.Dr. J. M. Morrison, Glasgow University to:Stanford University.Dr. G. F. Rowland, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, to:Royal Melbourne Hospital.Dr. A. M. SiIlito, Birmingham University, to:Johns Hopkins University.b) Lord Florey Memorial Fellowships (awarded by The RoyalSociety from a block grant of £20,000 made in 1968).None yet appointed.c) Wellcome Associates of the Royal Society of Medicine.Continuation of earlier grant.d) South American Fellowships:(awarded by the PanAmerican Health Organisation from ablock grant of £20,000 made in 1968).71

4. Exdlange 8DcI other schemesa) Wellcomc-Carlsberg Travelling Research Fellowships:Mr. K. R. Adams, Queen Mary College, London, to:Carlsbers Laboratories, Denmark.Dr. C. Lohse, Odense University, to:Davy-Faraday Laboratory, London.Mr. P. M. Bennett, University of Glasgow, to:University ofCopenh8r.Mrs. K. M. Smith, StraDpwaya Research Laboratory, C&mbridae. to:University of Aarhus.Mr. K. Olsen, University of Aarhus, to:University of Leeds.Mr. J. C. JenllCnius, University of Copenhagen to:University of Oxford.b) Wellcome-Swedish Travelling Research Fellowships:Mr. J. C. Booth, St. Georae's Hospital Medical School,London, to: Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.Dr. R. H. T. Edwards, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, to:Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm.Dr. D. B. A Gibson, National Heart Hospital, London, to:Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm.Dr. B. W. Lassers, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, to:Gustar V Research Institute, Stockholm.Dr. P. Redfern. University of Liverpool, to:University of Lund.Dr. G. W. Arbuthnott. University of Aberdeen, to:Karolinska Institutet. Stockholm.Mr. J. C. Edwards, University of Sussex, to:University of Uppsala.Dr. J. B. Harris. Newcastle General Hospital. to:University of Lund.Dr. D. A R. Simmonds, University of Glasgow, to:Wenner Oren Institutet, Stockholm.c) Wellcome London-Harvard Research Fellowships.Dr. R. A Morrow, Harvard School of Public Health:epidemiology, 1970-1975.d) Wellcome Japanese Travelling Research Fellowships.None yet appointed.e) Wellcome Anglo-German Travelling Research Fellowships.None yet appointed.72

5. Gnms for Research Fellowships, Scholarsbips and PenoDaI Gnats(except for research iD the History of MeclidDe aad VeteriDaryMedIdDe) awarded 1968-1970.(Name; country; place of work; subject; date)Dr. G. Abbritti: Italy:M.R.C. Toxicology Research Unit, Carahalton.biochemistry: 1970-1971.Professor Alma Adinolfi: Italy:Guy's HOSPital, London.immunology: 1969-1970.Dr. L. Abtee: Finland:AR.C. Institute ofAnimal Physiology, Cambridge.pharmacology: 1968-1969.Dr. J. Alvarado: Guatemala:M.R.C. Metabolism Research Unit, West Indies.tropic:al medicine: 1969.Dr. I. S. Anand, U.K.:University of Oxford.physiology: 1970-1971.Dr. R. C. Atkins: U.S.A:Universityof Oxford.immunology: 1969-1970.Dr. A Aynesley-Green: U.K.:Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.biocbetnistry: 1970-1971.Dr. P. H. Barry: U.S.A:Ul'liversity of Cambridae.physiology: 1970-1971.Dr. C. J. T. Bateman: U.K.:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.baematology: 1969-1972.Dr. I. Benedeczky: Hungary:University of Oxford.pharmacology: 1969-1970.Dr. R. Briant: U.K.:Royal Postgraduate Medic:al Sc:bool, London.pharmacology: 1970-1972.73

Dr. C. G. D; Brook: U.K.:Institute of Child Health, London.paediatrics: 1969-1971.Dr. R. J. Brooklyn: U.K.:Northern Polytechnic, London.biochemistry: 1968-1969.Dr. P. W. Brunt: U.K.:Royal Free Hospital, London.hepatic disorders: 1969-1970.Dr. L. R. Carmel: U.K.:St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.haematology: 1970-1971.Dr. G. C. Coles: U.K.:Molteno Institute, Cambridge.parasitology: 1969-1972.Dr. G. G. G. Crane: New Guinea:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.haematology: 1968-1969.Dr; P. Emndona: Indm:University of Oxfordanatomy: 1969-1971.Miss H. K. Darrah: U.S.A.:University of Oxford.endocrinology: 1970-1971.Dr. R. M. Davies, U.K.:Royal Dental College, Copenhagen.dentistry: 1969-1970.Dr. J. S. Davison: Jamaica:University of Bristol.physiology: 1969-1971.Dr. F. V. De Feudis: U.S.A.:University of Cambridge.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. B. S. Drasa.r: U.K.:Virginia Polytechnic, U.S.A.tropical medicine: bacteriology: 1970-1971.74

Dr. G. M. Duffus: U.S.A.:University of Aberdeen.obstetrics: 1970-1972.Dr. H. Ekert: U.S.A:Hospital for Sick Children, London.baematology: 1969-1970.Dr. Khaled A El-Shazly: Egypt:Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen.biochemistry: 1968-1969.Dr. J. Fachet: Hungary:University of Glasgow.immunology: 1969-1971Dr. M. N. Fekete: Hungary:University of Manchester.endocrinology: 1970-1971.Dr.S. H. Ferreka:Bnuil:Royal College of Surgeons, London.pharmacology: 1970-1973.Mr. H. Flores: Chile:University of the West Indies, Jamaica.metabolism: 1968-1970.Mr. K. B. J. Franklin: U.K.:Institute of Neurology, London.neurology: 1970-1973.Dr. G. Gabella: Italy:University College, London.histology: 1969-1970;Mr. D. Garfield Davies: U.K.:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.otorhinolaryngology: 1970-1972-Mr. C. Garrett-Jones: U.K.:World Health Organisation, Switzerland.tropical medicine: entomology: 1970-1973.Dr. L. Geder: Hungary:University of Birminghamvirology: 1970-1971.Dr. E. L. Ghisalberti: Italy:University of Liverpool.biochemistry: 1968-1970.75

Dr. D. P. Gilmore: U.K.:Royal Veterinary CoUeae. London.physiolO1)': 1969-1970.Dr. 1. A. Gil-Rodriguez, Spain:Royal Collop of Surpona, London.anaesthesia: 1969-1971.Mr. W. D. Grant: Auatralia:University ofCambridF.microbiolOl)': 1970-1971.Dr. H. F. Grundy: U.K.:University ofCambridae.pharmacology: 1970.Professor A A Hadjiolov: Bulgaria:National Institute of Medical Raearc:h, London.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. W. Hamann: Germany:Royal (Dick) School ofVeterinary Studiea, Edinbuqh.dermatolOl)': 1970-1972.Dr. I. A Hansen: U.K..:AR.C. Institute ofAnimal Physiology. Cambridae.biocben1istry: 1970-1971. .Dr. 1. T. Harries, U.K.:Institute ofawd Heald!. London.gastroenterology: 1970-1972,Dr. S. Huell: New Zealand:Royal CoDeae ofSurpona, London.tropical medicine: immunoI0l)':1970-1973.Dr. O. Hoimes: U.K.:University of Leicester.physiolOl)': 1969-1974.Dr. O. Hudlicka: Czechoslovakia:University of Birminaham.physiology: 1969-1971.Dr. T. R. Ittyenh: India:University CoUeae of South Wales, Cardiff.biochemistry: 1969-1971.Dr. 1. G. IverIeIl: Norway:University ofOxford.physiolO1)': 1969-1970.76

Dr. V. Janousek: Czechoslovakia:Institute ofDermatology, London.dermatology: 1968-1970.Dr. F. H. Jansen: Belgium:Royal Free Hospital, London.biochemistry: 1969-1971Mr. H. D. Johnson: U.K.:Royal Postgraduate Medical SChool, London.gastroenterology: 1969.Dr. F. Joo: Hungary:University College of South Wales.neuropharmacology: 1969-1970.Dr. Anne Kadar: Hungary:Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London.pathology: 1968-1970.Dr. Madhu Kalia: India:University of Oxford.physiology: 1970-1972.Dr. M. C. Kew: South Africa:Royal Free Hospital, London.gastroenterology: 1970-1971.Dr. P. Kincaid-Smith: Australia:University of Melbourne, Australia.renal disease: 1969.Dr. W. Kosak: Poland:Institute of Ophthalmology, London.ophthalmology: 1968-1969.Dr. A. Kuczynski: Poland:Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridae.haematology: 1970-1973.Dr. J. J. Kulikowski: Poland:University ofCambridae.physiology: 1970-1971.Dr. S. H. S. Lee: Canada:University of Liverpoolvirology: 1969-1970.Mr. A. Leure du Pree: U.S.A.:Institute of Ophthalmology, London.neurophysiology: 1968-1971.77

Dr. D. L. Levene: U.S.A.:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.cardiovascular diseases: 1969-1970.Dr. V. I. Mathan and Dr. M. Mathan: India:University of Boston, U.S.A.gastroenterology: 1969-1970.Dr. D. A. Mavrias: Canada:University of Nottingham:biochemistry: 1970-1972.Dr. F. G. H. Mayet: South Africa:University of Natal, Durban.haematology: 1969-1971.Dr. H. Morimoto: Japan:M.R.C. Abnormal Haemoglobin Research Unit, Cambridge.physiology: 1969-1970.Mr. K. S. K. Murthy: U.K.:King's College, London and University of Delhi.bioengineering: 1970-1973.Mr. M. J. Myers: U.K.:University ofAberdeen.radiology: 1970-1973.Dr. C. Nachev: Bulgaria:St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.cardiology: 1969-1971.Dr. R. Naessen: Eire:University of Gothenberg, Sweden.neurology: 1969-1970.Dr. J. A. F. Napier: U.K.:Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.haematology: 1968-1971.Dr. E. S. Newlands: U.K.:Middlesex Hospital, London.immunology: 1969-1972-Dr. C. K. Ng: Hong Kong:Institute of Child Health, London.tropical medicine: anatomy: 1970-1971.Dr. R. M. Norris: New Zealand:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.cardiology: 1970-1971.78

Dr. M. Nozickova-Novotna: Czechoslovakia:Institute ofDermatology. London.dermatology: 1969.Dr. M. O'Day: U.S.A.:Institute of Ophthalmology. London.ophthalmology: 1970-1971.Dr. B. A. Orsi: U.K.:University of Wisconsin. U.S.A.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. A. Pal: India:National College of Food Technology, Weybridge. Surrey.microbiology: 1970-1971.Dr. E. Phillips: U.K.:St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School. London.pharmacology: 1969-1970.Dr. R. C. Pirola: Australia:Royal Free Hospital, London.gastroenterology: 1969-1971.Dr. V. Podraz1cy: Czechoslovakia:University of Manchester.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. R. Poledne: Czechoslovakia:Royal Veterinary College. London.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. C. R. M. Prentice: U.K.:University of Glasgow,haematology: 1970-1971.Dr. U. Proske: France:University of Bristol.physiology: 1970-1971.Dr.R.~:Hun~:University of Birmingham.virology: 1969-1971.Dr. Judith A. Richter: U.K.:University of Cambridge.biochemistry: 1969-1971.Dr. J. Rogers: U.K.:University Museum. Oxford.tropical medicine: parasitology: 1970-1973.79

Mr. J. K. Routledge: U.S.A.:Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, London.pathology: 1968-1971.Dr. R. I. Russell: U.K.:Western Infirmary, Glasgow.gastroenterology: 1969-1'972.Dr. W. J. Russell: U.K.:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.anaesthesia: 1969-1970.Mr. C. J. sanderson: U.K.:University of Cambridge.immunology: 1969-1970.\Professor P. N. Saxena: India:National Institute for Medical Research, London.pharmacology: 1970-1971.Dr. W. M. Seymour: U.K.:Institute of Diseases of the Chest, London.immunology and allergy: 1969-1971.Dr. Anne M. Shaw: U.K.:Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, Cambridge.nutrition: 1969.Dr. P. T. Shukla: India:Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh.genetics: 1970-1971.Dr. R. C. Siddons: U.K.:Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine.tropical medicine: 1969-1972.Dr. M. J. Silver: U.S.A.:Royal College of Surgeons, London.pharmacology: 1970.Dr. F. Simmons: U.S.A.:Royal Free Hospital, London.gastroenterology: 1970-1971.Dr. A. K. Singh: India:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.haematology: 1970-1973.Dr. C. M. Singh: India:The Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle.biochemistry: 1970.80

I>r.J.Skarda:Czecho~ovWOa:University of Oxford.biochemistry: 1969-1970.I>r. A. I>. Smith: U.K.:University of Oxford.pharmacology: 1970-1971.I>r. J. M. Spire: U.S.A.:Institute of Dermatology, London.dermatology: 1968-1969.Major M. C. Srivastava: India:Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London.endocrinology: 1970-1972. .I>r. R. O. Stephen: U.K.:University College, London.neurophysiology: 1968-1971.I>r. A. Stransky: CzechoslovWOa:University of Oxford.physiology: 1970-1971.Dr, C. Straznicky: Hungary:University of Edinburgh.anatomy: 1969.I>r. Usha Sutaria: India:Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women.endocrinology: 1968-1971.I>r.P. Svee: Czechoslovakia:University College, London.pharmacology: 1968-1969.I>r.Z.S~len~,Hungary:Trinity College, I>ublin.physiology: 1969-1970.I>r. M. Teotia: India:University College Hospital Medical School, London.metabolism: 1969-1970.I>r. R. Trentham: U.K.:University of Bristol.biochemistry: 1969-1972.I>r. M. C. Vaidya: India:University of Oxford.tropical medicine: 1968-1969.81

Dr. J. A. Walker-Smith: Australia:Institute of Child Health. Australia.gastroenterology: 1969-1972.Dr. G. Whelan: U.S.A.:Royal Free Hospital. London.biochemistry: 1969-1971.Dr. C. D. Whitfield: U.K.:Institute of Animal Genetics. Edinburgh.genetics: 1970.Dr. E. W. Wilson: U.K.:University of Sheffield.obstetrics and gynaecology: 1968-1971.Dr. D. L. Wingate: U.K.:Middlesex Hospital. London.biochemistry: 1969.Dr. C. K. Wong: Hong Kong:University of Oxford.dermatology: 1969-1971.Dr. A. Yamauchi: Japan:University College. Cardiff.anatomy: 1969-1970.Dr. M. Yoshida: Tokyo:M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Cambridge.biology: 1969-1971.Dr. M. Young: U.K.:Welsh National School of Medicine. Cardiff.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Dr. J. Zachar: Czechoslovakia:University of Cambridge.physiology: 1969-1970.Dr. J. Zervas: Greece:Institute of Orthopaedics, London.immunology: 1969-1970.6. Research Training Scholarships69 awards were made to junior postgraduate researchworkers for further research training.82

7. Tropical Research Training ScholarshipsTo: M.R.C. Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Jamaica:P.M. Trust and M. J. Phillips from St. Mary's HospitalMedical School.To: M.R.C. Research Laboratories, Fajara, Gambia:E. Berry, N. Bradford, Miss P. Crawford and Miss S. Jonesfrom University College Hospital Medical School.To: East African Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda:C. H. Collis and P. D. Jones from University of Cambridge.8. Vacation Scholarships46 vacation scholarships were awardedTotal allocation for Fellowships, Scholarships andPersonal Grants, 1968-1970£1,166,960VIGrants for Research Expenses and AssistanceAwarded in 1968-70Dr. A. Adeniyi and Professor J. F. Soothill:University of lbadan, Nigeria.tropical medicine: paediatrics: 1970-1971.Dr. T. Alderson:University of Cambridge.genetics: 1968.Dr. V. K. Andreev:A.R.C. Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge.dermatology: 1969.Dr. I. M. Arias:University of Yeshiva, U.S.A.biochemistry: 1968-1969.Professor U. Bachrach:Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.bacteriology: 1969-1972.83

Professor A. G. Baikie:University of Tasmania.gastroenterology: 1969-1972Dr. A. J. Bailey:ARC Meat Research Institute, Bristol.biochemistry: 1969-1972Professor S. Baker:Christian Medical College, Vellorc, India.tropical medicine: 1969-1970.Dr. J. E. Banatvala:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.virology: 1970.Dr.P.Banks:.University of Sheffield.biochemistry: 1970.Professor R. Barer:University of Sheffield.pharmacology: 1969-1972.Dr. J. A. Barrie:Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.anaesthesia: 1968.Dr. J. A. Barrowman:The London Hospital Medical College.physiology: 1969-1971.Dr. A. J. Barson:University of Manchester.pathology: 1969-1972.Professor P. B. Beeson:University of Oxford.biochemistry: 1968-1971.Dr. A. Bennett:King's College Hospital Medical School, London.biochemistry: 1969-1970.Professor D. S. Bertram:London SChool of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.tropical medicine: biology: 1970.Professor C. W. L. Bevan:University College, Cardiff.biochemistry: 1968-1971.84

Dr. V. Be~ak:Makerere University College, Uganda.tropical medicine: microbiology: 1968.Dr. S. V. Bbide:Indian Cancer Research Institute, Bombay.cancer: 197~1973.Dr. F. S. Billett:University of Southampton.biochemistry: 197~1972.Professor T. J. Biscoe:University of Bristol.neurophysiology: 197~1973.Dr. A. W. Blair:University of Aberdeen,to work at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.paediatrics: 1968.Dr. J. A. Blair:University of Aston, Birmingham.Chemistry: 1969-1971.Professor C. C. Booth:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.general medicine: immunology: 1969-1973.Professor G. V. R. Born:Royal College of Surgeons, London.pharmacology: 1968·1971Professor T. H. Bothwell:University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.metabolism: 1969-1972.Dr. D. Bowsher:University of Liverpool.neurology: 1969-1972.Dr. D. J. Bradley:University of OXford.tropical medicine: parasitology: immunology: 197~1973.Professor G. Bras:University of the West Indies, Jamaica.tropical medicine: haematology: 1969-1970.Dr. C. S. Breathna

The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association:Leatherhead, Surrey.migraine: 1970-1973.Professor Sir Lindor Brown:University of Oxford.physiology: 1969-1972.Professor R. G. Burwell:Institute of Orthopaedics, London.orthopaedics: 1969-1973.Professor E. G. L. Bywaters:M.R.C. Rheumatism Research Unit, Taplow.tropical medicine: rheumatology.Dr. R. B. Cain:University of Newcastle.biochemistry: 1970.Dr. D. B. CaIne:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.neuro-pharmacology: 1970-1975.Dr. C. G. Caro:Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.physiology: 1968-1971.Dr. A. M. Carter:University of Lund, Sweden.obstetrics: 1969.Dr. M. Coates:National Institute for Research in Dairying, Reading.tropical Qledicine: 1970.Dr. S. F. Contractor:Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London.biochemistry: 1970.Professor R. R. A. Coombs:University of Cambridge.immunology: 1970-1975.Dr. H. G. Coole:University of Bristol.biochemistry: 1969.Dr. J. H. Coote:University of Birmingham.physiology: 1969.86

Dr. P. W. M. Copeman:Westminster Hospital, London.dermatology: 1969-1972.Dr. Betty Cowan:Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India.metabolic disorders: 1970.Professor R. Creese:St. Mary's Hospital, London.physiology: 1968-1971.Dr. W. J. Cunliffe:General Infirmary, Leeds.dermatology: 1969-1972.Dr. S. C. Curran:University of Strathclyde.physiology: 1969-1972.Dr. G. Curzon:Institute of Neurology, London.neurology: 1969-1971.Professor P. M. Dalal:Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.pathology: 1968.Dr. K. Dalziel:University of Oxford.biochemistry: 1970-1973.Dr. H. Darcus:Hospital for Sick Children, London.paediatrics: 1970.Dr. G. S. Dawes:Nuffield Institute for Medical Research, Oxford.physiology: 1969-1971.Dr. C. J. Dickinson:University College Hospital Medical School, London,for work at University of Delhi.cardiology: 1970.Dr. J. Dobbing:University of Manchester.neurology: 1968.Professor K. S. Dodgson:University CoDege, Cardiff.biochemistry: 1970.87

Professor K. W. Donald:Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.physiology: 1969-1970.Dr. R. M. Douglas:Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua, New Guinea.tropical medicine: respiratory diseases: 1968-1969.Professor C. B. B. Downman:Royal Free Hospital Medical SChool, London.endocrinology: 1969-1972.Dr. C. N. C. Drey:Borough Polytechnic, London.haematology: biochemistry: 1970-1973.Dr. C. H. du Boulay:National Hospital, London.neurology: 1969-1971.Dr. D. C. Dumonde:Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London.neurology: 1969-1971.Dr. A. O. Durotoye:University of Ibadan, Nigeria.physiology: 1970.Professor C. Ellenby:Univeriity of Newcastle.zoology: 1970.Professor A. G. Everson Pearse:Royal Postgraduate Medical SChool, London.endocrinology: 1969-1972.Professor D. V. I. Fairweather and Professor C. G. Clarke:University College Hospital Medical SChool, London.endocrinology: 1968-1971.Dr. D. Ferriman:North Middlesex Hospital, London.endocrinology: 1969..Dr. H. Festenstein:London Hospital Medical SChool.immunology: 1968-1970.Dr. J. Ford:University of Oxford.tropical medicine: 1968-1971.88

Dr. K, Fotherby:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.steroid biochemistry: 1970-1973.Professor I. Friedman:Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London.otorhinolaryngology: 1969-1972.Dr. R. M. Gaze:University of Edinburgh.physiology: 1969.Professor J. D. Gillett:BruneI University, London.tropical medicine: 1968.Dr. N. E. Gillies:Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London.biology: 1968-1971.Dr. T. Gillman:ARC Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge.tropical medicine: histology and morphology: 1968-1971.Professor N. Goldblum:Hebrew University, Jerusalem.tropical medicine: virology: 1969-1973.Dr. L. G. Goodwin:Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, London,for Dr. Christine Hawkey to work at theWellcome Research Laboratories, Nairobi, Kenya.metabolic disorders: 1970.Dr. R. G. Gosling:Guy's Hospital Medical School, London.vascular physiology: 1970-1973.Professor L. S. Grant:University of the West Indies, Jamaica.tropical parasitology: 1970-1971.Dr. R. T. Grant:Guy's Hospital Medical School, London.histology: 1970-1971.Professor O. P. Gray:Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff.haematology: 1969-1973.89

Dr. B. E. Griffin:University of Cambridge.biochemistry: 1968.Mr. C. G. Grimshaw:Royal Veterinary College, London.tropical veterinary medicine: 1970.Dr. A. Guz:Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, London.chest diseases: 1969.Professor R. W. Haines:Makerere University College Medical School, Uganda.anatomy: 1968-1972.Dr. R. Hall:Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle.endocrinology: 1969-1972.Dr. R. Hammerschlag:University College, London.tropical neuropathology: 1969.Dr. R. M. Hardisty:The Hospital for Sick Children, London.haematology: 1970.Dr. B. J. Harries:University College Hospital Medical School, London.dermatology: 1969-1972-Professor H. Harris:University College, London.genetics/cardiology: 1968-1971.Professor D. F. N. Harrison:Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London.histology and morphology: 1968-1971.Dr. J. A. Hashmi:Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi.tropical medicine: haematology: 1970-1973.Dr. A. J. Hewer:The Middlesex Hospital, London.bio-engineering: 1970-1973.Dr. G. Hilton:University of Birmingham.physiology: 1969.90

Dr. J. R. Hobbs:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.cancer: 1968.Dr. P. F. Holt:University of Reading.organic chemistry: 1969-1971.Dr. C. R. Hopkins:Uni"ersity of Liverpool.microbiology: 1970.Mrs. M.Hom:Elizabeth Garrett Hospital, London.neurology: 1968.Dr. I. B. Houston:University of Manchester.paediatrics: 1969-1972.Sir John Howie:Public Health Service Laboratory, London.bacteriology: 1969-1970.Dr. E. R. Huehns and Dr. A J. Bellingham:University College Hospital Medical School, London.tropical medicine: haematology: 1968.Dr. W. B. Hugo:University of Nottingham.microscopy: 1968.Dr. M. P. Hutchinson:Ministry of Health, Ethiopia.tropical medicine: 1969-1970.Dr. M. Hyder:University CoDege, Nairobi, Kenya.zoology: 1968-1971.Professor A Iggo:Royal (Dick) School ofVeterinary Studies, Edinburgh.dermatology: 1968-1971.Dr. J. W. Jeffery:Birkbeck CoDege, London.orthopaedics: 1968-1971.chemistry: 1969-1972.91

Professor Barrie Jones:Institute of Ophthalmology, London.ophthalmology: 1968-1969.Dr. P. K. Kalpalctsoglou:Marika Eliadi Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece.tropical medicine: immunology: 1970-1971.Professor Y. P. Kapur:Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.tropical medicine: otorhinolaryngology: 1968.Dr. S. M. M. Karim:Makerere University, Uganda.pharmacology: 1968, 1970-1972.Dr. W. R. Keatinge:London HosPital Medical College.physiology: 1969-1972.Dr. N. F. Kember:Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.orthopaedics: 1970.Dr. F. A. Klipstein:University of Rochester, New York.for work at University of Puerto Rico.tropical medicine: nutrition: 1970-1973.Professor R. Knox:Guy's Hospital, London.tropical medicine: bacteriology: 1969.Dr. A. Kocent:Cancer Research Institute, Czechoslovakia.biochemistry: 1969.Professor D. Lacy:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.endocrinology: 1970-197S.Dr. R. Lainson:Wellcome Parasitology Unit, Brazil.tropical medical parasitology: 1969-1970.Professor W. Landauer:University College, London.genetics: 1970-1973.Dr. W. J. Lang:National Institute for Medical Research, London.pharmacology: 1968.92

Dr.EdnaB.Lawren~:Birkbeek College, London.dermatology: 197(}"1973.Dr. J. P. Lavender:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.renal disease: 1969-1972.Dr. B. B. Lloyd:University of Oxford.physiology: 1969-1970.Dr. D. R. London:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.biochemistry: 1968-1970.Dr. R. D. Lowe:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.Demophysiology: 1968-1971.Professor W. H. R. Lumsden:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.tropical immunology: 1970.Professor R. A. McCance:University of Cambridge.tropical medicine: 1969.Dr. D. J. McFarland:University of Oxford.psychology: 1969-1972-Dr. B. McKinney:Royal Free Hospital, London.cardiology: 1968.Dr. N. MacLean:University of Southampton.zoology: 197(}"1973.Dr. H. B. McMichael:Middlesex Hospital, London.nutrition: 1969.Dr. M. E. MGuire:Queen's University, Belfast.microbiology: 197(}"1971.Professor Sir Brian Matthews:University of Cambridge.physiololY: 1969.93

Dr. D. M. Matthews:Westminster Hospital,. London.neuropathology; 1969.Dr. I. Mees:University of Szeged, Hungary.virology: 1968.Dr. H. S. Micklem:University of Edinburgh.biology: 1970.Professor J. A. Milne:University of Glasgow.dermatology: 1969.Dr. N. A. Mitchison:National Institute for Medical Research, London.biochemistry: 1969.Professor D. L. Mollin:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.haematology: 1976-1973.Dr. D. B. Morgan:General Infirmary, Leeds.metabolic disorders: 1969.Dr. P. M. Moritz:UBiversity College Hospital Medical School, London.biochemistry: 1969.Dr. K. D. Muirden:University of Melbourne, Australia.histopathology: 1969.Dr. P. F. D. Naylor:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.dermatology: 1970.Professor A. S. Paintal:University ofDelhi, India.tropical medicine: 1969.Dr. E. H. O. Parry:Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria.tropical medicine: 1969-1973.Professor W. Parson:Makerere University College, Uganda.tropical medicine: epidemiology: 1969-1971.94

Dr. A. D. Pearson:Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Salisbury.toxicology: 1970-1971.Dr. C. D. R. Pengelly:Cheshire.haematology: 1969-1970.Professor E. S. Perkins and Mr. J. Bankes:Institute of Ophthalmology, London.ophthalmology: 1968.Sir Rudolph Peters:University of Cambridge.biochemistry: 1970-1973.Professor W. Peters:Liverpool School ofTropical Medicine.tropical parasitology: 1970-1973.Dr. B. L. Pimstone:University of Cape Town, South Africa.endocrinology: 1969-1971.Dr. W. R. Pitney:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.tropical medicine: 1969-1970.Dr. D. T. Plummer:Chelsea College of Science and Technology, London.biochemistry: 1970-1971.Professor K. A Porter:St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.immunology: 1969-1972.Dr. G. C. Prasad:Banaras Hindu University, India.biochemistry: 1968.Dr. I. P. Priban:National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex.physiology: 1969.Dr. E. W. Price:Haile Sellassie I University, Ethiopia.tropical medicine: 1969-1972Dr. F. J. Prime:Institute of Diseasesof the Chest, London.respiratory physiology: 1970.9S

Dr. J. W. Prineas:University of Sydney.neurology: 1969-1974.Professor J. P. Quilliam:St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, London.pharmacology: 1969-1972-Sir John Randall:King's College, London.biophysics: 1969-1972.Professor P. J. Randle:University of Bristol.biochemistry: 1970.Dr. E. A. Rasio:Guy's Hospital, London.endocrinology: 1968.Dr.C.Ratledge:University of Hull.biochemistry: 1968-1972.Dr. K. R. Rees:University College Hospital, London.dermatology: 1969-1970.Dr. P. M. Roberts:Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London.haematology: 1970.Dr. D. Robinson and Dr. Helen Muir:Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London.biochemistry: 1969.Professor A. H. Rose:Bath University of Technology.tropical medicine: 1969.Dr. D. P. Rose:St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.metabolic disorders: biochemistry: 1970-1973.Dr. M. E. Rowatt:University College Hospital Medical School, London.virology: 1970-1972.Dr. D. S. Rowe:W.H.O. Immunology Research and Training Centre,Lausanne, Switzerland.tropical medicine: immunology: 1969-1974.96

Dr. I. W. Rowlands:Zoological Society, London.reproductive physiology: 1969.Dr. Brenda Ryman:Royal Free Hospital Medical School,metabolism: 1969-1970.Professor I. samuel:Haile Sellassie I University, Ethiopia.tropical gastroenterology: 1976-1971.Dr. D. S. Saunders:University of Edinburgh.tropical medicine: parasitology: 1969-1971.Dr. S. J. Saunders:University of Capetown, South Africa.hepatic disorders: 1969-1972Dr. R. Schneider:University of Birmingham.immunology: 1968-1971.Dr. P. J. Scheuer:Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London.pathology: 1968-1973.Dr. G. B. D. Scott:Royal Free Hospital, London.physiology: 1969-1972Dr.C.S.Seah:Thompson Road Hospital, Singapore.tropical medicine: gastroenterology: 1969-1971.Professor Sir Herbert Seddon:Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London.orthopaedics: 1969-1972.Dr. W. Segal:University of Western Australia,for work at the.Lister Institute, London.biochemistry: 1970.Professor S. J. G. Semple:St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London.physiology: 1968-1971.97

Dr. A. A Sharp:Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.haematology: 1969-1972.Dr. D. J. C. Shearman:Royal Infirmary, Edinburgb.gastroenterology: 1969-1972.Sqn. Ldr. T. H. Sheppard:Royal Air Force, Hants.tropical medicine: parasitology: 1969.Professor J. P. Shillingford:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.cardiology: 1968-1969.Professor R. A Shooter:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.bacteriology: 1970-1971.Colonel H. E. Shortt:Hertfordshire.tropical medicine: parasitology: 1969.Professor D. Shugar:Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw.biochemistty: 1969-1972.Professor S. Shuster:Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle.dermatology: 1969-1974.Dr. E. D. Silove:Hospital for Sick Children, London.cardiology: 1969-1971.Dr. F. J. Simmonds:Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Trinidad.tropical medicine: 1969.Dr. R. T. Sims:University of Cambridge.tropical medicine: dermatology: 1968.Dr. J. A Sirs:St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.biophysics: 1970-1973.Dr. E. G. Sladen:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.gastroenterology: 1969-1972.98

Dr. R. A Smallwood:University ofBoston, U.S.A.metabolic disorders: 1970.Professor H. Smith:University of Birmingham.virology: 1970-1971.Dr. I. Smith and Dr. M. Sandler:Middlesex Hospital, London andQueen Charlotte's Hospital, London.biochemistry: 1968-1970.Dr. R. Smith:Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oxford.orthopaedics: 1968-1970.Professor B. Spencer:Trinity College, Dublin.biochemistry: 1968-1973.Dr. M. M. Stan:Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Rumania.haematology: 1969.Dr. D. Stanescu:Institute of Hygiene, Bucharest, Rumania.physiology: 1970.Dr. D. A Stansfield:University of Dundee.biochemistry: 1970-1973.Dr. S. R. Stitch:University of Leeds.endocrinology: 1969-1972Dr. A Taylor:King's College, London.neurophysiology: 1970-1973.Dr. A K. Thambiran:Aider Hey Children's Hospital, liverpooLphysiology: 1968.Dr. P. K. Thomas:Royal Free Hospital, London.neurology: 1969-1972Dr. J. L. Turk:Institute of Dermatology, London.tropical medicine: 1968-1970.99

Professor A. C. Turnbull:Welsh National School of Medicine, Wales.obstetrics and gynaecology: 1969-1972.Mr. D. S. Turner:Guy's Hospital Medical School, London.biochemistry: 1970-1972.Dr. P. Turner:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.pharmacology: 1969.Professor J. R. Vane:Royal College of Surgeons, London.pharmacology: 1968-1972.Dr. C. F. H. Vickers:University of Liverpool, Royal Infirmary, Liverpool.dermatology: 1970-1973.Dr. G. R. Wadsworth:University of Singapore.physiology: 1968.Dr. D. G. Walker:University of Birmingham.biochemistry: 1970-1973.Mrs. M. E. Wallace:University of Cambridge.genetics: 1968.Professor K. W. Walton:University of Birmingham.immunology: 1969-1970.Professor A. P. Waterson:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.virology: 1969-1972. .Dr. J. Watson:University of Bristol for Mr. P. L. Wendell.biochemistry: 1968-1969.Professor H. E. Webb:St. Thomas's Hospital, London.virology: 1969.Dr. J. Webster:University ofSheffieldbotany: 1969.100

Dr. R. Weiss:University College, London.cancer: 1970-1971.Dr. I. C. Whitfield:University of Birmingham.neurology: 1969.Dr. P. A. Whittaker:University of Sussex.biochemistry: 1969-1972.Dr. R. Williams:King's College Hospital Medical School, London.immunology: 1969-1972.Professor R. E. O. Williams:St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.gastroenterology: 1969-1972.Dr. D. A. Willoughby:St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.immunology: 1969-1974.Professor G. M. Wilson:Western Infirmary, Glasgow.endocrinology: 1970-1973.Dr. J. Wilson:Hospital for Sick Children, London.neuropathology 1967-1968.Dr. M. B. Wilson:University of the West Indies, Jamaica.microbiology: 1970-1973.Professor A. W. Woodruff:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.tropical medicine: 1969.Professor Sir Michael Woodruff:University of Edinburgh.immunology: 1969-1974.Professor H. M. Woolfson:University of York.ophthalmology: 1970-1973.Dr. M. Young:University College, Wales.biochemistry: 1969.101

Professor E. zaimis:Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London.pharmacology: 1968-1971.Dr. Joan F. Zilva:Westminster Hospital Medical School, London.haematology: 1969-1972.(In addition a number of grants have been made to extend arrangementsmade in previous years, and 6 expeditions with a medical research purposewere assisted with small grants.)Total allocation: £1,900,000vn Congress or Symposium Support-Grants for the travelofparticipants, or towards the costs ofmeetings.Federation of European Biochemical Societies, London17th International Congress of the European Societyof Cardiovascular Surgery, London, 1968.Conference on Current Concepts in Transplantation,Glasgow, 1969.Conference on Biochemical Pathology, Oxford, 1968.2nd Australian/New Zealand Conference on Calciumand Calcified Tissue Metabolism, Melbourne, 1969.2nd Tooth Enamel Symposium, London, 1969.3rd International Congress of Protozoology,Leningrad, 1969.6th International Symposium on Immunopathology,London, 1970.3rd International Biophysics Congress,Massachusetts, 1969.Meeting on Protein Malnutrition, University ofthe West Indies, Jamaica, 1969.102

International Conference on Paediatrics in theTropics, Nigeria, 1969.Symposium on Necrosis of the Femoral Head, Instituteof Orthopaedics, London, 1969.Symposium on The Biology of Large RNA Viruses,Cambridge, 1969.European Phage Meeting, University of Sussex, 1969.British Neuropathological Society/SovietNeuropathologists Meeting, Russia, 1969.9th International Conference of Medical andBiological Engineering, Melbourne, 1971.International Symposium on Subcellular Organisation andFunction in Endocrine Tissue, Bristol, 1969.Royal Microscopical Society: Conference on Multi-StepMethods in Enzyme Cytochemistry, York, 1969.British Geriatric Society: Symposium on 'Iron, anaemiaand Old Age', Cardiff, 1969.Conference on Reactions of Vascular Tissue in Man,GermanY,1970.IBritish Pharmaceutical Society: Contribution towardsthe cost of organizing three annual symposia on drugaction.8th International Congress of Biochemistry,Switzerland, 1970.Kennedy Institute ofRheumatology: Symposium ofthe CellChemistry Group ofthe Society for Experimental Biology,London, 1970.Collegium Intemationale Allergologicum: 8th Symposium,Switzerland, 1970.Symposium on Ecology and Physiology of Parasites,Toronto, 1970.Symposium on Biology of Connective Tissue, London, 1969.International Working Party on Standardization ofReagents for Immunochemical Investigation ofVertebrateLens, Edinburgh, 1970.103

Symposium on Cardiac Metabolism, Bristol:Cost of travel ofAtherosclerosis Discussion GroupInstitute of Ophthalmology: International Congress onEye Diseases, London, 1970.Symposium on Hormones and the Environment,Liverpool, 1969.Society of General Microbiology: 10th InternationalCongress for Microbiology, Mexico City, 1970.Symposium on Pyelonephritis, Melbourne, 1970.Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland:9th International Anatomical Congress, 1970.National Institute of Medical Research: 6th InternationalSymposium on Immunopathology, 1970.British Society of Parasitology: 2nd InternationalCongress of Parasitology, Washington, 1970.The Physiological Society: Symposium to celebrate thecentenary of Sir Joseph Barcroft, cambridge, 1972.British Biophysical Society: Symposium on 'The Futureof Biophysics in the United Kingdom', London, 1969.International Symposium on Autoradiology, London, 1971.Meeting of the International Committee forStandardization in Haematology, Geneva.Symposium on Enzyme Induction and its Role inClinical Medicine, London, 1970.British Biophysical Society: Meeting on 'The Specificityof Interaction of Proteins with Nucleic Acids',London, 1970.British Society of Parasitology: Symposium on ParasiteTransmission, London, 1971.Symposium on Genetically Obese Hyperglycaemic Mice,London, 1971.Symposium on 'The Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and itsAntiserum', London, 1971.104

Institute for Research into Mental Retardation: StudyGroup of scientific and medical experts, London, 1970.Institute of Ophthalmology: International Society forClinical Electroretinography Conference, London, 1971.Symposium on Radionuclides in Nephrology, New York,1971.Conference on Diagnostic Radiology, London, 1971.4th International Congress of Cytology, London, 1971.Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: Symposiumon Tropical Medicine in Developing Countries,England, 1971.Total allocation: £41,000vm Grants in aid ofPublication(other than in the History ofMedicine)Mr. H. J. ten Bruggen Cate, Manchester University:cost ofcolour plates for article on Dental Erosion inIndustry.Dr. R. D. Ward: To write thesis on mosquito research inthe Cayman Island.Dr. L. J. Oliver, Pan American Health Organization,Washington: Contribution towards cost of producing abibliography of literature concerning Chagas' Disease.Dr. A. Bryceson, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology:Contribution towards cost of illustrations for three articleson leishmaniasis.Dr. P. N. O'Donoghue, Royal Postgraduate Medical School:Costofproducing two handbooks on laboratory animals.Dr. I. F. Brockington, Maudsley Hospital, London: Towardsthe cost ofpublishing the resultsofhis research oncardiomyopathies in Nigeria.lOS

Professor J. D. Gillett, Brunei University: Contributiontowards the cost ofproducing colour plates ofmosquitoes.Dr. Grace M. Jeffree, Bristol University: Cost ofproducingphotomicrographs for publication in the HistochemicalJournal.Total allocation: £14,500IXMedical Research Museums and LibrariesNuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine:Zoological Society, London:running costs of X-ray museum.Commonwealth Bureau of Helminthology:assistance to reorganize library.Royal College of Surgeons, London:support of the X-ray and Film Research Library.Makerere University College, Uganda:Costs of preserving Sir Albert Cook's case notes,1897-1937 on film.Total allocation: £31,200XGrants to assist the History ofMedicinea) Grants for LibrariesRoyal College ofPhysicians ofLondon:Catalogwng and preservation of the manuscriptcollection in the College Library.b) Research FellowshipsDr. K. E. Dewhurst: U.K.:Completion of his 'Life of Dr. Thomas Willis':1968-1970.106

Dr. J. Hill: U.K.:Bibliographical Dictionary of ItalianQuattrocentro Physicians: 1968-1971.Dr. M. P. Earles: U.K.:Developments in pharmacology between Magendieand Ehrlich: 1968-1971.Dr. A. Z. Iskandar: U.K.:Translation of Arabic medical texts: 1968.Professor A. P. Waterson: U.K.:Study of the origins and development ofvirology: 1969-1972.Dr. M. M. Teich: U.S.A.:University of Oxford: History of biochemistry:1969-1970.Dr. J. Marek: Germany:Imperial College, London: History of optics:1970-1972.Dr. R. M. Young: U.K.:Study of attempts to apply methods and assumptionsof science to the study of human and other organisms:1970-1971.Dr. M. I. Satinoff: U.K.:Haemoglobinopathies in antiquity and the history ofmalaria: 1970-1971.Miss D. A. Hutton: U.K.Catalogue of Indian materia medica in theWellcome Collection: 1970.e) Research TraiDing ScholarshipsTwo research training scholarships were awarded.d) PubHcatiollSSir Cecil Wakeley: Royal College ofSurgeons:Contribution towards cost of publishing Volume 4 of'Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College ofSurgeons of England'.107

Dr. N. Koren: Jerusalem:Contribution towards publi

Professor J. M. Lopez Piiiero: Spain:Wellcome Institute:Inftuence of Darwinist evolution on the neurologyof H1JghlingsJackson.Dr. D. D. Gibbs: U.K.:Collection of biographical details of Sir John Ployer: 1970.Dr. V. A. Triolo: U.S.A.:Wellcome Institute:Study of advances in tumour pathology in thenineteenth century: 1970.Dr. J. Cute: U.K.:History of Medicine in Wales:197~1972.Mr. I. H. Abdalla: Nigeria:Impact of classical Arab medicine upon indigenousmedical practices in Northern Nigeria: 1969-1970.Total allocation: £80,500XIGrants to assist Veterinary Medicinea) University AwardsUniversity of Bristol: Dr. R. H. Johnson:supplementary stipend and expenses for five years:Virology (October 1969).b) Capital Grants for Building ProjectsUniversity of GJasaow:Extension of Wellcome Laboratory ofExperimental Parasitology.e) Research Equipmeat (as liftor lou)Dr. I. W. Rowlands,Wellcome Institute of Comparative PhysiolOlY,Zoological Society, London.Ultramicrotome andaccessories.109

Professor A. T. Phillipson,University of Cambridge.X-ray equipment.Mr. A J. C. Cornwell and Dr. N. G. Wright,University of Glasgow.Purchase ofanimals, mediaand chemicals.Mr. A B. Marshall,University of Cambridge.Photographic materials.Dr. J. R. Holmes,University of Bristol.Computer and accessories.Dr. L. W. Hall,University of Cambridge.Loose boxes.Dr. G. M. O. Maloiy,East African Veterinary Research Organisation,Kenya.Various equipment.d) Grants for ResearchFellowships1. Senior Research Fellowships.Dr. D. D. Tyler,Royal Veterinary College, London.'2. Research Fellowships:Mr. P. G. C. Bedford: U.K.:Royal Veterinary College, London.ophthalmology: 1970-1973.Miss K. W. Clarke: U.K.:University of Cambridge.Anaesthetics/physiology: 1970-1973.Dr. J. Corba: Czechoslovakia:University of Glasgow.parasitology: 1969-1970.Mr. M. G. Dear: U.K.:Queen Victoria Hospital, Sussex.immunology: 1970-1972.110

Miss J. R. Delamere, U.K.:University of Nottingham.endocrinology: 1969-1972ProfessorA. Dobson: U.S.A.:University of Cambridge.physiology/gastroenterology: 1970-1971.Mr. R. W. Else: U.K..:Universityof Bristol.cardiology/physiology: 1970-1973.Mr. R. E. W. Halliwell: U.S.A.:University of Cambridge.immunology: 1969-1972.Mr. F. W. G. Hill: U.K.:Univenity of Bristol.gastroenterolOlY: 1969-1972Mr. M. J. Hobart: U.K..;ARC Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge.physiolOlY: 1969-1972Dr. E. E. Jarrett: U.K..:Wellcome Laboratories for ExperimentalParaaitololY.University of Glasgow.parasitology: 1969-1972Miss S. Jordan. Australia:ARC Institute of Animal PhysioiOlY. Cambridge.metabolicdisorders: 1968-1969.Mr. D. Lodge: U.K.:University of BtUtoI.neurophysiology: 1970-1973.Mr. J. McCaig: U.K..:Royal Veterinary Coll•• London.immunology/dermatology: 1970-1971.Mr. I. McConnell: U.K..:ARC Institute of Animal Physiology. Cambridge.immunology: 1970-1973.Mr. D. B. Morton: U.K..:ARC Unit of Reproductive Physiology. Cambridge.physiology: 1970-1973.111

Dr. J. Pickup: U.K.:University of Bristol.veterinary medicine: 1968-1971.Mr. D. E. Prentice: U.K.:University of Liverpool.bioengineerinJ: 197G-1973.Dr. M. F. Tarttelin: U.K.:Royal Veterinary College, London.neurology: 1968-1969.Dr. J. R. Walton: U.K.:University of Liverpoolbacterial epidemiology: 1969-1972.Mr. D. R. Wise: U.K.:University of Cambridge.nutrition: 1969-1972.e) Research TraJaing Scholarships12 awards were made to junior postp'aduate researchworkers for further research traiJ1ins.f) Vacadoo Scholarships12 vacation scholarships were awarded.I> Grants for ResearchExpeasesand AssistanceDr. J. H. Baron: U.K.:Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London.physiology: 1969.Professor F. R. Bell: U.K.:Royal Veterinary College, London.cardiology/nutrition: 1969-1971.Professor A. O. Betts: U.K.:Royal Veterinary CoUese, London.gnotobiotics: 1969-1972.Professor W.I. B. Beveridge: U.K.:University of Cambridge.parasitology: 197G-1971.112

Professor T. J. Biscoe: U.K.:University ofBristol.neurophysiology: 1970-1973.Dr. L. Black: U.K.:University of Liverpool.immunology: 1970-1971.Dr. A. N. Bruere: New Zealand:Massey University.morphology: 1969-1972.Mr. C. L. Coles: U.K.:ARC Unit for Research on Animal Diseases, Compton.epidemiology: 1970-1971.Dr. H. J. C. Cornwell: U.K.:University of Glasgow.pathology: 1969-1972.Dr. G. W. Crighton: U.K.:A.H.T. Small Animals Centre, Newmarket.physiology: 1969-1972.Professor R. J. Fitzpatrick: U.K.:University of Liverpool.reproduction: 1969-1972.Dr. E. J. H. Ford: U.K.:University of Liverpool.physiology: 1969-1973.Dr. R. F. Goodwin: U.K.:University of Cambridge;microbiology: 1969-1970.Mr. I. R. Griffiths: U.K.:University of Glasgow.neurology; 1970-1973.Professor C. S. G. Grunsell: U.K.:University ofBristol.gastroenterology: 1970-1972.Professor J. L. Hancock: U.K.:Royal Veterinary College, London.physiology: 1969-1972.Mr. P. G. Hignett: U.K.:University of Glasgow.genetics: 1969-1972.113

Professor D. L. Hughes: U.K.:University of Liverpool.pathology: 1969-1972.Professor W. F. H. Jarrett: U.K.:University of Glasgow.biochemistry/immunology: 1969-1972.Dr. R. C. MacDonald: U.K.:ARC Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge.biophysics: 1969.Professor W. Mulligan: U.K.:University of Glasgow.parasitology: 1970-1973.Dr. A C. Palmer: U.K.:University of Cambridge.neurology: 1970-1973.Professor R. H. C. Penny: Australia:University of Sydney.neurology: 1970-1973.Dr. A. W. Rodwell: Australia:Animal Health Research Laboratory, Victoria.1970-1971.Dr. K. C. Sellars: U.K.:AH.T. Farm Livestock Research Centre, Essex.parasitology: 1970-1973.Dr. R. V. Short: U.K.:University of Cambridge.endocrinology: 1969-1972.Dr. M. F. Tarttelin: U.K.:Royal Veterinary College, London.neurology: 1968-1969.Dr. G. M. Urquhart: U.K.:University of Glasgow.parasitology: 1969-1972.Dr. J. R. Walton: U.K.:A.H.T. Farm Livestock Research Centre, Essex.parasitology: 1969-1972.(In addition an expedition with a veterinary researchpurpose was assisted with a small grant.)114

h) Congressor Symposinm SupportInternational symposium on trace elementmetabolism in animals,Aberdeen, 1969.Fourth World Veterinary Poultry Congress,Belgrade, 1969.Veterinary symposium.ZAlgreb, 1969.Second Wildlife Disease Conference,Oxford, 1971.DGrants in aid of PublicationDr. J. M. K. Mackay: Towards cost of illustrations for apaper on 'Tissue Culture Studies of Sheep PulmonaryAdenomatosis' in the Journal of Comparative Pathologyand Therapeutics, 1968.Dr. R. M. Barlow: Cost of illustrations for an articleon 'The Foetal Sheep, Morphogenesis of the NervousSystem and Histochemical Aspects of Myelination'.Mr. I. H. Pattison: Cost of colour illustration for a paperon 'The possibility that a large 1klbesia species exists inBritish cattle".Dr. C. Hebb: Cost of colour plates to illustrate researchon the hypothalamus.k) TranI Grants24 travel grants were made to enable veterinary researchworkers to make visits abroad to meet their colleaguesor to collaborate in research programmes.Total allocation: £461,000115

APPENDIX DWellcome Medals and PrizesSir Henry Wellcome established, during his lifetime, several WellcomeMedals and associated Prizes, and expressed in his Will the wish thatthe Trustees should continue to provide funds for these purposesand transmitthem to the different authorities responaa'ble for makingthe awards. Thenames ofthese authorities, together with notes upon the respective purposesof the awards and a list of the recipients of Medals and Pri7a during thetwo-year period covered by the present Report, are given below.IUniversity ofEdinburghWeDeome Medal and Prizein the History of MedicineInstituted by Sir Hnuy Wellcome in 1912The awards are made by the FacultyofMedicine, University ofEdinburgb,in respect of an essay on some subject connected with the history ofmedicine which is chosen by the Faculty.No award was made in 1969.1970 Title: 'Bleeding: Its Uses from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century'.Awarded: Miss Penelope A Bartlett, and Mr. A O. Leitch.n Association of Military Surgeons of the United StatesofAmericaDeSir Heary Welleome Medal and PrizeAwarded toMedical OfBcenof the Armed Forcesof the UnitedStates of Americaor of theU.s. PublicHealthSenkeInstituted by Sir Hnuy Wellcome in 1916.The Medal and Prize are awarded by the Council of the Association ofMilitary Surpons of the United States of America, Washington, D.C..for an essay or a report on original research dealing with military applicationsof medicine.117

1969 Capt. Broce H. Smith, Jr., Medical Corps, U.S. Navy, for his essayentitled 'Fatal Motorcycle Accidents of Military Personnel-A Study of225Cases'.1970 Major Michael B. Stroud, Medical Corps, U.S. Army, for his essayentitled 'Serum Complement Component C'3 Values in Patients withVarious Diseases at a Military Hospital'.m Royal African SocietyWellcome Medal for Distinguisbed Senices in AfricaInstituted by Sir Henry Wellcome in 1920These Medals are awarded by the Council of the Royal African Societyon the recommendation of a Committee consisting of the Chairman ofthe Society, a representative ofthe Wellcome Trustees and three membersnominated respectively by the Chairman of the Royal African Society,the Royal Commonwealth Society and the International African Institute.1969 The Most Reverend L. J. Beecher, c.M-G., A.LC.s., D.O., First ArchbishopofEast Africa.1970 Professor D. Forde.IVRoyal Anthropological InstituteWellcome Medaland PrizeInstituted by Sir Henry Wellcome in 1931For original research 'on the application of anthropological methodsin the study of problems arising from contact ofnative peoples with eachother, or with higher civilizations'. Awarded bY the Royal AnthropologicalInstitute on the recommendation of a Committee consisting ofthe President of the Institute, the Director of the Wellcome Institute ofthe History of Medicine and three members nominated respectively bY thePresidents of the Royal Commonwealth Society, and the Royal AfricanSociety.No award made.118

APPENDIX EPublications ofthe Wellcome Institute of the History ofMedicineSinger:Galen on AnatomicalProceduresRetail Price£p1·87Lacaille:Stone Age in ScotlandAddison:Wellcome Excavations in the Sudan (3 vots.)VoIs. I-II, Jebel Moya: Vol. m, Abu GeiliSinger:Vesalius on the Human BrainDuncum:Development ofInhalation AnaesthesiaTorczyner and others:Lachish. Vol.I-out ofprintTurneD and others:Lachish, Vol. IILachish, Vol. III (text and plates)Lachish, Vol. IV(text and plates)Historical Monograph Series:Keynes:Dr. TimothieBright, 1550-1615Dewhurst:Dr. John Locke. Physician and PhilosopherBonser:Medical BackgroundofAnglo-Saxon EnglandWright-St. aair:DoctorsMonro: a Medical SagaMacKinney:Medical Illustrations in MediaevalMSSCassar:Medical History ofMalta2'7S9.4S1·0S2'638'408'401-OS2-102·50I'SO3'7S119

Rather:Mind and Body in Eighteenth Century MedicineTalbot and Hammond:The Medical Practitioners in Mediaeval EnglandWatson:Theriac and MithridatiumDewhurst:Dr. Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)Retail Price£pI·SO4·201·2SHodgkinson:The Origins ofthe National Health ServiceThe Medical Services ofthe Poor Law, 1834-1871Matthews:The Royal ApothecariesDrew:Roll ofCommissioned Officers in the Medical Servicesofthe British Army, 2 You. 1660-1960Poynter (cd.)Medicine and CulturePoynter (ed.)Medicine and Science in the 1860s(In press) Spink and Lewis:Abulcasis on Surgery and InstrumentsLeibowitz:The History ofCoronary Heart DiseaseAyers:England's rust State Hospitals and theMetropolitan Asylums Board 1867-1930(In press) Rook (cd.)Cambridge and its Contribution to MedicineFrench:Robert Whytt. the soul, and Medicine)1·2S9·4S3-002·2S3·006·30Lecture Series:Boxer:Two Pioneers of Tropical Medicine:Garcia d'Orta and Nicolas Monardes 0·17120

Poynter:Gideon Delauneandhis family circleExhibition Catalogues:Psychiatry andMental Health in BritainMedicine in 1815ChmeseMedicineMedicine andSurgery in the Great War 1914-1918Dickens andMedicineHistory ofCardiologyRetail Price£p0'170'100·25()O370·370·150·27Catalogues of the Wellcome IDltitutePoynter:Catalogue ofIncUlUlbulaCatalogue ofPrinted Books, Vol. I:Books printed between1641 and1850: A-ECatalogue ofPrinted Books, Vol. II:Books printed between1641 and1850: A-EMoorat:Catalogue of Western MSS, Vol. I:MSS before 1650Iskander:Catalogue ofArabic Manuscripts on MedicineandScienceCatalogue ofMedical Ceramics, Vol. I:EnglishandDutchQuarterly Journal:Medical History2·5010'5010·5010·5010'506·30Annual Subscription 4'00121

Postcard SeriesBlack and white photographs with texts of recordings RetailPricerelating to the Museum's display of dioramas illustrating: £ pStages in the Growth ofModem MedicineSeries 1 (set of five postcards with texts) 0-13Series 2 (set of five postcards with texts) 0·13Coloured postcards of Meissen and other figure groups each 0'02;Other Publications of theWelcome Trust:Dale:Adventures in Physiology (Reprint of the 1953edition published by Pergamon Press) 1·05J22

Prbttedby C1IIIIb1lrJl Pnu.~H"6. .,11 J. £818