april 000001 - Illuminating Engineering Society

Lighting Design + Application • February 2004TheLIGHTINGAUTHORITY ®VTTI Hits TheRoadAirport Takes OffStreetlights ShineSmartStuff

FEBRUARY 2004,VOL. 34/NO. 2CONTENTS40TRANSPORTATION & ROADWAY LIGHTING27Seeing theBig PictureThe lighting community must think interms of “roadway visibility” ratherthan “roadway lighting,” while taking asystems approach to design35Night RiderUnder the cover of darkness, RonGibbons and his team of lightingresearchers aim to develop new standardsand practices on Virginia Tech’swell-traveled “Smart Road”40Natural BornLightingLocated in the center of the terminal,the concessions area at OrlandoAirport required a creative lightingsolution46The PhiladelphiaStory“Every Light...Every Night.”Philadelphia’s street lightingmaintenance plan really is thatsimple–and that challengingF E A T U R E S50Ring In The NewThere was nothing ordinary aboutlighting a new home for the LibertyBell. Passions ran high, and even levelheadedprofessionals were in awe ofthe task at hand54In Defenseof DarknessWhile many designers compulsivelyshower light into every nook andcranny, this lighting designer invites usto explore darkness and discover itsinherent value5035D E P A R T M E N T S4 Editor’s Note • 6 Letters to the Editor • 7 Regional Voices • 8 ResearchMatters • 10 Careers & Hiring • 12 Energy Advisor •14 Rules and Regs • 16 Industry Updates • 18 IES News • 20 Scanning theSpectrum • 21 Howard Brandston Lighting Design Grant Entry Form •33 Manufacturer’s Directory Form • 58 Light Products • 62 Calendar ofEvents • 63 Classified Advertisements • 64 Ad Offices • 64 Ad IndexLD+A (ISSN 0360-6325) is published monthly in the United States of America by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 WallStreet, 17th Floor, New York, NY. 10005, 212-248-5000. © 2004 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Periodicals postage paid at NewYork, N.Y. 10005 and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to LD+A, 120 Wall Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10005.ON THE COVER:This month’s Transportation/Roadwayissue takes a look at some of what’s happeningboth in the lab (at RPI and VirginiaTech) and in the field (on the streets ofPhiladelphia), in terms of highway lightingtechniques, pavement and signage visibilityand street light maintenance. Illustrationsby Samuel Fontanez.

EDITOR’S NOTEPaul TarriconeTHINK FAST.WHAT IMAGESdoes the phrase “transportation/roadway lighting” conjure up? Doyou think of the tried-and-true,cobra-head luminaires that linecountless U.S. streets and highways?Do you ponder the challenge facedby cities and utilities in tracking outagesand maintaining this network?Do you think in terms of driver safety,pedestrian security, light trespassor glare and visibility issues? Or doyou view street lighting as an instrumentfor beautifying urban areas anddriving commerce?Or maybe you don’t think abouttransportation lighting much at all.If so, this month’s “Transportation/RoadwayLighting” issueaims to change all that. On the pagesthat follow, we step back just a bitfrom some of our usual fare—glamorous“architainment” lighting, museums,casinos, splashy malls and thelike—and put greater emphasis on acrucial lighting niche that often fliesunder the radar. Indeed, IESNA producesan entire conference—theStreet & Area Lighting Conference—dedicated to this discipline, and theSociety’s Roadway Lighting Committeeis among the largest withinIESNA.Our transportation coveragestarts with an overview from JohnVan Derlofske of RPI’s LightingResearch Center, who argues that“roadway visibility” (componentssuch as fixed pole lighting, vehiclelighting,signals and markings all workingin unison) rather than “roadwaylighting” is the key to safe,energy-efficient,aesthetically pleasing design.Next up is a profile of VirginiaTech’s Ron Gibbons, who movedfrom industry (Philips Lighting) toacademia, and now works the nightshift conducting lighting and visibilityresearch on Virginia Tech’s “SmartRoad.” The rewards include thechance to have direct contact withstudents and the opportunity todevelop new standards to make ourroads safer.Meanwhile, back on the street,someone has to make sure all thoselamps burn bright. That’s whereJoseph Doyle, chief street lightingengineer for the City of Philadelphia,comes in. Just try to find a nonworkingstreet light in the City ofBrotherly Love. His departmentmanages the “Ivory Soap” of streetlighting programs—99.4 percentpure, or in this case, bright. Indeed, in2003, 99.4 percent of Philadelphia’s100,000 streetlights were workingeach night, as part of the “EveryLight...Every Night” initiative.Incredibly, that number actually representsa decrease from 2002, whenthe percentage was 99.6.On the pagesthat follow, westep backjust a bit fromsome of ourusual fare andput greateremphasis on acrucial lightingniche that oftenflies underthe radarFinally, we’ve stretched the traditionaldefinition of “transportation”lighting just a bit to bring you a lookat Orlando Airport’s dazzling newconcession area.The trick here wasto bring light—not to mention tenantsand customers—to an area ofthe airport buried under a parkingstructure where daylighting was notpossible. The irony is that artificiallight sources had to facilitate anature design theme of “sky, waterand garden.”So there you have it: Form andfunction. Art and science. Perhapsno other area of lighting representsthis balancing act more than transportationand roadways.PublisherWilliam Hanley, CAEEditorPaul TarriconeAssistant EditorRoslyn LoweAssociate EditorJohn-Michael KobesArt DirectorKim KatzAssociate Art DirectorSamuel FontanezColumnistsEmlyn G.Altman • Peter BleasbyDenise Fong • Paul PompeoStan Walerczyk • Willard WarrenBook Review EditorPaulette Hebert, Ph.D.Marketing ManagerSue FoleyAdvertising CoordinatorLeslie PrestiaPublished by IESNA120 Wall Street, 17th FloorNew York, NY 10005-4001Phone: 212-248-5000Fax: 212-248-5017/18Website: http://www.iesna.orgEmail: iesna@iesna.orgLD+A is a magazine for professionals involved in the art,science, study, manufacture, teaching, and implementationof lighting. LD+A is designed to enhance and improve thepractice of lighting. Every issue of LD+A includes featurearticles on design projects, technical articles on the scienceof illumination, new product developments, industrytrends, news of the Illuminating Engineering Society ofNorth America, and vital information about the illuminatingprofession.Statements and opinions expressed in articles and editorialsin LD+A are the expressions of contributors and donot necessarily represent the policies or opinions of theIlluminating Engineering Society of North America.Advertisements appearing in this publication are the soleresponsibility of the advertiser.LD+A (ISSN 0360-6325) is published monthly in theUnited States of America by the Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America, 120 Wall Street, 17th Floor,New York, NY. 10005, 212-248-5000. Copyright 2004 bythe Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y.10005 and additional mailing offices. Nonmember subscriptions$44.00 per year.Additional $15.00 postage forsubscriptions outside the United States. Member subscriptions$32.00 (not deductible from annual dues).Additional subscriptions $44.00. Single copies $4.00,except Lighting Equipment & Accessories Directory andProgress Report issues $10.00. Authorization to reproducearticles for internal or personal use by specificclients is granted by IESNA to libraries and other usersregistered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)Transactional Reporting Service, provided a fee of $2.00per copy is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress Street,Salem, MA 01970. IESNA fee code: 0360-6325/86 $2.00.This consent does not extend to other kinds of copyingfor purposes such as general distribution, advertising orpromotion, creating new collective works, or resale.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to LD+A, 120Wall Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10005. Subscribers:For continuous service please notify LD+A of addresschanges at least 6 weeks in advance.This publication is indexed regularly by EngineeringIndex, Inc. and Applied Science & Technology Index.LD+A is available on microfilm from Proquest Informationand Learning, 800-521-0600, AnnArbor, MI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 4. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LETTERS TO THE EDITORAnother Performer atCarnegie HallA major component of the lightingsystem at the new Zankel Hall("Back To The Future," DecemberLD+A) that received little mentionin your article was the automatedlighting rig. The automation andflexibility of the system is especiallyimportant considering that a largeportion of the article detailed theflexibility of the venue and the manydifferent configurations of thespace.The automated fixtures allow thestaff to reconfigure the room withoutspending hours refocusing,repositioning and re-gelling conventionalfixtures. Also, silence withinthe hall was critical, and accordingto my conversations with lightingdesigner Alan Adelman, the 15 Vari-Lite VL1000TS luminaires wereselected specifically because oftheir quiet operation, zoom range,shuttering and color-mixing capability.According to Adelman, "For allintents and purposes, the automatedlighting system is the house theatricallighting system. For any theatricaltype set-up, the automatedlighting provides the stage lighting."All told, there are more than 40automated fixtures installed inZankel Hall (there are also 27 VL5Bluminaires)—quite an impressiverig for such an intimate space.I realizeLD+A tries not to mention specificmanufacturers and products,but some type of discussion on theautomated lighting system shouldstill be in order.Jeff MorrisonVari-LiteDial S for SavingsWith regards to Stan Walerczyk'sarticle on the "Color Of Money"(December LD+A), in my electricalengineering career I have had thebusiness manager of a local juniorcollege refuse a total grant (utility paysall) from the local utility to do anenergy audit and pay for the recommendations.A nearby junior collegesigned up for the project and theyrealized a savings of over $80,000 peryear after implementation.Whenever I read an article in thelocal news media about some poorsoul complaining how electric utilitybills are killing him, I call the businessand get their e-mail or faxnumber. I then explain how numerousno-cost and low-cost measurescan save large amounts money ontheir electric bill, and I would beglad to explain further. I have yet toget a return call.I rationalize that these peoplecannot realize that reducing theirconsumption 25 percent is thesame as their electrical rates goingdown 25 percent.They just do notunderstand the math.Joe Nolan, Electrical EngineerDream Engineering Inc.,Apple Valley, CAPhoto CreditsThe photography credits wereincomplete for the article on thelighting of the Pantages Theatre ("ARevival Takes Center Stage,"December 2003 LD+A, pp 46-50).George Heinrich should havereceived photo credit for all imageson page 46;the image in the left column,p 47; the upper right image, p48; and the bottom image, p 49.LD+A regrets the ommission.CorrectionIn the article "Generation Next"(January LD+A), Lee Hanel, associate,Horton Lees Brogden LightingDesign, was misidentified. LD+Aregrets the error.e-maila letterto the editor:ptarricone@iesna.orgback issues of LD+A arenow onlinewww.iesna.orgPRESIDENTRonnie Farrar, LCDuke PowerPAST PRESIDENTRandy ReidSENIOR VICE PRESIDENT(President-Elect)Craig A. Bernecker, Ph.D., FIES, LCThe Lighting Education InstituteVP-EDUCATIONALACTIVITIESFred Oberkircher, LCTexas Christian UniversityVP-TECHNICAL & RESEARCHRon Gibbons, Ph.D.Virginia Tech Transportation InstituteVP-DESIGN & APPLICATIONJohn R. Selander, LCThe Kirlin CompanyVP-MEMBER ACTIVITIESJeff Martin, LCTREASURERBoyd CorbettLightologyEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTWilliam Hanley, CAEDIRECTORSJean Black, LCPPL Services Corp.Anthony J. Denami, LCNash Lipsey Burch, LLCKevin FlynnKiku Obata & CompanyDenis Lavoie, LCLUMEC, Inc.Earl Print, LCLightolierJoel Siegel, LCEdison Price Lighting2003-2004Board of DirectorsIESNARVP/DIRECTORSPaul Mercier, LCLighting Design Innovations Ltd.Kimberly SzingerErdman Anthony & Associates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 6. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REGIONAL VOICESPaul D. MercierNorthwestern RVPI wouldencourage youto search outthe regionalactivities in yourarea and takeadvantage ofwhat yourmembershipin the “LightingAuthority” bringsto the lightingindustry.IN MY TERM AS RVP Ihave seen a very strong effort byregions and their committees toinvent new ways for our membersto receive education at differentlevels.Examples of these new methodsinclude videoconference seminars,teleconferences, three-day triregionaland regional conferences,half-day seminars, full-day seminars,and Society-wide webcasts. All ofthese regional and internationalevents have been very well receivedby members and have met a goal ofproviding increased and diverseservices to our members.In the Northwest, I have had theopportunity to participate in a triregionalconference and fourregional conferences. The triregionalconference followed a traditionalformat: three days of seminarson various topics with wellknown speakers. It was held inVancouver, Canada, was wellattended and was a great success.This kind of event usually takesplace once every few years and issupported by one of the local sections.This one, in particular, wasorganized by the British ColumbiaSection, and I thank them for alltheir hard work.The other events have been thebrainchild of Dan Salinas, regionalsecretary, and the past regionaleducation chair of the Northwest.Along with the present educationchair, Carl Koehler, and the rest ofthe committee, an alternative to atraditional conference was developed.The alternative program consistsof a one-day, fly-in event where theparticipants have the opportunityof advanced three-hour educationseminars on various topics. TheNorthwest Region was looking fora way of raising the bar in lightingeducation and providing the opportunityto receive quality educationwithout traveling for long periodsof time. The benefits realized byattendees of the one-day eventincluded less cost, less time awayfrom work and family, and theopportunity to attendees toincrease their knowledge base inthe ever changing world of lighting.The program is usually held on aFriday.The event is scheduled jointlywith another regional function,anREC or Regional IIDA judging.Thisallows an attendee to participate inanother regional activity, visit thehost city or return to their familyor personal commitments.The seminars are at an advancedlevel and are three hours in durationconsisting of four topics withtwo different tracks.The location changes from sectionto section each year, therebygiving each section the opportunityto share the load and show off thelocal talent.The committee decideson a theme and each section sponsorsa speaker.The format was set up as athree-year test and has since beenadopted as a yearly event for theNorthwest Region held each yearin the fall. The Great Lakes Regionwill be having their first one day formatin June ’04The format provides a feeling ofcommunity for all members of theregion as all responsibilities areshared.This reduces the burden onone section of both financing andorganizing an event.The format canbe followed easily from year to yearwhich reduces burn out andincreases the frequency of events.A yearly event is a great benefitto all that attend in that it allowsmembers to meet on a more regularbasis and develop contacts withinthe region. We have found thatthrough face-to-face communication,our region and sectionsbecome a stronger part of IESNAas a whole.Other regions are continuing tooffer a traditional regional eventand have been very successful withthe format but for those who arelooking for alternative type,or additionalregional activities, this mayprove to be a viable option.I believe that we have a strongorganization that has a great future.Our strength comes from the participationand motivation of ourmembers and their participation inall the Society’s activities. Regionalevents are one of many ways to getthe most out of your membership.I would encourage you to searchout the regional activities in yourarea and take advantage of whatyour membership in the “LightingAuthority” brings to the lightingindustry.KEEP YOURCOLLEAGUESINFORMEDOF YOURCAREERDEVELOPMENTSAND YOURCOMPANY’SMILESTONES.Send your news to:IES News, LD+A120 Wall Street17th FloorNew York, NY 10005or fax: 212-248-5018PHOTOGRAPHS AREWELCOME.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 7. . LD+A . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RESEARCH MATTERSSeeing the Light (Through the Haze)?John D. Bullough,Lighting ResearchCenter, RensselaerPolytechnic InstituteOFTEN WHEN WE SEEillustrations of lighting, especiallywhen they are drawn by children, wesee depicted arrows or cones emanatingfrom a source—whether it isthe sun, the moon or a lamp—as iflight itself is a tangible substance thatcan be seen. Many of us in the lightingcommunity might chuckle at thesesorts of illustrations. After all, aren’tthey merely examples of the primitivestate of knowledge from which societyhas arisen? The simple truth isthat most of us, at least those of uswho (by virtue of being IESNA membersor LD+A readers) “know better,”treat light moving through space asinvisible and intangible, until it reachesa surface, to bounce from there toour eyes. At least, that’s the basis forall of our software packages that helpus quantify and communicate lighting,and computers don’t lie, right?Can We See The Light?Strict interpretation of physicsaside, I will argue that sometimes, wedo see light.When I was young,I hatedto make my bed. I was just going tosleep in it and mess it up all over againand didn’t see the value in the charade.But one chance discovery madethat chore a little less burdensome.Shaking out the covers one day sothat they’d lay flat on the bed, I realizedI stirred up a miniature duststorm, and out of nowhere, a brightpencil of light shone from a hole inthe window shade, across the roomto a spot on the wall opposite thewindow. I saw the light, and I liked it!Similarly, on a foggy night, look at astreet light. If it’s fully-shielded, you’llsee a downward beam with no lightgoing upward. If it’s a globe, you’ll seea halo of light emanating in all directionsincluding upward where it’sprobably not doing much for anybody.Photographs of different streetlights in fog can be effective tools inpromoting darker skies at night.Of course, it isn’t correct to say wesee the beam of light itself.We’re reallyseeing the reflections from the dustor fog particles that happen to be inthe path of the beam. But it’s convenientto think of these phenomena asactually seeing the beam. And just asthere are plenty of situations whenthese phenomena can enhance life,causing chores like making the bedand dusting more enjoyable, there arealso situations where a beam of lightcan be the last thing we want to see.One such situation is driving during afoggy or snowy night.Who Are The RealExperts?One group of people that spends alot of time driving in poor weather atnight is snowplow operators.In a previouscolumn 1 we discussed variouslighting systems to help make thesnowplow itself more visible to otherdrivers, but it’s equally important tohelp the person driving the plow seewell. Several years ago, we askedabout 250 snowplow operators whatlights they used for driving when theywere plowing at night in differentkinds of weather. 2 Interestingly, theyreported turning off their auxiliaryheadlights (the ones mounted abovethe plow, used because the originalheadlights are blocked by the plowitself) more as the weather worsened,choosing instead a spot lightmounted on the passenger side of thetruck, even though strictly, regulationsrequired the auxiliary headlights toremain on. In effect, they changed theshape (and location) of the beam oflight coming from the plow truck.Given that they weren’t lightingexperts, why would they do this?A short paper from 1940 publishedin Illuminating Engineering(the formername of the IESNA’s technical journal)gives some clues. Boelter andRyder 3 set up a beam of light in a fogchamber and in essence, measured itsbrightness from different locations.When they measured from a positionclose to the beam, it was muchbrighter than when they measured faraway from the beam. In other words,a beam of light in fog appears brighterwhen viewing it from a position closeto the light source. Others havedemonstrated the same behavior insnow. 4 Since snowplow operators aremore interested in seeing the roadahead of them than in seeing thebeam of light from their trucks, it onlymakes sense that they would choosenot to use their auxiliary headlights,since these make that beam muchbrighter.In fact, we later put lights all overthe front of snowplow trucks andasked operators which ones theywould rather drive with while theywere plowing during snowstorms,and their preferred choices werealmost perfectly correlated with howfar away the lights were from theirline of sight, 5 even without the benefitof having read about it in lightingand optics journals. 3,4 Seeing the lightwas its own proof! Maybe it would beworthwhile on all vehicles, not onlysnowplows,to turn off or dim the driver’sside headlight in poor weatherand add auxiliary light from the passenger’sside...What About Color?Another issue that the snowplowoperators mentioned in our surveywas the color of their headlights. 2Opinions weren’t unanimous, but asignificant plurality said that yellowtinted headlights would be preferableto the white lights they used, becausethey’d penetrate better throughfalling snow. Some European countriesallowed (or even required) yellowtinted headlamps for severaldecades of the last century.Were thesnowplow operators on to something?Justification by the Europeancountries for yellow headlights waslargely based on the idea that longerwavelengths (“redder” or “warmer”colors) were scattered less in fogthan shorter wavelengths (“blue” colors).Since yellow light has a greaterproportion of longer wavelengthsthan white light, it should then beexpected to scatter less and penetratefog and snow better than whitelight. But that simply isn’t the case.It’s correct that blue light is scatteredmore in some kinds of atmospheresthan yellow light.That is afterall why the sky is blue, but this effectonly occurs when the particles scatteringthe light are very, very small 6(about the size of the wavelengths oflight being scattered,which is between400 and 700 nanometers). In theirearly study, Boelter and Ryder 3showed that even small fog particleshad diameters more than ten timesthat: around 8000 nanometers(snowflakes are even larger).Not contentto prove that color was unimportantto scattered light in fogthrough this line of reasoning, they. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 8. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

measured the brightness of beams oflight of various colors, as well as whitelight, and found no differences amongthem. So is the preference our snowplowoperators seem to have for yellowheadlights just in their heads?Have they struck out with their beliefthat yellow headlights are better? Theanswers to these questions appear tobe yes and no, respectively.All In One’s Head?We read in a May 2003 column bymy colleague John Van Derlofske 7 that“bluer” lights can cause more discomfortthan “yellower” ones, at leastin the context of oncoming headlights.What if the belief that yellowlights penetrate snow (and fog) betteris actually a preference, based on thefact that looking at a beam of lightthat is tinted yellow is more comfortablethan looking at a white beam oflight of the same intensity? We testedthis by giving people a difficult trackingtask to perform on a computerscreen, while looking through a fieldof bubbles moving through water thatwere lighted by different colors oflight (blue, white, yellow and red), 8simulating a blowing snowstorm.To make things even more uncomfortable,they were asked to performthis difficult task constantly for 30minutes, long enough to elicit longsighs of relief when the experimentwas over! Not only did people statethat the “warmer” colors (yellow andred) caused less discomfort, theyactually did better on the trackingtask with the warmer colors (thelargest differences were between theblue and red conditions; there wereonly small differences between yellowand white).Maybe the increased comforthelped reduce fatigue. If true, thesame could also apply to snowplowoperators, who spend hours at a timedriving under similar uncomfortableconditions! Under these conditions,using yellow tinted headlights couldbe beneficial for this group, and perhapsfor other drivers as well.Is Seeing The Light AlwaysA Bad Thing?In the context of driving in snowor fog at night, seeing the light is definitelyundesirable. The same is notnecessarily true, if my childhoodmemory is any indication. I would betthat many of us have similar memories,where a beam of light from thesun or from an electric light enhancedour enjoyment of a camping trip, avisit to a historic building, or evendoing household chores like makingthe bed. Conversely, it can detractfrom enjoyment when it comes toseeing the stars in the sky. It is harnessingthe ability to see the light,allowing it when it’s beneficial, andpreventing it when it’s harmful, that isthe key to lighting systems that notonly help save lives, but help makethem worth living.References1. Bullough, J. D. 2003. Researchrecap: Visibility in a flash? Light. Des.Appl. 33(4):10.2. Eklund, N. H., M. S. Rea and J.Bullough. 1997. Survey of snowplowoperators about forward lighting andvisibility during nighttime operations.Transp. Res. Rec. 1585:25.3. Boelter, L. M. K. and F. A. Ryder.1940. Notes on the behavior of abeam of light in fog. Illum. Eng. 35:223.4.Hutt,D.L.,L.R.Bissonnette,D.St.Germain and J. Oman. 1992.Extinction of visible and infraredbeams by falling snow. Appl. Opt.21:5121.5. Bullough, J. and M. S. Rea. 1997.Simple model of forward visibility forsnowplow operators through snowand fog at night. Transp. Res. Rec.1585:19.6. Rea, M. S. (ed.). 2000. IESNALighting Handbook, 9th ed. New York:IESNA.7.Van Derlofske, J. 2003. Researchrecap: HID headlamps - Balancing visibilityversus glare? Light. Des. Appl.33(5):10.8. Bullough, J. D. and M. S. Rea. 2001.Driving in snow: Effect of headlampcolor at mesopic and photopic lightlevels. In Lighting Technology Developmentsfor Automobiles, SP-1595.Warrendale: SAE International.

CAREERS & HIRINGWhen A Recruiter CallsPaul PompeoYOU’RE BUSY AT WORK,or possibly at home, and yourthoughts are probably miles awayfrom the phone call you’re about toreceive. Yes, the recruiter’s call—that mysterious voice, seeminglyout of nowhere, calling you regardinga position they’ve been engagedto assist in filling.Executive recruiters are sometimesperceived as a very mysterious,shadowy breed, as if they arepart of some covert operation. Butactually, they are not that mysteriousat all. This month I’m going toattempt to not only “lift the veil,”but to demystify the call youreceive from an executive recruiter.So what do you do when your(hopefully) friendly neighborhoodrecruiter calls? It’s not somethingwe’re taught in college. Here are afew tips to hopefully aid in makingthe next call that you take from arecruiter that much more comfortable,as well productive, for you.First off—a recruiter should initiallyask you if it’s a bad time tospeak, or if you can speak confidentially.This indicates a respectand appreciation for your currentposition. You should also get asense of professionalism and confidentialitywhen you speak with arecruiter—most industries areactually small in many ways, and thelighting and electrical sector mostdefinitely fits that bill.It is important to realize thatmost recruiters will not identifythe name of the company on theinitial call. There are exceptionshere, but most will give you a basicdescription of the position andresponsibilities, and ask either ifyou know of anyone, or if you,yourself, would be interested. It’simportant to realize that companieswho use the services of arecruiter often, but not always, preferthat their company name notbe used in the general recruitingeffort until the time of confirmingyour actual interview with thecompany for several reasons:1) The position may be a confidentialreplacement of an incumbent.This is probably the mostsensitive of issues and thereforebroadcasting this informationwould not be appropriate and alsowould be insensitive to the personcurrently holding the position. Itcould be a case where the personwill be moved into another position;sometimes it is because theincumbent will be let go.2) The company may not wantto telegraph their move to competitors.Especially in the case of anewly created position, a companymay want to keep the search aslow-profile as possible in order toprevent other companies in theirniche from knowing their plansand to prevent them from beingable to employ immediatecounter-strategies.Ironically,those who areleast willingto talkwith arecruiterare thoseindividuals atthe lowerrungs of theorganizationalchart3) Often the reason a companyuses the services of an executivesearch firm in the first place is toavoid having their manager(s)spend valuable time screening peoplewho might not even be qualified.If the company has postedtheir position on the web, this subjectstheir manager to siftingthrough sometimes hundreds ofresponses—unfortunately, most ofthose responses are from peoplewho not only are not from ourindustry, but whose backgroundsdon’t even remotely resemble thestated qualifications of the positionThis is not uncommon, and smartcompanies often want to sparetheir manager the chore of wastingtheir time in tasks that probablyaren’t even related to their reasonfor being hired.Name DroppingOften, when called at work by arecruiter, you may not be able tospeak freely. A good recruiter, ifcalling you at work, will immediatelyask if you are able to talk confidentially.If the recruiter doesn’texplain how he got your name, feelfree to ask how he or she wasreferred to you. This helps you toidentify if a recruiter was actuallyreferred to you by a colleague orindustry peer, or is working offsome sort of database. One is notnecessarily better than the other,but it is always helpful to know soyou can put the call into appropriatecontext. Realize that if a specificindividual referred a recruiterto you, the recruiter may or maynot be able to disclose that person’sname. Often people referrecruiters to someone not necessarilybecause they think that theperson is looking, but because theythink he or she fits the backgroundof the position as described.Because of that, they may not bewilling to give authorization to therecruiter to use their name.Because of the nature of the call,take time to assess your comfortlevel with the recruiter (if you’venot spoken before). Does he comeacross as professional? Does sheseem to be discreet, and respectthe confidentiality of the matter?These are sometimes almostimmediate judgement calls youhave to make, but it is importantfor you to feel comfortable withthe professionalism, integrity, andconfidentiality of the recruiter callingyou. If you don’t, you may wantto refer people to that individual,but you may or many not want toentrust your personal careerinformation and goals to this particularperson.If the recruiter asks you for yourrecommendations but doesn’t askyou if you’re interested, they maynot be sure if you’re a fit for theposition, or it just may be his/herapproach. Don’t be shy aboutexpressing interest if you feel the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 10. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

position is intriguing and fits yourbackground.Don’t blow off the recruiter.Wefind that the higher up individualsare in an organization and themore savvy, the more they are willingand open to take the call of anexecutive recruiter. Ironically, thosewho are least willing to talk with arecruiter are those individuals atthe lower rungs of the organizationalchart. Even more ironic isthat the person at this level oftendoesn’t feel they have a need totake the call, as they believe theyare very highly paid for their positionwithout even allowing themselvesthe chance to actually comparethe prospective opportunityto their current position.Conversely, the higher up an individualin an organization, chancesare she/he got there because theyare always looking to see if there isa better way to achieve results—and they apply this to their careeras well as fulfilling the responsibilitiesof their current position.Also, let’s say the position eitherdoesn’t fit your background at all,or is of no interest to you. If therecruiter comes across as professional,it is beneficial for you toestablish a rapport with the person.Even if the current opportunitydoesn’t float your boat, youwant to have the doors of communicationopen so that they definitelythink of you when they havetheir next suitable opportunity.Although our industry continuesto grow, with the never-endingcompany mergers and acquisitions,in some ways it’s actually gettingsmaller and smaller. So, finding aprofessional and discreet executiverecruiter and cultivating a longtermrelationship can potentiallyreap great benefits for you andyour career.Paul Pompeo is principal with thePompeo Group, Albuquerque, NM, aleading executive recruiting firm in thelighting and electrical industry.Pompeo had spent 16 years withSearch West Inc. before starting hisown firm in March 2003. He can bereached at paul@pompeo.com orwww.pompeo. com.SHAREYOUR KNOWLEDGElightingprofessionalsmessage board atwww.iesna.orgLEARNSOMETHING NEW

ENERGY ADVISORWillard L.Warren,PE, LC, FIESNATHERE’S A FAMOUS SIGNover the entrance of a Silicon Valleyfirm stating, “If you can’t measure it,you can’t manage it.”But some things are harder tomeasure than others.A case in point is safety in buildings,especially when they have to beevacuated.You’ve seen pictures of thestairways at the World Trade Centerduring the 9/11 evacuation whenpeople were trying to escape, whilefiremen with air tanks on their backswere climbing up the stairs pulling uphoses. Those photos are so rarebecause no one will stop to take picturesunder those circumstances, andyou can’t blame them.Jake Pauls of Silver Spring, MD(BLDGUSE@aol.com) is our nation’sleading expert in the evacuationof high-rise buildings. He lecturesto fire marshals all over theworld on what really happens whenan emergency hits a high-rise building.And he admits that even he doesnot have enough eyewitnessaccounts or photos of emergencyevacuations.What he has documentedis that the medical cost aloneattributable to accidents on stairwaysunder “normal” conditionsexceeds $5 billion annually, which ismore than the cost of building newstairways every year. In addition toworking hard to change codes torequire wider stairways, Pauls feelsthat lighting in stairways and paths ofegress is far too low— especiallyduring emergencies and with smokefilling the corridors and stairways.You’ve seen signs near elevatorswarning you not to take the elevatorwhen there’s a fire, but to take thestairs, with directions to the neareststairway. How can you read thosesigns without adequate lighting? Paulshas been able to get the 2003 Editionof the ANSI 101 Life Safety Code torequire a minimum of five fc aroundelevator doors.What’s more, Pauls, who is a memberof the NFPA Means of Egresstechnical committee, has gotten the2003 ANSI Code and the 2005 NFPABuilding Code to recommend thatfloors, and other walking surfaceswithin an exit, during stair use, be illuminatedto a minimum of 10 fc. TheICC-ANSI A117.1 covering Accessibleand Usable Buildings andFacilities, which should be in printsoon, states,“504.8.1 Illuminance Level. Lightingfacilities shall be capable of providing10 fc of illuminance measuredat the center of tread surfaces andon landing surfaces within 24 in. ofstep nosings.504.8.2 Lighting Controls. If provided,occupancy-sensing automaticcontrols shall activate the stairwaylighting so that the illuminance levelrequired by Section 504.8.1 is providedon the entrance landing, eachstair flight adjacent to the entrancelanding, and on the landings aboveand below the entrance, prior to anystep being used.”As I’ve pointed out before, theserecommendations become law whenmunicipalities adopt the current versionsof any code.As a matter of record, New YorkCity adopted the 2002 NationalN O T E W O R T H YElectric Code (NEC), with amendments,on December 22, 2003.Hopefully, when the NFPA printsthe 2005 NEC there will be anamended version for New YorkCity so that anyone who wants todo work in the Big Apple will haveno doubt as to what is required.Also, the requirement for a NewYork City Board of ElectricalControl “Calendar Number” hasbeen virtually eliminated. Any luminairethat:1. Meets the structural requirementsof the 2002 NEC, with amendmentsfor New York City,2. Is listed by UL, or any Nationallyrecognized Testing Lab (NRTL) and3. Is a standard catalogued unitcan be used in New York City withouta “Calendar Number.”Willard L. Warren, PE, LC, FIESNA isthe principal of Willard L.Warren Assoc,a consulting firm serving industry, governmentand utility clients in lighting andenergy conservation.The Architectural Lighting Master Classes will be given on Mar.11 -12,2004 in New York City at John Jay College. Howard Brandston is theKeynote Speaker and the faculty includes: Paul Gregory, JonathanSpeirs, Fred Oberkircher, Ann Kale, Ray Grenald, Robert Prouse andmyself. For details go to www.lightforum.com/masterclasses. This is achance to find out “What’s New” and “How To Do It” and ask questionsof people at the cutting edge in lighting. Hope to see you there.Another reminder; Howard Brandston is the holder of the FeltmanChair in Lighting at Cooper Union in New York this semester and hasarranged for the following outside speakers for the free PublicPrograms: (All lectures start at 6 pm.)March 2 - Naomi Miller, Principal of Naomi Miller Lighting Design(Miller will speak at the Engineering Center on 8th St. and Third Ave.March 30 - Ellen Phelan,Artist & Former Chair of Harvard’s Dep’t ofVisual and Environmental Studies; May 4- Julie Taymor- the famous creatorand director of The Lion King and many other Broadway shows.(Phelan and Taymor will speak in the Great Hall on 7th St. and Third Avenue.)The New York Chapter of the IESNA is one of the founding sponsorsof the Feltman Chair in Lighting in the Humanities Department at TheCooper Union. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Scienceand Art was founded by Peter Cooper in 1859 and since then hasoffered full scholarships to all its students in the fields of Art,Architecture and Engineering. Ellen and Sidney Feltman founded theChair in Light and Lighting in 1996.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November . . . . . 2003 . . . 12. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RULES & REGS Proposed Updates for California Title 24Bernard V. BauerCALIFORNIA’S TITLE 24Energy Efficiency Standard is scheduledfor a major overhaul, which willtake effect October 2005. Whileenforcement of the updated standardsis more than a year away, the15-day language (which essentiallyrepresents what will be adopted) wasreleased this past November. Thereare changes in all aspects of the standards,which will raise the bar forcompliance to an even higher degree.As illumination professionals, thechanges that will undoubtedly be ofinterest to us are those related tolighting applications. What follows isa look at what to expect in the nextgeneration of Title 24 EnergyEfficiency Standards.Exterior Lighting. The mostimportant aspect of the revised standardis that for the first time in its history,Title 24 will include efficiencystandards and regulations for exteriorlighting. Within the framework ofthe exterior lighting standards, thereis a complex sub-set of compliancestandards that are related to fourlighting zones defined by Census data:Zone One (1) classified as Darkapplies to parks and wildlife preserves:Zone Two (2) defined as LowAmbient applies to rural areas, whileZone Three (3), defined as MediumAmbient, is the statewide default forurban areas. Zone Four (4), classifiedHigh Ambient, may be adopted by alocal urban community provided adequatejustification is made for illuminationlevels above those in ZoneThe mostimportantaspect of therevised standardis that forthe first timein its history,Title 24 willinclude efficiencystandards andregulations forexterior lighting.Three (3). The Standard recognizesconditions where higher power densitymay be necessary for specialsecurity requirements. Multipliers tothe base power density may beapplied for retail parking lots, seniorhousing facilities, and areas associatedwith law enforcement, fire, ambulanceand emergency vehicle facilities.Inclusion of lighting zones isundoubtedly the most controversialaspect of the proposed standard aswell as one of its more complex areasof compliance. In Zone One (1) forexample several exterior lightingapplications are not permitted andothers are severely curtailed; furthermore,exterior compliance encompassesmost exterior illuminationapplications including signage. Withrespect to signs, there are two methodsof compliance: one uses wattsper square foot of sign face, while thealternate method dictates only highefficiency light sources and/or electronicballast be employed.Interior Lighting. Changes tointerior lighting compliance focus onreductions in allowed power densitybased on the tenet that light sourcesand lighting systems have shown significantimprovement since the currentversion of Title 24 was adopted.Current Title 24, adopted in 2001,was based on lamp and equipmentTITLE 24 2001 VERSUS TITLE 24 2005 COMPLETE BUILDING & AREA CATEGORYTITLE 24 2001 (current standard)TITLE 24 2005 (proposed 15 day language)COMPLETE BUILDING Watts/ft. 2 COMPLETE BUILDING Watts/ft.2Industrial High Bay 1.2W Industrial High Bay 1.1WIndustrial Low Bay 1.0W Industrial Low Bay 1.0WGrocery Store 1.5W Grocery Store 1.5WHotel NA*a Hotel 1.4WOffice Building 1.2W Office Building 1.1WRetail Store 1.7W Retail Store 1.5WSchool 1.4W School 1.2WAREA CATEGORY Watts/ft. 2 AREA CATEGORY Watts/ft.2Industrial High Bay 1.2W Industrial High Bay 1.1WIndustrial Low Bay 1.0W Industrial Low Bay 1.0WIndustrial Precision Tasks NA*b Industrial Precision Tasks 1.3WGrocery Store *c 1.6W Grocery Sales *c 1.6WHotel Function Area 2.2W Hotel Function Area 1.5WOffice Spaces 1.3W Office Spaces 1.2WRetail Sales 2.0W Retail Sales 1.7WClassrooms 1.4W Classrooms 1.2W*a: not in current Title 24 whole building listing, *b: not a current Title 24 area category listing, *c: change in terminology fromstore to sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 14. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

efficiencies prevalent during the late1990s. In addition, proposed changesto the Tailored Method of complianceare aimed at simplifying the complianceprocess under this method;however, the revisions (thoughnumerous) do not necessarily makecompliance under the TailoredMethod simpler.With respect to interior lightingthere are still two tracks for compliance:performance and prescriptive.As a practical approach most projectstake the prescriptive track, whichallows one of three methods ofdemonstrating compliance. These are1) Complete Building, 2) AreaCategory or 3) Tailored. Even whenfollowing the performance track, calculationof lighting power is stilldetermined by the procedures listedwithin the prescriptive tract.Allowed lighting power densities forcomplete building and area categorymethods of compliance in the proposedTitle 24 -2005 range from 10percent to 30 percent less than thoseallowed under the current Title 24 -2001 standards. While not specificallymandated under the standards, thesesignificantly lower power densities willmost likely force the use of leadingedge products such as T5 lamp packages,second generation (advanced) T8packages and ceramic metal halide andhalogen IR technologies.While the procedures and criteriaused when complying under theTailored Method have changed, theend result in total allowed lightingpower remains about the same as forthe current Title 24 standards. Twoaspects of the changes to the TailoredMethod are significant,however. First,under the proposed revisions not allspaces can use the Tailored Methodof compliance under the updatedstandards. The current Title 24 permitsuniversal use of the TailoredMethod option. Furthermore, evenwithin those spaces where theTailored Method is allowed, its applicationis limited to about 30 percentof the building. The only exceptionsto this limitation are retail stores andmuseums, where the Tailored Methodcan be applied to 100 percent of theChanges tointerior lightingcompliance focuson reductionsin allowedpower densitybased on thetenet thatlight sources andlightingsystems haveshown significantimprovementsince thecurrent versionof Title 24 wasadoptedpermitted space types within thebuilding.The charts accompanying this article,while not all inclusive, provideadditional information relevant to thechanges between the current Title 24- 2001 and the Proposed Title 24 -2005 with respect to power densityand other anticipated changes. For amore compete picture of Title 24 -2005 one can view the current versionof the document at theCalifornia Energy Commission website (http:/www.energy.ca.gov). Afteraccessing the site, click on the 2005Rulemaking - Title 24 BuildingStandards link and from this pageclick on Document, Reports andPublic Comments. Next click on the2005 Standards for Residential andNonresidential Buildings -Commission Proposed Standardslink. This last action will open a PDFfile of the 2005 proposed standards.Bernard V.Bauer,LC,has over 37 yearsof experience in design. Since establishingIntegrated Lighting Concepts 15years, ago, he has focused mainly onlighting. Mr. Bauer has garnered numerouslighting design awards, and he lecturesat professional conferences in additionto serving as a frequent guestinstructor at General Electric’s Nela ParkLighting Institute. As a member of theIlluminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica, Mr. Bauer is an active participantand past chairperson of the RetailLighting Committee. He continues toserve on that committee as well as amember of the Legislative andRegulatory Information Committee. Mr.Bauer is also active with NCQLP as chairmanof LC examination Self Study Guidecommittee and has been an active participantin the California EnergyCommission Title 24 workshops.The IESNA Board ofDirectors has approvedthe establishment of acommittee to developthe definitive publicationon Lighting Zones.TITLE 24- 2001 VERSUS TITLE 24- 2005 FOR EXTERIOR LIGHTINGEXTERIOR Title 24-2001 EXTERIOR Title 24-2005 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4Hardscape (vehicular) *g NA *d Hardscape (vehicular) 0.05W *e 0.08W *e 0.15W *e 0.19W *eHardscape (pedestrian) *h NA *d Hardscape (pedestrian) 0.06W *e 0.09W *e 0.17W *e 0.21W *eBuilding Facades NA *d Building Facades *j Not allowed 0.18W *e 0.35W *e 0.50W *eOutdoor Sales Lot NA *d Outdoor Sales Lot 0.35W *e 0.70W *e 1.25W *e 2.00W *eOutdoor Sales (frontage) NA *d Outdoor Sales (frontage) *j Not allowed 22.5W *f 38.5W *f 55.0W *fService (Gas) Station NA *d Service (Gas) Station *j 0.70W *e 1.05W *e 1.45W *e 2.40W *eOutdoor Dining NA *d Outdoor Dining *j 0.05W *e 0.18W *e 0.35W *e 0.55W *e*d: not governed under current Title 24*e:Watts per square foot, *f:Watts per lineal foot, *g: parking lots, driveways, site roads, etc., *h: plazas, sidewalks,walkways and bikeways, *j :“Use it or lose it” categories that apply in addition to the general application power density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 15. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INDUSTRY UPDATESLCA PublishesWhite Paper SeriesThe Lighting Controls Association(LCA), administered by the NationalElectrical Manufacturers Association(NEMA), has published a new seriesof white papers on its website,www.AboutLightingControls.org,addressing a range of lighting andenergy management issues. Thesewhite papers are available for free tobuilding owners and managers, specifiers,contractors, distributors andother building professionals interestedin energy efficiency and greendesign.Areas addressed include:• Controlling LED lightingSystems: How to dim and controlthe industry’s hottest new lightsource• Super T8 lamp-ballast systemsoffer new choices to save energy• ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999energy code to be adopted nationwidein 2004• DALI protocol provides newopportunities in dimming the lightsin entire buildings• Landmark study demonstratesproductivity impact of personaldimming control• New dirt depreciation studyreveals cost savings through fewerfixtures in new construction projectsand less light output needs inexiting installations• New industry study indicateslighting automation is becoming astandard feature in new constructionand retrofit projects.Philips LightingOffers OnlineIndex CalculatorRoyal Philips Electronics’ NorthAmerican lighting division hasunveiled its Sustainable LightingIndex, an online tool helping enduserscalculate the mercury content/lumenhour ratio of their lampoperations and provides lamp alternativesto reduce the environmentalimpact of their buildings.The Sustainable Lighting Indexrates end-users’ lamp performanceagainst standards setforth by the U.S. Green BuildingCouncil’s Leadership in Energyand Environmental Design forExisting Buildings (LEED-EB) program.ThePhilips calculator measureslamp mercury in picogramsper lumen hour. This measurementuses a ratio of mercurycontent over lamp life multipliedby mean lumen output, therebyrating mercury content againstthe performance of the lamp,which is among the considerationsfor sustainable design. Forexample, a low-mercury lampwith long life and low lumen outputwould reduce mercury in theJust Published● Brad Schiller’s new bookThe Automated LightingProgrammer’s Handbook explainsin detail concepts andprocedures regularly used byprofessional automated lightingprogrammers. From basicprinciples of automated lighting,to pre-production preparations,the text details concepts,procedures, and guidelines toensure a successful production.Then the author continueswith in-depth explanationsfor beginning, intermediate,and advanced programmers.Additional sections exploretroubleshooting principles,working relationships, andfuture technologies. For thefinal chapter of the book, theauthor interviewed manylamp itself but would call formore lamps, which adds up tomore mercury and greater energyconsumption. The toolensures that end-users considerall three factors in their lightingdecisions. The picogram perlumen hour measurement iscompatible with the U.S. GreenBuilding Council’s current proposalfor its LEED-EB specification.Pending approval of thespecification, the mercury calculatorwill be made available freeon Philips Lighting’s Website: atwww.lighting. philips.com/namrespected lighting industry veteransincluding John Broderick,Christian Choi, Laura Frank,Jim Lenahan, and ArnoldSerame. The Automated LightingProgrammer’s Handbook is aguide strictly based on theprocess of programming,which is essentially the sameregardless of the fixture andconsole types. That said, theauthor refrains from mentioningspecific manufacturer’s fixturesor consoles allowing thereader to concentrate on theskills of automated lightingprogramming. To purchase thebook go to www. focalpress.comor www. plsnbookshelf.com● The International CommissionOn Illumination haspublished technical report CIE154:2003 - The Maintenance ofOutdoor Lighting Systems. Thisreport focuses on the life oflighting installations and howover time, the light availableprogressively decreases becauseof environmental, operatingand age conditions. Thisguide provides information onsuggested maintenance factorsand the selection of suitableequipment. For more informationgo to the websitewww.cie.co.at or email: ciecb@ping.at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 16. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OSRAM OptoSemiconductorsReceives GrantFor White OLEDsOSRAM Opto Semiconductorshas received a $4.65 milliongrant from the U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE) to demonstratethe potential of whiteOrganic Light Emitting Diodes(OLEDs) to save energy in commercialand residential applications.Theproject, to be completedwithin three years, supportsthe U.S. Government’s NationalEnergy Plan to introduce newtechnologies that will reducecosts, lower emissions and saveenergy.According to Joseph Carr,president and CEO of OSRAMOpto Semiconductors Inc. “Weare very pleased to receive thisaward. The DOE grant helps toenable an accelerated programon solid-state lighting, which isbased on polymer OLEDs. Thisproject represents the beginningof a whole new product line forlighting applications.Without theDOE’s award, such an ambitiousresearch and development programwould not be possible.”As a final deliverable, OSRAMOpto Semiconductors will alsoconstruct a 12-in. square OLEDdevice to demonstrate the feasibilityof using OLEDs for such anapplication. Such a white lightprototype will be based on theuse of multiple discrete three-in.square white light devices, fabricatedon glass substrates.OLED is a technology that utilizesthin organic polymer layersas the active emissive materials.OLED devices use low operatingvoltage; provide a true emissiveand wide viewing angle character.OLEDs are being used in displays,which can be integrated incellular phones, digital cameras,car stereos, MP3 players andother hand-held appliances.OLED displays require no backlightingmaking them thinner andlighter than conventional LCDdisplays.SUSTAININGMEMBERSThe following companies have elected tosupport the Society as Sustaining Memberswhich allows the IESNA to fund programs thatbenefit all segments of the membership andpursue new endeavors, including educationprojects, lighting research and recommendedpractices.The level of support is classifiedby the amount of annual dues, basedon a company’s annual lighting revenues:Copper: $500 annual duesLighting revenues to $4 million(Copper Sustaining Members are listed inthe March issue of LD+A, as well as in the IESNAAnnual Report.There are currently 233 CopperSustaining Members).Silver: $1,000 annual duesLighting revenues to $10 millionGold: $2,500 annual duesLighting revenues to $50 millionPlatinum: $5,000 annual duesLighting revenues to $200 millionEmerald: $10,000 annual duesLighting revenues to $500 millionDiamond: $15,000 annual duesLighting revenues over $500 millionIES SUSTAININGMEMBERSDIAMONDCooper LightingGeneral Electric Co.Lithonia LightingOSRAM SYLVANIA Products, Inc.Philips Lighting Co.EMERALDHolophane CorporationPLATINUMDay-Brite Capri OmegaLightolierLutron Electronics Co, Inc.GOLDA.L.P Lighting Components Co.Altman Lighting, Inc.Barth Electric Co., Inc.BLV Licht und Vakuumtechnik GmbHThe Bodine CompanyDuke Power Co.Edison Price Lighting, Inc.Finelite, Inc.Florida Power Lighting SolutionsGardco LightingIndy Lighting, Inc.The Kirlin CompanyKurt Versen Co.LexaLite Int’l CorpLighting Services, Inc.LiteTouch, Inc.Louis Poulsen LightingLSI Industries, Inc.Martin Professional, Inc.Musco Sports Lighting, Inc.Niagara Mohawk Power CorpPrudential Lighting CorpSan Diego Gas & ElectricSPI LightingVista Professional Outdoor LightingZumtobel Staff Lighting, Inc.SILVERAssociated Lighting Representatives. Inc.Atofina Chemicals, Inc.Axis Lighting, Inc.Bartco Lighting, Inc.The Belfer GroupBeta Lighting, Inc.Birchwood Lighting, Inc.BJB Electric CorporationCanlyte Inc.City of San FranciscoCon Edison of New YorkCon-Tech LightingCustom Lights, Inc.Day Lite Maintenance Co.Defense Supply Center PhiladelphiaDelta Power Supply, Inc.Elko LtdElliptiparENMAXEnterprise Lighting SalesETC ArchitecturalEye Lighting IndustriesEye Lighting Int’l of NAFactory Sales AgencyFiberstarsFocal PointGammalux SystemsH E Williams, Inc.HAWA IncorporatedHigh End Systems, Inc.Hubbell Lighting, Inc.Illuminating Technologies, Inc.Kenall Mfg Co.Kramer LightingLee FiltersLegion Lighting Co.Leviton Mfg. Co. Inc.Lightology LLCLitecontrol CorpLitelab CorpLitetronics Int’l Inc.Lowel Light ManufcaturingLucifer Lighting Co.Manning LightingManitopba Hydr0Metalumen Manufacturing, Inc.Ningbo Liaoyuan Lighting Company Ltd.Northern Illumination Co., Inc.Optical Research AssociatesOptima Engineering PAParamount Industries, Inc.Portland General ElectricPremiere Lighting Associates, Inc.Prescolite, Inc.Reflex Lighting Group, Inc.Richard McDonald & Associates, Ltd. - CalgaryRichard McDonald & Associates, Ltd. - EdmontonSentry Electric CorporationShakespeare Composites & StructuresStebnicki Robertson & AssociatesSternberg Vintage LightingSterner Lighting Systems. Inc.Strand Lighting, Inc.StressCrete King Luminaire Co.Sun IndustriesUniversal Electric Ltd.US Architectural Lighting/Sun Valley LightingUtility MetalsW J Whatley, Inc.WAC Lighting, Co.Wisconsin Public Service CorpWybron, Inc.Xenon Light, Inc.As of December 2003

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2 • FEBRUARY 2004ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETYNEWSIES Golden Gate Chapter OffersThunen ScholarshipThe Golden Gate Chapter’s “Thunen Scholarship” is an awardgiven with the purpose of encouraging students in creative orinnovative uses of lighting and its applications to their studies orto the lighting industry. Application deadline is April 1, 2004 andcandidates will be notified by June 1, 2004. Students must attenda four year accredited institutions in Northern California,Northern Nevada, Oregon or Washington and also must havebeen in their third and fourth year of undergraduate of graduateprograms and studying architecture, electrical engineering, theater,film/TV, interior design, lighting design or vision with emphasison lighting in the fall of 2004 to be eligible for the scholarship.Awards range from $1000-to-$4000. For more information writeto Thunen Fund, Phil Hall, 1514 Gibbons Drive, Alameda, CA94501; Fax: 510-864-8501 or email: mrcatisbac@aol.comIESNACalendar of EventsMarch 29- April 2, 2004LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONALLas Vegas Convention CenterLas Vegas, NVContact:AMC, Inc.404-220-2221/2215www.lightfair.comJuly 25-28, 2004IESNA Annual ConferenceTampa, FLContact:Val Landers212-248-5000, ext. 117www.iesna.orgSeptember 26-29, 2004IESNAStreet & Area Lighting ConferenceSan Antonio,TXContact:Val Landers212-248-5000, ext. 117www.iesna.orgNew MembersMembership CommitteeChair Jean Black announcedthe IESNA gained 47 members(M),associate membersand student members inDecember.Canadian RegionSally Aramious,Totten Sims HibickiAssociates,Whitby, ONGuy J. Brunet, Gabriel/design,Ottawa, ONNew Brunswick Community CollegeNathalie Allain, Luc Doucette, SelenaGauvin, Louis RichardGreat Lakes RegionRobert H. Caywood (M), Fiberstars,Inc., Solon, OHMichael W. Jones, LG&E Energy Co.,Louisville, KYElliott Krieger (M),Albert KahnAssociates, Inc., Detroit, MIRamesh V. Munagala, SSOE, Inc.,Troy,MIChris R. Rice (M), Holophane,Newark, OHBrad Shade, URS Corp., Columbus,OHRobert L.Williams (M), Robert L.Williams & Associates,Akron, OHCarnegie Mellon UniversityYi Chun HuangSouth Pacific Coast RegionAn T. Huynh, Jacobs Facilities, Inc.,Cypress, CAKevin Kennelly (M), Holophane,AlisoViejo, CANatalie M. Lyden, Las Vegas, NVToby Payne, Home AutomationSystems, Inc., Cavecreek,AZMichael A. Pecorino, ConstructionDesign Services, Inc., Reno, NVMidwest RegionMichael DiBlasi (M), Schuler &Shook, Minneapolis, MNCharles A. Easley (M), Brian Berg &Associates, LTD, Schaumburg, ILMichelle D. Hanson, Lightology LLC,Chicago, ILDavid M. Marrs II, Damar Worldwide4 LLC,Aurora, MOCheri A. Martin, Phoenix ProductsCo., Inc., Milwaukee,WIKurt Raidy, Lightology LLC, Chicago,ILHarper CollegeLynette HaesslyMilwaukee School of EngineeringNate C. NelsonSoutheastern RegionRobert F. Blanton, OSRAM SYLVA-NIA, New Market,TNKevin G. Carlson (M),KBAEngineering, Inc., Lutz, FLErik Feus (M), Linear Lighting,Hampstead, NCNoble H. Jones, Holophane,Henderson, KYRobert T. Jones (M), SouthernNuclear Corporation,Birmingham,ALNorth Carolina State UniversityEdd LovetteNortheastern RegionMelissa J. Hertel (M), Lightolier, FallRiver, MAKrill Shamin, Lue di Luna,Verona, NJNorthwest RegionRafael P. Ferrer, FSC Architects andEngineers,Whitehorse,YKLewis E.Venard,The Transpo Group,Kirkland,WASouthwestern RegionRobert J. Myers (M),TranscendEquity Development Corp., Dallas,TXThomas L. Pax-Sun, Inc., Lufkin,TXBrant Reeves,The ReynoldsCompany, Dallas,TXUniversity of HoustonDaniel Box, Colin Gallatin, JosefGordon, Rubicelia HernandezForeignHans De Geetere, Led DesignInnovation NV, Nevele, BelgiumClaudia Paola Paz (M), Miller PazArquitectos, Lima, PeruVitor Manuel Vajao, Rua DasSombras 5 Banzao, Portugal, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 18. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Members in the NewsRandall Crothers has been promoted to vicepresident, sales, for Holophane, Newark, OH. Hewill co-direct the Holophane factory sales force,working with Robert Drago, Holophane vicepresident, sales.W.A.C. Lighting, Garden City, NY, a manufacturerof track, recessed and under-cabinet lightingcelebrated its 20th anniversary.The companywas founded in 1984 by Tony Wang and hiswife,Tai.Light and Truth’s Prana Restaurant project (Dec. 2003 LD+A),designed by Troy Hornung and Peter Maradudin, was named “BestDesigned Restaurant” in America by Esquire magazine. Also, Light andTruth has moved back to 350 Florida Street, San Francisco, CA, 94110.All email addresses and website information remains the same.IES Members Among IALD 2004 Boardof DirectorsThe International Associationof Lighting Designers (IALD)announced the appointment ofthree newly elected members toits Board of Directors and twomembers elected to itsMembership Committee.Mitchell Kohn was elected toa two-year term as director offinance. Kohn is the principal ofMitchell B. Kohn Lighting Designin Highland Park, IL. He hasserved on the IALD board in thisand other capacities for tenyears, and was treasurer of theIALD Education Trust. Kohn isalso a Fellow of the IESNA.Stefan R. Graf was elected toa two-year term as director ofmarketing and communications.Graf is design director of hisMichigan-based firm, Illuminart.He is active in the IALDSustainable Design Committeeand has assisted in bringingawareness to the associationthrough education seminars toprofessional associations and byhelping produce the currentIALD brochure and authoringarticles for numerous internationaltrade publications.Katherine C. Abernathy waselected to a three-year term asdirector at large. Abernathy hasbeen working in lighting since1983 and opened her own firm,Abernathy Lighting Design in2001. Abernathy is an activemember of several professionalorganizations. She serves on theIALD’s Ethics Committee and theLIRC, and she has served onmany IESNA New England sectioncommittees. She is currentlytest committee chair for theNCQLP and is a member of theUSITT and the DLF.Also elected to serve for twoyears on the IALD membershipcommittee are Faith E. Baumvice-president of The MintzLighting Group in Newark, NJ,and Graham Phoenix, a directorof Phoenix Large/lightmatters, aconsultancy formed in 2000 inthe UK.e-maila letterto theeditor:ptarricone@iesna.org

• applications & solutionsNew Gymnasium Lighting Gets A Work OutIn the morning, there’s dodge ball. Then the kids troop back in for lunch. Later, in the evening, a townmeeting is held. The life of an elementary school gymnasium is diverse, as evidenced by the UticaCommunity School District north of Detroit, MI. In 2001, district officials realized that their 28 elementaryschool gyms were really serving as multi-purpose rooms, more useful to the community than just physicaleducation venues.They decided to make the commitment of renovating these facilities, which included anoverhaul in the lighting.The schools’ original gym designs had been primarily for phys. ed. class and for basketball games.The ceilingswere open steel structures, 20-23 ft high and light was provided by 400-W HPS high bay luminaires.However, spaces were also being utilized as lunchrooms and auditoriums, as well as hosting other communityevents.“Unlike middle and high school gymnasiumsthat have spaces that only serve one activity(i.e. lunchroom, gym, or theater), elementaryschool gymnasiums are multifunctional,” said MikeGold,of EAM Engineers,Troy,MI.Gold was given thechallenge of designing a flexible lighting system forthe gyms that would achieve different light levelswith one set of luminaires. For use as an auditorium,he needed 5-15 foot-candles. For lunchroomuse, the necessary level was 30-40 foot-candles.Gym classes and basketball games needed 75-80foot-candles. Multi-level switching could achieve differentlevels, but it meant that Gold had to take anew look at fluorescent lighting. HID sources, likeHPS and metal halide, had become dominant forgym lighting because of high lumen values, compactsize, and long life.The advent of newer fluorescenttechnology, like the T5 lamp, brought more lumens,smaller size for better optical control, and longerlife, making it more competitive. “Though the costwas greater, having the backup battery, multiple switching capabilities and dimmingfunctions already built in; the school avoided the cost of installing those separately,”said Gold. T5 fluorescents also had better color rendering than any HID lightsource.Gold turned to Bob Halleck of Pro-Tech Lighting in Troy, for help finding a lightingmanufacturer who could produce a luminaire with more than four lamps.Halleck suggested Paramount Industries, Croswell, MI, because they offer customdesign and manufacturing of industrial and commercial luminaires. Paramount createda 2x4 troffer that house from five to eight 54-W T5HO lamps.They designedversions for surface or grid mounting.“The instant multi-level on/of switching capabilitiesnot only saved energy, but saved time as well,” said Gold. “Previously theuser had to completely stop what they were doing and wait five minutes for the fixtureto cool down before restarting,” said Gold.With eight lamps installed and lit,the unit generates up to 40 percent more mean lumens than standard 400-W metalhalide low bay or high bay luminaires.One of the first gyms to come online was at W. B. Browning Elementary Schoolin Sterling Heights.Twenty of Paramount’s new troffers were installed in a new gridtype ceiling, so that the ceiling would offer more reflectance than the previous exposed structure.Theseluminaires were configured for five lamps each and contained a battery pack for emergency lighting.Theywere spaced out every 12x16 ft, for 3840 total sq ft.The Browning Elementary gym was finished in June 2002.When the lights came on for the first time,school personnel and district officials were impressed with the light level. It was beyond their expectations.“There were no shadows,” commented John Goike, Browning’s director of maintenance.With all the lampsswitched on, they out-performed the old HPS system. Five gyms have been completed so far with similarsuccess, and more are underway.—John-Michael KobesThe Project: 28 Michiganelementary school gymnasiumsThe Challenge: Flexible lightingsystem that would achievedifferent light levels with oneset of luminairesThe Solution: T5 fluorescent(combined with electroniccontrols) with multiple levelswitching to for added energysavings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 20 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

applications & solutions •Dimmers Provide Light For The PartyWith a beach and an ocean, thetwo key scenic elements neededwhen performing a musical tributeto the beach parties of the 1960s,most college theater programswouldn’t attempt to reenact thistheatrical theme. But, students, staffand cast members from ConcordiaCollege, Moorhead, MN, didn’t havethe luxury of driving to the nearestsandy shore or coastline for inspiration,so scenic designer EddyBarrows chose to utilize theFrances Frazier Comstock Theater’shydraulic orchestra pit, to create agiant wave for the musical’s surfboardrace.The musical “Go-Go Beach”opened with the lead character“shooting the curl” on a giant waveand then later in the show it wouldre-appear with four guys on surfboards in a race. A false top wasbuilt for the orchestra pit and then the wave constructed belowthat allowed the forestage to be used for the rest of the showwithout the audience knowing what was beneath it.“My challenge was to light this moving scenic piece so that theaudience could see it moving but without seeing lights movingacross it,” said Byran Duncan,campus lighting director,ConcordiaCollege. “The solution was that the lighting had to be self-containedwithin the unit. That idea brought upanother couple of problems in that we didn’tThe Project: Concordia College Theater,Moorehead, MNThe Challenge: Reenacting a musicaltribute to the beach party movies of the1960sThe Solution: Individual IGBT-based BakPak dimmershave nearly enough dimming available and the fact that this scenery piece came out of thefloor within 2 1/2 ft of the first row of the audience, making dimmer and lamp hum amajor concern.” Duncan’s chose Entertainment Technology’s new Bak Pak dimmer.Thedimmer is compact, lightweight and attaches to conventional lighting fixtures, providingpower and silent IGBT dimming capability.They are solid state and operate without theuse of chokes, therefore the dimmers do not produce any mechanical buzz or hum.Duncan came across the dimmers while attending a Broadway Lighting Master class inNew York where he struck up a conversation with Bary Meshberg of EntertainmentTechnology. Pleased with the information he heard, Duncan volunteered to beta test theproduct when it was ready. “I thought about our conversation several times as I wasputting together the lighting plot for “Go-Go Beach,” and I let Gary know that I had agreat application for this new dimmer,” Duncan said.“When he got back to me it so happened that theywere ready to Beta test and thought that my application would be a good test.”Nine individual Bak Pak units, a mix of 1200 watt and 750 watt, were attached to a variety of differentconventional fixtures.Within the confines of the wave unit the design team used the Bak Pak to power750-W fresnels,1200-W Altman Econo-cyc fixtures,and MR-16 birdies,as well as some custom made waveroller units that gave the illusion of water movement “shooting the curl.”The silence of the dimmers was especially critical for the show’s opening sequence.At the start of theshow, all of the lights went out and the music started.After 15 seconds of total darkness, the lights on thegiant wave were turned on and the orchestra pit began to rise up out of the floor.“When we turned onthe lights inside this thing, you could hear the audible gasps from the audience,” said Duncan.“Here’s thisgiant wave that came up out the floor that no one knew was there. It couldn’t have come off any better.We certainly couldn’t have set it up the way we did without the Bak Pak dimmers.”- John-Michael KobesPHOTO: Bryan Duncan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 25. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D E S I G N T R E N D SILLUSTRATIONS: SAMUEL FONTANEZTHE LIGHTINGCOMMUNITYMUST THINKIN TERMSOF ‘ROADWAYVISIBILITY’RATHER THAN‘ROADWAYLIGHTING,’WHILETAKING ASYSTEMSAPPROACH TODESIGNSEEING THEBigP i c t u r eBy John Van DerlofskeDriving at night is a necessity of modern society. People and goodsmust move regardless of the time of day. Lighting and visibility elementsenable safe, comfortable roadway travel at night. However,if you ask most lighting professionals to define roadway lighting, they willstart discussing fixed pole-based lighting. While this is correct in a traditionalsense, it is certainly incomplete from a practical perspective.Functionally, roadway lighting, or more appropriately roadway visibility, isa complex assembly of components made up of many elements such asfixed pole lighting, vehicle lighting, signals, and markings. It is, in fact,these elements working and interacting together that provides visibilityand information to the roadway user.Although these elements act together they are rarely optimized, or eventhought as, as a system. Lighting recommendations and standards certainlydo not address the system aspects of the roadway. This results inroadway visibility that is not as safe, energy efficient, aesthetically pleasingor light-pollution preventative as it could be. It is as if roadway visibilityis a Rube Goldberg invention. Its elements, such as pole-mounted fixturesor vehicle headlamps, are like Rube Goldberg’s man slipping on abanana peel or his sleeping dog that gets scared into action. Functionally,each element works well and the assembly of elements may work to someextent, but it is by no means an efficient or an optimized solution.Currently, we are on the threshold of a new paradigm for roadway lightingand visibility. Discussions are now taking place among roadway stakeholdersto develop a systems approach to lighting based on the idea of providingthe appropriate visual information to roadway users. However,before this can occur some basic fundamentals need to be established.The roadway visibility system first needs to be defined in terms of its purpose,and which driving behaviors should be addressed through the transferof visual information. Additionally, its components and stakeholdersmust also be defined. With this framework in place, research can be developedand communication can occur among all relevant stakeholders thatwill ultimately result in a safer and a more efficient roadway system.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 27. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D E S I G N T R E N D SFIGURE 1. The number of fatal crashes per year as a function of light conditions.The Roadway VisibilitySystemThe term, roadway lighting systemis a misnomer. A more appropriateterm is roadway visibility system.Not all elements in the system arelight emitting; retroreflective signsand markers are an important exampleof critical non-light emitting systemelements. Additionally, andmore importantly, visibility is theultimate goal of the system. Theobjective is to use lighting and visibilitycomponents to transfer informationto enable safe and efficientroadway use.Purpose. The information providedthe driver through visibility isarguably the most important safetyfactor. At night, when sunlight is nolonger available, other measuresmust be taken to ensure safe vehicleoperation. Does roadway lightingmake a difference to safety? It is certainlyarguable that driving at nightis more dangerous. In the U.S., 25percent of vehicle travel occurs atnight. However 55 percent of fatalitieshappen at night-three timesmore fatalities at night when weightedper km traveled.[1] Further, therehave been studies indicating thatlighting works to increase safety:• Nighttime crashes were reducedby 45 percent after the addition ofroadway lighting to some intersections.[2]• After roadway lighting wasinstalled, the following reductions inaccidents, injuries and fatalities werereported: Finland: 20 percent to 30percent; Norway: 65 percent (nighttimefatalities), 30 percent (injuries);Netherlands: 18 percent to 23 percent.[1]• Publication CIE 93.1992, RoadLighting as an AccidentCountermeasure, reports that in 85percent of the 62 case studies, lightingwas beneficial to increased safety.However, for all of the evidencethat lighting can make a difference,it is still apparent that people are gettinghurt and killed on today’s roads.Except in dark conditions, the numberof fatal crashes has not diminishedin the last 30 years (see Figure1).[3] Even though the rate of fatalitieshas decreased over the years(there are more people on the roadway),the question remains as towhy the total number of fatal crashesstays at an unacceptable level.The answer may lie in the factthat a systems perspective has notbeen taken to optimize which informationshould be conveyed throughlighting, and how it should be con-veyed.But what should be made visible?Should we try to emulate daytimeconditions by illuminating everythingwith electric lighting?Obviously, this solution is impracticalfor cost and efficiency reasons,not to mention that it might interferewith our enjoyment of the night sky.Therefore, by being selective in whatis made visible to the roadway user,care must be taken to use lightingand visibility elements that conveythe necessary information as efficientlyas possible.The challenge then comes indetermining exactly what informationshould be conveyed through thevisibility system. At a recent FederalHighway Administration (FHWA)roundtable meeting, a model of riskhomeostasis was presented as amethod that might be used to helpanswer this question.[4][5] Thismodel states that one’s actual risk isstrongly correlated to one’s perceivedrisk, and that behavior changes tomatch perceived risk.As an example, people mightincrease their speed on a well-lightedroadway to keep the level of risk constantand, in doing so, cancel outany potential safety benefits fromthe increased lighting. Perceived risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 28. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . E S . I G . N . T . R . E N . D . S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .When Headlamps MEET Roadway LightingThere are many areas of research andpractice where one can consider theinteraction of elements in the roadwayvisibility system. Some of theseinclude: preventing headlamps andpole-mounted fixtures from working to reducecontrast[6]; reducing veiling glare off of retroreflectivesigns; using retroreflective and light emittingmarkers to replace general illumination inareas where only vehicle guidance is necessary;and testing the concept of mesopically enhancedfixed roadway lighting to light the periphery whilevehicle lighting illuminates the middle of the roadway.[8]Research has recently been conducted by theNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) in another one of these areas: how muchheadlamps contribute to visibility in areas of highambient illumination from fixed roadway lighting.[9]Earlier studies have suggested that whenroadway lighting is present (even very poor roadwaylighting), headlamps make only a small, andmostly negligible contribution to both on-axis andperipheral visual performance.[10][11] Theseresults suggest that in high ambient illuminationareas, headlight beam patterns could be dimmedor redirected without impairing visual performance.This idea fits with new concepts ofadvanced frontlighting systems (AFS), which proposesa “city beam” to change the headlight beamto reduce glare and better illuminate the sides ofthe roadway.To further examine this issue, a study was performedexamining the contribution of headlightillumination to target detection distances undervarious levels of ambient illumination from fixedroadway lighting.[9] In this experiment, 20 cmby 20 cm targets at various angles to the driver’sline of sight were brought towards the subjectuntil they were detected. This was done underthree ambient lighting conditions (100 percent,30 percent, and 10 percent of a design meetingIESNA RP-8 recommendations) for three headlightintensities (100 percent, 30 percent, and 10percent of typical low beams).Results of this study are given in Figure 3,which shows the average target recognition distancesas a function of target angle for the threeheadlight light levels tested. In general, the centraltargets (at 0° and ±5°) have longer recognitiondistances (one can see them at further distances)since they have higher illumination levelsand are at, or near, foveal detection areas of theretina. The higher angle targets ((15°) have shorterrecognition distances since they have lower illuminationlevels and are farther from the line ofsight. These data also show that, averaged acrossall of the ambient lighting conditions, there wereno significant differences in detection distancesfor the three headlight intensities examined. Inother words, the illumination from the vehicleheadlamps did little to affect target detection distance.Based on these results, the question thenbecomes one of efficiency: Why are we usingheadlamps in these situations to do a job thatfixed roadway lighting does better? Headlampsare still needed in these scenarios for vehicle conspicuityso they cannot be shut off completely.However, current sensor and actuator technologyallows automatic detection of ambient illuminationand automatic vehicle lighting adjustment.Therefore, the idea of dimming headlamps toreduce glare to oncoming drivers or changing thebeam pattern to better illuminate the sides of theroadway becomes feasible and attractive.FIGURE 3. Average target recognition distanceunder ambient illumination from fixed roadwaylights for various target angles from the line ofsight. Note that there is no significant differencein recognition distance between the three headlightintensities tested (HL100, HL30, HL10 signify100%, 30% and 10% of nominal light output,respectively).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 29. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . E S . I G . N . T . R . E N . D . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FIGURE 2. Some of the lighting elements that make up the roadwayvisibility system.per hour is constant and independentof technology designed toimprove safety. However, if perceivedrisk is poorly correlated withactual risk, accidents may increaseand/or traffic flow may bereduced.[5] Thus, the fundamentalgoal for engineering is not toimprove visibility per se, but ratherto increase the correlation betweenactual and perceived risk. If perceivedrisk is closer to actual risk,then driver behavior will be moreimaginary inventions function, roadwayvisibility uses many elements toreach the final goal of providinginformation to the user. In fact, oneissue that has prevented a systemsapproach to roadway visibility in thepast is this focus on individual elements.Answers to visibility issueshave been typically product drivenand not solution driven.Specific roadway visibility elementsinclude: fixed roadway lightingfixtures, roadway markings andIf perceived risk is closer to actual risk,then driver behavior will be moreappropriate for the situation and the goalsof greater safety and increased trafficflow will have been metappropriate for the situation and thegoals of greater safety and increasedtraffic flow will have been met. Thereal goal, therefore, is to engineer theinformation provided, not to justenhance visibility.Components. A large variety oflighting, signaling, signage andmarking elements are available toprovide visual information to the driver.Just as Rube Goldberg usedmany components to make hissigns (traffic signals, traffic and informationalsigns, roadway markers,lane delineators, crosswalks), andvehicle lighting (headlamps, brakelights, taillights, interior displays,back-up lights, fog lights and turnindictors). Figure 2 illustrates someof these elements. Figure 2 also illustrateshow many elements there canbe and how visually noisy the scenecan become.Aside from possibly having toomany lighting and visibility components,these elements can also conflictwith each other. Currently, eachelement is typically designed andspecified in relative isolation to eachother. For example, the IlluminatingEngineering Society of NorthAmerica (IESNA) recommends lightingpractices for roadway lightingwithout taking into account vehicleforward lighting. Similarly, theSociety of Automotive Engineers(SAE) develops standards for automotiveforward lighting without consideringfixed roadway lighting.These two systems obviously interactwith each other. This interactionhas the potential to create redundancyor even worse, to decrease visibility.[6]Stakeholders. There are a largevariety of stakeholders in the roadwaysystem concerned with manyissues, ranging from safety to securityto economic development.[7] Thisraises an important issue. Anychange in the way roadway visibilityis approached will result in the perceptionof some stakeholders beingwinners and some being losers.Since, of course, nobody wants tolose (or be perceived as having lost),proposed changes in thinking canfall victim to inertia. Nobody is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 30 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . E S . I G . N . T . R . E N . D . S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .upset so let’s not change anything.This is a barrier that must be overcomein order to start focusing onsolutions based on a systemsapproach to roadway visibility.Broadly, the stakeholders can bebroken out into those who use theroadway and those who build, maintainor supply the roadways. The firstgroup includes drivers, pedestrians,cyclists and residents. The secondgroup includes communities, departmentsof transportation (DOTs),retailers, utilities, automotive manufacturersand lighting fixture manufacturers.Different stakeholders can manipulatedifferent aspects of roadwayvisibility in order to achieve theirobjectives. For example, agenciesprimarily concerned with safetyaspects of visibility may be veryinterested in specification of appropriatelight levels and spatial distributionsof lighting (e.g., for uniformity)in order to optimize safety. Localcommunities might be very interestedin the spectral (color) aspects offixed roadway lighting in order toensure high color rendering andattractive appearance of people andobjects along a downtown shoppingarea. Utilities may be interested inthe timing and duration of the lightingto address efficiency and costissues.Next StepsA new paradigm for outdoor lightingis being developed that is based,not simply on lighting, but on engineeringthe roadway visibility systemto provide information thatleads to appropriate action. As astart to this process, roadway systemstakeholders are being broughttogether for dialogs and the developmentof new research agendas.However, shifts in thinking on thisscale are large tasks, and it will takeinput and open-mindedness from allof the stakeholders to achieve saferand more efficient roadway visibilitysystems that are modeled more afterefficient automated assembly linesthan after Rube Goldberg inventions.References1) Wilken, D., et al. (2001). EuropeanRoad Lighting Technologies. US DOT,Report Number FHWA-PL-01-034.2) Green, E., et al. (2003). RoadwayDouble V ISIONThe Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute iscurrently working on two research projects for the U. S. Department ofTransportation dealing with the roadway visibility system and interactionsamong system components.For the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) the LRC is developing aresearch roadmap to help guide FHWA’s research activities for the next five to10 years. The LRC is developing this research agenda in cooperation with lightingexperts, manufacturers, standards-setting organizations, regulators andother stakeholders of the roadway visibility system. The LRC is exploring anddefining the roadway visibility system by:• Holding a meeting of interested stakeholders to identify priorities andavenues for collaboration and develop a working research framework that willlead to roadway visibility systems approach.• Reviewing the state of the art regarding the roadway visibility system,specifically focusing on interactions among the various components of thissystem.• Using the input from the first two steps to develop a research agenda andidentify potential research partners, co-funding organizations and facilities, toexplore the roadway visibility system.In a second project, for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA), the LRC is examining roadway glare from a systems perspective. Thisextensive research project is made up of four components. The first is a studyof driver re-adaptation and the effects that changing lighting conditions has onvisibility. The second effort continues the examination of how headlamps androadway lighting interact to affect visibility and glare, particularly focusing onthe role vehicle advanced frontlighting systems (AFS) might play in the future.A headlamp aim survey is also being conducted to determine the role that aiming(or not aiming) of headlamps plays in roadway glare. Finally, the LRC isexamining glare and driver behavior in a naturalistic driving study. In thisstudy 100 cars are being equipped with sensors and video cameras and datais being collected over a year period on river behavior and roadway conditions,including the amount of glare illuminance at the eye. The goal of this effort isto determine what glare conditions drivers on today’s roadways are experiencingand what behaviors, if any, are being exhibited in reaction to glare.Overall, by studying how vehicle forward lighting causes glare, alone and ininteraction with fixed roadway lighting, the LRC is aiding NHTSA in developingregulations to make the roadways safer.Lighting and Driver Safety. KentuckyTransportation Center, KTC-03-12/SPR247-02-1F3) Opiela, K., Andersen, C., andSchertz, G. (2003). Driving After Dark.Public Roads, January/February. U. S.Department of Transportation, FederalHighway Administration.4) Wilde, G. (1994). Target Risk:Dealing with the Danger of Death, Diseaseand Damage in Everyday Decisions. PDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 31. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D . E S . I G . N . T . R . E N . D . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Publications, Toronto.5) Rea, M. (2003). Lighting forInformation. Presentation at FederalHighway Administration RoundtableMeeting, Roadway Visibility as a System:A Scoping Study, August 19, Washington,D.C.6) Oya, H., Mitsuhashi, K., and Ando,K. (2000). A Study on Visibility at theFusion of Road Lighting and Headlamps.79th Annual Transportation ResearchBoard Meeting. TRB, Washington, DC.7) Van Derlofske, J., Bullough, J., andLingard, R., Rea, M. (2001). RoadwayLighting as a System. IlluminatingEngineering Society of Australia and NewZealand Annual Convention. Auckland,New Zealand.8) Rea, M. (2000). The Road NotTaken. Proceedings of Lighting 2000:Chartered Institution of Building ServicesEngineers/Institution of LightingEngineers Joint Conference.9) Akashi, Y., et al. (2003). InteractionBetween Fixed Roadway Lighting andVehicle Forward Lighting. Progress inAutomotive Lighting SymposiumProceedings, Darmstadt, Germany.10) Schreuder, D.A., (1975). VehicleLighting within Built-Up Areas. Institutefor Roadway Safety Research SWOV.11) Akashi, Y. and Rea, M. (2001). TheEffect of Oncoming Headlight Glare onPeripheral Detection under a MesopicLight Level. Progress in AutomotiveLighting Symposium Proceedings,Darmstadt, Germany.About The Author: JohnVan Derlofske, Ph.D.,Member IESNA (1999), receivedhis BS degree inoptical science from theUniversity of Rochester in1990. In 1996 he receivedhis Ph.D. in physics fromthe University of Alabama. Professor VanDerlofske is currently head of transportationlighting at the Lighting Research Center at RPI.If you can’tkeep your headabove water......dive into the new underwater lightingcalculations included in Chapter 24 ofthe 9th Edition of the IESNA LightingHandbook.To order your copyof the new 9thEdition of theIESNA LightingHandbook, call212-248-5000,ext. 112.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P R O F I L EGibbons, below, rides herd over his crew, nicknamed the“Daylight Challenged.” Formerly known as the “RoadGhouls,” these graduate and undergraduate studentstake on all kinds of duties in an effort to simulate realworlddriving conditions for research subjects.PHOTOS: VIRGINIA TECH TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTENightRiderUNDER THE COVER OF DARKNESS,RON GIBBONS AND HIS TEAM OFLIGHTING RESEARCHERS AIM TODEVELOP NEW STANDARDS ANDPRACTICES ON VIRGINIA TECH’SWELL-TRAVELED ‘SMART ROAD’By Paul TarriconeRon Gibbons works the graveyard shift. When askedto describe a “day in the life” as a lighting researchscientist at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute,Gibbons replies, “A day in the life is hanging around thehouse. It’s really ‘a night in the life.’ What they don’t tell youwhen you go into lightingresearch is that you will beworking nights.” So whileGibbons rolls into the office atabout 1:00 pm, the fun doesn’treally start until anywherefrom 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm(depending on the time ofyear), when he and his teamstake out their turf on VTTI’sso-called “Smart Road.” On agood day (or night), six hours worth of lighting research canbring the workday to a close as late as 3:00 am. “Sometimesit’s a 12 to 14-hour day,” says Gibbons. Indeed, to play itsafe, the interview for this article was scheduled at 10:00am. “You’re the first person I’ve spoken to today,” he says,upon answering the phone, explaining that it might take afew minutes to get warmed up.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 35. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P R O F I L EWho’ll stop the rain? Not Gibbons, who can produce artificial rain, snow and fog-like mist over a half-mile portion of the Smartroad in order to test safety, human factors, lighting and visibility.‘Academia and industry arethe same in many ways. A lotpeople think we’re up there inwhite lab coats pontificating,but I have customers, people toanswer to and there is salesinvolved’For Gibbons, the night shift can mean manning theSmart Road’s control room, where he flips the switch tocreate man-made fog, rain and snow—“I’m sort of thego-to guy on weather,” he says. Or it could mean beingstrapped into a harness changing luminaires perchedabove the road. Or perhaps he’s pushing the “hot dogcart”—a mobile device that can be plugged in along variouspoints of the Smart Road to simulate headlight glare.Or, on a quiet night, he may simply be at his desk, overseeingthe administrative end of a $600,000 lightingresearch budget—part of VTTI’s overall $12 milliontransportation research program. “Every night is different,”says Gibbons, a member of the IESNA Board ofDirectors and vice president, Technical & Research, whois known in IESNA circles as “King of the Road.”That road is the “Smart Road”—a 2.2-mile, two-lanestretch of research highway used for pavement researchand evaluation of Intelligent Transportation Systems andproducts. It is located on the grounds of VTTI, a universityresearch center located in Blacksburg, VA., whichwas established in 1988 in cooperation with the VirginiaDepartment of Transportation (VDOT), as part of the largerU.S. Department of Transportation UniversityTransportation Centers Program. Closed to live traffic, theSmart Road includes a 2000 ft “Smart Bridge”—thetallest in Virginia at 175 ft-and when the entire 5.7-mileproject is completed (perhaps by 2008), the road willserve as four-lane limited-access highway betweenBlacksburg and Interstate 81.In the meantime, scientists are putting the Smart Roadthrough its paces. Researchers are able to produce rain,snow and a fog-like-mist over a half-mile portion of theroadway, in an effort to test everything from winter highwaymaintenance to safety and human factors, lightingand visibility and vehicle dynamics. At maximum output,the system produces three inches of rain and four inchesof snow per hour. A 500,000-gallon water tank feedsthe system and allows for multiple research events. Theall-weather testing towers are automatically controlledand can produce rain and snow at multiple intensities. Inaddition, water can be sprayed by the towers onto freezingpavement to create icy conditions.Pavement research is also critical on the Smart Road.The road is wired with sensors allowing scientists to testa variety of pavement designs and monitor their performanceunder different loads and environmental conditions.In addition, objects of differing size, contrast, andreflectivity can be placed on the road, either on theshoulder or in travel lanes, to determine a driver’s abilityto detect them under a wide range of conditions.Hovering above it all is a lighting system that allows amultitude of visibility conditions to be created ondemand. Virginia Tech and VDOT, in conjunction with. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 36 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P R O F I L Ethe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), have developeda highway lighting test bed on the Smart Road thatconsists of overhead light poles in a staggered configuration,spaced 40 to 20 meters apart. This spacing, combinedwith wiring the poles on three separate circuits,allows for evaluating lighting systems at 40, 60, or 80meters. The separate circuits also enable individual luminairesto be switched.The bracket arm on the poles can be adjusted up ordown and can hold up to three luminaires. The lightingsystem also provides for separate dimming control overasphalt and concrete sections. Different lamp sources areavailable, including metal halide and high-pressure sodium.According to VTTI, the Smart Road’s lighting systemcan simulate almost 90 percent of highway lighting conditions.Road WarriorThe road to the lighting program goes throughGibbons, who joined VTTI in August 2001 after sevenplusyears with Philips Lighting as manager of theCorporate Calibration and Standards Laboratory. Therehe was responsible for the measurement and calibrationof light sources for the entire North American region. “Idon’t think it was always the plan” to transition fromindustry to academia, says Gibbons, who earned a Ph.D.from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in 1998. “Ienjoyed my time in industry, and when I started mycareer that’s where I expected to be. Then I was goingthrough a personal transition and went back to academia.Academia and industry are the same in many ways.A lot people think we’re up there in whitelab coats pontificating, but I have customers,people to answer to and there issales involved in it. I also find the rewardsin academia more significant than thosein industry. It is more than a paycheck orthe sale or project completion. I’m not ina teaching role, but I do have direct contactwith students, which is highly rewardingpersonally. You also see your workgoing to a much greater cause: safetystandards and systems to improve driverperformance and safety.”Currently, Gibbons’s team is in variousstages of about six lighting projects and has recentlycompleted “four or five” proprietary research projects forlighting and automotive manufacturers. Here’s a look atjust some of what’s happening on the Smart Road underthe cover of darkness:• Design Guidelines for Crosswalk Lighting. The lastdesign guidelines for crosswalks in North America weredeveloped in the early 1970s, and the current lighting criteriaare considered outdated and ineffective. In theseguidelines, a luminaire was specified which was basedon low pressure sodium technology and was difficult toThe bracket arm on the Smart Road’s light poles can be adjustedup and down and can hold up to three luminaires.obtain. Recently, European studies have found that thevertical illuminance of an object is critical for perception.This design methodology has been used in crosswalks inSwitzerland using standard luminaires. “This project fellout of a technology exchange program with Europe,where we bring back current practice after taking what’scalled a ‘scan tour,’ “ says Gibbon.The objective of the project is to establishnew brightness criteria and an effectivedesign methodology for crosswalks.This means that both the visual requirementsof the driver must be addressed,and a method to represent and calculatethe design of a crosswalk must be developed.Gibbons explains that researchersare using both real people as crosswalkpedestrians and objects (meant to simulatereal people) that can then be modeledin the lighting design software.A total of 16 lighting designs are used inthe project. These designs cover two differentlamp types (metal halide and high-pressure sodium),four different vertical illuminance levels (60 lx, 40lx,20 lx and 5 lx) and two different background luminancelevels. In addition, a glare condition for each lighting conditionwas also used where the headlights of an oncomingvehicle were simulated between the crosswalk andthe observer. The luminaires used are semi-Cutoff, TypeII luminaires from two different manufacturers.Testing consists of the “driver,” sitting in a static vehicle,observing the crosswalk through occlusion glasses.When the participant is ready, a view of the crosswalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 37. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P R O F I L Eis presented in a series of flashes made by the occlusionglasses. The number of flashes used by the participantto correctly identify the location of objects in the crosswalkis measured and then transformed into a timemetric for visibility of objects in the crosswalk. Six differentobjects in three different locations were presentedto the participant for each of the 32 lighting designand glare combinations. At present, all the data collectionhas been completed—a whopping 13,824 individualobservations. The data analysis will be conductedover the next few months and the guidelines will hopefullysoon follow. “The real goal is to standardize designcriteria for crosswalks, Gibbons says. “FHWA will get areport, and we hope to drive a written standard or RPout of our work.”• Assessment of the Visual Needs of the Driver inWet Night Conditions. Visibility of pavement markingsis, of course, serious business, but due to the way theresearch is conducted, this project is also known as the“party study,” says Gibbons. “The participants have a lotof time to hang around, chat and drink hot chocolate andapple cider.”This study is more about “visibility” than lighting, perse. Specifically, it deals with the visibility of pavementmarkings (the white lines, not the double yellow lines) inrainy conditions. Typically, pavement marking technologieswill behave poorly when they are wet, as comparedto dry, due to flooding of the marking optics andwhether the optics are glass beads or embedded in thematerial. In order to assess the needs of a driver atnight, six different white line technologies, each with differentrain performance behaviors, have been placed onthe Smart Road facility. The Smart Road rain system,capable of producing 0.8 in. to three in. of rain per hour,has been used to evaluate these markings in wet conditions.The project is structured as a “static” study-i.e., the cardoesn’t move. Instead, “we turn on the rain and bring indrivers to test visibility of the pavement markings.” saysGibbons. Then the car is moved into another static positionfor the next round of visibility tests. Two differentvehicles (a sedan and a tractor trailer) are being used.The project is scheduled for completion in June. Onceagain, the goal is creation of a standard or recommendedpractice.The Smart Road’s lighting system can simulate almost 90 percentof highway lighting conditions.Night CrawlersThese projects wouldn’t be possible without staff andsubjects. “The name of my crew is the ‘DaylightChallenged.’ Originally they were the ‘Road Ghouls.’ Theyare a great bunch of students—graduate and undergraduate—whotake on crazy tasks like hiding in ditches andappearing at the right moment as a driver passes, standingin a man-made rainstorm on a freezing night or hidingbehind a fake pedestrian in the middle of the road.They get paid and only work at night. It is pretty gooddeal but they do some very bizarre things to get the projectsdone.”Then there are the guinea pigs. VTTI has built a list of2100 names—old, young and from all walks of life—whoserve as paid subjects for these projects. Apart from thesocial aspect, “it’s fun for the subjects to feel like they’reon the cutting edge of research,” says Gibbons.While any researcher hopes to get conditions just rightFor Gibbons, the night shiftcan mean manning the SmartRoad’s control room, wherehe flips the switch to createman-made fog, rain and snow.‘I’m sort of the go-to guy onweather,’ he saysfor his or her study, inevitably things in the field can takean unexpected turn. Gibbons gives one example. “It’stricky when you’re running the weather. Ambient weatherdetermines what we can do. One night, when we werecreating freezing rain, real wind blew the rain and wefroze the vehicle.” Then there’s fog. “Fog is like an angrykindergarten class. You need somebody monitoring it. Ifyou turn your back on it, you end up with three feet ofvisibility where you need 200 ft.”Talk about a hard day’s night.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 38 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECTAs the first majorre-development in 15 years,the 121,975 sq ft, state-of-theartconcessions programprovides an enhancedexperience for travelersand gives the food courtand retail area a new senseof identity.NaturalBornLightingLOCATED IN THE CENTER OF THETERMINAL, THE CONCESSIONS AREAAT ORLANDO AIRPORT REQUIREDA CREATIVE LIGHTING SOLUTIONInnovative lighting design creates a vibrancy andopenness to the Orlando International Airport’s newconcession area and brings the project’s designtheme, “Sky, Water and Garden,” to life. An aestheticand technological showcase, the airport is designed toreflect the natural beauty and character of CentralFlorida. Last year, more than 26 million visitors arrivedat the airport on their way to one‘Increasingthe ambientlight leveland usingspecialaccents wasimportant increating thefriendlyand airyatmosphere’of the country’s prime tourist destinations.It has always beenimportant to the Greater OrlandoAviation Authority that the designof the airport set the tone for visitors.This standard extended tothe design of the new concessionsprogram, which includesthe landside terminal food courtand retail corridor.As the first major re-developmentin 15 years, the 121,975 sqft, phased renovation takes theconcessions program to the nextlevel. The state-of-the-art designaffords the Aviation Authority anopportunity to expand the concessionsprogram, which is responsible for a significant portionof the Airport’s annual revenue; provides an enhancedexperience for travelers and gives the food court and retailarea a new sense of identity.Phase I opened in July 2003 and included new retailanchor stores for Disney, Universal Studios, Sea World andKennedy Space Center. Phase II, which renovated the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 40 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 41. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECTMore than 120 saltwaterfish and live coralsdwell in the 2820-gallonilluminated aquarium.The lighting can beprogrammed to thecolors of the season orspecial occasions.majority of the concessions area, including the foodcourt, was completed in October 2003. The final phase,scheduled for completion in late 2004, will renovate theremaining 54,465 sq ft. As the master planner and leadarchitect on the project, SchenkelShultz Architecture,Orlando, led the design effort with several goals in mind:to attract new retail, food and beverage tenants; increasevisibility of retail, food and beverage; increase tenantlease space available for concessions; draw people intothe retail corridors; and develop a sense of place for thecenter of the terminal.SchenkelShultz collaborated with ArchitecturalAlliance, Minneapolis, and TLC Engineeringfor Architecture, Orlando, and a group oftechnical consultants in the concessionarea’s lighting design. The finished spacesshine with innovative lighting that holdscenter stage in the overall interior design.Creating A ThemeThe design team hosted a number oftheming workshops with airport usergroups before deciding that Sky, Water andGarden would define the essence of thenew concessions area. “Strong communityfeedback dictated the design should bereflective of the region’s natural beauty,”said Ernie Straughn, AIA, SchenkelShultzprincipal and director of design. “Thisbeauty is evident in the region’s lakes andlush landscape set against expansive blueskies.” The concessions are located in thecenter of the landside terminal under aparking structure. Therefore, the designhad to rely heavily on lighting to achieve avibrant, inviting space. “A large parkingstructure on top of the food court precludedusing natural light in the design solution,”said Ted Davis, AIA, ArchitecturalAlliance senior associate. “Increasing theambient light level and using special accents was importantin creating the friendly and airy atmosphere.”Straughn adds, “A major challenge in the design of theconcessions area was contending with the flanking atriums—eachwith an abundance of natural light. The atriumsare very bright during the day, making it difficult toput enough light in the centrally located concessionsspace to compete with those light levels.” Simply stated,there were three issues the new design addressed:adding more artificial light; replacing dark materials withlighter materials to reflect more light; and adding up tofour ft. of ceiling height to allow for a series of ceilingplanes that could be accented with light coves.Lighting technologies were selected to provide a‘We raisedthe overallfootcandle levelby usingmetal-halidedownlights andfluorescent covelighting in theceiling. Theceiling takes ona character ofits own and theplay on lightinggeneratesso much interestthat the ceilingitself is a designfeature’unique look and feel to the concessions area and to provideease of maintenance. “This sophisticated lightingequipment achieves dramatic visual effects while keepingthe lighting control interface simple for the owner touse,” said Wayne Allred, PE, TLC senior electrical engineer.Engineers designed the system using Crestrontouch screens programmed with simple graphics thatallow the airport operations personnel to choose settingsappropriate to the season or special occasion. TheCrestron system sends signals via RS-232 to anElectronic Theater Controls Emphasis server to run complexcolor sequences.Typically, the system is used for live performances,theme parks, theater and televisioncontrol lighting, according to Allred.But Candela Controls, Orlando, FL, discoveredthat the use of the Crestron equipmentas a user interface allows the operatorto control complex equipment simplyand easily.Lighting SolutionsThe previous food court space had littlecharacter and was illuminated with two ftx four ft florescent light fixtures in anacoustical tile ceiling. An adjacent restaurantwas themed as a beer cellar, but wasdark and uninviting. The initial analysisindicated the space needed to lighten upto attract more activity, according toStraughn. The new food court design isopen and light, with an air of the outdoorsrepresented by more than 205 ft. of gardentrellis around the food court. But, lightingis truly the star of this show, and helpscreate a natural environment in an interiorspace without daylighting. “We raisedthe overall footcandle level by using metalhalidedownlights and fluorescent covelighting in the ceiling,” said Straughn. “Theceiling takes on a character of its own and the play onlighting generates so much interest that the ceiling itselfis a design feature.”The food court ceiling has several lighting design features,including more than 100 Tech Torpedo tea lightssuspended at varying heights that twinkle like stars.Indirect lighting illuminates the high ceiling, and iCovefixtures mounted in the ceiling coves highlight the supportcolumns with more than 300 colors. Lighting thecove ceiling is a Color Blast fixture with LED featuresthat are adjustable so colors can change continuously.The dynamic swirls of color give a sense of movementwith the spaces while the tones and fade rates arecalming.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 42 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 43. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECTAnother eye-catching lighting feature is the internallylit bar counters, accented with Lumicor translucent panelsthat form the perimeter of the common seating area.By following the bar, guests will find the focal point of thefood court, a 2820-gallon aquarium. Such an importantelement in the design certainly deserves a coffer lightfeature above as well as internal lighting to highlight themore than 120 saltwater fish and live corals. “Lightingalso emulates the colors of the sky at morning, afternoonand dusk in a special dome feature,” says Straughn. Thelighting can be programmed to the colors of the seasonor special occasions. The entire lighting design works tohighlight the numerous food vendors, accent seating,landscape and aquarium features, and provide overalllight level suitable for dining. The end product is an invitingfood court with a strong sense of place where guestscan relax and enjoy a meal before embarking on the restof their journey.‘Thissophisticatedlightingequipmentachievesdramaticvisual effectswhile keepingthe lightingcontrol interfacesimplefor the ownerto use’Guests walk to the food courtthrough an adjacent corridorbetween the East and WestAtriums. What originally was along and dark tunnel-like passagewith moving sidewalksand undistinguished retailspaces has been transformedinto a series of distinct spacesand storefronts inviting gueststo explore, dine and shop. Thenew design heightens the visibilityof entries into the retailcorridors from the atriums andticketing areas, emphasizes theretail storefronts, and improvesorientation and wayfinding inthe terminal. Innovative lightingdesign was critical inachieving these goals. To diminish the perception of thelong length of the retail corridors, the height of the ceilingwas extended and a series of ceiling planes were createdfor texture and interest. A combination of LAMlighting coves and Lightolier Calculite recessed downlightsaccentuates the ceiling planes. Custom uplightingbounces off the ceiling and bathes the interiors withindirect light.Serving as a visual break, a curved soffit sweepsfrom the food court into the retail corridor. The covelighting along the perimeter gives the ceiling a floatingappearance and draws travelers into the food court. Toemphasize the retail storefronts, the team first lookedat creating a gateway at the points of entry on eitherside of the corridors. As part of Phase I, each of theanchor stores increased prominence with new threedimensional,colorful and interactive storefronts.According to Straughn, the new design standards createdby SchenkelShultz stipulate that tenants use backlitor internally lit signage to accent storefronts uniformly.Along the corridor, “living rooms” with wickerchairs and teak benches invite visitors to sit and relax,and offer a comfortable alternative to group seatingcommonly found in airports. The lighting in the corridorlends itself to the comfort of guests in these areas;providing the most natural environment possible in aspace without daylighting.Stay AwhileThe greatest challenge in designing the new concessionsarea was to capture the essence of a Sky, Water andGarden experience in a closed-in and dark space. Thenew design achieves this through creative lighting solutions.The new concessions area is a place where travelerswant to rest and linger a while, or grab a bite to eatand shop, whereas before, travelers would move hastilythrough the corridor on to their departure gate. The concessionsspace is so bright and inviting that travelers areliterally drawn into an area that previously was easy tomiss. Equally important is the airport’s ability to controlthis technologically complex lighting system with a simpletouch screen.About The Designers: Ernie Straughn, AIA,SchenkelShultz, has more than 25 years experience ina broad spectrum of aviation projects, including masterplanning, terminal design, terminal expansion,improvements to security, small and large aircrafthangars, and various airport support facilities.Straughn’s knowledge of all facets of airport programmingand planning has produced immediate and longtermsolutions that meet client goals and conform to federal requirements.Straughn has had continual involvement at the Orlando InternationalAirport (OIA) delivering a variety of facility designs since 1983.Ted Davis is a senior associate with ArchitecturalAlliance. He is an award winning architect and interiordesigner with over 25 years of experience.Davis’ portfolio encompasses a wide array ofdesign success in architecture, interiors and productdesign. His areas of expertise are foundthroughout his work in the corporate, higher educationand retail sectors. Davis has a reputationwith clients for creating innovative and creative designs within an interactivedesign process.Wayne Allred, P.E., senior electrical project engineerat TLC Engineering for Architecture inOrlando, FL, has 16 years of design experience foraviation, commercial, industrial, institutional, retail,hospitality and governmental facilities. He has abachelor’s degree in engineering from theUniversity of Central Florida and a master’s degreein engineering management from the FloridaInstitute of Technology.The food court ceiling has several lighting designfeatures, including more than 100 Tech Torpedotea lights suspended at varying heights thattwinkle like stars. Indirect lighting illuminates thehigh ceiling, and iCove fixtures mounted in theceiling coves highlight the support columns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 44 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 45. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M A N A G E M E N T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M . A . N . A . G E . M . E . N T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T H E‘EVERY LIGHT...EVERY NIGHT.’ PHILADELPHIA’S STREET LIGHTINGMAINTENANCE PLAN REALLY IS THAT SIMPLE—AND THAT CHALLENGINGPhilad elphiaStoryBy Joseph M. DoyleThere have been several well-known versions of “ThePhiladelphia Story” over the past 250 years. In1776, the city hosted the signing of the Declarationof Independence. This was followed in 1940 by the legendaryKatharine Hepburn movie about a wealthysocialite living on Philadelphia’s Main Line. The 2004 versionof The Philadelphia Story involves the city’s efforts atproviding a street lighting system that approaches 100percent reliability.The program is known as “Every Light...Every Night.”The goal, quite simply, is to operate every one of the city’s100,000 streetlights properly every night of the year. Todate, the results have been impressive. The city scored a99.4 percent “on” rate in 2003, bringing the three-yearaverage for the program to 99.5 percent (Table 6).Reaching this goal, however, is not so simple. It requiresthe constant efforts of scores of people and the continuousallocation of resources by the city and its contractors.The full participation of the local electric utility is alsoessential, since it must provide dependable electrical serviceto the street lighting system on a daily basis.There is much more to street lighting maintenance thanthe traditional view of simply replacing burned-out lamps.We must move toward developing a more comprehensiveprogram based on customer service. By striving towardthis higher level of service, lighting maintenance willimprove, and the public will ultimately be better served.The long-term ability of the street lighting system tomeet these higher levels of performance is totallydependent on the successful development of a trulycomprehensive maintenance program. Besides thenormal day-to-day repairs, implementation of such anexpanded maintenance program must include thelong-term planning and investment necessary for thePARTNERS RESPONSIBILITIES ANNUAL COSTPhiladelphiaStreet LightingDivisionStreet LightingMaintenanceContractorPECO EnergyTable 1 - The Philadelphia Partnership100,000 streetlight systemRepair knockdown polesReplace defective luminairesContract ManagementEngineering ServicesModernization ProgramDaily system management4-year Contract periodMaintains lamps and photocontrolsNight patrolling and repairsWork order systemComputer databaseCustomer servicesElectrical power distribution20,000 underground tap connections80,000 wooden utility polesEmergency ServicesTotal Maintenance Cost$2 million$1 million$12 million$15 millioncontinuous upgrading of the entire lighting system.Table 2 - Maintenance Contractor Summary2001 2002 2003Monthly 1318 1450 1460RepairsDaily 44 48 49RepairsStreetlights 44 48 49OFFTable 2-Represents the number of streetlight repairs completedby the maintenance contractor. There were an average of1318 repairs per month (44 per day) in 2001, 1450 per month(48 per day) in 2002 and 1460 per month (49 per day) in 2003.Since each one of these repairs reflects a streetlight out of serviceon a daily basis, it is used in the final calculation of thenumber of streetlights out of service citywide each night.Philadelphia PartnershipWhile the City of Philadelphia directly owns the streetlighting system, two other business partners play significantroles in its daily maintenance and operation. Boththe city-paid street lighting maintenance contractor andPECO Energy share responsibility for the nightly performanceof the street lighting system. Routine maintenanceis performed by a combination of city personnel and privatecontractors. While a private contractor performsmost maintenance services on a nightly basis, cityemployees are responsible for all major repairs includingknockdown poles and luminaire replacements. Electricalservice repairs are referred to the local utility.PECO Energy supplies electrical power to the entirestreet lighting system through their combined aerial andunderground distribution systems. Of the total 100,000streetlights, 80,000 are attached to PECO wooden utilitypoles, and the remaining 20,000 city-owned streetlightpoles are fed from PECO underground circuits. Thesebusiness partners have formed an alliance that we call thePhiladelphia Partnership (Table 1).Each partner has a well-defined area of responsibility;shares a common service goal; and tracks their respectiveperformance on a daily basis. By closely monitoring theoperation of the lighting system and then measuring thenumber of lights out of service, the partners are able todetermine overall system performance. This data is thenused to identify areas of improvement where each partnercan upgrade the quality of their maintenance services.The Partnership “ABCs” are as follows:Accountability is achieved through regularly scheduledmonthly management meetings, clearly defined responsibilitiesof each of the partners, and the establishment ofpriorities by each of the partners. Each partner acceptstheir responsibilities toward the public and to each otherwhen questions arise from the media or elected officialson ownership and delivery of maintenance services.Brainstorming is a solutions-based approach to problemsolving that encourages out-of-the box thinking bymembers of the operations team and field-tests the latestavailable lighting technologies. This approach has led tothe installation of longer life non-cycling HPS (high-pressuresodium) lamps as a system-wide standard. The abilityto test new ideas has always been encouraged by thecity as our way of keeping pace with changing businessmethods and advancements in technology.Communication is always essential to any partnershipand is achieved on a daily basis with a continuousexchange of information at the field supervisory level.This kind of discussion can often lead to the solution ofcommon maintenance problems by field personnel. Thesharing of common goals by each partner also allows thecommunication process to reach its full potential. Forexample, severe weather conditions can have an immediateimpact on field operations by the electric utility. Highwinds often require an immediate change of assignmentsfrom routine lighting repairs to emergency storm damagework. We are always cooperative when the prioritieschange to accommodate public safety.The combined efforts of this partnership have challengedeach one of us to continuously improve our levelsof performance. Recent budget cutbacks and personnelreductions have actually strengthened our resolve to worktogether and achieve our shared goals.What follows is a detailed look at the role each entity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 46. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 47. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M A N A G E M E N T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M . A . N . A . G E . M . E . N T.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 3 - City Street Lighting Shop Summary2001 2002 2003Monthly 144 147 167RepairsDaily 4.8 4.8 5.6Repairs@ 10 48 48 56daysStreetlights 48 48 56OFFTable 3-Represents the number of streetlight repairs completedby City Street Lighting Shop personnel. There were an averageof 144 repairs per month (4.8 per day) in 2001, 147 permonth (4.8 per day) in 2002 and 167 per month (5.6 per day)in 2003. Since the City Shop averages 10 days to complete eachrepair, the duration of each streetlight out of service is calculatedby multiplying the daily number of repairs by 10 days perrepair. This calculated value is 48 streetlights in 2001, 48 streetlightsin 2002 and 56 streetlights in 2003. Since each one ofthese values reflects the number of streetlights out of serviceon a daily basis, it is used in the final calculation of the numberof streetlights out of service citywide each night.plays in the process.City Street Lighting Division. Daily managementresponsibility for the entire street lighting system falls onthe City Street Lighting Division staff of engineers andmanagers. City personnel provide engineering design andreview services of major projects, and perform daily contractmanagement of the street lighting maintenance contract.Their work includes preparation of the annual operatingbudget for street lighting maintenance and operations,and the capital budget for modernization projects.In addition, City Street Lighting Shop personnel providerepair services for all knockdown streetlight poles and therepair or replacement of obsolete equipment.System modernization is a major consideration of citycapital improvements. The goals of our capital programare to improve public safety, increase lighting efficiency,and upgrade system reliability. This long-term modernizationplan has three major components: the removal of allaluminum streetlight poles, the replacement of all mercuryfixtures, and the eventual upgrade of the entire electricaldistribution system.A 10-year program of replacing over 2000 aluminumpoles with fiberglass poles will be continued with theeventual replacement of the remaining 16,000 aluminumpoles in the system. Over 75,000 obsolete mercury fixtureshave been replaced with HPS and the remaining15,000 mercury fixtures should be completed over thenext five years. Major upgrades to the underground electricaldistribution system by the installation of new cableand conduit have already had an impact on that system’sreliability and performance.The continuous re-engineering of system componentshas improved operations and provided a complementaryand cost-effective alternative to our limited capital funds.Standardizing materials can often extend the service lifeof equipment and reduce future maintenance requirements.This standardization has led to the development ofpublished standards for various types of equipment andthe selection of a single manufacturer for simplicity of purchaseand delivery.Maintenance Contractor. The city has employed a privatecontractor for many years to perform all routinemaintenance services and to provide weekly inspection ofthe entire street lighting system. The benefits of utilizingprivate contractors have long been recognized as a highlyeffective method of providing this type of service. Thiscontract is bid every four years with the next four-yearcycle starting in July 2004. The city has adopted a proactiveapproach to street lighting maintenance by requiringthe contractor to work five nights per week from 8 PMuntil 4 AM the next morning. These nighttime workinghours have proven very effective for both the night inspectionservices and streetlight repairs and have alwaysoffered the best opportunity to accurately identify streetlightoutages. This certainty of the exact location also minimizesthe need for repeated and costly re-visits caused byinaccurate complaint information. In addition to nighttimerepairs, the contractor also confirms the completionof all daytime repairs made by PECO and city forces whenperforming the nightly inspection patrols.Table 4 - PECO Energy Summary2001 2002 2003Monthly 616 476 655RepairsDaily 20.5 15.9 21.8Repairs@ 20 410 318 436daysStreetlights 410 318 436OFFTable 4 -Represents the number of streetlight repairs completedby PECO Energy. There were an average of 616 repairs permonth (20.5 per day) in 2001, 476 per month (15.9 per day)in 2002 and 655 per month (21.8 per day) in 2003. Since PECOEnergy averages 20 days to complete each repair, the durationof each streetlight out of service is calculated by multiplyingthe daily number of repairs by 20 days per repair. This calculatedvalue is 410 streetlights in 2001, 318 streetlights in 2002and 436 streetlights in 2003.Since each one of these valuesreflects the number of streetlights out of service on a dailybasis, it is used in the final calculation of the number of streetlightsout of service citywide each night.Table 5 - Daily Streetlights OFF2001 2002 2003Contractor 44 48 49City Shop 48 48 56PECO 410 318 436Total OFF 502 414 541Table 5 represents the total number of streetlights out of serviceon an average day. By combining the average number of outagesfor the City, Maintenance Contractor, and PECO Energy, thereare an average of 502 streetlights out of service each night in2001, 414 streetlights in 2002 and 541 streetlights in 2003.Table 6 - Percentage Streetlights ON2001 2002 2003System 100,000 100,000 100,000Streetlights 502 414 541OFFStreetlights 99,498 99,586 99,439ONPercent 99.5% 99.6% 99.4%ONTable 6-Represents the actual percentage of streetlights operatingon an average night. The number of streetlights ON is calculatedby subtracting the number of streetlights OFF from thetotal 100,000 streetlights in the system. The number of streetlightsON is then converted to the percentage ON of the totalsystem of 100,000 streetlights.A major component of the night repair service is theresponsibility to identify the location and nature of thestreetlight complaint. Each fixture is tested to determine theexact cause of the outage and a work order is issued to theappropriate owner for repair, e.g. power failure to PECO.Repairs completed by the contractor are documented ina maintenance database and submitted to the city forreview on a monthly basis. Major repairs are referred toeither the city or to PECO on a daily basis for assignmentto field crews for quick action. Upon completion, the contractorre-checks the field location for proper operationand confirms that the repair order has been completedand the streetlight is working properly.The contractor has also been designated by the city toprovide customer service to the public by processing alltelephone requests for service. This service is provided 24hours per day for seven days per week as a public conveniencewhen reporting streetlight outages. A city telephoneline is linked to the contractor’s call center to facilitatethe receipt of telephone requests from the public.After normal working hours a professional answering serviceprovides this service to the public without the needfor answering machines or other impersonal devices. Acomputer database of all maintenance activities is updatedon a daily basis for storage of all completed work. Thisdetailed information is the basis for all reporting of performancemeasures established to track the daily progressof all types of maintenance activities.PECO Energy. PECO Energy presently provides andmaintains electrical power to the entire street lighting systemof aerially fed wooden utility poles and city-ownedstreetlight poles that are connected to the underground distributionsystem. Maintenance of this extensive electricaldistribution system by PECO requires the continuousassignment of manpower and resources sufficient to performthis task without delay. Several specific field crews arepermanently assigned to troubleshooting defective streetlightcircuits and making all aerial and underground repairs.Because PECO management shares the same customerservice goals as the city, each partner establishestheir own monthly work priorities and discusses theirimplementation with the other partner at our scheduledcoordination meetings. This allows each partner toadjust their own resources in response to and support ofthe others.A Bright FutureThe partnership has yielded impressive results. Theinformation presented for the period 2001-2003 documentsthat an average of 99.5 percent of streetlightswere working each night in 2001, 99.6 percent in 2002,and 99.4 percent in 2003, for a three-year average of99.5 percent. This extremely high number of streetlightsworking properly each night of the year certainly supportsthe claim that the City of Philadelphia street lightingsystem has been meeting our stated goal of “EveryLight...Every Night.”The Author: Joseph M. Doyle P.E., Member IESNA(2000), has been an engineer in the StreetsDepartment of the City of Philadelphia for over 32years, first serving in the Traffic EngineeringDivision and later in the Street Lighting Division.For the past 15 years, he has been the city’s chiefstreet lighting engineer. He is a registered professionalengineer in the Commonwealth ofPennsylvania and a graduate of Villanova University. He received hisBachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering in 1971, followed by a Master’sDegree in Transportation from Villanova in 1977. Mr. Doyle has been amember of the IESNA Roadway Lighting Committee since 2000 and iscurrently Section President of the Philadelphia Section and Chair of theSection’s Education Committee He has been active in many local andregional lighting activities and educational seminars over the past 15years including serving as the Chief Lamplighter of the Lamplighters ofDelaware Valley. They are a regional group dedicated to outdoor androadway lighting who presented their joint IES/Lamplighters RalphEnghouser Award for “Distinguished Service To The Lighting Industry”to Mr. Doyle in 2002.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 48. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . 49 . . . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECTAt first glance, adopting a lighting strategy forthe 2,000-pound Liberty Bell similar to theone used to illuminate a 90-pound ballerinaseems incomprehensible. But, in truth, each is a performer,as lighting designers Daniel E. Edenbaumand Ray Grenald discovered when illuminating anew residence for an American icon that receives1.6 million visitors per year.The new $12.6 million Liberty Bell Center, part ofa $300 million facelift for the PhiladelphiaIndependence National Historic Park, openedOctober 9, 2003.Designed by Architects Bohlin Cywinski Jackson,the 23,000 sq ft museum’s grand finale is a 1700sq ft glass Bell Chamber. The glass structure wasthoughtfully placed so that Independence HallRing In The NewClose-up of the Bellwith IndependenceHall and eveningsky as backdrop.against the sky serves as a backdrop for thebeloved Bell.Work on the lighting designs began in March of1999. For Grenald Waldron Associates, Ray Grenaldwas design principal and Daniel E. Edenbaum (nowof Drago Illumination) was project designer and projectmanager. “When I first heard that there wasgoing to be a new home for the Liberty Bell and thatGrenald Waldron Associates was going to be part ofthe design team, I jumped at the opportunity to beinvolved. Having grown up in the suburbs of NewJersey I remember field trips to see the Liberty Bellin grade school,” says Edenbaum.The first task was to establish a series of writtennarratives describing three different design scenarios.These narratives were used to establish a set ofPHOTOS: DANIEL E. EDENBAUMconstruction cost estimates from which the ownerof the site, The National Park Service, and its representativescould assess various pros and cons ofinstallation and operating costs. Since the LibertyBell Center was one part of a comprehensive“Master Plan” for all of the Independence NationalHistoric Park, encompassing a new Visitor Center, amuseum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution (seeScanning the Spectrum, LD+A November 2003)and plans to rehabilitate the surrounding three blocksite, several coordination meetings between thedesign teams and concerned parties was requiredbefore moving forward with a final design.An important part of the new Liberty Bell Centerwas a museum, the Exhibit Hall, which would displayartifacts and memorabilia related to the Bell,THERE WAS NOTHING ORDINARYABOUT LIGHTING A NEW HOMEFOR THE LIBERTY BELL. PASSIONSRAN HIGH, AND EVEN VETERANDESIGNERS WERE IN AWE OF THETASK AT HANDand allow for interpretation of the Bell’s long historyas an icon for freedom and liberty.A low-voltage cable system was used for theExhibit Hall portion of the Center. This allowed theflexibility needed to illuminate the exhibits no matterwhere they wound up being located, as well ashighlighting certain architectural features and elements.This included a meandering granite wall thatleads visitors through the exhibits to the queue forthe Bell Chamber. The low voltage cable system wasa natural extension of the building’s exposed structureand it blends in seamlessly. According toEdenbaum, “The cables and light fixture of the systemwere located so that the first view of the building,when you enter the Exhibit Hall, is absolutelyclean; one can’t see a single light fixture.”To achieve such a high level of integrationrequired close collaboration with the project architectthroughout the design and constructionprocess. From architects Bohlin Cywinski Jackson,Bernard Cywinski was design principal, KenMitchell was project architect and Jeffrey Lew wasproject manager.The VisionIn an early meeting, Cywinski, gave the designteam its focus and inspiration, “When you approachthe Bell it should be almost a ‘holy experience,’ youshould feel like you were stepping on ‘sacred or hollowedground.’ Figuratively, ‘you should drop to oneknee and pray to whatever God you pray to.’ Theimage of the Bell should be that powerful.”The architectural design of the new center doesjust that, and more. The appearance of the Bell in itsnew symmetrical chamber is a very powerful image.(The Liberty Bell weighs 2080 pounds). This imageis accentuated by the design of the queuing area forthe Bell Chamber, an architectural aspect thatCywinski and Grenald collaborated on. In order toachieve this, the ceiling of the queue area was deliberatelymade relatively low, the finishes are mostlydark grays, and the materials are all hard. Two simpleslots in the ceiling provide the only light. It is anoisy, dim, depressing space. Such subtleties ofdesign are generally not even realized by most people.Yet the overall impact is unmistakable.To help determine the best way to illuminate theLiberty Bell itself, before the initial design process,Grenald and Edenbaum agreed a mockup of theactual Liberty Bell was going to be necessary toensure that what they were designing would turnout as expected. The Liberty Bell is a very darkbronze, so a physical evaluation was going to be criticalin order to strike the right balance of light qualitatively,quantitatively and chromatically.The lighting design had a couple of other dauntingchallenges. To keep the Bell Chamber ceiling asclean as possible, plans called for recessing the lightsin the ceiling 30 ft above the Bell. For dramaticimpact, the light beams had to be tight and well controlled,capable of accenting a three by four ft objectfrom 30 ft in the air with little spill light. Long lifesources to reduce maintenance costs had to be factoredinto the design as well.The entire south wall of the Bell Chamber is aglass curtain wall. This allows visitors viewing theLow voltage cable systemdramatically lights the meanderinggranite wall through exhibits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 50. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 51. . LD+A . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PROJECTNorthernview of Bellfrom outside,oppositewalkway onChestnutStreet.Bell to make a visual and symbolic connection toIndependence Hall and its belfry, where the Bellonce hung. Compensation for high levels of daylighton one side had to be factored into the lightingdesign.For the mockup, the design team was allowed tobring an assortment of lighting instruments into theOld Pavilion to do some tests after hours one nightin October 1999. Edenbaum recalls, “Although thebuilding was closed to thepublic, all sorts of peopleEdenbaumtook Grenald’scue to modelthe Bell much thesame way he wouldmodel a ballerinaon stagewere coming up andknocking on the doorbecause they saw usinside. Pleasantries wereexchanged, we explainedwhat we were doing,then the visitor wentthrough their saga aboutfulfilling a childhooddream to see the Bell,having made some longpilgrimage to get here and that this was their oncein a life time opportunity to see it. The Park Rangersmiled, invited them in and said that this happenedall of the time. This only heightened my enthusiasmto be involved with the lighting of the Bell’s newhome. For me this was a once in a lifetime opportunityto be involved with something only one otherteam has really done in the 250 year life of theBell.”Through the mockup, it was determined a mixtureof ceramic high pressure sodium and ceramicmetal halide would provide the right mix ofcolor to enrich the dark bronze while also providingthe intensity needed to give the Bell highlightsand luster.The Bell as BallerinaThe stage was set, the lighting positions werepicked. Grenald worked with Edenbaum to design alighting and control system to make it all work.Since part of Edenbaum’s educational backgroundcomes from the theater, which included many hoursworking on ballet productions, he took Grenald’s cueto model the Bell much the same way he wouldmodel a ballerina on stage. The techniques appliedare actually very basic. They used two distinct colorsand intensities of ceramic high-pressure sodium andceramic metal halide to help render, or model, the“shape” of The Bell. Using light as a modeling mediumis basic theatrical lighting. By alternating thecolor and intensity of the light around the Bell, it ismodeled more three dimensionally than if only asingle color or intensity was used. The control systemwas also an important aspect to the overalldesign. Five separate subsystems were identified,which sometimes had to work independently andtogether.Large expanses of glass windows along both theeast and west sides of the building also allowed significantamounts of daylight into the Exhibit Hall.Photocells were incorporated into the control sys-tem to allow for daylight harvesting. One photocellcontrols the Exhibit Hall, while a second one controlsthe Bell Chamber. At higher levels of daylightmore accent lighting is needed to overcome skybrightness.Because the Park Service operates its facilitieswith rotating staffs, the lighting system needed tobe extremely simple to operate, yet flexible enoughto be able to adapt to different or future programmingneeds. The control system was designed sothat when the facility opens in the morning thepark ranger has only to touch one button to positionall of the sub-systems into a pre-determined“scene,” which then activates daylight harvestingvia the photocells. At night when the facility closes,the push of one button puts the Bell Chamber andExhibit Hall into nighttime viewing scenes, andensures that all other subsystems are turned off. Atime clock controls activation of the exterior areas.In this manner the building really almost takes careof itself extending maintenance cycles while loweringoperating cost.Fast forward through three years of constructionto the late summer of 2003. Logistical issuesdeemed it necessary to aim the lights for the Bellbefore it was actually secure in its new home. Tofacilitate this, the architect provided a scale foamcore cut out of the Bell. The lights were aimed oneVisitor viewing theexhibit in the BellCenter Museum.evening in September and everything lookedgood. The aiming for the Exhibit Hall was completedseveral weeks later, this time with the actualexhibits in place.Home at LastThe last time the Liberty Bell was moved was onJanuary 1, 1976 to mark the beginning of the celebrationof America’s Bicentennial. On October 9th,2003 the Bell was successfully moved from its oldpavilion to the new Liberty Bell Center amidst a fullday of special events, festivities and ceremonies. “Atthe end of the dedication ceremony the Bell wasunveiled and it looked stunning. The mix of ceramichigh pressure sodium and ceramic metal halidelamps give the Bell a shining luster with pleasanthighlights,” according to Edenbaum.For the first few weeks after the opening several ofthe design team members would occasionally visitthe Bell at its new home. “After having to visualizehow The Bell was going to look, after four years itwas nice to see the final results. And the daylight inthe building changes a lot during the course of theday, and will continually change during the course ofthe year as the angle of the sun changes.”Edenbaum observed.Edenbaum summed up his experience, “Knowingthat I have worked on projects which affect shoppers,workers and tourists all over the world is very fulfilling,both personally and professionally. However,they all pale to being able to say ‘I was part of thedesign team for the Liberty Bell Center’—a truly aonce in a lifetime opportunity.”—Roslyn LoweLighting designer: Ray Grenald, NCARB,FAIA, FIALD, LC, Fellow IESNA (1961) foundedGrenald Waldron Associates, Narberth, PAin 1968. He is both chairman and director ofdesign and as such is responsible for marketingfor the firm. Grenald is a Fellow of theAmerican Institute of Architects (FAIA), andpast President and Fellow of the InternationalAssociation of Lighting Designers (FIALD). His honors include theEdison Award of Excellence, and IIDA Awards of Excellence andWaterbury, Special Citation. Notable projects include the WhiteHouse, Oval Office and Roosevelt Room.Lighting designer: Daniel E. Edenbaum,Member IESNA (1986), is president of DragoIllumination, Ardmore, PA, which he foundedin 2003. Prior to this, he was a senior lightingdesigner for Grenald Waldron Associates. Hereceived his BFA Technical Theater, from theUniversity of Rhode Island in 1986, and hisMFA Architectural Lighting Design, fromParsons School of Design in 1988.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . . 52. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . 53 . . . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E S S A YBy Edward BartholomewIn Defenseof DarknessWHILE MANY DESIGNERS COMPULSIVELY SHOWERLIGHT INTO EVERY NOOK AND CRANNY, THIS LIGHTINGDESIGNER INVITES US TO EXPLORE DARKNESSAND DISCOVER ITS INHERENT VALUE“Darkness is to space what silence is to sound, i.e., the interval.”-Marshall McLuhan, Through the Vanishing PointIlove the dark. When I walk through oppressively lighted spaces, I seek outthe dim, dark corners and rest my eyes. Darkness has a beauty and a depththat is often ignored. Yet, how can someone whose profession is to bringlight to space profess to love the dark? It is because of the visual chaoticblare caused by the indiscriminate and excessive use of light in our culturetoday. As I gaze upon over-lighted lobbies and malls, I sense that what was beinglighted was not the space but merely a fear (legal or otherwise) of the consequenceof darkness. How do we address this fear? Instead of prescribing lightquantities and design strategies, let us first recognize the innate beauty and functionof darkness.Instead of defining darkness as Webster does—lacking or having very littlelight—we should look for the intrinsic, unique qualities of darkness. Perhaps darknessis not the black inky scary void of space. If we redefine darkness by how weperceive it in the visual environment, then darkness, at its most basic level, is areduction in visual information. Just as we do not describe light by its extremeslike the blinding white light of an atomic blast, but by light’s subtler qualities, thisdefinition does not describe darkness as the black abyss that contains all of ourfears, but as a quiet relief within the visual environment; a needed respite fromthe bright glowing canopies that enshroud our cities with increasing brightness,every year, due to advances in light sources and light based information from LEDbillboards to plasma screens. The truth is that with every scene of light there isdarkness, and within every scene of dark there is light.“Often we feel peaceful when we settle into an indirectly illuminated space or dimcorner. As we know, in such a relative darkness, not so deep as to risk our safety, wefeel more reassured than scared, and the faintness of light calms and relaxes us.”- James Turrell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 54 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ILLUSTRATIONS: SAMUEL FONTANEZ

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E S S A YWestern concepts around darkness involve negative connotations such as evil andWhat are the inherent qualities of darkness, and howcan we cultivate them and still maintain a semblance ofsafety and security in our environment? Man’s primaryassociation with darkness is with nighttime and sleep.We use light for our primary waking tasks of perception,which are usually work related. Darkness is where we goat the end of our day to relax and not focus on task-specificvisual information. Darkness also allows for the primacyof the other senses liketouch, hearing, smell and thoseyet to be acknowledged.Over one hundred thousandyears ago man first developedthe technology of creating lightthrough the use and containmentof the flame. Today wehave an ever-increasing varietyof electric light sources. Andtoday, our culture has becomeevermore dependent upon electrifiedlight to conquer the nightand manifest an artificial sense of safety and visual efficiency.As the technologies of light and electronics converge,the future of light will be further condensed intopure visual information. Futurist and communicationtheorist Marshall McLuhan said in a 1966 seminar as hepointed out a bare glowing light bulb “...that it radiatedpure information—at least to those who understood it.”But in this age, we have cruelly learned that more informationdoes not necessarily equate to a brighter truth.To detach the notions of light from truth allows darknessto surface from ignorance.We put thirty spokes together and call it a wheel;But it is on the space where there is nothing thatthe utility of the wheel depends.We turn clay to make a vessel;But it is on the space where there is nothing thatthe utility of the vessel depends.We pierce doors and windows to make a house;And it is on these spaces where there is nothingthat the utility of the house depends.Therefore, just as we take advantage of what is, we shouldrecognize the utility of what is not.-Lao Tse (604BC)East Meets WestWestern concepts around darkness involve negativeconnotations such as evil and ignorance, but in Easterncultures darkness is seen as the harmonizing complementof light. In the Chinese spiritual practice of FengShui, a practitioner seeks to harmonize the energy in aspace through the balanced use of the “Chi” force, whichis often visually associated with light. A Feng Shui spacecan have too much Chi, which can be seen as a dangerousand disturbing force within a space. To balance thechi and harmonize it within a space, rooms are kept dark,allowing the eyes to slowly adaptand patiently appreciate theexperience of receding light. InJapanese culture, they have a philosophycalled Notan where thebalance of darkness to light is thesame as the balance of negativespace to positive space in a wellcomposeddesign, with eachgiven equal status. In Japaneseauthor Jun’ichiro Tanizaki’s 1933book Inei Raisan (roughly translated:In Praise of Darkness) hewrites about Japanese architecture and a culture that celebratesdarkness in all of its beauty. Sadly, Japan is theonly place where an atomic flash demonstrated his worstfears about modern man’s destructive use of light.As I sit here writing this essay, while listening to McCoyTyner, I am reminded about how in music, it is thesilences that define the rhythms of a song. Or how in cuisine,tastes are defined by a balancing of opposites,sweet and sour, bitter and salty. But today artificial lightcontains a greater significance in architecture than thesun ever did. Throughout the day, electric light filtersthroughout our workspaces, and at night, flickers informationto us from our television sets and personal computers.It is because we are primarily orientated to light’smore utilitarian uses that we forget its former grace andbeauty, as well as the knowledge that light can exist withouta purpose for providing information. In architecturetoday, though there is often much lip service given to theplay of shadow and light, rarely do we allow the darknessof a space to just be. The tendency is to flood thesespaces with as much light, for as little energy as our currenttechnology can produce. We negate the night andrender our homes, like our work environments, brightwith purposeful light on every surface. This unnaturalglow gives us the illusion of safety, security and control.When we finally succumb to the dark, it is only when wesleep, yet even then we leak a small source of light to letus know where in the nocturnal cycle we really are, our. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February . . . . . 2004 . . . LD+A . . . 56 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E S S A Yignorance, but in Eastern cultures it is seen as the harmonizing complement of lightglowing digital clocks precisely reassures us.Just as when we were children we would have our parentsleave the lights on in our room to scare away themonsters hiding under our beds, today we still over-lightour environments to scare away our monsters of crime,danger and the unknown. Creating a safe dark space forus to retreat to in our lives allows us to experience a moreinternal, self-directed experience, as opposed to theexternal, visual experience of light. In darkness, we naturallydraw within and rely upon our other senses toappreciate our environments. Using light, we objectivelyexpose every visual detail to the eye, whether we need tosee it or not.A Call For BalanceBy creating spaces of darkness, lighting designers andarchitects can subtly create a balance between light anddark that patiently requires the occupants to appreciatethe full range of visual and non-visual signals. A darknessthat is more than a mere transition to spaces of light, buta fully realized peaceful and complete rest.The qualities that darkness renders are similar in rangeto that of light.• Murky Darkness with ill-defined fog shrouded shadows• Sacred Darkness accented with small bright temporarysources made by candles or fireflies.• Dappled Darkness of broken shadows made from treesor overhead structures..• Soft Darkness where light is filtered back throughsmoke or clouds appearing shrouded and ill defined.• Hard darkness surrounded by bright sunlight withsharp defined light edges.And many more qualities yet to be discovered andexplored.Just as darkness is a frame for light, light can also bea frame and container for darkness. Using a light freedfrom the utility of tasks and information, it can becomea sacred vessel for the dark. Spaces lit primarily withtemporary sources like candles and gas flames, flickerand glow creating a light that is alive and dynamic. Thisis why the act of lighting candles has been ritualizedthroughout various cultures worldwide. These are trulylow-light environments where details are less importantthan mood, so movement appears blurred, and colorsbleed into one another. Ceremonies must take placewith deliberate slow movements, while enhancing therichness of the sounds and smells associated with theceremony. At these occasions, all of our sensory channelsare engaged and our experience is heightened inthese darkened environments. Surface textures andcolors appear richer, when not overwhelmed by anover-abundance of ambient light. More light does notenhance spaces like these, but detracts from the essentialdominant senses found in the experience of darkness;senses such as touch, smell and sound. The abilityto bring into balance these senses, along with visioncould have the power to reveal the sacred in our modernworld.We grow accustomed to the dark—When Light is put away—As when the Neighbor holds the LampTo witness her Good-bye—Either the Darkness alters—Or something in the sightAdjusts itself to Midnight—And Life steps almost straight.-Emily DickinsonHow do we experience places of darkness? What typeof textures and colors would be enhanced in these environments?Where do we place these dark spaces so thatwe feel safe? These are just some of the questions wemust address as we begin to appreciate darkness. Forme, this represents an opportunity to design for beautyand purpose, as opposed to fear. This represents achance to create lighting designs that speak to who weare as “human beings” and not merely as task oriented“human doings.” Intuitively we know, like all animalsdo, that it is in a dark place that we can regenerate andheal. When we reclaim darkness from the fear and negativemeanings that have been attached to it, we are freeto allow light and darkness to find their true harmony.About the author: Edward P. Bartholomew LC,IALD member, IESNA Member (2000), has over 17years experience in lighting design. He receivedhis M.F.A. from Parsons School of Design, LightingDesign, New York, NY in 1995, and his B.F.A. fromSan Francisco State University InterdisciplinaryArts, San Francisco, CA. in 1986. He received hisLighting Certification (NCQLP) in 2001, and is nowsenior designer for Studio Lux, Seattle, WA. He brings a unique blendof theatrical and architectural lighting design experience to retail, commercialand residential environments. His exhibit lighting experienceincludes the Guggenheim Museum in New York City and the M.H. deYoung Memorial Museum in San Francisco. Bartholomew is the recipientof the Howard Brandston Student Lighting Design Grant, FirstPlace, in 1995.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . www.iesna.org . . . . . . . . 57. . LD+A . . . February . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIGHT PRODUCTSHessAmerica’s Valencia andMontego bollards compliment theexisting pole and wall mountdesigner series models. Heavy-dutyseven in. diameter steel shafts providea sense of security. TheValencia is capped with a heavy caststepped roof, Montego features asmooth domed roof. Both utilizeeither HID or compact fluorescentlamps for a variety of applications.Interior baffles direct light outputto the walkway and eliminate glare.Circle 100 on Reader Service Card.Ivalo Lighting adds a newdimension – the Aliante Demisconce.This21 in. or 27 in. tall ADAcompliant sconce is designed tocomplement the full 4 ft and 5 ft tallsconces and the elegant pendantsof the original Aliante family and isavailable in the same anodized andpremium painted finishes. It providesa residential, commercial andretail accent when used with thependant and sconce This sconcehas been designed for either incandescentor 26, 32 or 42-W compactfluorescent lamp in the 21 in.tall size and 42-W lamps in the 27in tall size.The demi-sconce is availablein metallic graphite, metalliclapis, ebony and pearl automotivepaints as well as clear and blackanodization. The paints applied tothe sconces’ aluminum shell use asix-layer automotive paintingprocess, which lends the shine,durability and depth to the piecesthat is seen on show cars.Circle 98 on Reader Service Card.Derek Marshall Lighting’sGranada fixture is graceful yet dramaticand the tension of the whiteopal glass stretched between thewebbing of the black iridescentfused glass stripes commands onesattention. The lozenge shape fusedglass in the center of the Granadaadds to the grace of the piece.Thissconce can be custom ordered in awide palette of colors and is ULlisted and ADA compliant.Circle 99 on Reader Service Card.The new comprehensive lightingcatalog from Intense Lighting presentsthe complete intense productline in a full-color 142-page catalog.With more than 10 product lines

anging from architectural to tracklighting, the catalog showcases theIntense product line in the highestquality and detail. The new catalogintroduces the new Mocha Trackseries and the outdoor stainlesssteel Vortech series.Circle 97 on Reader Service Card.AC Electronics’ 2 x 26 ballast,the TP2/26RS UV.This versatile ballastruns a variety of combinationsof 24,26,32,36,39 40 and 42 watts,in T-4 and T-5 sizes, with up to twolamps.The universal voltage featureallows it to run from 108 – 305volts. It replaces up to 27 single useballasts.The TP in the model numberstands for “Twin Port” becausethe 2 by 26 also has both top andside lead exits. This important featureadds versatility can greatlyreduce ballast inventories.The leadconnectors are color coded tohelp eliminate wiring mistakes.Circle 95 on Reader Service Card.Waldmann Lighting’s RLArchitectural and Amadea Medical,features hard-wired product linesof architectural tubular fluorescentlighting and medical bed wall lighting.Both of these products offerunique design and energy efficientconstruction. The RL40 series featuresa slim, 1.57 in. outer diametertube available in 26 to 80 in., anduses energy efficient T5HO lampsthat are offered in 24, 39, 54, and80-watts.The RL70 series featuresa larger, 2.75 in. tube ranging inlength from 30 to 84 in., and usesT8 lamps offered in 17, 32, and 40-W. Both the RL40 and the RL70series are available in either a clearor satine finish, and offer optionalgel sleeves for unique applicationsor to create a theatrical effect. Avariety of mounting brackets andsuspension devices are available forboth ceiling and direct wall mounting.Lights can also be daisy chainedin runs of up to ten luminaires.Circle 96 on Reader Service Card.Lutron Electronics’ GRAFIK RPpreset dimming systems providefully functional lighting control ontime and ready for installation.Consisting of two components—RP panels and RP wallstations—thesystem is suited for restaurants andretail applications that need to beup and running quickly, because ithelps prevent costly delays in installationand start-up. The RP panelsare factory pre-wired and can controlup to 18 dimmed outputs perpanel (up to four panels can be usedper system). Each system is set upat the panel with no additional controlor interface required. Panelsare available with or without breakers.Up to four system wallstationscan be used throughout a space forconvenient control from differentlocations and each can enable recallof four preset scenes, which isappropriate for most restaurantsand retail stores.Circle 94 on Reader Service Card.

LIGHT PRODUCTSMartin Architectural’s Cyclo04 is now available in a DMX version,and both the Cyclo 03 and 04are available with a decorative diffuserfront lens.The Cyclo 04 DMXprovides easy command of theRGBW color mixing via built-in,four channel DMX control. Built-inDMX also allows for true 0-100percent intensity control of eachindividual tube for easy fades toblackout and “turn off” controllability.The fixture’s DMX addressand various stand-alone modes(four different speeds) can be easilyset via a dipswitch. DMX connectionis simple and straightforwardusing “through-wired” RJ-45 connectors.A newly designed housingmakes installation fast and easy.Thefixture comes with a mountingbracket that can be preinstalled toallow the complete fixture to bemounted with its T5 tubes alreadyfitted.A curved diffuser front lens isalso available for both the Cyclo 03and 04. This ready-to-use decorativeeffect projects an even field ofcolored light by completely diffusingthe light from each tube. The diffuserfront enables the Cyclos to beinstantly used as decorative fixtures,without the need for integrationinto the architectural fabric.Circle 93 on Reader Service Card.GE Lighting’s “silver saver” andRetail HIR PAR38 lamps offer significantenergy savings and up totwice the life of standard halogens.Ideal for accent lighting, merchandisingand displays and generalcommercial applications, both lamptypes are available in a wide varietyof wattages and beam spreads, andcan be used for virtually any purpose.With GE’s technology, silversaver is up to 14 percent more efficientthan standard halogens andcan provide energy savings of up to12 percent. Additionally, it offers along life of 3000 hours – 50 percentlonger than the standard halogen,resulting in lower maintenancecosts and fewer disruptions toreplace burned out lampsCircle 92 on Reader Service Card.The COOKE Corporation’s,cal-COLOR 400 calibrated precisioncolormeter provides fast andaccurate measurements of colortemperature, absolute chromaticityvalues and illuminance of lightsources and display areas. The cal-COLOR 400 Colormeter offerssingle button operation for ease ofuse.The colormeter is ideal for usein theaters, projection halls, retaildisplays, R&D, light booths, museumdisplays, schools, offices, libraries,stadiums, film and television, warehousesand arenas.The colormeteris an invaluable tool for architects,interior designers, health and safetyprofessionals, facility manufacturers,lamp manufacturers, lightingdesigners, landscape architects,lighting specifiers, contractors, engineersand maintenance personnel.The cal-COLOR 400 uses four siliconphotodiode sensors withcosine correction to measureexactly like human eyes (red, green,blue and reference).The ergonomicallydesigned angled sensor allowssimul-taneous measurement andreadout without interference fromthe operator.The light sensor measures20 mm and is angled 70º fromthe display face.The easy to read 46by 30 mm LCD displays measuringunits and battery diagnostics. Ituses a 9-V alkaline battery andoffers 100 hours of life in the ONposition and four years of life in theOFF position.Circle 91 on Reader Service Card.

Paramount Industries’ 8 lampversion of its HS2 series fluorescenttroffer to replace metal halidehigh bay luminaires in hazardouslocations utilizes eight 54-W T5HOlamps and a specular reflector,the 2by 4 luminaire delivers up to 40percent more mean lumens than astandard 400-W metal halide luminaire.Other advantages over metalhalide include dimming and dualswitching, instant start up, betterlumen maintenance and bettercolor rendering. It also has a 6.5 in.high profile, while many HID luminairesrequire a minimum 12 in.depth.The HS2 is suitable for lightingnew or existing applications.Circle 90 on Reader Service Card.JKL Components Corporation’sultra-miniature 12-V fixedoutput DC-AC power invertermeasuring just 1/4 in. in diameter by1/4 in. in length. Unique applicationpossibilities range from inspectionof bore scopes and pipes to operationin any constricted environmentwhere space is an issue. Used witha small CCD camera and a fluorescentlamp, for instance, it wouldpermit video detection of weld andseam integrity, location of obstructions,and other quality assurancefunctions. At the same time, thiseliminates the need for high voltagecable, while reducing cost and simplifyingthe entire inspectionprocess. These inverters are availablein single, dual, and dimmingmodels ranging from three to 24volts and from three to 20 watts.Circle 88 on Reader Service Card.Bodine’s UL listed REDiTESTB30ST self-testing fluorescentemergency ballast pairs high-lumenemergency lighting with self-testing/self-diagnosticoperation. Theemergency ballast automaticallyperforms code-required 30-secondmonthly and 90-minute annual testing.Should it detect a problem, anindicator light and, if selected, audiblealarm let maintenance personnelknow that the unit needs attention.The B30ST provides up to3500 lumens initial emergency lightoutput and is suitable for use inindoor and damp locations.Circle 89 on Reader Service Card.Juno Lighting Inc.’s ED-17downlight range includes modelsfor both protected and non-protectedceramic metal halide lampsand features a 1.4 spacing criteria,which permits layouts using widerfixture spacings and fewer fixtures.The ED-17 is part of Juno’s newline of electronically balasstedceramic metal halide downlightsand aiming-adjustable luminairesthat provide greater energy savings,longevity and color than their traditionalmodels.Circle 87 on Reader Service Card.